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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Neolithic Revolution
Permanent Settlements
(Towns & Villages)
Farming
Domesticated animals
Earliest Civilizations
Along River Valleys
fertile soil
Nile River, Indus River,
Huang He (Yellow) River,
Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
Egyptian civilization,
Indus River Valley
civilization (India,
Chinese civilization,
Mesopotamia
River Valleys
Fertile soil (crops can
grow easily); water can
irrigate crops and
support many people
Communication and
transportation
Geography/
Geographical
Features
Influence peoples’
culture and way of life
Affect distribution of
population
Art and Architecture
in Society
Reflect or tells us
something about that
culture
In totalitarian societies, it
reflects the will of the
ruler.
Hammurabi’s Code
Babylon in Mesopotamia
Laws for social order
Mandate of Heaven/
Dynastic Cycle
China. Similar to the
theory of the Divine
Right of Kings.
Believed the authority to
rule came from the
Gods.
China’s Geography
Natural boundaries
(desert on north,
mountains on south)
Isolation
Ethnocentrism (all other
people are less worthy
than Chinese); China is
the “Middle Kingdom”
near to heaven.
Japan’s Geography
Archipelago (group of
islands)/lack of natural
resources/mountainous
Isolation (until 19th
Century); some contact
with China and Korea
Conquest to obtain
resources needed for
industrialization
Mountains, deserts,
rivers, seas, oceans,
rainforest, steppes
Harsh; an eye for an eye.
Different law for different
classes.
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Western Europe’s
Geography
Irregular coastlines
Trade
Development of a navy
important for all
countries
Mediterranean Sea
Between Europe and
Northern Africa
Trade easy among all the
countries on the
Mediterranean
Cultural diffusion
Northern Africa’s
Geography
Sahara Desert
Distinct culture from
sub-Saharan culture
(areas south of the
Sahara)
Difficulty with trade,
communication, and
travel, except in the
Mediterranean area
Sub-Saharan Africa’s
Geography
Many different
geographical features;
jungle; savanna, diverse
cultures
Difficult to travel from
East to West because of
mountains (Rift Valley)
and jungle.
Malaria and other
diseases
Smooth Coastlines
No natural bays and
harbors
Little trade
South America
Islands
Groups of islands =
archipelago
Japan and Great Britain
Trade, strong navy,
imperialism
Latin America’s
Geography
Many different
geographical features;
Andes Mountains;
Brazilian rainforest
Diverse cultures
Difficulty of
transportation and
communication
Middle East
Geography
Dry (arid), desert,
scarcity of water,
abundance of oil
Cultural crossroads
India’s Geography
Himalaya Mountains to
the north; isolation
Deccan plateau in center
Monsoons
India and Southeast Asia
Seasonal winds that
bring heavy rains for
crops; predictable
Abundance of natural
resources
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Rivers
Improve communication
Improve travel and trade
Deserts & Mountains
Limit communication
Limit travel and trade
Straits
Strategic locations for
trade
Bosporus, Dardanelles,
Malacca, Hormuz, and
Magellan
Term, Concept, or
People
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Water passageway
connecting two larger
bodies of water.
Russia’s Geography
Driven by need for ports/
harbors that would not
freeze in winter (warm
water ports)
Flat Northern European
plain was invasion route
used by enemies
Mongols conquered from
the East
Animism
Practiced in Africa
Similar to Shintoism
(Japan) Worship spirits in
nature
Traditional societies
Judaism
Monotheistic
The Torah
the Ten Commandments
Arose in the Middle East.
Israel is the Promised
Land.
Christianity
Monotheistic
The Bible; the Ten
Commandments; the
New Testament
Jesus
Roots in Judaism
Split into Roman
Catholic, Orthodox, and
Protestant
Islam
Monotheistic
The Koran; Allah;
Mohammed; Five Pillars
of Islam
Arose in Middle East
600 CE
Hinduism
Polytheistic (belief in
many gods)
Reincarnation; karma;
dharma
Caste system/rigid class
divisions
Buddhism
Polytheistic (belief in
many gods)
Nirvana; Eightfold Path
Siddhartha Gautama
Confucianism
Confucius, Chinese
philosopher
Social order and
stability; importance of
family and ethics;
respect for elders (filial
piety)
Analects
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Shintoism
Practiced in Japan
Spirits in nature
Taoism (Daoism)
Practiced in China
Lao Tze
“The Way”
Cultural Diffusion
Exchange of ideas
among different cultures
Buddhism spreading
from India into China and
Southeast Asia
Interdependence
Growing trade and
dependence among
nations
Environmental and
ecological concerns
Ancient Athens
Birthplace of democracy
Parthenon
Greek City-State
Questioning spirit and
curiosity
Ancient Sparta
Early form of totalitarian
government
Greek City-State
Militaristic spirit
Republic of Rome
Elected leaders
12 Tables of Law
Roman Empire
(Imperial Rome)
Centralized government
Emperor Caesar
Augustus 27 BCE
Fall of Rome 476 CE
Led to chaos in Europe
Byzantine Empire
Eastern part of Roman
empire split off by
Diocletian
City of Constantinople
Emperor Justinian
Justinian Code of Laws
Preserved Greek and
Roman culture
Life should be lived with
balance and virtue
Oil and OPEC nations
Little culture
Orthodox Religion
Justinian Code
Roman laws
Used by us today
Constantinople
Byzantine City
Trading center between
Europe and Asia
Silk Road
Cultural diffusion
Trade by land between
Asia and Europe
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Spread of Islam
Northern Africa; northern
India
Mohammed and the
Jihad; Mughal Empire
Golden Age of Islam
600-700 CE
Advances in science and
math
calligraphy
Medieval Europe
500 CE to 1300 CE
Feudalism; decentralized
political system
Manor system
Guilds
Powerful Catholic church
offering salvation
Feudalism
Rigid social class
system: King, lords,
knights, peasants
Need for stability and
order
Found in Europe and
Japan
Code of Chivalry
Militaristic spirit
Stressed honor and
loyalty
Similar to the Samurai
Code of Bushido in
Japan
The Crusades
1095-1300s CE
Original purpose:
European Christians
reclaim the Holy Land
(Jerusalem) from the
Muslims
Effect: Increased trade
between Europe and
Middle East
Japanese Feudalism
Code of Bushido,
Samurai
Rigid Social Class
system
Tokugawa Shogunate
isolation
Tokugawa
Shogunate
Isolation of Japan
Central Asian Steppe
Environment of the
Mongols
Semi-arid grassland
Nomadic people
The Mongol Empire
1206-1370 CE
Spread from Asia to
Eastern Europe
Tributes and taxes given
to the Khans
Isolated Russia for
several centuries
Axum and Kush
Early African trading
civilizations
Eastern Africa
Ghana, Mali, and
Songhai
800 to 1600 CE
Later African trading
civilizations
Western Africa
trade of gold and salt
with North Africa
Cultural diffusion; Islam
from Northern Africa
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
The Black Death
(Plague)
1348-1351 CE
Social collapse in Europe
Spread by merchants,
rats, and fleas
Commercial
Revolution
1400-1700 CE
Development of private
banking systems
Use of cash and money
for transactions
The Renaissance
1400 to 1500s
Humanism and
individualism in Europe
Rebirth of the ideals of
classical civilizations
(Greece and Rome)
Machiavelli
Italian philosopher/writer
“The ends justify the
means”
Interests of the state and
leader are most
important
Wrote “The Prince”
The Protestant
Reformation
Martin Luther
Protest against the
corruption of the
Catholic Church
End of religious unity in
Europe
Martin Luther
1517 CE
Posted 95 theses on
church door
Protested the church
selling “indulgences”
Counter Reformation
Council of Trent
Catholics reforming
slightly, keeping
elements of Catholic
Faith
Zheng He
early 1400s CE
Chinese Exploration
Great ships sailed most
of known world
Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Spread out over Eastern
Europe and the Middle
East
Islamic Empire
Suleiman the Lawgiver
Motives for European
Exploration
Need for a new trade
route to Asia after the
Ottomans seized
Constantinople in 1453
CE
Desire to find riches and
spices
Curiosity about the
world, stimulated by the
Renaissance
Breakdown of Feudalism
and power of the Church
Ignatius of Loyola and
the Jesuits
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
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THINK OF THAT
Term, Concept, or
People
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
European Explorers
1500-1600 CE
Columbus “discovers”
the Americas
Magellan sails around
the world
Da Gama and Dias travel
around Africa to reach
Asia
Aztec Empire
Located in present-day
Mexico and Central
America
Highly advanced and
unified under one leader
Defeated by the Spanish
- Cortez - better
weapons technology
Inca Empire
Located in present day
Peru
HIghly advanced
Defeated by Spanish Pizarro -better weapons
technology
Slavery in the New
World (North,
Central, and South
America)
First slaves were Indians
but most died from
disease
Africans replace Indians
Arabs, Africans, and
Europeans involved in
the slave trade
Triangular Trade
Between Europe and the
Americas
Middle Passage - slave
ships between Africa
and the Americas
Mercantilism
Economic theory
developed and practiced
by European countries
during the 1500-1700s
CE
Main objective- for a
country to increase its
holdings of gold and
silver
Encomienda System
Practiced in South
America
Exploited Native workers
Absolutism
(1500s-1700s)
Government dominated
by one all-powerful
person, a king or queen
Example: Louis XIV of
France, Phillip II of
Spain, Akbar the Great,
Peter the Great of Russia
Led to unequal
relationships between
parent countries
(European) and colonies
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Theory of “Divine
Right of Kings”
Like Chinese “Mandate
of heaven” - Ruler
received authority from
God.
Most absolute rulers
believed in the theory of
the divine right.
John Locke
English philosopher believed in natural rights
of man: life, liberty, and
property
People were naturally
born good
People have right to
overthrow a government
that does not respect
their rights
Thomas Hobbes
English philosopherbelieved in absolutism
People were naturally
born bad
“The Leviathan”
Magna Carta
1215 CE
Document that limited
the power of the English
King
Gave more power to
Parliament
English Revolution
1689 CE
Called “The Glorious
Revolution”
Limited the power of the
monarchy (kings and
queens) of England
The Scientific
Revolution
1500-1600s CE
Involved thinkers/
scientists like Isaac
Newton, Copernicus,
and Galileo
Focused on nature and
how things worked
Heliocentric theory
developed (earth rotates
around the sun)
The Enlightenment
1600s and 1700s)
Involved thinkers like
Rousseau, Voltaire,
&Montesquieu
Also known as “The Age
of Reason”
Spoke out against
absolutism
and John Locke
Enlightened Despots
absolute rulers who also
tried to improve peoples’
lives
Maria Theresa of Austria,
Catherine the Great of
Russia
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
THINK OF THAT
Term, Concept, or
People
Associated Word/
Phrase
Causes of the French
Revolution
1789 CE
Inspired by the
Enlightenment and the
success of the American
Revolution
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Poor conditions of the
Third Estate/unequal
social system
France bankrupt by
loans for the American
Revolution
Taxes
Effects of the French
Revolution
Rise of Napoleon
Development of French
nationalism
Inspired South American
revolutions
South American
Revolutions
1800s CE
Caused by inequalities in
land ownership in the
colonial system
Simon Bolivar, Jose de
San Martin fought
against Spain
Congress of Vienna
1815 CE
(held during
Napoleon’s last days)
After Napoleon, Europeans wanted balance of
power, compensation
from France
Reactionary - wanted to
turn things in Europe
back to before the
French Revolution
Nationalism
The desire of people to
have their own
independent nation;
Love and devotion to
one’s nation
Self-determination; selfgovernment
Unification of Italy and
Germany in 19th Century
Nationalist Groups
India National Congress
Zionists (Israel)
Slavs (Balkans)
Industrial Revolution
18th and 19th
centuries
Started in England
Poor working conditions
and pay
Factory system/growth
of cities
Capitalism
Economic system where
means of production and
distribution are in private
hands
Market decides what
things cost
Adam Smith
Developed laissez-faire
theory “Hands off”
Wrote “The Wealth of
Nations”
Toussaint L’Ouverture
led Haiti to
independence
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
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Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Karl Marx
Wanted to overthrow
capitalism and develop a
fairer system
(communism)
Thought workers were
being exploited and
urged them to unite
Wrote “The Communist
Manifesto” and “Das
Kapital”
Causes of
Imperialism
late 1800s CE
Need for raw materials
and new markets
Belief that European
culture was superior to
that of the natives (social
Darwinism)
Desire to become more
powerful
Berlin Conference
1884-1885
Major European nations
carved up or divided
Africa into colonies
Also known as “The
Scramble for Africa”
Spheres of Influence
Areas in China that were
taken over or dominated
by Europeans
Unfair treaties imposed
on China after the Opium
War.
Chinese Revolution
1911 CE
Caused in part by the
Boxer Rebellion against
foreign control
Ended dynastic rule in
China
Sun Yat-sen (Sun
Yixian)
Three principles:
Democracy, Nationalism,
Economic Well-Being
Father of modern-day
China
Meiji Restoration in
Japan
late 1800s CE
Japan westernizes and
modernizes
Japan does NOT fall
victim to imperialism
Imperialistic Japan
early 1900s CE
Driven by its need for
resources for
industrialization
becomes an Asian
power; defeats Russia
and China
World War I
1914-1918 CE
Trench warfare, new
weapons (gas, machine
guns, tanks)
Caused by: Militarism,
Alliances, Imperialism,
and Nationalism (MAIN)
Central powers versus
Allied powers
Russian Revolution
1917
(also known as
Bolshevik
Revolution)
“Bread, land, and peace
Ended the ROmanov
dynasty, Russia became
a communist nation
Led by Lenin
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty signed after World
War I
Heavy reparations forced
on Germany
Germany goes bankrupt
- leads to rise of Hitler
Led by Sun Yat-sen
(Sun Yixian)
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
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THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Kemal Attaturk
Father of modern-day
country of Turkey
Westernized and
modernized Turkey
Munich Agreement
1938
Policy of appeasement
- let Hitler do what he
wanted
Britain’s Neville
Chamberlain gave in
when Hitler invaded
Czechoslovakia
Adolf Hitler
German Nazi leader
ultranationalistic
anti-semitism, Holocaust
Fascism
World War II
1939-1945 CE
Axis powers versus the
Allied powers
total war
Key events: D-Day in
Europe; Hiroshima and
Nagazaki - atomic bomb
dropped by US
Post-World War II
Marshall PLan - plan to
rebuild Europe
Japan: new constitution
written - military limited
two superpowers (US
and Soviet Union) begin
the Cold War
Josef Stalin
Soviet Union communist
leader - succeeded
Lenin
Collectivized agriculture;
five-year plans for
industry
killed or exiled those
who challenged him (The
Great “Purges”)
The Cold War
1945-1989 CE
Communist Soviet Union
vs. Democratic and
capitalist US
WarsawPact
(Communist alliance)
versus NATO
(Democratic alliance)
Cold War events: Berlin
airlift, space race, Cuban
missile crisis
United Nations
Assembly of
representatives from
every country
Major purpose: to
promote peace among
nations
European Union/
Common Market
EEU
End tariffs among
European nations
Promote cooperation
among European nations
NAFTA
North American Free
Trade Agreement
End tariffs between US,
Canada, and Mexico
Promote cooperation
among three countries
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
OPEC
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
Made up of mainly
Middle East oil
producers
Chinese Communist
Revolution
1949 CE
Led by Mao Tse-tung
(Mao Zedong)
Defeated the Nationalist
forces led by Chiang
Kai-Shek
Deng Xiao Ping
“Four Modernizations”
Allowed China to
become more capitalistic
Mohandas Gandhi
Demanded
independence for India
from Great Britain
Civil disobedience
Passive resistance
Indian Independence
1947 CE
Former colony of India
partitioned into two
countries: Pakistan and
India
Massacre between
Hindus and Muslims
during great migration at
partition
Ongoing dispute over
territory of Kashmir
African
Independence
Movements
1960s CE
Independence granted
by colonial powers;
ethnic conflicts often
developed
Country boundaries
created by Europeans
crossed tribal lines
Most African nations
stayed in economic
servitude to former
colonial power.
Corruption among
African leaders
Apartheid in South
Africa
White minority
government kept blacks
separated and viewed as
inferior to whites
African National
COngress (ANC) fought
to end apartheid
ANC leader - Nelson
Mandela
Vietnam
Independence
Ended French colonial
rule 1954
Vietnam War
Ho Chi Minh Revolutionary leader and
communist
Creation of Israel
1948 CE
Conflict between Jews
and Palestinians and
other Arabs
Instability in the Middle
East
Arab-Israeli War
Limits the amount of oil
on the world market
Crushed student
protests in Tiananmen
Square
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization (PLO)
Led by Yassir Arafat
Fighting for an
independent Palestinian
nation
Terrorism
Often occurring in
Middle East conflicts
Often targets innocent
civilians
Iranian Revolution
1979 CE
Led by Ayatollah
Khomeini
Overthrew the Shah of
Iran and set up an
Islamic theocracy
Iran returned to an
Islamic society and
government
Persian Gulf War
1990-91 CE
Saddam Hussein
Iraq’s dispute with
Kuwait
Iraq defeated by a
coalition of forces led by
US
Collapse of
Communism
late 1980s CE
Failure of communism to
meet economic needs
and political desires
Berlin Wall is taken down
Mikhail Gorbachev
“glasnost” - openness
“perestroika” - reform
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet Union leader
during the 1980s and
1990s
Policies of perestroika
and glasnost helped end
communism in the
Soviet Union
Replaced by Boris
Yeltsin because his
policies didn’t go far
enough
End of Communism
in Eastern Europe
Former communist
nations having difficulty
making transition to
democracy
Ethnic conflict in several
former Communist
naitons: Ukraine,
Georgia, Kosovo
North Korea, China,
Cuba remain communist
Cuban Revolution
1959 CE
Led by Fidel Castro
Cuba became the first
communist nation in the
Western hemisphere
Bay of Pigs invasion and
the Cuban missile crisis
1960-61
Interdependence
A trend in the world
since the 1950s
Dependence among the
various nations of the
world on each other
Due to a scarcity of
resources in any one
nation
Genocide
Rwanda in 1984
Hutu versus Tutsi
Darfur - Sudan 2003
Sudan government and
Janjaweed militia against
rebel groups in Darfur
Environmental/
Ecological Concerns
Deforestation - mainly in
South America
Desertification - mainly
in Africa
Hammas
Hezbollah
Global warming
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WORD ASSOCIATIONS FOR GLOBAL HISTORY
WHEN YOU
THINK OF THIS
Term, Concept, or
People
Deforestation
THINK OF THAT
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase
Associated Word/
Phrase/Image
Rainforests, especially in
Brazil (Amazon river
basin)
Contributes to global
warming and loss of
species
Haiti
Erosion
Green Revolution
Producing more crops
through better seeds so
nations can feed
themselves
Producing diseaseresistant crops
India
Developing Nations
of the World
(Poorer Nations)
Mainly in the southern
sphere of our worlds.
“Failed states.”
Most were at one time
colonies of other
nations.
Poverty, illiteracy,
disease, hunger,
instability
Developed Nations of
the World (Richer
Nations)
Mainly in the northern
sphere of our world
Most were at one time
imperial countries,
owning colonies
High technology, less
poverty, high life
expectancy, high literacy,
high employment
Computers/
Information Age
The Internet. Information
in seconds
Concern for privacy
Role in revolution: Iran,
Egypt
Grave concerns of
humankind today
Nuclear proliferation
Global Warming
War in Middle East
Areas of Conflict in
the World Today
India and Pakistan
Middle East
“The Arab Spring”
East Africa
Congo
Human rights in China
North Korea
War in Iraq and
Afghanistan
Israel versus Palestinians
China versus Tibet
Russia vs. Ukraine
Ethnic Conflict
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