Download and of the female reproductive system

Class Notes Reproductive System
i. Primary function: to produce
.
material passed from generation to generation.
Sharing intimate feelings with another person
II. Some terms to know
Gonads: organs that produce sex cells
M al e =
--> Sperm
Female =
--> Ova or Egg cells
Ducts:
and
Glands:
III. Testes
Paired organs located inside the scrotum
Located
A. Function of the testes
1.
body to ensure proper temp for sperm production
and
maturation of sperm takes approximately
sperm
days
2. Protect sperm and sperm development--
cells
3. Produce testosterone:
cells
a. Functions of Testosterone
**principle male hormone
**responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics
1) growth & development
2) maintenance of sex organs
3) bone growth
4) protein anabolism
5) closure of epiphyseal plate
6) influences sexual behavior
7) influences final maturation of sperm cells
IV. Seminiferous Tubules
tightly coiled tubules in testes where
Contains:
1. Spermatogonia = immature Sperm Cell
2. Spermatozoa = mature Sperm Cell
3. Interstitial Cells (Cells of Leydig) --produce & secrete
V. Epididymis-long
Head - receives spermatozoa-Body—sperm develop
occur
Tail - leads to ductus deferens
Functions:
1)
&
tubular fluid
2)
damaged spermatozoa
3)
sperm & facilitates
VI. Ductus (Vas) Deferens
- long duct (18 inches)
for sperm from epididymis to urethra
-enters body through an opening in pelvic floor called
VII. Ejaculatory Ducts
union of
& ductus (vas)deferens
eject sperm into
prior to ejaculation
VIII. Urethra
passageway for sperm & urine to external environment
measures about
A. 4 sections of the Urethra
1
in length
urethra
2
urethra
3.
urethra
4.
urethral orifice
IX. Accessory Male Sex Glands
secrete most of
of Semen
provides liquid, nutrious medium for support of sperm cells
1. Seminal Vesicles
Paired, on
Tubular (~ 15 cm)
Produce
of urinary
of semen, hormones, fructose, etc
sperm (leading to
2. Prostate Gland
about size of a chestnut located
)
to urinary
bladder – surrounds
secretes fluid rich in citric acid, prostatic acid, phosphatase, & prostaglandins
makes up about
of semen
often site
in males
3. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
Pea size, paired, at base of
Produce about
of semen
mucus -neutralize
nature of female
vagina
4. Semen (Seminal Fluid)
of sperm and secretions of accessory glands
2.5 - 5.0 ml of semen per ejaculation (
)
per ejaculation
if less than
sperm/ml of semen—male
is considered
X. Male External GENITALIA: SCROTUM
supports, protects testes
continuation of
&
muscle in dermis
muscle - continuous with abdominal wall muscles
of muscles in response to
changes
Temp must be
than body temp
XI. Penis
used to introduce
Voids urine
cylindrical in shape
into female vagina during intercourse
1. Penis erection
With sexual stimulation,
dilate, veins
, large quantities
enter
& erection occurs
2. Erections occur also to maintain
3. Three parts of penis
1)
: cylindrical masses of tissue
a. Corpora Cavernosa Penis - 2
of penis
b. Corpus Spongiosum Penis
Made of erectile tissue filled with blood
2)
of penis
Portion attached to
--attached to abdominal wall
--Attached to muscles that aid in erection
3)
penis
Slightly enlarged
spongiosum
of the corpus
Separated from
by
Contains many
Uncircumcised glans contains prepuce or
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
I. Ovaries
female gonads
place of
females are born with all
A. Oogenesis
they will ever have (500,000)
of an oocyte (egg)
Begins with
, ends with
oocyte
Polar bodies (other primary follicles)
B. Ovarian follicles
each month about 20
oocytes are stimulated to
undergo
usually only
& develops into s
C. Graffian Follicle
Oocyte continues to
of the 20 completes the process of oogenesis
oocyte
before released during ovulation
Contains two parts
1
and
Secretes
2. Ovulation
Process where secondary oocyte is
from ovary
About day
of cycle
D. Corpus Luteum & Corpus Albicans
Glandular body that develops
release of egg
Secretes
, estrogen, relaxin, inhibin
Becomes corpus
if egg is
Stays
fertilized
during pregnancy
II. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
ducts
from the site of ovulation to the uterus
= funnel shaped, open distal end
= “little fingers” on distal end
= widest, longest portion of the uterine tubes—
usually occurs in this region
= narrow, constricted, proximal end where the tubes attach
to the uterus
III. Uterus
A. serves as site of
,
a fertilized ovum, and
& maintenance of
during pregnancy
inverted pear shaped
3 sections or areas
1.
2.
3.
of
B. Tissue Layers of the Uterus
3 tissue layers
1)
= outermost layer
actually part of the visceral peritoneum
2)
= middle, muscular layer
majority of the uterus
consists of three layers of smooth muscle
3)
= innermost layer of the
uterus
Made of stratum
and
stratum
IV. Vagina
A. tubular fibromuscular organ lined with
for sperm & menstrual flow
for penis during sexual intercourse
the lower portion of
VI. Female External Genitalia
A
= term used to describe female external genitalia
B
covered by skin and course pubic hair
= adipose tissue above the pubic symphysis,
C.
= an area of longitudinal folds of tissue
D.
= medial longitudinal folds of tissue
E.
: the space between the Labia Minora
bulb of the vestibule
F. greater
produce mucoid substance
lubrication during
glands (Bartholin’s)
G.
tissue
: small cylyndrical mass of nervous and erectile
H.
layer of skin from labia minora covers clitoris
I
opening of the vagina
: thin membrane partially covering the
VII. Mammary Glands (Breasts)
A. modified
glands (Sweat Glands)
each gland contains 15 - 20 lobes or compartments separated by adipose tissue
B. amount of
tissue between lobes determines breast size
C. breast size is
related to milk production
each lobe has compartments called
milk secreting cells
D.
Inside lobules are
= raised area on breast infant suckles to receive
milk and stimulate
E.
encircles the nipple
= the dark, circular, pigmented area that
VIII. Lactation
the process of
*refer to handout on Menstrual and ovarian cycles
IX. Menstrual and Ovarian Cycles
A. Ovarian Cycle =
ovum
B. Menstrual Cycle = changes of the
uterus
preparation for
&
of an
o f th e
of a fertilized ovum
correlated with each other and are under the influence of
C. Endocrine influence
1. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary
and
2. FSH : ovarian follicles to
3. LH:
--stimulates production of
,
4. Ovaries produce
and relaxin
and
D. Estrogen
6 different types: 3 main types:
and
of the
female reproductive system
helps control
balance
and
Keeps
strong
Keeps
strong
E. Progesterone
hormone of maturation
endometrial lining for implantation
during pregnancy-stimulates --
production and secretion
F. Relaxin = produced by the
during pregnancy
-most prominent during the
of pregnancy
-relaxes
cervix
and helps
G. Inhibin-stops the production of
X. DEVELOPMENT and INHERITANCE
A. Human Development
the continuous process of body change that begins at
and continues until
B. Divided into two Periods
1.
Development--Conception until Birth
2.
Development--Birth until Death
C. Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis
-
: production and maturation of sperm
-
: production and maturation of egg
D. Prenatal Development
-changes that occur
-Divided into Two Periods
to
th e
1 . Th e
Period--fertilization until eight weeks
2 . T he
Period--eight weeks until birth
E. Fertilization
-also called
-union of a
-
with an
sperm cell penetrates layers of egg (with help of others)
-aided by an
on head of sperm
-oocyte cell membrane changes
F. The Embryonic Period
-first
weeks of life
-fertilized egg is called a
-the first cell divisions of the Zygote are called
and result in ball of cells called a
Morula turns into a large mass of cells called a
G. Blastocyst Stages of Development
1.
= attachment of the Blastocyst to the endometrium
a) about
days after fertilization
b) Blastocyst
(Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm)
c)Called
into primary Germ Layers
when implanted
H. Trophoblast Development and Implantation
1. Trophoblast layers (Chorion, Amnion, and Yolk Sac) begin to form around the
embryo
I. Embryonic Period
-5 weeks after conception—
vessels form,
begin to form, major –blood
systems forms, heart
forms and starts to beat, central nervous system appears
J. Embryonic Development
-Development of Body Form
weeks three to eight
K. Development of Organs
-most major organs appear during the first
weeks of development
L. 8 weeks—embryo resembles a
is now called a
M. Fetal Development
1. 18 weeks— face takes on human appearance
bones
form,
, rapid development of body organs, can
recognize sounds,
forms
2. 20 weeks-
appears- protects the fetus
from waste products in the
fluid, fetal
felt by mother, Hair appears on head
3. 24 weeks—sense of
developed, lungs are ready to
produce
, substantial weight gain, eyelids
separate and
(viable)
4. 30 weeks—Head and body more
male, testes
form—can survive outside womb
, in
, fetus assumes upside down
position,
fat is deposited
5. 40 weeks—Additional
fat
accumulates, lungs secrete
, laguno is shed, nails
extend to tips of fingers or beyond—
fetus is considered
after conception
and ready for birth 38 weeks
N. Labor
the movement of the fetus through the birth canal in response to uterine contractions
a). Three Stages of Labor
1. Stage One
-
and
-contractions push the fetus against the cervix
-the
-the
Stage Two begins
ruptures
--once the cervix dilates to 10 cm
2. Stage Two =
3. Stage Three =
XVIII. Stages of Physical Development
A. Neonate - “newborn” birth to 1 year
B. Infancy – 1-2 years
C. Toddlerhood – 2-6 years
D. Childhood – 6-12 years
E. Adolescence – puberty – 12-18
F. Adulthood 18-50 years
G. Middle Age – 50-70 years
H. Advanced Age – 70 - death
and
o f th e