Download Prehistory before 4000 BC Stone Age Ancient Civilization 4000

Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Prehistory before 4000 BC Stone Age · Migration from Africa to Southeast Asia · Hunters/Gatherers/Fishermen · Nomadic Tribes · Stone Tools · Discovery of Fire – migration to colder climates · Agricultural Revolution –Seeds produce plants – stay in one place · Domestication of Animals – pastoral people moved with their herds · Food surpluses allow artisan class · Artifacts – items left behind by humans Ancient Civilization 4000 – 1000 BC Mesopotamia River Valley · Fertile Crescent – Tigris and Euphrates River · Irrigation – moving water for farming / agriculture · Warring City‐States – ruled by monarchs before Empires evolved · Sumerians – Assyrians – Babylonians – Phoenicians – Hebrews* · Polytheistic – Idol Worship – Ziggurats – Priest meets with gods · Epic of Gilgamesh – Sumerians (Flood Story) · Hammurabi Code – laws written down for the first time · Cuneiform ‐ wedges and lines ‐ Scribes · Phoenician Alphabet – easier for people to learn to read and write · Phoenicians – sailed the Mediterranean Sea selling goods (purple dye) · *Judaism ‐ Monotheistic – Abraham – Famine in Canaan – Travel to Egypt · Moses – Exodus from Egypt – Ten Commandment – influence laws Egypt River Valley · Nile River – Upper and Lower Egypt – silt/farming – trade · Desert – Provided protection from invasions · Monarch – Dynasty ‐ Pharaohs – Ramses II ‐ Cleopatra · Polytheistic – Many gods – Pyramids – Mummification – Afterlife · Ra / Sun ‐ Osiris / underworld ‐ Isis / protector & divine mother · Alexandria – Largest library of scrolls (Classic Age) · Hieroglyphs – developed to keep track of growing wealth
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book India River Valley · Ganges/Indus Rivers – Himalaya Mt. (great barrier to the north) · Mixture of Aryan/Indian Culture created: · Hinduism – Reincarnation – Upanishads – after death soul is reborn · Caste System – social class same as parents · Mohenjo Daro – first city with clay drainage pipes under the street · Cotton / textiles – chess – zero – weights & measures – ocean tides · Siddhartha Gautama – prince/suffering ‐ Buddhism China River Valley · Yellow River or Huang He River – Great Wall of China · Farming – steep slopes using terraces · Family is the most important unit (ancestor worship) · Dynasties – A new dynasty would begin when a strong ruler defeated local rulers – large dynasties were difficult to govern (Mandate of Heaven) · Qin's terracotta army – first emperor of China · Confucius – Chinese philosopher – government posts ‐ qualified · Buddhism – Reincarnation – Nirvana – spread to China by missionaries · Paper from trees (bamboo) invented during Han Dynasty · Mongol Invasions – Genghis Khan – Kublai Khan · China’s Riches – silk – Silk Road (land trade route) – bronze – pottery ‐ tea Classical Age 1000 BC – 500 AD Greeks · Independent City‐States – separated by mountains and water · Athens – first democracy · Sparta – monarch (king) · Trojan War – Epics The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer
· Philosophers ‐ Socrates – Plato – Aristotle · Plato wrote The Republic – society ruled by philosopher kings · Polytheistic – Greek gods – Zeus, Athena – Mt. Olympus · Visited Oracles to ask advice of gods · First Olympics to honor gods – 776 BC · Appreciation for the arts, drama, architecture (columns) Parthenon · Alexander the Great – conquered most of the known world to the East (Persian Empire) and established many cities spreading Greek culture.
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Romans · Tiber River – Rome – located at the center of the Mediterranean Sea (Roman Lake) · Romans created a Republic – citizens vote for their leaders · Julius Caesar conquered Gaul – became dictator for life (absolute rule) – stabbed · Caesar Augustus – first emperor – Pax Romana – period of Roman peace · Roman army conquered new lands – allowed people to continue life and follow their own religions · Polytheistic – adapted Greek gods; later Christianity – Jesus ‐ Crucified · Cruel Emperors – Nero and Caligula – Persecute Christians · Weak economy – money lost value – return to barter economy · Diocletian splits into Eastern and Western Empire · Emperor Constantine moves capital to Byzantium later renamed Constantinople · Constantine stops persecution of Christians & became a Christian before his death · Latin – basis for Romance Languages · Architecture – concrete – domes – arches – aqueducts (carry water) – roads · Coliseum – gladiators – slaves who fought to the death Byzantine Empire · Old Eastern Roman Empire · Constantinople – Crossroads of Trade between Europe and Asia · Justinian I updates Roman Laws – Justinian Code – basis for most modern European countries · Theodora influences Justinian to include laws for women · Christianity splits – Great Schism of 1054 · Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Christian Church (Icons) · Mosaics – pictures using small pieces of tile or stone Christianity · Founded by Jesus – first century
· Jesus was a Jewish teacher said to be the Messiah and son of God
· Jesus was crucified by the Roman government – said to have risen after 3 days
· Followers believe the only way to know God is through faith in Jesus.
· Bible – holy text – 39 books /Old Testament & 27/New Testament
· Spread after Jesus death on Rome's advance road system
· At first they were treated fairly by the Romans but later were persecuted – Nero
· Constantine – Edit of Milan – religious tolerance ­ Christianity
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Middle Ages 500 – 1500 AD Middle Ages · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Europe – Holy Roman Empire ‐ Charlemagne Feudalism – Manor System – Land owned by king or church Theocracy – government by church rulers Serfs – unofficial slaves Viking Invasions Christianity accepted religion – Roman Catholic Church thrives – unified Europe Pope – great political power Islam spreads across Northern Africa – Charles Martel Crusades – Christians prevented from entering Jerusalem by Muslim Turks Interest in trade revived after Crusades William the Conqueror – Battle of Hastings – 1066 Inquisitions – punished heretics (non‐Christians or those who went against the church) King John and the Magna Carta – 1215 – restricted the king's power – England Black Death – horrible disease – plague – killed 100 million Europeans ‐ rats Hundred Years’ War – Joan of Arc – freed France from England – burned at the stake Renaissance 1300 – 1600 AD Renaissance · Begins in Italy – Spreads throughout Europe · Rebirth in art, science, thought, and learning · New interest in Classical Civilizations – Greek and Roman – called humanism · Gutenberg – Printing Press – Gutenberg Bible · Galileo – Telescope · Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa – Last Supper · Michelangelo – Sculptures of David and Moses – Sistine Chapel · Nicolo Machiavelli – The Prince · William Shakespeare – 37 plays · Martin Luther – Protestant Reformation 1517 (follow the Bible not the pope) · Catholic Church selling indulgences · Henry VIII – (Tudors) English Reformation ‐ Church of England · Elizabeth I – King Phillip II – Spanish Armada Exploration
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book 1200 – 1600 AD Exploration · Marco Polo – Trade Routes to the East (India, Japan & China) – 1275 (paper money) · Genghis Khan – Mongols – Central Asia ‐ 13 th century – cultural diffusion – traded · Muslim Turks capture Constantinople and close land route in 1453 – monopoly · Prince Henry – Navigational School in Portugal – 1420 · Vasco da Gama – Ocean Route to Asia around Africa – 1487 and 1497 · Columbus – Reach Asia by sailing West – 1492 (four voyages) · King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ‐ $$$ for Columbus – Spanish Inquisition · Amerigo Vespucci and Balboa – New Continent and Ocean – 1502 and 1513 · Ferdinand Magellan – First to Circumnavigate the globe ‐ 1519‐1522 · African Slave Trade – Portugal – West Africa Civilizations of the Americas · · · · · · · · · · · Polytheistic (many gods) ‐ Beliefs based on Nature Two sides of the ocean ‐ unaware the other existed – Disease/Conquered by Europeans Olmec – Central America – Mother Civilization – Stone faces Maya – Central America – Stone Temples – step pyramids – calendar ‐ astronomy Aztec Empire – Central American Warriors – Human Sacrifice – Rich in Gold – conquered by Cortes Inca Empire – Western South America, Andes Mtns. of Peru ‐ Rich in Gold Conquered by Pizarro – Machu Picchu believed to be a palace Eastern Woodlands – Lands east of the Mississippi River – Forests/deer ‐ Wigwams The Plains – West of MS River and East of Rocky Mtns. – Buffalo/Tepee Desert Southwest – Southwest U.S. – Adobes – Woven Cloth Northwest Coast – Coastline from California to Alaska – Fishermen – Totem Poles Inuit – Arctic regions – winter Igloos / summer tents – seals, caribou & polar bears Time Periods Prehistoric before 4000 BC Ancient Civilization Classical Age 4000 – 1000 BC 1000 BC – 500 AD Middle Ages Renaissance 500 – 1500 AD 1300 – 1600 AD Exploration 1200 – 1600 AD
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Components of Culture Language Common Values Governments ‐ the way people ‐ what a person(s) believes to ‐ leadership & structure ‐ make and enforce the rules of a communicate verbally and in be important society writing Traditions ‐ customs passed down through generations • beliefs • religion • rituals • celebrations • practices Literature • • • • Novels Poems Epics Written works Art • • • • • Painting Sculpture Dance Music Acting Lifestyles ‐ how people live their day‐to‐ day life Professions Archaeologist Anthropologist ‐ studies artifacts from ‐ understands and the past compare cultures Geologist ‐ studies the earth Historian ‐ studies the past Environment and Migration How Environment Impacts Culture 1. 2. 3. 4. Fertile land – land good for growing plants (Fertile Crescent, river valleys) Bodies of water – fishing, shipping, trading, travel, ports (Nile, Athens, Carthage) Location & resources – dress, survival, tools, weapons, climates, occupations Religion – landscape and weather influenced worship (Egypt, Native Americans) Migration – when people move from one place to another. Cultural Diffusion (caused by migration) ‐ occurs when parts of one culture spreads and becomes part of another culture. 1. Spread of Religion – migration & slavery 2. Empire Building – conquer & control 3. Exploration – interaction & trade Cultural diffusion influences language · exposure to new words – languages mix
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Major Religions Religion – set of teachings – beliefs about god or gods – creation of the universe – morality – how to live – what happens after death Hinduism · Polytheistic
· Deities – Brahma (World Soul) – Shiva (Destroyer) – Ganesha (elephant head)
· Reincarnation (rebirth)
· Karma (good & bad depending on actions)
· Moksha (breaking the cycle of reincarnation)
· India – Asia – founded by Aryans
· Ganges River – holy river
· Caste system Buddhism · Not centered around a god
· Meditation ­ quest for inner enlightenment (understanding of truth)
· Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha ­ enlightened one – prince/teacher
· “Middle Way” ­ path to nirvana – rejected over indulgence & extreme self­denial
· Nirvana (enlightenment)
· Four Noble Truths
· India – China, Japan & East Asia Shinto · Polytheistic
· Japan
· All natural things have souls (people, animals, plants, rocks, water) Judaism · · · · · · · · · Monotheistic (one God) – first monotheistic religion
Abraham – founder – Left Ur – Famine in Canaan – Travel to Egypt Moses – Exodus from Egypt – Ten Commandment – influenced laws – Mount Sinai Torah (Laws of Moses) – first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible Hebrew Bible is called the Old Testament by Christians Jews – followers of Judaism Israel is God's Promised Land to his chosen people – 12 Tribes of Israel Jerusalem – David's capital – Holy Temple – Wailing Wall Diaspora – the scattering of Jews to other lands
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Christianity · Monotheistic (one God) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Linked with Judaism – Abraham ‐ Ten Commandment – Old Testament Founded by Jesus – first century Jesus was a Jewish teacher said to be the Messiah (Savior) and son of God
Jesus was crucified by the Roman government – said to have risen after 3 days
Christians believe Jesus died to pay for humankind's sins.
Followers believe the only way to know God is through faith in Jesus.
Bible – holy text – 39 books /Old Testament & 27/New Testament
Spread after Jesus death on Rome's advance road system
12 Apostles – traveled with Jesus – spread his teaching after his death
Disciples – teach & follow Jesus' teachings
At first they were treated fairly by the Romans but later were persecuted
Constantine and Justinian established Christianity as a major religion
Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church
Christianity spread through Europe Crusades – wars to take back the Holy lands from the Muslims Islam · Monotheistic (Allah) th · Muhammad – founder ‐ 7 century · Gabriel the Angel · Claimed Abraham, Moses & Jesus were prophets · Believed Jews & Christians misunderstood the prophets' teachings · Converted most of Arabia to Islam · Social justice and equality
· · · · · 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. · · Believe they are descended from Abraham's son Ishmael Mecca – Muhammad's birthplace Muslims – followers of Islam Qur'an – holy book Five Pillars of Islam The Shahada – recite creed about Allah Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca Fasting – during the month of Ramadan – no eating between sun rise & sun set Alms for the poor – give to the poor The Haj – pilgrimage to Mecca Art – NO images of people or objects – used geometric patterns
Calligraphy ­ writing as art Technology
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Technology · any invention that serves to make a process easier, more effective or more productive. 1. Irrigation – 5000 BC – moving water for farming – Mesopotamia / Egypt 2. Wheel – 3000 BC – Sumer – pottery wheel ‐ transportation 3. Iron Tools ‐ 1300 BC – better than bronze – weapons – Mesopotamia 4. Scythe – 500 BC – long curved blade for farming – improved agriculture 5. Magnetic Compass – 300 BC – China – traveling long distances 6. Printing Press – 1440 AD – Gutenberg – more books faster/ spread ideas 7. Microscope – 1590 AD – see small objects ‐ discover the source of various diseases 8. Telescope – 1608 AD – study the universe – Earth goes around the sun Writing Cuneiform – Sumerians/Mesopotamia – wedge shapes – oldest writing – clay tablets
Hieroglyphics – pictographs – Egypt ­ papyrus paper – Rosetta Stone
Sanskrit – India – 600 symbols – we still cannot read this writing
Phoenician Alphabet – first alphabet (letters stand for sounds) influenced Greek alphabet than Latin by the Romans
· Hebrew ­ writing of the Ancient Israelites – Hebrew Bible – Old Testament
· Other hieroglyphics / pictographs – Native American, Mayan, Chinese · · · · Literature Epic ‐ long narrative poem that tells a story. Epic of Gilgamesh Sumerian / Mesopotamia King looks for the plant of immortality after his best friend Enkidu dies fighting a bull that escaped from the gods. Iliad By Homer – Greek Story of the Trojan War, the Greeks wanted Helen back, who was stolen by Paris. Mahabharata Odyssey By Homer – Greek Odysseus's (Ulysses in Roman) journey home from the Trojan War. He didn't thank the gods so it takes him 10 years to return home. Ramayana India – Sanskrit – struggle for control of the kingdom by 10 cousins, Krishna gives a speech before the great battle at the end ‐ Hinduism – nobility, morality and mortality. India ‐ Sanskrit – Prince Rama fights to get his wife back from the evil demon king with the help of warrior monkeys. Teaches to be a good father, wife, daughter, son and ruler. Hinduism Economics
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Economics · study of how people use resources to produce and consume goods and services. Good – a tangible product (real object) · examples ‐ food, clothing, books, furniture, buildings, plants, toys and cars Service – intangible · examples ‐ medical care, education, entertainment and providing transportation Supply · how much of a good or service is available. Producer · those who produce the supply of a good or service. Demand · how much people want a good or service. Consumer · people who purchase a good or service (customer) Needs · required in order to survive · examples – food, water, shelter, clothing, & medicine Wants · thing's people don't need but still desire. · Examples – junk food, fancy shoes, toys, new car, mansion & lots of money Profit · amount of money a producer makes after sell a good or service and paying for the cost to make the good. Types of Economy Subsistence economy · people produce only what they need · Nomadic societies, Africa, early Native Americans, early farmers Barter economy · trading goods and services without using money · end of the Roman Empire, early ancient civilizations Market economy · competitive prices– supply and demand – profits ‐ colonization · early farmers who began growing extra food to sell, river valley civilizations Feudal economy · Europe – Middle Ages – working for the landlord Trade Routes
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book
· Better boat designs increased trade and shipping across the Indian & Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea Silk Road · Trade routes that connected Eastern, Central & Southwest Asia, North African and parts of Europe · Merchants influenced cultural diffusion, ideas spread along with goods. · Silk was China's most important export. Economics Impact on History Cause and Effect Supply & demand – finding more resources ‐ leads to Exploration. Exploration results in European control of trade routes. European control leads to colonization. Europeans wanting power and wealth started colonies in Asia, Africa and America. Resulting in slave trade. Exploration · exploring new lands for resources. Colonization · when people in one country claim land in a foreign land and establish their own control over it. Geography Geography – the study of the earth. · · · · · Climate
Different countries
Natural resources
Earth's resources
How people live Maps – 2‐D image of some portion of the earth. · · · · · National ­ countries
Political – political boundaries, patterns or trends
Climate – weather conditions
Topographic – landscape, bodies of water, mountains, deserts
Population – people Globes – 3‐D model of the earth. Geography ‐ Parts of a Map
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Compass rose · Tells which direction on the map is north, south, east or west. Map key (legend) · Tells what the symbols on a map stand for. Cardinal directions · Directions – North is up, south is down, west is left and east is right. Distance · How far one place is from another. Scale
· The amount of distance that a measurement represents on a map.
· Example; 1 inch = 100 miles. Sphere · Round like a ball. Hemisphere
· Half a sphere
· Earth has 4 hemispheres; northern, southern, eastern and western
· You are always in 2 hemispheres; either in the northern or southern and either in the western or eastern. Equator · Imaginary line that runs around the earth at its center.
· Divides the northern and southern hemispheres Latitude · Marks the location of a place north or south of the equator.
· Side to side lines Prime Meridian · Imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through England, Western Europe, Africa and Antarctica.
· Divides the eastern and western hemispheres Longitude · Marks the location of a place east or west of the prime meridian.
· Up and down lines Graphs · Images that depict data (information) – bar – line – circle/pie Physical Geography 1. Landforms
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book Continents – large area of land Continents Asia Africa South America North America Antarctica Europe Australia Island · Land surrounded by water on all sides. Peninsula · Land surrounded by water on three sides ‐ Italy and Florida Mountain Range · Long chain of mountains – Himalayas, Andes, & Alps Plateaus · Elevated land with at least one steep side and a flat top. Plains · Massive grasslands, flat with few trees. Coastal Plains · Flat, low‐lying areas that lie along the coastlines of oceans and sea. Deserts · Land with less than 10 inches of rain a year. · Sahara in Africa & Arabian in Southwest Asia 2. Bodies of Water Oceans · largest bodies of water ¾ of earth surface. · Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, & Arctic Ocean Sea · Body of salt water smaller than an ocean, Mediterranean, Arabian Sea Bay · Body of water connected to an ocean but is surrounded by land on 3 sides Gulf · Same as a bay but larger ‐ Persian Gulf Lake · Body of water completely surrounded by land ‐ the Dead Sea is a lake. River
· Large stream of water that flows across land into a large body of water. · Nile in Egypt, Amazon in South America, Huang He in China, Indus in Southern Asia, Tigris and the Euphrates in Southwest Asia Geography and Early Civilizations 1. Impact of Rivers & Coastlines
Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book
· First civilization along river valleys ‐ fresh water – flooding ‐ fertile farm land · Nile ‐ Egypt · Tigris and Euphrates – Mesopotamia · Indus – India · Huang He – China · Coastlines ‐ trade, travel, exploration, and naval activities · Greece · Rome 1. Impact of Deserts & Mountains · Mountains ‐ limited growth & limited cultural diffusion – subsistence economy · Deserts – nomadic communities always looking for food and water 1. Impact of Climate · Mild climates were preferred, near the Mediterranean Government and Civics Roles of Government · Establishing and upholding laws – rule of law – structure – order – crime & punishment
· Managing conflicts – order & peaceful among citizens
· Meeting needs – food – medical – income – trade – natural disasters (flood, tornado)
· Territory and defense – set boundaries – protection – police – army Rise of Governments Nomadic communities informal government – not very structured – small groups – chiefs – tribes Farming communities ◦ leaders – small city­states – independent – villages – towns ­ Sumer City states ◦ kings – large city & surrounding area – Babylon ­ Athens States ◦ conquering city­states – market economy – kings – nations ­ Mesopotamia Empires ◦ emperors – conquering states – capitals – leaders ruling regions – Rome Types of Governments Monarchy • Democracy
ruled by a king or queen – absolute (all­powerful) – constitutional (limited) Sixth Grade Social Studies TCAP Prep Book • Republic all citizens have a voice – direct (all vote) – indirect (vote for leaders) ­ Athens • elected leaders select other leaders – constitution (set of laws) – Rome branches of government – checks and balances (not all­powerful)– term limits • Theocracy ruled by religion – early Israel (Jewish laws) – Islam – Pope Dictatorship • all­powerful ruler – rule by force – military leader – Julius Caesar Feudalism • monarch gives land to lords ­ lords own land – vassals work for the lords • Written Laws Hammurabi 's Code – 1700BC – Mesopotamia – earliest written laws – criminal & civil Justinian Code – Byzantine Empire – 530 AD – rewritten Roman laws – gave women more rights – influenced Western laws – Emperor Justinian & Empress Theodora Magna Carta – 1215 AD – limited king's power – King John ­ England Roles of Citizens • • Citizens – live under a certain political system – democracy – republic Subjects – live under an authoritative government ‐ monarchy Caste System ­ India – cannot change castes ­ Hinduism City­State – Greece – loyal to the city – loyal to the city's king Feudal System – Europe – lords owned land – vassals served lords Class System • upper class rich & powerful – middle class some wealth – lower class poor • Social mobility – people can move up and down in this class system