Download Chapter 26: The Origins of the Cold War

Chapter 26: The Origins of the Cold War
Chapter Review
Terms
United Nations:
1. An international peacekeeping organization
2. Founded in 1945
a. Represented 50 nations
3. Purpose
a. Promote world peace
b. Promote security
c. Promote economic development
Satellite Nations:
1.
A country dominated politically and economically by another.
a. Much of Eastern Europe became part of the Soviet Union as satellite nations
Containment:
1.
A measure used to block another nation’s attempts to spread its influence to other
nations
Iron Curtain:
1.
2.
Term used to describe the imaginary line separating Communist Eastern block countries
with Western Europe.
Terminology first used by Winston Churchill in 1946
Cold War:
1.
2.
3.
A conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union
a. Neither country directly confronted the other in a battle situation
Dominated world affairs from 1945-1991
Dominated United States foreign policy between 1945-1991
Truman Doctrine:
1.
2.
United States policy during the Truman Administration
a. Presented by Truman in 1949
Doctrine provided economic and military aid to free countries under the threat of
takeover
3.
a. Threat by internal or external forces
Stopped communism in Greece
Marshall Plan:
1.
Plan was proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947
a. United States would provide economic aid to help European nations rebuild
following World War II.
Berlin Airlift:
1.
2.
An operation where the United States and Britain flew supplies into West Berlin in 1948.
a. Began when the Soviet Union blockaded the city
Operation lasted 327 days
a. They made 277,000 flights
b. Provided 2.3 tons of supplies
i. Food
ii. Fuel
iii. Medicine
North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Defense military alliance formed in 1949
Included ten western European nations, the United States and Canada
Pledged military support to each other if attacked
a. First peacetime military pact with Europe and the United States since the alliance
with France in 1778.
West Germany joined in 1955
Provided a standing force of more than half million troops in Europe.
a. Thousands of pieces of military equipment
i. Planes
ii. Tanks
iii. Other equipment
Chaing Kai-shek:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Head of the Nationalist Chinese Government.
Led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War
a. His stature within China weakened during this time
b. His international prominence grew
Supported by the United States between 1945-1949
a. Received three billion dollars in military and economic aid from the United
States
He attempted to eradicate the Chinese Communists during the Chinese Civil War
a.
He failed, forcing his government to retreat to Taiwan
i. There he continued serving as the President of the Republic of China
and Director-General of the KMT
Mao Zedong:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chinese Marxist military and political leader
Led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese
Civil War and the People’s Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his
death in 1976.
Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history
Mao's policies are blamed by critics for causing severe damage to the culture, society,
economy and foreign relations of China
Consolidated power over the Communist Party in 1942
a. Launched the Zheng Feng, or "Rectification" campaign against rival Communist
Party of China members
First political campaigns were land reform and the suppression of counterrevolutionaries
a. These were mass repressions
i. Former KMT officials
ii. Businessmen
iii. Former employees of Western companies
iv. Intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect
v. Large numbers of rural gentry
Taiwan:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Also known as Formosa
Governed by the Republic of China
a. Located in East Asia off the coast of mainland China
Following World War II, Republic of China military administration on Taiwan was
under Chen Yi
a. Unstable and corrupt
b. Seized property
c. Set up government monopolies of many industries
Distrust due to political, cultural and linguistic differences between the Taiwanese and
the Mainland Chinese
Chaing Kai-shek was forced to leave China and set up residence in Taiwan
38th Parallel
1.
2.
3.
38th parallel was first suggested as a dividing line for Korea.
Following World War II parallel was established as the boundary between the Soviet
(north) and American (south) occupation zones in Korea
a. Parallel divided the peninsula roughly in the middle
In 1948, the dividing line became the boundary between the newly independent
countries of North and South Korea
Korean War:
1.
2.
3.
Occurred between June 25, 1950, and a cease-fire on July 27, 1953
War fought in Korea that was divided by the post-World War II Soviet and American
occupation zones
a. Began with the invasion of capitalist South Korea by forces in Communist North
Korea
b. Principal support on the side of the North was China
i. Limited assistance by Soviet combat advisors, military pilots, and
weapons
c. South Korea was supported by United Nations forces
i. Principally from the United States
The conflict ended as a stalemate between the sides in 1953
House Un-American Activities Committee:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives between 19381975
a. Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda
Activities
b. Held public and private hearings in six cities in 1934
Its work was supposed to be aimed mostly at German American involvement in Nazi
and Ku Klux Klan activity
Committee investigated and supported allegations of a fascist plot to seize the White
House
a. Known as the Business Plot
HUAC became a standing committee in 1946
a. Began investigating Communist influence in the movie industry due to proSoviet films made during World War II
i. Soviet Union was an ally of the United States during this time.
b. Committee believed there was Communist propaganda placed in films.
c. Subpoenaed forty-three witness from the film industry to testify before the
committee
i. Many supported the committees accusation of communists having
infiltrated the film industry
Hollywood Ten:
1.
The name given to ten unfriendly witnesses during the HUAC investigation of the film
industry
a. Ten were subpoenaed to appear before the committee
i. Refused to testify
1. Believed the hearing was unconstitutional
b. The ten were sent to prison for their refusal to testify.
Blacklist:
1. A list developed in response to the HUAC hearings of the film industry
a. List was compiled by Hollywood executives
i. List consisted of people in the industry who had known Communist
backgrounds
1. Approximately 500 actors
2. Writers
3. Producers
4. Directors
2. This list ruined individual careers.
Alger Hiss:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A U.S. State Department official
a. Involved in the establishment of the United Nations
Whittaker Chambers, former Communist spy turned government informer, accused
Alger Hiss of being a member of the Communist Party
a. In an appearance before the House Committee on Un-American Activities
Accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948
a. Voluntarily appeared before HUAC to deny being a Communist
b. Convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950
i. Grand jury could not indict him for espionage
1. Statute of limitations had run out
Hiss went to trial twice
a. First trial ended in a hung jury
b. Second trial jury found him guilty on two counts of perjury.
Verdict was upheld by the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court
a. Sentenced to five years imprisonment
i. Served 44 months
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg:
1.
Involved in a Communist spy case in 1950
a. Involvement resulted from German born physicist Klaus Fuchs implicating them
in
2.
3.
atomic bomb secrets with the Soviet Union.
Both were minor activists in the American Communist Party
a. When asked of their involvement they denied any affiliation
b. Also denied charges brought against them that resulted from information
received from Klaus Fuchs
i. When questioned pleaded the fifth amendment
c. Claimed they were being persecuted
i. Said this was taking place because they were Jewish
ii. Said that is was taking place because of their radical beliefs
Both were found guilty of espionage
a. Sentenced to death
4.
5.
6.
Individuals from all over the world asked for clemency for the Rosenberg’s
a. Premise for consideration was based on weak evidence and weak testimony
during the trial
i. Felt that what was presented at the trial did not warrant the death
penalty
Case was appealed to the Supreme Court
a. Decision was a refusal to overturn the conviction
Both died in the electric chair in 1953
a. They were the first civilians in the United States to be executed for espionage.
Joseph McCarthy:
1.
2.
3.
Republican United States Senator from Appleton, Wisconsin
Was an anti-communist activist
Earned a reputation in his first three years in the Senate as an ineffective legislator
a. He realized he would need an issue to champion if he was to be reelected in
1950
b.
4.
5.
6.
Took the issue of Communism in American Government
i. Issue played off American’s fear of Communism spreading
Began making unsupported accusations toward people who he claimed were Communist
a. Provided no evidence to back accusations
b. Claimed he had the names of Communist working in the State Department
i. Truth was he did not ever have one name
c. Charged the Democratic Party of being guilty of twenty years of treason
i. Accused them of allowing Communism to infiltrate the government
Always was careful to do his name-calling in the Senate
a. Had legal immunity there
i. He could not be sued for slander
Republicans did nothing to stop McCarthy even through they knew what he was doing
was
7.
8.
9.
wrong.
a. Believed the propaganda would win the party the Presidential election in 1952.
McCarthy made accusations against the army in 1954
a. The investigation was nationally televised
i. Americans witnessed first hand McCarthy bulling witnesses
1. McCarthy alienated the audience and cost him support
Condemned by the Senate for improper conduct
a. Believed McCarthy had brought dishonor to the Senate
Three years after Communist investigations brought on by McCarthy, he died a broken
man
a. Died from alcoholism
H-Bomb
1. Name given to the Hydrogen bomb
a. Estimated that this bomb would have the force of one million tons of TNT.
i. It is sixty-seven times more powerful than the atomic bomb
2. The morality of creating such a weapon was argued by scientists
3. United States entered into an arms race with the Soviet Union to produce the first
Hydrogen
Bomb
a. United States was the first to detonate
i. November 1, 1952
1. Advantage lasted one year
a. Soviet Union exploded their bomb in 1953
4. The world moved to thermonuclear race
Brinksmanship:
1. The pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster
a. Purpose is to achieve the most advantageous outcome
2. Became very important in United States foreign policy during Dwight D. Eisenhower's
Presidency.
a. Brinkmanship was a cheap alternative to fighting actual wars
3. For brinkmanship to be effective the threats used are continuously escalate
4. Another of the policies by John Foster Dulles
a. Part of the “New Look” program
5. Eisenhower combined the policy with technological innovations and massive retaliation
Dwight D. Eisenhower:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
During World War II served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe
a. Responsible for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and
Germany in 1944-45
In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO
As a Republican, he was elected the 34th U.S. President
a. Ended the Korean War
b. Kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War
c. Made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority
d. Launched the Space Race
Announced the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957
a. Announced after the Suez Crisis
b. Stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to
imminent or actual aggression to the United States.
c. Countries that took stances opposed to Communism would be given aid in
various forms
d. Military action provisions of the Doctrine were applied in the Lebanon Crisis
i. America intervened in response to a request by that country's president.
Doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war
a. Resulted from the Soviet Union's attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to
enter Egypt
John Foster Dulles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Served as Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959
Significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against
communism around the world
a. Advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina
As Secretary of State, Dulles spent considerable time building up NATO as part of his
strategy of controlling Soviet expansion
a. Threatened massive retaliation in event of a war
First major policy shifts towards a more aggressive posture against communism
Directed the CIA, in March of 1953, to draft plans to overthrow the Prime Minister
Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran
Architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
a. Treaty was signed by representatives of the United States, Australia, Britain,
France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand
b. Provided for collective action against aggression
Was one of the pioneers of mutual assured destruction and brinkmanship
Strongly opposed the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal, Egypt
Central Intelligence Agency:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Created in 1947 with the passage of the National Security Act
a. An independent agency that supports the President, the National Security
Council, and all other government officials who make and execute national
security policy
President Eisenhower relied on the CIA as an extension of U.S. foreign policy.
CIA directed the overthrow of what were seen as pro-communist governments in Iran
and Guatemala in 1953 and 1954
Flew high-altitude U-2 surveillance missions over communist nations to monitor missile
deployment
a. In 1960, the Eisenhower administration was embarrassed when the Soviet Union
shot down one of the U-2 planes and captured the pilot, who admitted to
working for the CIA
Warsaw Pact:
1.
2.
3.
4.
An organization of Central and Eastern European communist states
Established on May 1, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
a. To counter the alleged threat from the NATO alliance
b. Prompted by the integration of a "re-militarized" West Germany into NATO
Lasted throughout the Cold War
Pact was divided into two branches: the Political Consultative Committee
a. Coordinated all non-military activities
b. Unified Command of Pact Armed Forces
i. Had authority over the troops assigned to it by member states
ii. Headed by the Supreme Commander
Nikita Kruschev:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin
Was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964
Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964
a. Removed from power by his party colleagues in 1964
Became Premier of the Soviet Union on March 27, 1958
a. Promoted reform of the Soviet system
b. Place an emphasis on the production of consumer goods rather than on heavy
industry
Sought to lower the burden of defense spending on the Soviet economy
a. New emphasis on rocket based defense
i. Soviet lead in this technology emphasized by the success of Sputnik 1
Frances G. Powers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Aviator
a. Flew a U-2 high-altitude photographic surveillance plane over Russian airspace
i. Cold War espionage incident
Took off from a U.S. air base at Peshawar, Turkey
a. Mission scheduled was codenamed Grand Slam
i. Route would take it from Turkey to Soviet nuclear-weapons facilities in
the Ural Mountains various railroads, intercontinental ballistic missile
sites in Siberia
ii. Return trip was across northern Russia, there to photograph shipyards
b. He was detected by Soviet radar while still 15 miles from the Afghan-Soviet
border
c. Flew over an SA-2 battalion soon after entering Soviet airspace
d. Shot down by the Soviet Union in May 1960
i. U-2 over-flights violated treaty law
In the beginning of the incident U.S. government claimed Powers had been conducting
weather research
Powers was convicted of espionage by the Soviet Union
a. Sentenced to 10 years in prison
b. Pardoned by the USSR in February of 1962
i. Sent back to America in exchange for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel
Covert Actions by the United States in Latin America:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Covert United States involvement in Chile in the decade between 1963 and 1973
Central Intelligence Agency spent three million dollars in an effort to influence the
outcome of the 1964 Chilean presidential elections
Range of clandestine activities undertaken by the CIA included:
a. covert action
b. clandestine intelligence collection
c. liaison with local police and intelligence services
d. Counterintelligence
CIA provides financial support to a political party; this is called "covert action"
a.
5.
Developed a paid "asset" in the party for the purpose of information gathering,
the project is "clandestine intelligence collection."
Goal of covert action is political impact
Covert Actions by the United States in the Middle East:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
During the 1940s and early 1950s, U.S. leaders wanted to play an anti-imperialist role in
the Middle East
a. From 1953 to 1979 in the post World War II era, control over the region was
exercised primarily through U.S. influence
b. Oppose continued British and French rule in the region
c. Voiced support for reform movements
United States also opposed British proposals to overthrow the nationalist government in
Iran.
a. U.S. leaders also feared that the Iranian government of Prime Minister
Muhammad Mossadegh was being taken over by Communist forces.
i. CIA gave several million dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters
Shah of Iran acted as a Pentagon/CIA surrogate to police the region
U.S.-Soviet conflict that shaped all of U.S. foreign policy
a. By the mid-1950s, U.S. leaders believed with good reason that this conflict was
being extended into the Middle East
b. United States saw that Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser decided to align
with the Soviets
United States opposed their plot to overthrow Nasser during the Suez crisis
Events of the Hungarian uprising:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hungarian people revolted in 1956
a. Called for a democratic government
Imre Nagy formed a new government
a. Popular liberal Communist leader
b. Promised free elections
c. Denounced the Warsaw Pact
d. Demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary
Soviets responded to Nagy demands
a. Soviet tanks went into Hungary in November 1956
i. Killed approximately 30,000 Hungarians
b. Hungarian freedom fighters threw up barricades in the streets
i. Only armed with pistols and bottles
ii. Fought the Soviets with no luck
Soviets overthrew the Nagy government
a. Replaced it with a Pro-Soviet leader
5.
6.
Nagy was executed
Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled to the West.