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CHEMICALS: Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry BTEX Definitions BTEX - "BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic compounds typically found in petroleum product, such as gasoline and diesel fuel." - Environmental Protection Agency, 2010 BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) - "Volatile, monocyclic aromatic compounds present in coal tar, petroleum products, and various organic chemical product formulations (Cohen and Mercer, 1993). These are the most soluble of the major gasoline compounds and, therefore, are common indicators of gasoline contamination." - Wilson and Moore, 1998 BTEX is an acronym that stands for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.[1] These compounds are some of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in petroleum derivatives such as petrol (gasoline). Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes have harmful effects on the central nervous system. BTEX compounds are notorious due to the contamination of soil and groundwater with these compounds. This typically occurs near petroleum and natural gas production sites, and petrol stations and other areas with Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) or Above-ground Storage Tanks (ASTs) containing gasoline or other petroleum-related products. The amount of 'Total BTEX', the sum of the concentrations of each of the constituents of BTEX, is sometimes used to aid in assessing the relative risk or seriousness at contaminated locations and the need of remediation of such sites. Naphthalene may also be included in Total BTEX analysis yielding results referred to as BTEXN. In the same way, styrene is sometimes added, making it BTEXS. Air Shortterm exposure in air If you live in a city or near many factories or heavily traveled highways, you may be exposed to ethylbenzene in the air. Releases of ethylbenzene into the air occur from burning oil, gas, and coal and from industries using ethylbenzene. The median levels of ethylbenzene in air are: • 0.62 ppb in city and suburban locations • 0.01 ppb in rural locations • 1 ppb in indoor air Humans: Exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene in the air for short periods can cause eye and throat irritation. Exposure to higher levels can result in vertigo and dizziness. Animals: Exposure to very high levels (about 2 million times the usual level in urban air) can cause death. Long-term exposure in air Hearing: Exposure to relatively low concentrations of ethylbenzene for several days to weeks resulted in potentially irreversible damage to the inner ear and hearing of animals. Kidney: Exposures to relatively low concentrations of ethylbenzene for several months to years caused in kidney damage in animals. Reproduction: There is no clear evidence that ethylbenzene affects fertility. Cancer: An increase in kidney tumors in rats and lung and liver tumors in mice were found after they were exposed to ethylbenzene in air for 2 years. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (an expert group that is part of the World Health Organization) has determined on that long-term exposure to ethylbenzene may cause cancer in humans. Long-term by ingestion Hearing: Rats exposed to large amounts of ethylbenzene by mouth had severe damage to the inner ear. Shortexposure term eye and skin contact Irritation: Liquid ethylbenzene caused eye damage and skin irritation in rabbits. Some regul ation s and reco mme ndati ons for ethyl benze ne inclu de the The EPA has determined that exposure to ethylbenzene in drinking water at concentrations of 30 ppm for one day or 3 ppm for 10 days is not expected to cause any harmful effects in a child. The EPA has determined that lifetime exposure to 0.7 ppm ethylbenzene is not expected to cause any harmful effects. follo wing: Level s in drink ing wate r set by EPA Level s in surfa ce wate r set by EPA Level s in work place air set by OSH A If you eat fish and drink water from a body of water, the water should contain no more than 0.53 ppm ethylbenzene. OSHA set a legal limit of 100 ppm ethylbenzene in air averaged over an 8-hour work day. Toluene To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). This Statement was prepared to give you information about toluene and to emphasize the human health effects that may result from exposure to it. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified 1,350 hazardous waste sites as the most serious in the nation. Toluene dissolved in well water does not break down quickly while the water is under the ground because there are few microorganisms in underground water. A serious health concern is that toluene may have an effect on your brain. Toluene can cause headaches and sleepiness, and can impair your ability to think clearly. Toluene causes death by interfering with the way you breathe and the way your heart beats Repeated exposure You may also experience problems with your speech, vision, or hearing, have loss of muscle control, loss of memory, poor balance, and decreased mental ability. Some of these changes may be permanent. Toluene (at high levels) could possibly damage your kidneys. Combinations of toluene and some common medicines like aspirin and acetaminophen may increase the effects of toluene on your hearing. Some studies in people have shown reproductive effects, such as an increased risk of spontan¬eous abortions, from exposure to toluene main effect of toluene is on the brain and nervous system, but animals exposed to moderate or high levels of toluene may also show harmful effects in their liver, kidneys, and lungs. Toxicological Profile for Xylene meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). These different forms are referred to as isomers. Xylene is a liquid, and it can leak into soil, surface water (creeks, streams, rivers), or groundwater. Xylene below the soil surface may travel down through the soil and enter underground water (groundwater). Xylene may remain in groundwater for several months before it is finally broken down by small organisms. If a large amount of xylene enters soil from an accidental spill, a hazardous waste site, or a landfill, it may travel through the soil and contaminate drinking water wells. Both short- and long-term exposure to high concentrations of xylene can also cause a number of effects on the nervous system, such as headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one's sense of balance. Some people exposed to very high levels of xylene for a short period of time have died. Results of studies in animals indicate that large amounts of xylene can cause changes in the liver and harmful effects on the kidneys, lungs, heart, and nervous system. Short-term exposure to very high concentrations of xylene causes death in animals, as well as muscular spasms, incoordination, hearing loss, changes in behavior, changes in organ weights, and changes in enzyme activity. Animals that were exposed to xylene on their skin had irritation and inflammation of the skin. Chemicals Used by Hydraulic Fracturing Companies in Pennsylvania For Surface and Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Prepared by the Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Oil and Gas Management Compiled from Material Safety Data Sheets obtained from Industry 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Glycol Ethers (includes 2BE) 1,3,5 Trimethylbenzene Guar gum 2,2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide Hemicellulase Enzyme 2.2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide Hydrochloric Acid 2-butoxyethanol Hydrotreated light distillate 2-Ethylhexanol Hydrotreated Light Distilled 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one Iron Oxide 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazotin-3-one Isopropanol Acetic Acid Isopropyl Alcohol Acetic Anhydride Kerosine Acie Pensurf Magnesium Nitrate Alchohol Ethoxylated Mesh Sand (Crystalline Silica) Alphatic Acid Methanol Alphatic Alcohol Polyglycol Ether Mineral Spirits Aluminum Oxide Monoethanolamine Ammonia Bifluoride Ammonia Bisulfite Ammonium chloride Ammonium Salt Ammonia Persulfate Aromatic Hydrocarbon Aromatic Ketones Boric Acid Boric Oxide Butan-1-01 Citric Acid Crystalline Silica: Cristobalite Crystalline Silica: Quartz Dazomet Diatomaceus Earth Diesel (use discontinued) Diethylbenzene Doclecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid E B Butyl Cellosolve Ethane-1,2-diol Ethoxlated Alcohol Ethoxylated Alcohol Ethoxylated Octylphenol Ethylbenzene Ethylene Glycol Ethylhexanol Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate Formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde Naphthalene Nitrilotriacetamide Oil Mist Petroleum Distallate Blend Petroleum Distillates Petroleum Naphtha Polyethoxylated Alkanol (1) Polyethoxylated Alkanol (2) Polyethylene Glycol Mixture Polysaccharide Potassium Carbonate Potassium Chloride Potassium Hydroxide Prop-2-yn-1-01 Propan-2-01 Propargyl Alcohol Propylene Sodium Ash Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Chloride Sodium Hydroxide Sucrose Tetramethylammonium Chloride Titaniaum Oxide Toluene Xylene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene - irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; bronchitis; hypochromic anemia; headache, drowsiness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination; vomiting, confusion; chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid) Target Organs Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, blood Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Exposure Routes inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; bronchitis; hypochromic anemia; headache, drowsiness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination; vomiting, confusion; chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid) Target Organs Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, blood Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately 2-Butoxyethanol CAS ID #: 111-76-2, 112-07-2 Affected Organ Systems: Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver) Hematological (Blood Forming) The blood cells (erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets) and the tissues that form them ((bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes) make up the hematological system. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells throughout the body. Also, it keeps the blood vessels open, helps the immunological system function (see immunological below), and removes waste and carbon dioxide from body cells. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing 1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3 Dinitrobenzene & 1,3,5 Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2-Butoxyethanol Acetone Acrolein Acrylonitrile Benzene Cobalt Copper Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP) Dinitrophenols Lead Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Parathion Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen Nitrobenzene Nitrophenols Otto Fuel II and its Components Pentachlorophenol Phenol Radium Thorium Tin and Compounds Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Used Mineral-based Crankcase Oil Zinc Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels) The heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) are called the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system carries blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels called “arteries” and then through smaller blood vessels called “capillaries” to each organ and tissue in the body. The blood feeds each organ and tissue. Blood adds or removes gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes as it passes through each organ to carry out metabolic processes (to keep the body alive). The capillaries then drain used blood into veins that flow back to the heart to be recirculated. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethene 2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Acrolein Antimony Barium Boron Bromomethane Cadmium Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroethane Chloroform Chloromethane Cobalt Lead Manganese Methylene Chloride Nickel Toluene Vanadium and Compounds Vinyl Chloride Hepatic (Liver) The hepatic system includes the liver and biliary tract . The liver maintains stable conditions throughout the body. It plays an important role in digesting food (through the secretion of bile), in synthesizing proteins (albumin, carrier proteins, coagulation factors, and many hormonal and growth factors), and in detoxifying harmful substances. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2,3 Trichloropropane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 1,4-Dioxane 2,3-Benzofuran 2-Butoxyethanol 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-Chloroaniline)(MBOCA) 4,4'-Methylenedianiline Aldrin/Dieldrin Arsenic Bromodichloromethane Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane Carbon Disulfide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlordane Chlorobenzene Chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs) Chloroform Chloromethane Chlorophenols Copper Creosote DDT, DDE, DDD Di-n-octylphthalate (DNOP) Dichlorobenzenes Diethyl phthalate Endosulfan Fuel Oils / Kerosene Fuel Oils / Kerosene Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Hexachloroethane HMX (Octogen) Hydrazines Isophorone Jet Fuels JP-4 and JP-7 Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8 Manganese Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Methylene Chloride n-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen Perfluoroalkyls Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Plutonium Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pyridine Styrene Thallium Thorium Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Toxaphene Vinyl Chloride Xylenes Neurological (Nervous System) The nervous system receives and sends signals throughout the body to control bodily functions. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerve fibers that attach to and lie outside the brain and spinal cord). The nervous system has two components, motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent), that carry information from and to, respectively, the central nervous system. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, and processing of the various senses and communicates with and controls various other systems and functions. The nervous system also provides special senses such as sight, hearing, taste, feel, and smell. It uses the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose to gather information about the body's environment. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Butadiene 2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2-Hexanone Acetone Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Aldrin/Dieldrin Aluminum Americium Arsenic Benzene Bis(chloromethyl) Ether Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane Bromomethane Cadmium Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlordane Chlordecone Chlorfenvinphos Chlorine Dioxide & Chlorite Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloromethane Chlorpyrifos Cresols Cyanide DDT, DDE, DDD Diazinon Dichlorvos Dinitrocresols Disulfoton Endosulfan Endrin/Endrin aldehyde Ethion Ethylbenzene Ethylene Oxide Fuel Oils / Kerosene Gasoline, Automotive Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Hexachloroethane HMX (Octogen) Hydraulic Fluids Hydrogen Sulfide Ionizing Radiation Jet Fuels JP-4 and JP-7 Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8 Lead Malathion Manganese Mercury Metallic Mercury Methoxychlor Methyl Mercaptan Methyl Parathion Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Methylene Chloride Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen Otto Fuel II and its Components Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pyrethrins-and-Pyrethroids Pyridine RDX (Cyclonite) Stoddard Solvent Styrene Tetrachloroethylene (PERC) Tetryl Thallium Tin and Compounds Toluene Trichloroethylene (TCE) Used Mineral-based Crankcase Oil Xylenes Endocrine (Glands and Hormones) The endocrine system consists of specialized groups of cells called glands that make, store, and release regulating chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate how the body functions. Some of these endocrine glands include the adrenals, chemoreceptor organs, gonads (testis and ovary), hypothalamus, pancreatic islets, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, and thyroid. These glands secrete hormones that travel through the circulatory system to regulate the various body systems. A few of these hormones include steroids, growth hormones, and thyroxine. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing Aldrin/Dieldrin Atrazine DDT, DDE, DDD Endosulfan Iodine Malathion Methoxychlor Pentachlorophenol Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Toxaphene Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys) The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys play a major role in balancing fluids and electrolytes, regulating blood pressure, producing erythropoietin (which increases erythrocyte formation), and eliminating waste products through the urine . The urine is formed in the kidney, stored in the urinary bladder, and voided via the urethra. Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. Substances Listing 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,4-Dioxane 2,3-Benzofuran Bromodichloromethane Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane Cadmium Chlordecone Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chromium Dichlorobenzenes Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Oxide Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) Ionizing Radiation Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8 Lead Mercury Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) n-Nitrosodiphenylamine Perfluoroalkyls Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants Propylene Glycol Silver Thallium Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Uranium and Compounds Vanadium and Compounds Xylenes