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CHEMICALS:
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
BTEX
Definitions
BTEX - "BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-volatile aromatic compounds
typically found in petroleum product, such as gasoline and diesel fuel." - Environmental Protection Agency,
2010
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) - "Volatile, monocyclic aromatic compounds present in
coal tar, petroleum products, and various organic chemical product formulations (Cohen and Mercer, 1993).
These are the most soluble of the major gasoline compounds and, therefore, are common indicators of gasoline
contamination." - Wilson and Moore, 1998
BTEX is an acronym that stands for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.[1] These compounds are
some of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in petroleum derivatives such as petrol (gasoline).
Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes have harmful effects on the central nervous system.
BTEX compounds are notorious due to the contamination of soil and groundwater with these compounds. This
typically occurs near petroleum and natural gas production sites, and petrol stations and other areas with
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) or Above-ground Storage Tanks (ASTs) containing gasoline or other
petroleum-related products.
The amount of 'Total BTEX', the sum of the concentrations of each of the constituents of BTEX, is sometimes
used to aid in assessing the relative risk or seriousness at contaminated locations and the need of remediation of
such sites. Naphthalene may also be included in Total BTEX analysis yielding results referred to as BTEXN. In
the same way, styrene is sometimes added, making it BTEXS.
Air
Shortterm
exposure
in air
If you live in a city or near many factories or heavily traveled highways, you may be
exposed to ethylbenzene in the air. Releases of ethylbenzene into the air occur from
burning oil, gas, and coal and from industries using ethylbenzene. The median levels of
ethylbenzene in air are: • 0.62 ppb in city and suburban locations • 0.01 ppb in rural
locations • 1 ppb in indoor air
Humans: Exposure to high levels of ethylbenzene in the air for short periods can
cause eye and throat irritation. Exposure to higher levels can result in vertigo and
dizziness. Animals: Exposure to very high levels (about 2 million times the usual
level in urban air) can cause death.
Long-term
exposure
in air
Hearing: Exposure to relatively low concentrations of ethylbenzene for several
days to weeks resulted in potentially irreversible damage to the inner ear and
hearing of animals. Kidney: Exposures to relatively low concentrations of
ethylbenzene for several months to years caused in kidney damage in animals.
Reproduction: There is no clear evidence that ethylbenzene affects fertility.
Cancer: An increase in kidney tumors in rats and lung and liver tumors in mice
were found after they were exposed to ethylbenzene in air for 2 years. The
International Agency for Research on Cancer (an expert group that is part of the
World Health Organization) has determined on that long-term exposure to
ethylbenzene may cause cancer in humans.
Long-term
by
ingestion
Hearing: Rats exposed to large amounts of ethylbenzene by mouth had severe
damage to the inner ear.
Shortexposure
term eye
and skin
contact
Irritation: Liquid ethylbenzene caused eye damage and skin irritation in rabbits.
Some
regul
ation
s and
reco
mme
ndati
ons
for
ethyl
benze
ne
inclu
de
the
The EPA has determined that exposure to ethylbenzene in drinking water at concentrations of 30 ppm for
one day or 3 ppm for 10 days is not expected to cause any harmful effects in a child. The EPA has
determined that lifetime exposure to 0.7 ppm ethylbenzene is not expected to cause any harmful effects.
follo
wing:
Level
s in
drink
ing
wate
r set
by
EPA
Level
s in
surfa
ce
wate
r set
by
EPA
Level
s in
work
place
air
set
by
OSH
A
If you eat fish and drink water from a body of water, the water should contain no more than 0.53 ppm
ethylbenzene.
OSHA set a legal limit of 100 ppm ethylbenzene in air averaged over an 8-hour work day.
Toluene
To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near
hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure
(inhalation,
oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (death, systemic, immunological, neurological,
reproductive,
developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three
exposure
periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more).
This Statement was prepared to give you information about toluene and to emphasize the human health effects
that may result from exposure to it. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified 1,350
hazardous waste sites as the most serious in the nation.
Toluene dissolved in well water does not break down quickly while the water is under the ground because there
are few microorganisms in underground water.
A serious health concern is that toluene may have an effect on your brain. Toluene can cause headaches and
sleepiness, and can impair your ability to think clearly.
Toluene causes death by interfering with the way you breathe and the way your heart beats
Repeated exposure You may also experience problems with your speech, vision, or hearing, have loss of muscle
control, loss of memory, poor balance, and decreased mental ability. Some of these changes may be permanent.
Toluene (at high levels) could possibly damage your kidneys.
Combinations of toluene and some common medicines like aspirin and acetaminophen may increase the effects
of toluene on your hearing.
Some studies in people have shown reproductive effects, such as an increased risk of spontan¬eous abortions,
from exposure to toluene
main effect of toluene is on the brain and nervous system, but animals exposed to moderate or high levels of
toluene may also show harmful effects in their liver, kidneys, and lungs.
Toxicological Profile for Xylene
meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). These different forms are referred to as
isomers.
Xylene is a liquid, and it can leak into soil, surface water (creeks, streams, rivers), or groundwater.
Xylene below the soil surface may travel down through the soil and enter underground water (groundwater).
Xylene may remain in groundwater for several months before it is finally broken down by small organisms. If a
large amount of xylene enters soil from an accidental spill, a hazardous waste site, or a landfill, it may travel
through the soil and contaminate drinking water wells.
Both short- and long-term exposure to high concentrations of xylene can also cause a number of effects on the
nervous system, such as headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one's
sense of balance. Some people exposed to very high levels of xylene for a short period of time have died.
Results of studies in animals indicate that large amounts of xylene can cause changes in the liver and harmful
effects on the kidneys, lungs, heart, and nervous system. Short-term exposure to very high concentrations of
xylene causes death in animals, as well as muscular spasms, incoordination, hearing loss, changes in behavior,
changes in organ weights, and changes in enzyme activity. Animals that were exposed to xylene on their skin
had irritation and inflammation of the skin.
Chemicals Used by Hydraulic Fracturing Companies in Pennsylvania
For Surface and Hydraulic Fracturing Activities
Prepared by the Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Oil and Gas Management
Compiled from Material Safety Data Sheets obtained from Industry
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Glycol Ethers (includes 2BE)
1,3,5 Trimethylbenzene
Guar gum
2,2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide
Hemicellulase Enzyme
2.2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide
Hydrochloric Acid
2-butoxyethanol
Hydrotreated light distillate
2-Ethylhexanol
Hydrotreated Light Distilled
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
Iron Oxide
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazotin-3-one
Isopropanol
Acetic Acid
Isopropyl Alcohol
Acetic Anhydride
Kerosine
Acie Pensurf
Magnesium Nitrate
Alchohol Ethoxylated
Mesh Sand (Crystalline Silica)
Alphatic Acid
Methanol
Alphatic Alcohol Polyglycol Ether
Mineral Spirits
Aluminum Oxide
Monoethanolamine
Ammonia Bifluoride
Ammonia Bisulfite
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium Salt
Ammonia Persulfate
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Aromatic Ketones
Boric Acid
Boric Oxide
Butan-1-01
Citric Acid
Crystalline Silica: Cristobalite
Crystalline Silica: Quartz
Dazomet
Diatomaceus Earth
Diesel (use discontinued)
Diethylbenzene
Doclecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid
E B Butyl Cellosolve
Ethane-1,2-diol
Ethoxlated Alcohol
Ethoxylated Alcohol
Ethoxylated Octylphenol
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylhexanol
Ferrous Sulfate Heptahydrate
Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Naphthalene
Nitrilotriacetamide
Oil Mist
Petroleum Distallate Blend
Petroleum Distillates
Petroleum Naphtha
Polyethoxylated Alkanol (1)
Polyethoxylated Alkanol (2)
Polyethylene Glycol Mixture
Polysaccharide
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Hydroxide
Prop-2-yn-1-01
Propan-2-01
Propargyl Alcohol
Propylene
Sodium Ash
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hydroxide
Sucrose
Tetramethylammonium Chloride
Titaniaum Oxide
Toluene
Xylene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene - irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; bronchitis; hypochromic anemia;
headache, drowsiness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination; vomiting, confusion;
chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid)
Target Organs
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, blood
Breathing: Respiratory support
Swallow: Medical attention immediately
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Exposure Routes
inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact
Symptoms
irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; bronchitis; hypochromic anemia; headache, drowsiness,
lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination; vomiting, confusion; chemical pneumonitis
(aspiration liquid)
Target Organs
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, blood
Breathing: Respiratory support
Swallow: Medical attention immediately
2-Butoxyethanol
CAS ID #: 111-76-2, 112-07-2
Affected Organ Systems: Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver)
Hematological (Blood Forming)
The blood cells (erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets) and the tissues that form them ((bone marrow, spleen,
and lymph nodes) make up the hematological system. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells
throughout the body. Also, it keeps the blood vessels open, helps the immunological system function (see
immunological below), and removes waste and carbon dioxide from body cells.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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1,2-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3 Dinitrobenzene & 1,3,5 Trinitrobenzene
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
2-Butoxyethanol
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Cobalt
Copper
Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP)
Dinitrophenols
Lead
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl Parathion
Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen
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Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols
Otto Fuel II and its Components
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Radium
Thorium
Tin and Compounds
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Used Mineral-based Crankcase Oil
Zinc
Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels)
The heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) are called the cardiovascular system. The
cardiovascular system carries blood throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels called
“arteries” and then through smaller blood vessels called “capillaries” to each organ and tissue in the body. The
blood feeds each organ and tissue. Blood adds or removes gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes as it passes
through each organ to carry out metabolic processes (to keep the body alive). The capillaries then drain used
blood into veins that flow back to the heart to be recirculated.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloroethene
2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Acrolein
Antimony
Barium
Boron
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroethane
Chloroform
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Chloromethane
Cobalt
Lead
Manganese
Methylene Chloride
Nickel
Toluene
Vanadium and Compounds
Vinyl Chloride
Hepatic (Liver)
The hepatic system includes the liver and biliary tract . The liver maintains stable conditions throughout the
body. It plays an important role in digesting food (through the secretion of bile), in synthesizing proteins
(albumin, carrier proteins, coagulation factors, and many hormonal and growth factors), and in detoxifying
harmful substances.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2,3 Trichloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1,4-Dioxane
2,3-Benzofuran
2-Butoxyethanol
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-Chloroaniline)(MBOCA)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Aldrin/Dieldrin
Arsenic
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
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Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibenzofurans (CDFs)
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chlorophenols
Copper
Creosote
DDT, DDE, DDD
Di-n-octylphthalate (DNOP)
Dichlorobenzenes
Diethyl phthalate
Endosulfan
Fuel Oils / Kerosene
Fuel Oils / Kerosene
Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)
Hexachloroethane
HMX (Octogen)
Hydrazines
Isophorone
Jet Fuels JP-4 and JP-7
Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8
Manganese
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
Methylene Chloride
n-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen
Perfluoroalkyls
Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants
Plutonium
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Pyridine
Styrene
Thallium
Thorium
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Toxaphene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes
Neurological (Nervous System)
The nervous system receives and sends signals throughout the body to control bodily functions. The nervous
system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerve
fibers that attach to and lie outside the brain and spinal cord). The nervous system has two components, motor
(efferent) and sensory (afferent), that carry information from and to, respectively, the central nervous system.
The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, and processing of the various senses and communicates with and
controls various other systems and functions. The nervous system also provides special senses such as sight,
hearing, taste, feel, and smell. It uses the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose to gather information about the
body's environment.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Butadiene
2,4- & 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
2-Hexanone
Acetone
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin/Dieldrin
Aluminum
Americium
Arsenic
Benzene
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether
Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlordecone
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorine Dioxide & Chlorite
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chlorpyrifos
Cresols
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Cyanide
DDT, DDE, DDD
Diazinon
Dichlorvos
Dinitrocresols
Disulfoton
Endosulfan
Endrin/Endrin aldehyde
Ethion
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Oxide
Fuel Oils / Kerosene
Gasoline, Automotive
Heptachlor/Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)
Hexachloroethane
HMX (Octogen)
Hydraulic Fluids
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ionizing Radiation
Jet Fuels JP-4 and JP-7
Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8
Lead
Malathion
Manganese
Mercury
Metallic Mercury
Methoxychlor
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl Parathion
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
Methylene Chloride
Naphthalene, 1-Methylnapthalene, 2-Methylnapthalen
Otto Fuel II and its Components
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Pyrethrins-and-Pyrethroids
Pyridine
RDX (Cyclonite)
Stoddard Solvent
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene (PERC)
Tetryl
Thallium
Tin and Compounds
Toluene
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Used Mineral-based Crankcase Oil
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Xylenes
Endocrine (Glands and Hormones)
The endocrine system consists of specialized groups of cells called glands that make, store, and release
regulating chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate how the body functions. Some of
these endocrine glands include the adrenals, chemoreceptor organs, gonads (testis and ovary), hypothalamus,
pancreatic islets, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, and thyroid. These glands secrete hormones that travel through
the circulatory system to regulate the various body systems. A few of these hormones include steroids, growth
hormones, and thyroxine.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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Aldrin/Dieldrin
Atrazine
DDT, DDE, DDD
Endosulfan
Iodine
Malathion
Methoxychlor
Pentachlorophenol
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs)
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Toxaphene
Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys play a major role in
balancing fluids and electrolytes, regulating blood pressure, producing erythropoietin (which increases
erythrocyte formation), and eliminating waste products through the urine . The urine is formed in the kidney,
stored in the urinary bladder, and voided via the urethra.
Click on a substance to go to the health effects chapter in the toxicological profile. Then, search on any target
organ system to find the health effects information on that system.
Substances Listing
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1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,4-Dioxane
2,3-Benzofuran
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform & Dibromochloromethane
Cadmium
Chlordecone
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium
Dichlorobenzenes
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD)
Ionizing Radiation
Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8
Lead
Mercury
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
n-Nitrosodiphenylamine
Perfluoroalkyls
Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants
Propylene Glycol
Silver
Thallium
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)
Uranium and Compounds
Vanadium and Compounds
Xylenes