Download Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

Life: Biological Principles and
the Science of Zoology
Chapter 1
Essential Question

How are living organisms different
from nonliving objects?
Zoology
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
Zoology is the study of animals.
Zoology can be broken down further into
smaller branches:

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
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Entomology – study of insects
Ornithology – study of birds
Herpetology – study of slimy things (reptiles and
amphibians
Mammology – study of mammals
Ichthyology – study of fish
Characteristics of Living
Things
1.
Chemical Uniqueness –We recognize
4 major macromolecules:
-Nucleic Acids
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
Characteristics of Living
Things
2. Complexity and hierarchical organization:
-Atoms
-Macromolecules
-Cells
-Tissues
-Organs
-Organ Systems
-Organisms
-Populations
-Species
Characteristics of Living
Things
3. Reproduction
-Living things reproduce at all levels, from
DNA replication to organisms reproducing
themselves.
-Organisms can reproduce sexually or
asexually.
-Genetics has an important role in
reproduction, especially in sexual
reproduction.
Characteristics of Living
Things
4. Possession of a Genetic Code
-Chromosomes allow for the transfer of
traits from parents to offspring.
-The genetic code, which is comprised
of nucleic acids in DNA, codes for
amino acids sequences that make
proteins.
Characteristics of Living
Things
5. Metabolism: Obtaining nutrients from the
environment.
-It includes:
-digestion
-respiration
-the synthesis of molecules and
structures
-The study of metabolic functions is known
as physiology.
Characteristics of Living
Things
6. Development

All organisms go through a characteristic
life cycle which usually start from
fertilization and goes until death.
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Humans – fertilized egg – baby – toddler –
child – adolescent – young adult – adult –
senior – worm food.
Butterfly (metamorphosis) egg – larva – pupa
– and adult stages.
Characteristics of Living
Things
7. Environmental Interactions
-All organisms must interact with their
environment.
-The study of this interaction is called
Ecology.
Life Obeys the Laws of
Physics

First Law of Thermodynamics –
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed.

All aspects of life require energy and its
transformation
Life Obeys the Laws of
Physics

Second Law of Thermodynamicsphysical systems tend to proceed
toward a state of greater disorder

Organismal complexity is achieved and
maintained by the constant use and
dissipation of energy flowing into the
biosphere from the sun
Life Obeys the Laws of
Physics
Zoology as Part of Biology
1.
2.
3.
Animals are eukaryotes.
They cannot do photosynthesis.
They lack cell walls, hyphae – tubular
structures found in fungi.
Principles of Science

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1. It is guided by natural law
2. It has to be explanatory by
reference to natural law
3. It is testable against the observable
world
4. Its conclusions are tentative and
therefore not necessarily the final word
5. It is falsifiable