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Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 11 GREEK MYTHOLOGY • Literacy Lesson: What is a myth? • Myth: – describes the actions of _______________ or _______________or explains the origins of elements of nature – Is presented in the literature of every _______________ (Ancient Greek and Roman myths are known as ______________________________). Legend: – Recounts the _______________of a hero from the past – Often relates events that are based on ______________________________ – Includes tall tales, which feature exaggeration Handout & Essay in Journal (#2) • • GREEK MYTHOLOGY • Greeks turned to _______________for explanations of change in _______________and as a means of gaining good fortune or rich harvests. • For advice, they sometimes consulted _______________, special temples who priestesses and priests gave vaguely worded hints about the future. • Greek believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses; they live on ______________________________ • Their gods often _______________in the affairs of humans; • The gods took interest in humans welfare and _______________or _______________them • Gods and goddesses acted like _______________, having good and bad qualities and acting on their own personal interests • Greek religion did not have a body of _______________, nor did it focus on _______________ • The Greeks build temples to worship the gods and honored them with festivals (Olympics) and rituals Dirty Dozen ______________________ Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ _____________ BIO: Zeus’s brother, he is BIO: Son of God of the ocean and Zeus and Hera, • earthquakes. He is most the lame • often associated with his ____________________ blacksmith and trident • in art – the BIO: Son of Zeus and God of fire. • famous three-pronged messenger of the Gods. He is • SYMBOLS: fire, spear. also the God of science and • the blacksmith’s invention. • SYMBOLS: trident, hammer • horse, bull SYMBOLS: wand, winged • sandals, winged helmet • • • _____________________ • _______________________ BIO: Daughter of Zeus, ___________ BIO: Wife = of Hephaestus, she is she is the Goddess of war, BIO: Son of the Goddess of love and beauty. wisdom, patriotism and • Zeus. She is said to have been born in good citizenship. She is • Terrible sea foam. Her sons are Eros the protector of her • God of War. (Cupid) and Aeneas, a mortal namesake city of Athens. • man. SYMBOLS: • SYMBOLS: owl, shield, • dove, goose, sparrow, vulture, dog SYMBOLS: olive tree (+2) ___________________________ Bio: Zeus sister, mother of Persephone. Goddess of the harvest, who presided over grains and the fertility of the earth; seasons. Symbols: poppy, wheat, torch _______________________ Queen of the Underworld and a daughter of Demeter and Zeus. Also, goddess of spring time. Lives in the underworld 6 months of the year. Symbol: Pomegranate, Spring, wreath of flowers worn in hair, ________________________ 12 BIO: King of the Gods. He is sometimes angry at the behaviour of gods and people, but he can also be a gentle and caring ruler. He has a weakness for beautiful women. SYMBOLS: shield, oak tree thunderbolt, ______________________ BIO: Zeus’s wife. Queen of the Gods, guardian of marriage. She is a great woman and diplomat. She is often jealous and nags her husband, but she is an excellent wife and teacher. SYMBOLS: peacock, cow ____________________ BIO: Son of Zeus, God of poetry, music, medicine and light. He is often associated with the sun. His chariot creates the sunrise everyday. SYMBOLS: crow, dolphin, lyre _______________________ Bio:Apollo’s twin sister. Goddess of hunting and wild things. She is associated with the moon. She is sometimes called Cynthia. SYMBOLS: stag, crescent, moon, cypress tree __________________ BIO: God of the Underworld and brother of Zeus. Loves Persepone. SYMBOLS: metal jewels helmet, laurel, _________________________________ Bio: His mother was a mortal woman and his father was Zeus. The god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy Symbol: the bull, serpent, ivy, and wine; associates with satyrs and centaurs Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 13 AN EPIC JOURNEY A JOURNEY… • Life is a journey filled with experiences that shape who we are. • In what ways can life be thought of as a journey? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ AN EPIC JOURNEY …A HERO’S QUEST • The Odyssey is a classic adventure story. It combines realistic elements of _______________ events with wildly _______________scenes of fantastic places and creatures. • We, as humans, have always journeyed. We have wondered what is beyond the horizon, beyond the sea, beyond the sky, beyond the solar systems…. • Some journeys are simply us trying to find ______________________________…. AN EPIC • An _______________is a long narrative poem about important events in the history of _______________and _______________of a culture. • Characteristic of an epic usually include: – Is a long ______________________________ – A physically impressive _______________of national or historical importance – A vast setting involving much of the known physical world and sometimes the ______________________________as well – Actions such as a quest or journey taken in search of something of value – Evidence of _______________forces at work – Glorification of the _______________at the end – Gives a detailed portrait of a _______________ Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 14 EPICS • The Epic of Gilgamesh, Mahabharata, Ramayana • ______________________________ • _______________ • Paradise Lost EPIC HERO • An ______________________________is a larger-than-life figure, usually male, who embodies the ideals of a nation or race. • The epic hero demonstrates traits that are valued by that _______________. • The characters traits can be developed by what he/she says in narration and dialogue. • Many epics begin medias res (“in the middle of things”), meaning that major events occurred before event in the poem begins – The hero’s adventures are often recounted in _______________ ARCHETYPE • _______________– an elements of literature of different cultures; characters types of plot patterns images, and symbols may all be archetypes – A ______________________________: a clever or brave person undergoes a series of tests or trials while on a search for something of great importance • In Homer’s Day heroes were thought of as a special class of aristocrats – Somewhere between _______________and _______________people – Heroes experience pain and death but they were always sure of themselves • Odysseus is a hero in _______________ – He is relatable because he is lost in a world of difficult choices Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 15 EPIC SIMILE • A simile is a comparison of two things using like or as. • An ______________________________is a longer, more detailed simile that can go on for several lines. • Example: “And Odysseus let the bright molten tears run down his cheeks, weeping [like] the way a wife mourns for her lord on the lost field where he has gone down fighting the day of wrath that came upon his children . . .” EPITHET • An _______________is a brief descriptive phrase that helps to characterize a person or thing. • Example: “Son of Laertes and the gods of old, Odysseus, master mariner and soldier. . .” • Epithets were used to give story telling a _______________ effect. • A phrase that describes a person and connects to their name. Often seen in Homer’s Epic Poems. • Epithets describe _______________ traits, _______________, or _______________ traits. – Example: • Odysseus, son of Laertes • Sparkling-eyed Athena (Homer 7) – Create your own Epithet Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 16 CREATE YOUR OWN EPITHET ON A PIECE OF PAPER. • Write your name and create three epithets for yourself according to the following criteria – A physical trait – A personality trait – Lineage • Illustrate each of the epithets in a way that symbolizes the phrase within the epithet. RUBRIC FOR GRADING THE EPITHET PROJECT: • Epithet depicts physical trait 10 – Physical traits are illustrated in a symbolic way 10 • Epithet depicts personality trait – Personality traits are illustrated symbolically • Epithet depicts lineage 10 10 10 – Physical traits are illustrated in a symbolic way 10 – Name is creatively written on the paper 10 70 total Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 17 THE ILIAD MUSES • The Iliad & the Odyssey are ______________________________, which were recited in front of audiences. • Both the Iliad and the Odyssey begin by _______________ the Muses. • Muses are the goddesses of _______________, _______________and _______________, and the source of inspiration to poets. • Goddesses of knowledge who _______________ all stories! • Muses THE ILIAD “_______________: Sing, Goddesses, Achilles’ rage, Black and murderous, that cost the Greeks Incalculable pain, pitched countless souls Of heroes into Hades’ dark, And left their bodies to rot as feasts For dogs and birds, as Zeus’ will was done. Begin with the clash between Agamemnon – The Greek Warlord – and godlike Achilles.” • Achilles versus Hector, Prince of Troy LITERACY LESSON: TROJAN WAR • Complete Handout & Writing #3 BEFORE THE TROJAN WAR • Odysseus was married to _______________ and they had a toddler son, Telemachus • When he was called to join the war against Tory, as ruler of Ithaca, he was bound by _______________ to go • Odysseus did not want to go to war – He even pretended to be _______________ Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 18 THE TROJAN WAR • According to legend, the Trojan War was sparked when _______________, prince of Troy, ran off with _______________, wife of Menelaus of Sparta. • King Agamemnon, Menelaus’ brother, attacks _______________. • The hero of the story is Achilles, “Achilles _______________” • Odysseus was one of the most influential Greek champions during the Trojan War. • Odysseus has traditionally been viewed in the Iliad as Achilles's _______________: while Achilles's anger is all-consuming and of a self-destructive nature • Odysseus is frequently viewed as a man of means, renowned for his self-restraint and diplomatic skills; a man of _______________, self-control and a solid leader HOW IT ALL STARTED … • Eris: Goddess of _______________ – Threw the Apple of Discord into a wedding dance (that she wasn’t invited to) with a tag that read “For the Fairest.” • Aphrodite • Hera • Athena – They all fought over who was the _______________ and asked Zeus to judge PARIS’ INVOLVEMENT • All 3 goddesses promised Paris things if he would choose them… • Athena – __________________________________________________________________ • Hera – __________________________________________________________________ • Aphrodite – __________________________________________________________________ Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ 19 MEANWHILE, BACK IN GREECE… • Helen has married Menelaus and they both rule over _______________. – Helen’s father, King Tyndareus, warned all of punishment to anyone who disrupted the marriage. • Aphrodite lead Paris to Sparta for a visit. Menelaus and Helen were very welcoming to him. Then Menelaus left for a business trip to Crete. Paris went back to Troy with Helen. THE MEETING OF THE GREEKS • Kings of Greece… – Menelaus (married to Helen) (of Sparta) – Agamemnon (married to Clytemnestra) (of Mycenae) – Nestor (of Pylos) – Odysseus (married to Penelope) (of _______________) – Achilles (of Phthia) • All of these men were suitors who took an oath to protect her EXCEPT Achilles THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED 1,000 SHIPS • A strong wind held the ships back because _______________ was angry. The only way to make it up to her was by sacrificing Iphigenia. – Iphigenia was Agamemnon’s oldest daughter. • The _______________ claimed that the first person to arrive on the shores of Troy would be the first to die in battle…Protesilaus TROJAN HORSE • The siege of Troy finally ended when the Greeks pretended to depart, leaving a giant _______________ _______________ behind. Thinking that they had won the war, the Trojans dragged the horse inside the walls of their city. That night, the Greek warriors who had hidden within the hallow horse crept out and opened the city gates to heir waiting comrades, who then entered the city. • Odysseus is credited with coming up with the idea • After _______________ years, the Greeks won the war against Troy Holt 2015 Name: _____________________________ Date:____________________________ TROY • Achilles and Odysseus • Troy 20