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*STUDENTS!!! REMEMBER, THIS IS AN EXAM YOU MAY USE AS A STUDY GUIDE, BUT
REMEMBER THAT WE HAVE COVERED SOME CHAPTERS IN DIFFERENT ORDER THAN
THIS CLASS DID! (WE MAY NOT HAVE COVERED SOME OF THE CHAPTERS YET THAT ARE
INCLUDED IN THIS EXAM…)
Name _______________________________
Bio 149 Midterm 2
Multiple Choice – 1 pt each
1.
Herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all
A. omnivores.
B. autotrophs.
C. animals.
D. browsers.
E. heterotrophs
2.
Guppies live in the streams and rivers of Trinidad and Tobago. The abundance of
predaceous fish is highly variable from the stream headwaters to the lowland rivers. This variation
in the abundance of predaceous fish results in variation in male guppy _____________ from the
stream headwaters to the lowland rivers.
A. mate selection.
B. coloration.
C. food selection.
D. both mate selection and coloration.
E. both mate selection and food selection.
3.
You are studying a species of bird that is often monogamous but sometimes exhibits
polygyny. You have the choice of studying this species in several different habitats. Which of the
following will you choose if you want a high probability of finding polygyny?
A)
a habitat in which territory qualities are nearly identical
B)
nearshore environments
C)
a habitat in which territory qualities are highly variable
D)
a habitat in which territory qualities vary somewhat
E)
terrestrial environments
4.
Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species are referred to as
A. heterotypes.
B. metatypes.
C. genotypes.
D. ecotypes.
E. allotypes.
5.
Caughley found the distributions of the three largest kangaroo species in Australia are
determined by
A. hunting pressure.
B. severe competition for den sites.
C. severe predation.
D. climate.
E. All of the choices are correct.
6.
We've seen three models that address the nature of populations in heterogeneous or patchy
landscapes. One of these is less sophisticated in its attention to details. Which is it?
A)
metapopulation model
B)
Lack’s model
C)
landscape model
D)
source-sink model
E)
none of the above
7.
Type I survivorship curve indicates
A. low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults.
B. high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults.
C. low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults.
D. high juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults.
E. equal chance of dying at any age.
8.
.Any plant species, when initially colonizing an area, will probably demonstrate
A. annual growth rate.
B. geometric population growth.
C. exponential growth rate.
D. logistic growth.
E. None of the choices are correct.
9.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection?
A. low intrinsic rate of increase
B. late reproduction
C. many, small offspring
D. repeated bouts of reproduction
E. strong competitive ability
10.
The probability that an individual complex organism (such as a vertebrate) is likely to sustain
one or more mutations in some part of its genome during its lifetime is:
A)
zero.
B)
slight, but close to zero.
C)
small.
D)
high.
11.
A large "raft" of floating vegetation breaks loose from a tropical mainland area during a
violent hurricane. After days adrift, the raft reaches a small island. Among the animals on this raft
are eight lizards belonging to a species not previously found on the island. The population
established by these individuals remains small for many generations, resulting in genetic drift.
Study of this population reveals that its genetic diversity is extremely low. The situation leading to
this reduced genetic variability is referred to as a __________.
A)
population meltdown
B)
population crash
C)
population extinction
D)
population bottleneck
E)
population enhancement
12.
Net primary productivity is the primary productivity of an ecosystem, after subtracting
energy lost in
A. dead plant tissues.
B. inedible plant tissues.
C. respiration by primary producers.
D. respiration by primary consumers.
E. inefficiencies of photosynthesis.
13.
A major perturbation of the carbon cycle by human activity is associated with
A. release of carbon from carbonate rocks.
B. release of carbon from fossil fuel deposits.
C. removal of carbon from the atmosphere in the industrial production of fertilizers.
D. accelerated removal of carbon from the atmosphere by forests.
E. respiratory production of CO2 by the large human population.
14.
Weight at birth of human babies has a genetic component. In one large study, survival in a
cohort of babies during the first month of life was shown to be greatest for babies of average weight
at birth and least for babies with very low or very high weights at birth. Survivors of the first month
of life had lower variation in weight at birth than did all babies in the cohort. Differential survival of
this kind could result in __________ on genes controlling weight at birth.
A)
stabilizing selection
B)
ecotypic selection
C)
disruptive selection
D)
directional selection
E)
clinal selection
Short Answers – 3 pts. Each
1. What is Water Use Efficiency (WUE)? Give an example of a plant with high WUE.
2. List 4 levels of terrestrial food chains, and give an example of an organism at each level.
3. What does an “S” curve depict?
Give the equation that produces an S curve and explain it very generally.
4. List some density dependent factors limiting population growth.
5. You could say that individuals who result from sexual reproduction are “genetic experiments” to
deal with varying environments. Explain.
6. Describe 3 reasons why sexual reproduction is so “costly” from an evolutionary standpoint .
7. Humans have been affecting Lake Tahoe ecosystems for hundreds of years. Using any group’s
presentation, other than your own, choose an example and summarize 3 of their main points.
8. List or draw 3 types of dispersion of populations that are common in nature, and provide
examples of organisms who disperse that way.
9. Describe natural selection –
a. what it is
.
b. how it happens
c. specifically what part of an ecosystem it acts upon
d. its results
10. You decide to do a mark and recapture study to determine the population of the squirrels on
campus. You set up an initial capture using live traps. You tag the 18 individuals you got, and then
2 months later, use the same techniques and capture 14 more. 7 are tagged. How many
individuals do you estimate are in the LTCC population?
11a. List the 2 main determinants (abiotic) of location of plant life on earth.
b. describe briefly 2 other factors that influence where plant communities and species are found.
12. What is carbon fixation?
13. List the 2 first food resources for newly hatched salmon in Lake Tahoe from when they hatch to
when they make it into the lake.
14. Describe how a common garden experiment provides information about whether differences
between groups of related individuals may be genetic or environmentally produced.
15. How can the DNA molecule itself be used to tease out whether there are differences between
groups of organisms?
16. Briefly contrast species composition in a wet meadow vs. a dry meadow.
17. Describe how AND WHY fragmentation and patch size affect population stability.
18. How does sexual selection result in ornamentation?
19a. List 3 factors that are important components of life history in organisms.
20. Describe CA’s Wildlife Habitat Relationship system and how it is used.
Synthesis Questions
1. (12 pts ea) .Every organism has life history traits that reflect conflicting demands upon it. Give
an example of conflicting demands for kokanee salmon and describe a life history trait that reflects
how salmon most efficiently resolve the conflict. (Hint: start by thinking of an unusual life history
trait, and then explain the conflicting demands).
2. (14 pts) Draw one of the major biogeochemical cycles (N, C, P). Explain with a short comment at
each source or sink.