Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Plagues of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Middle Kingdom of Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Index of Egypt-related articles wikipedia , lookup
Animal mummy wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian religion wikipedia , lookup
Women in ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
-Jennifer Zujkowski Think about all of the accomplishments the Ancient Egyptians left behind. Most are still used today. There are more than 80 pyramids that are still used and standing today. We also use things the Ancient Egyptians first invented like the calendar, which was based off the seasons of the Nile. The Ancient Egyptians left behind many technology accomplishments, and many are still useful today. One major accomplishment the Ancient Egyptians established were the pyramids. Pyramids, Ancient Egyptian tombs, are about 5,000 years old and were built to protect the bodies of pharaohs after their death. The pharaohs wanted their bodies to last forever and to always be remembered. Every pyramid would honor one pharaoh. Pyramids are the oldest buildings in the world. The pyramids were one of the accomplishments left behind by the Ancient Egyptians. Other inventions left behind by the Ancient Egyptians included the plow, clock, and medicines. They made farming tools to help work with rich soil left behind after the Nile’s floods, invented the calendar based on yearly cycles of the Nile river, created irrigation systems to spread water from the river, and made boats to transport things down rivers. They also invented the first writing system, hieroglyphics. Many of these inventions are still used today. One other invention the Egyptians created were weapons. Even though there were few wars in Ancient Egypt, Egyptians still made weapons made of wood used to protect themselves. Overtime, they learned to make powerful weapons made from bronze, which were stronger and more successful. They also used chariots, twowheeled carts usually pulled by a horse, in war. This allowed Egypt to become more advanced in technology. As a result, the Ancient Egyptians left behind many interesting inventions and accomplishments that are still useful today. They invented things like the water clock and the sundial (the first clocks in the world) to tell time. They invented the world’s first writing system, which allowed them to record events of lives or scientific discoveries. They also created weapons and chariots, which were used for war. They even made pyramids, the world’s first buildings. The Ancient Egyptians were the beginning of an advanced civilization. Sources used in this article: Kids Discover: Pyramids Technology of Ancient Egypt by Leslie C. Kaplan Make a Mummy By Logan Prokopik What most people think when they hear the word ‘mummy’ is a man wrapped in toilet paper from a bad movie. What most people don’t know is that mummies are a huge of Egyptian history. What even less people know is how to make a mummy. If you have a corpse and want to honor whoever it used to belong to, you’re in luck! To make a mummy you just have to follow this simple seven step guide. Step One: The first step in this process is to take the corpse to the Embalmers workshop. The Embalmers are the people who preserve the corpse. Once at their shop, the Embalmers removed the brain using a special curved hook that they used to mush around the brain. Once the brain was ‘mushed’ it would be removed from the brain. Step Two: During step two the Embalmers removed the rest of the internal organs, but not the heart. The heart was needed to pass a spiritual test posed by Osiris, the Egyptian god of the underworld. Step Three: In the third and most important step in the mummification process, the Embalmers had to cover the body in natron salt. This prevented decay. The dehydration process took forty days. Step Four: In this step the Embalmers took the organs needed for the afterlife and stored them in decorative jars. This was the most important step in which the afterlife was concerned. Step Five: The body was then packed with sand, spices, and scented oil and linen to give it shape. The wrapping process took fifteen days. Step Six: A funeral mask was placed over the mummies face. The mummy was then placed in a decorative tomb. Step Seven: In the seventh and final step, a priest dressed as Anubis, the jackalheaded god of the dead, weighed the heart and the dead person’s faults and good deeds. To conclude, all you have to do to make a mummy is follow this seven step guide. Now hopefully you know more about REAL mummies, and a little bit about what life was like in Ancient Egypt. There’s just one more thing that needs to be said; ALL HAIL THE (dead) KINGS! Imagine holding you husband in your hand, as he is dying. Looking outside, you see the bloody battle strike. It is you versus another person who wanted your heart. Who had such a dramatic life? What happened to the last ruler of Ancient Egypt? In 69 B.C., Cleopatra VII was born. Cleopatra had a pleasant childhood, romantic 20’s, and dramatic adulthood before she died. First, Cleopatra lived a rich childhood. She was a descendant of Ptolemy, Greek general who conquered Egypt. She took thrown at age 7, and then became queen of Egypt 51 B.C. when she was 18. She ruled with her 10 year old brother, Ptolemy XIII. Like Hatshepsut, they both wanted to be seen as a pharaoh, so she dressed like a man, wearing a pharaoh beard and the royal kit. Next, Cleopatra had a romantic 20’s. While looking for more power, she eventually met Julius Caeser. Cleopatra loved how brilliant, brave, confident, and powerful he was. Caeser also loved how strong-willed, ambitious, brilliant, educated, and beautiful she was. After the got married and had a kid Ptolemy. Her family was worshiped in Egypt and Rome. Conflicts and rumors started happing after Ceaser sat on the gold throne of the senate. Then one night, Cleopatra had a dream of Ceaser assassinated. According to the book Cleopatra by Diane Stanley and Peter Vennema, the next day, March 15 44 B.C. on the Ideas of March, he was assassinated. Last, Cleopatra had a dramatic adulthood. Marc Antony and Octavian fought for her love. Marc Antony and Cleopatra fell in love deeply. She loved how tall, handsome, and muscular he was. She and her last love had three children, two twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra, and Ptolemy Philadelphus. When they were in love, they ran around feasting, hunting, and playing games. After war brook out, Antony died in war battling Octavian, and then she placed him in her tomb. Antony took over Egypt causing it to become a part of Rome. No one knows how she died. Many say from poison (possibly lead), or by poison asp. In the end, she died at age 39 B.C. She was placed with Marc Antony as the last leader or Egypt. Cleopatra had a dramatic life of games and deaths. Would you like to find out the mystery of how she died? Would you like to find out more? The Fashion Life of a Wealthy Ancient Egyptian By Kaitlyn Cullinane Many people think, wealthy Ancient Egyptians dressed in long dresses or pants made of wool. Now it is time to get our facts straight. Wealthy Egyptians refused to dress in wool, because they found it to be unclean. The biggest part to living a wealthy life was fashion. How pharaohs dressed, clothing, and makeup was a big part of their life Lets unravel the secrets of how the wealthy class dressed. Pharaohs were at the very top of the social class, and they knew what the new fashion was. The headdress of a pharaoh was one of his most prized possessions. Also, it was the most fashionable possession. “Picturing the Past”, by John Malam, states that pharaohs wore a striped piece of cloth on their head. This piece proved they were the King. Also, attached to the headdress, John says, there was a gold cobra. Pharaoh’s attire also included a scarab beetle. The beetle was thought to give the pharaoh so much power that he could create, “something out of nothing”. In other words he could create something in air, and nothing supplied him with necessities to create life. The wealthy class wore a lot of gold items. Jewelry was worn often on both men and women. The KIDS DISCOVER (KD) magazine claims, Egyptians wore, earrings, necklaces, rings, armbands and anklets (a lot like today). Women wore long tunics made form lion cloth. On special occasions both genders wore long braided or curled wigs. Although only women wear makeup in our era things in Egypt were a lot different. In ancient Egypt both men and women wore makeup. Especially eye makeup, lip stick, and rouge. They made their own eye makeup, by grinding water and minerals together. They eye makeup was usually blue, black, or green, KD explains. When the wealthy class “freshened” their face, they used animal or vegetable fats. This not only made their skin smooth but it protected them form harmful sun rays. This was like modern sun screen. All in all, how pharaohs dressed, the clothing, and makeup of, ancient Egypt played a big role in everyday life. Also, it was a key part to living a wealthy life. Now that we have uncovered the fashion secrets there is only one thing to say, “People are only as strong as the fashion choices they make”. (Period 1) gold, copper, and other metals from other What was it like to be an Egyptian soldier? soldiers. Egyptians were able to protect By: George Peppe Egyptians gained their copper weapons their mines with copper weapons. from mines they were able to protect. Soldiers are really important and were involved with the Egyptian government. The Egyptian army is very important because they protect the Egyptian empire. The daily life of being a soldier is broken up into three aspects which included training, what they accomplished, and the variety of jobs in the army. First, if the Egyptian army didn’t train, they wouldn’t have an army said Dr. Anne Millard. The Egyptian army always set up camp for new training technics. They actually practiced running and wrestling to stay fit, stated Dr. Anne Millard. Armies also had to practice battling technics. Dr. Anne Millard said, that Egyptians had to make practice perfect so they are always ready for battle. Second, the Egyptians accomplished many different things from looting to conquering. Egyptians often looted other soldiers that had died in battle. Brenda Williams stated that they took jewels, ivory, Lastly, the Egyptians had many different jobs in the army. There were foot soldiers, light skirmishers, archers, and officers. All these men help protect Egypt and its empire, stated Dr. Anne Millard. Don’t forget about the king, he fights off a chariot shooting arrows nearby enemies. Kings were fierce warriors and who always protected there brave armies, said Dr. Anne Millard. Furthermore, Egyptians had a hard job and they always tried their best. Soldiers trained, they accomplished many things, and they had a variety of jobs in the army. Egyptian armies are strong and forceful warriors that never gave up. The Famous Social Classes in Ancient Egypt Emily Jerzewski Social Classes in Egypt are very organized like a pyramid. The largest social class is the bottom, this class includes the slaves the unskilled workers and the peasants. The social classes in Egypt are the upper class, the middle class and the lower class. The upper class is the smallest class out of the whole pyramid. This class only includes one pharaoh and maybe 6 and 7 nobles that would assist the pharaoh in many different ways. This info came from the source life in ancient Egypt. The people on the top had the most power and status out of the whole pyramid. This information came from the source life in ancient Egypt. The middle class is just who it sounds. It has the middle amount of people in it. This class includes scribes and the government officials. This fact came from the source history alive! They had in between the maximum and the minum power and status. This fact came from the source history alive! The lower class is by far the biggest social class ever. This class has barley any power or status. This fact came from the source life in ancient Egypt. This group included peasants and unskilled workers and slaves who were usually owned by the priests or the high status people. This fact came from life in ancient Egypt. The 3 social classes are just like the ones we have today. The social classes in Egypt are the upper, middle and the lower classes. That is why Egypt’s social classes are very important in history. By: Evan Solek The religion of the ancient Egyptians is littered with myths, and countless gods, so many gods in fact that no one man knew all of the gods. Osiris, Isis, and Horus are a simple family of gods father, Mother, and son. The ancient Egyptians had gods for ever thing, but three popular gods are Osiris, Isis, and Horus. Osiris is the god of the under world. Osiris is not a devil, in fact he is a good god how looks after the dead on their journey through the nether lands, an area the dead must pass through to prove that they are worthy of the afterlife. This information was located in the book Gods and Goddesses in the daily life of the ancient Egyptians. Osiris was a powerful pharaoh but, Seth the god of chaos put him in a coffin and drown him in the Nile, where he proved there was an afterlife. The prior information was found in Gods and Goddesses in the Daily life of Ancient Egyptians. Isis, the god of women and children, also Osiris's wife and sister. Often portrayed with wings, she is the idel mother, often call the god of nature, magic and music. In Egyptian myths it is said the Nile flooded from her annual tears she cryed for her dead husband (Gods and Goddesses in the Daily Life of ancient Egyptians). Horus, the god of the sky, war, and protection. The son of Osiris and Isis. Horus was air to the throne after his father, Osiris. He is mainly the god of kingship. Horus was born after his father Osiris's death he had a competition with his uncle Seth for the throne. ( Gods and Goddesses in the Daily life of ancient Egyptians In conclusion Osiris, Isis, and Horus play major role in Egyptian religion. They are a fine example of three basic gods. I hope this Inspired you learn more about Egyptian mythology Gold In The Globe -Kristina Gerdt Did you know that Egyptians use a lot of gold for their daily life? Egyptians use papyrus for their writing hieroglyphs. They would trade papyrus with Nubia, a region next to Egypt. Egyptians acquire gold from trade using natural resources. The Egyptians made jewelry from gold for trading. Egyptians used their gold for trading for goods. Egypt made golden rings so they could trade with Nubia. They decorated sandals, clothing, and drinking pots with gold. Many items they traded was very valuable. According to Life in Ancient Egypt written by Paul Challen states "...objects crafted from gold, as well as papyrus for writing..." Egyptians used many jewels for their trade. Gold, gems, turquoise, carnelian, and amethyst were jewels for trade. All of this was use for different ancient items in Egypt. As stated in Life in Ancient Egypt "Gold and gems such as turquoise, carnelian, and amethyst was used for trade." Egyptians used their gold for jewelry. Pharaoh, priest, vizier, and higher in the social pyramid use the finest gold. When a pharaoh died their tomb would be covered with gold. According to Egyptorium editor David John states "...royals use the finest gold for jewelry..." They had golden earrings to trade and wear. Egyptians had golden rings for example, the steatite gold ring. Some women would wear a collar with three rows of gold. Stated in Ancient Egyptians "...gold rings are brought from Egypt to Nubia." Egyptians got their gold from natural resources. Egyptians found most of their gold from mines between the Nile to the Red Sea. Egyptians brought the gold back to Egypt to trade or make jewelry. According to Egyptorium states "...used emeralds and turquoise near the Red Sea." Egyptians found gold, copper, and amethyst from the desert of Nubia. Nubia is located along the Nile and southern Egypt. Egyptians also got their gold in a gold rich region in Nubia. Stated in the Egyptorium "...in the gold rich region of Nubia." Egyptians craftsmen made jewelry for their trading. Egyptians used gold for trading using common goods. They created jewelry for exchanging their golden goods. Warren Buffet says on taking risk " Never test the depth of the river with both feet." This quote tells us that when coming to trade and making jewelry take it slow and steady. Connor Gale Egyptian Mummies Secrets Revealed March 18, 2014 Period 1 Ever wonder why ancient Egyptians expensive jewelry, or anything else you even used mummification on dead bodies. would need to succeed in the afterlife. But This mummifying objective was only an the Egyptians would not take the heart out Egyptian belief. Egyptians used mummifying of the corpse for various reasons. because Egyptians believed that there was a The Egyptians would not remove life after your death. They called this the the heart from the corpse because it all had afterlife. The afterlife means that when an had to do with religion. Egyptians believe individual dies they have a second chance to that if somebody could succeed in the become a new person. But for a dead afterlife the corpse would need a heart. The person to succeed in the afterlife there was Egyptians thought the heart gave the body more than burying a corpse. In ancient all of the smarts and intelligence unlike what Egypt before burying a corpse the body had we know today that the brain actually has to be embalmed. that job. The afterlife actually was a long First, Egyptians would take out a journey, not something that when a person special tool that played an important part in dies they automatically earn a second life. embalming a corpse. This tool was a special This journey for a second life was an uneasy curved hook that Egyptians used to take out adventure. The dead person spirit would the brain by jamming this hook up the nose. travel on this journey. On this journey they The embalmers would have to mash up the would battle snakes, crocodiles, and huge brain into small pieces to take it out piece beasts. All this was to find the god of the by piece. After taking out the brain, the underworld, Osiris. When they have found embalmers would take out all eternal organs Osiris his men would weigh the spirits heart such as stomach, liver, lungs, and even the on a scale to the feather of faith. If the intestines and lots more. Egyptians believed heart was lighter than the feather or the it was not necessary to leave these organs same weight they could succeed to become in the body for the afterlife. Those main a new individual. But if your heart is heavier organs as stated before were placed in Osiris would give the heart to a vicious separate jars. Then the embalmers would beast named Amut. Amut was a mixed wrap the body in linen and the put the dead animal with the face of a crocodile, the body in a coffin or tomb. In the tomb the mane of a lion, the paws of a jaguar, and Egyptians placed in food, pottery, and the body of a hippo. This is why Egyptians used mummification. The Astounding Fashionistas of Ancient Egypt. Tracy Rasare What comes into your mind when you hear the word clothing? Is it fashion, is it fabulousness or is it gorgeousness? Ancient Egyptian clothes were adorned with precious gems and jewels and their fashions were not only for beauty but for comfort. The Egyptians’ clothing was created due to their processes, their styles and their materials. First and foremost, Ancient Egyptians had numerous processes to fabricate their attires. One of the procedures was to make sure the material was swaddled around one’s body, allow an overlay of at least a portion of the width and then emblem the material and cut it. As the author from the Ancient Egypt Article, Haslam also reveals, “Once the fabric is wrap around the person, you should allow an overlap of at least half of the width and mark the fabric and cut it.” Another formula was to use the residue cloth to create two thongs and use a safety pin to hold the tube together by pinning it carefully at the top of the back. As the writer Haslam, who is from the Ancient Egypt Article, explains, “If you use the reminder cloth to create two straps and use the pin to hold the tube, you will end up with a fantastical dress. Another significant reason is that, Ancient Egypt had breath taking styles of their clothing which made them look more beautiful. Ancient Egyptians women clothing ended either at the bottom or above the breasts and were held up by two tapering. The author of the costume article, Phillip J Watson states, “The clothes were flabbergasting due to their creation for example the women held up by two tapering and ended below or above.” Additionally, the garbs were further adorned with beadwork patterns or had entire bead nets over laid on them. Well, Phillip J Watson did not lie when he declared, “The clothes had an entire bead nets overlaid on them and made women look more attractive” Lastly, as from the two paragraphs you have just read, you realized that the clothes form Ancient Egypt made them look amazing but what are they made of? Ancient Egyptians made their habiliments from linen which only came in just one color, but could protect them from fair weather. As the author of the Hatshepsut and Ancient Egypt magazine, Miriam Greenbelt proclaims, “Linen was a very practical fabric and was a strong easily washed and was cool to Wear in the hot climate.” Linen was also made from flax which was a plant that takes about a hundred days to grow from seed to mature. The flax plants were gathered in whole when they were in bloom as better fiber could be produced from young plants. As the author of flax and linen article, Kahun Gurob, states, “The flax of Egypt though the least strong of all tissue is that from which the greatest profits are derived.” As mentioned earlier, Ancient Egyptians made their clothing in different ways and for some wonderful reasons. Egyptians formed clothing due their procedures of creating them, their vogues and their components. Some people may think that clothing and fashion is all about looking fabulous for example “Me” but by reading this essay, we have leant that our perspective on clothing nowadays is different from Ancient Egypt. Have you changed your belief of clothing now? If you have, what is it? The Best Place to Be What do you think the Egyptian afterlife was like? The Egyptian afterlife was very interesting. For example, to get to the afterlife you had to meet the god of the afterlife at the Hall of Judgment. You also had to confess that you’re innocent of 42 crimes to 42 judges just to prove you had a good life. The afterlife had involved both the Land of the Dead and super special tasks in the Hall of Judgment. The Land of the Dead was a unique place for all the spirits of the dead people to go to. The Land of the Dead was not a place where you just walk in and go to the afterlife in a snap, Osiris, Anubis, and Isis are only three gods that are part of the afterlife. In Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, it talks about how Osiris is the god of the underworld and how Anubis is the god of mummification. During the journey in the Land of the Dead, the dead person will have to fight demons and snakes and get past pools of lava. But don’t be afraid, in Egypt the Culture, it states that the Book of the Dead help the dead persons spirit through tuff times like help to battle a demon. The Egyptian afterlife was a big part to the Egyptians and knowing about the journey you had to take was very good to know about. As you just read, there is a Land of the Dead which is a hard and brave journey and with every journey, there are tasks. One of the tasks is when Osiris asks lots of questions to test you if your entire life was made for good or for evil. Even if you are the best lair in the world and you answered the questions Osiris asked you are good but they were actually bad, they would know in the next task, the Weighing of the Heart. The Weighing of the Heart is when the dead person’s heart was weighed against the Feather of Truth. If your heart was heavier than the Feather of Truth, then your heart would be devoured by Amut (an animal who is part crocodile, part leopard, part hippo) but if the heart was the same, you could be a god or live a perfect life in the Fields of Reeds. The tasks in the afterlife are very difficult but truthful. Finally, as you can see, the Egyptian afterlife is very complex with all different parts. The Land of the Dead and the tasks are the key parts of the Egyptian afterlife. The Land of the Dead was a scary place but yet it had to be covered to get to the afterlife. The painful tasks (which only caused the brain and, hopefully not, the heart) are the greatest part and without the tasks, anyone could become a god, even a robber could become one. The Egyptian afterlife may sound difficult and hard but once you do everything that had to be done, life will be a free breeze. Phenomenal Pyramids Kira Williamson The pyramids are something so special to the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs and people. These unique monuments were used for specific reasons. Over the twenty years thousands of pyramid workers could be injured or killed. What the pharaoh demanded the people gave, even if it meant risking their lives. Pyramids were built to ensure a place where the pharaoh could go to the afterlife. Figure 1 The pyramids of Giza are one of the many pyramids still standing. The first pyramid was built by pharaoh Khufu, the second by Khafre and the third by Menkaure. These three pharaohs are all related to each other Most importantly, the pyramids were used to hold tombs of dead pharaohs. Each pharaoh had the option of building their own pyramid. They would build trap ways to escape if men were to become trapped. To confuse thieves who wanted to steal the pharaoh, fake doors and dead ends would be placed strategically. Once the pyramid was built the pharaoh still had expenses to cover. Pharaohs made endownments for the priest’s income for his mortuary temple (Morley). Figure 2 This is an example of a mortuary temple. This one in particular was made for Queen Hatshepsut. This is where the people could worship the deceased pharaoh and wish him or her on in the afterlife. The priests would do the worshipping. All in all, pyramids were built under the command of pharaohs so that they would have a proper burial place. Every pharaoh had a pyramid to bury himself in. Since pyramids were built, pharaohs could travel to the afterlife. There they would continue living using their pyramid as their home or palace. Best Warrior Pharaoh? By Tino Stuppiello Is there a best warrior pharaoh? The captured the city of Meggido. After 33 years answer is yes. Thutmose III became pharaoh of ruling, Thutmose III invaded the kingdom at the age of ten. He had to be trained so his of Mitanni. The prince of Mitanni ran away step-mother, Hatshepsut, took the throne and Thutmose III came home with victory as until he was ready. Thutmose III ruled from well as captives. 1479 B.C.E to 1426 B.C.E. and was the best warrior pharaoh, smart, and not selfcentered. Also, Thutmose III was very intelligent. Thutmose III had an idea to capture the city of Joppa (Jaffa). Thutmose III gave 500 bags “full of farewell gifts” to the city. 300 bags filled with weapons the other 200 filled with hidden men. When inside the city, the men jumped out of the bag, grabbed the weapons, and took over the Thutmose III was the best warrior city of Joppa. Thutmose III is also smart pharaoh. During his ruling, more than 300 because he made conquered princes not only princes joined forces to defy Egypt. pay taxes, but also keep peace. Thutmose III went to go “teach them a lesson.” The Egyptians started ferociously Although Thutmose III was the best by attacking the city of Meggido. Egyptians warrior pharaoh and smart, he was not self- did but centered. Near a destroyed monument of his surprisingly did it for this attack. After a by a rock fall, he built a rock-cut shrine for siege of eight months, the Egyptians Hathor. Thutmose III gave the temple of not like mountain warfare, Karnak back to the gods after the gods supplied victory in one of his battles. All in all, Thutmose III was a very successful pharaoh during his reign. Victorious, intelligent, and non-selfish are all words used to describe Thutmose III. Thutmose III was a skilled rider and archer and boasted that no general could outshoot or outride him. Land conquered by Thutmose III Egyptians were very bright the shaduf (see figure 2). This tool when it comes to farming. Yes, they was made to control the water in the did not invent it but they created farming tools that are still used thousands of control a stick carrying a bucket to years later. From plows to shaduf’s, picking up water in the canal. If the they really had farming galore. Two canal starts flooding, the bucket of could take some water out to control the tools used for Egyptian farming are the plow and the shaduf. First, significant it. This canals. was One so weight useful to to the The plow was so Egyptians especially because of the in the Egyptian abundant amount of flooding from agricultural life. The tool the Nile River. This is was used to make the soil why the shaduf was so fertile. The tool dug a hole important. All in all, through soil so they just had the to plant the seeds. The plow Egyptians was carried by oxen and saved Figure 2 A shaduf used farming time and energy from digging a tools that hole at every spot. These tools were excel their economy and made out of wood because people population. People would die from could not afford nice materials. As starvation if these tools were not stated by Jane Shuter in Farming made and sped up the production and Tools “ Farmers had only of crops. With the shaduf, you could wooden tools to work with most of control water supplies from a canal the ancient Egyptian period.. If the in case too much water will flood. plow was too expensive, the hand The plow was used to prepare the plow was used. This tool was made dirt two sticks and strings (see Figure 1). tools were so special and useful, the Second, the tool also very significant that will be mentioned in for planting seeds. These two Egyptians always used them. Figure 1 The hand plow was used by the Egyptians for making the soil prepared for planting Weapons of the Egyptians By Jake McPherson The Egyptian military was one of the best of its time. They were very advanced when it can to arms and armor. There were many destructive weapons used by the Egyptian military of that time that they used to defend and attack neighboring civilizations. A few of them are the klepesh, the chariot, and the long sword. With weapons like the kelpesh, chariot, and long sword, they barely needed any armor! A khpesh is a curved sword used by the Egyptians. The author of the book, How We Know About the Egyptians states that it was of the main weapons used by the Egyptian military. This weapon was made of wood with a blade inside bump-like curve. The part of the weapon that looks like a hill was used to hit the enemy and disorient them instead of killing them. Egyptian solders could take the blade part, hook it around the opponent’s head, pull down and POP. The opponent no longer has a head. The khepesh was a deadly weapon that the Egyptian wielded with power. A chariot was another ancient Egyptian weapon. It involves two horses and two men. If you don’t already know, a chariot is made of wood and pulled two horses into battle. According to How We Know About the Egyptians, “Chariots consist of two people, a driver and an archer.” The driver controls the horses and the archer shoots arrow after arrow at opposing forces. Usually, the Pharaohs fought in the chariots with bows and arrows. The chariot in the ancient Egyptian desert is the equivalent to a tank on the modern battlefield. The long sword is another weapon that helped the Egyptians. The log sword is one of the first weapons the Egyptians used as mentioned in How We Know About the Egyptians. The solders that carried the long sword usually carried a small dagger called a dirk as a backup weapon. “The dagger, or dirk, sometimes had a handle made of gold in the case of wealthy solders,” claimed the author of How We Know About the Egyptians. Long swords saved many lives in the battles in which the Egyptians fought. The Egyptian military was one of the best of that time. The khelpesh, chariot, and the long sword are weapons of destruction. Egyptians barely needed armor. All they had was a shield made of cow hide. Having these weapons boosted the Egyptian’s moral and helped them take over more land or defend their empire. When it comes to weapons, the Egyptians are very advanced. Patrick Hanrahan March 19, 2014 Medicine in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptians were very intelligent when it came to medicine. Ancient Egyptians used methods for making medicine that we still use today. Medicines of copper, sodium, bicarbonate and other minerals were used. Not only was copper used for medicine it was also used for tools. The Egyptians would use a copper saw to cut open the ribs. Otherwise the tools were just to take out organs. The Egyptians had plants, tools and doctors to help out with operations. Medicine was a very important part of life in Ancient Egypt. First Ancient Egyptians used plants for their medicine. They would use juniper berries, henna, lotus and lotus bottoms. According to Eyewitness Groups, Egyptians used many plants for medicine that we still use today. For example, today we use castor oil for stomach aches but back in ancient times they used castor berries. These people were smarter than we had ever expected looking 4,000 years ahead of their time, but somehow it still relieves pain. Many of these ancient traditions for medicine were carried down in one way, shape or form. Thanks to the Egyptians we have the medicine we use today. Secondly, early druggists were not the highest social class but they often saved the people who were. Their medicine was made out of animal relish, copper, sodium and many other minerals. In most cases they used the minerals but on odd occasions animal parts were used. The animal most used was the pig. The Egyptians also invented creams and ointments. They would use goose grease, honey or animal fat. They were very helpful to protect their skin. All in all, early druggists used many animals and minerals for medicine, cream and ointment. Lastly, doctors kept records and used many tools. Doctors would often keep records on papyrus scrolls. Then, doctors ran into a problem. Somebody came up to them with excruciating pain. They later found out he had a broken rib. So the doctor used a copper saw to cut open the rib and put a new one in. Doctors used copper tools while proceeding with an operation. In final analysis, doctors played a very important role in Ancient Egypt. Doctors would use plants, animal parts and copper tools while using medicine or performing an operation. Doctors would lose their job if they messed up. A doctor was one of the hardest jobs in Ancient Egypt. Doctors saved many lives and now we are saving lives with the same type of medicine just a different form.