Download Revolution PowerPoint

Kick-Off Question
Read the quote by Patrick Henry on page 113 of
your textbook. Why does Henry think “there is
no peace”? Do you agree with his view? What
does it mean by “give me liberty or give me
death”?
1 Paragraph
10 minutes
10/20/2015
Kick-Off Question
How did the minutemen respond to the battle
at Bunker Hill? In your opinion, which side
actually won? Explain
1 Paragraph
10 minutes
10/22/2015
Kick-Off Question
Do you think the Second Continental Congress
was wise in having Washington prepare for war
as it sought peace? Explain
1 Paragraph
10 minutes
10/27/2015
Kick-Off Question
Did the Declaration of Independence include all
groups? Explain your answer. Remember to
consider the poor, slaves, and women
1 Paragraph
10 minutes
10/28/2015
Kick-Off Question
How did the Patriots’ actions at the Battle of
Trenton differ from their actions at New York?
Why do you think more Americans were willing
to join the Patriot effort following the battle?
1 Paragraph
10 minutes
10/29/2015
The Revolution Begins
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
What started the road to revolution?
Taxation without representation
◦ Parliament passing laws and imposing taxes onto the colonies to
pay for debts incurred during the French and Indian war
◦ Colonists respond with protest and boycotts
◦ Increased tensions lead to the Boston Massacre and the Boston
Tea Party (Sons of Liberty)
◦ Results in Parliament passing the Intolerable Act/Coercive Acts
First Continental Congress
Conservatives, such as Joseph Galloway, John
Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge, believed
their task to be the forging of common policies to
pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts
First Continental Congress
Radicals, such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and
John Adams, believed their task to be the development of a decisive
statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate
goal was to end the perceived abuses of parliamentary authority, and
to retain, in the empire and under the king if possible, the
constitutional rights which were claimed on the basis of the colonial
charters and the English constitution.
Among the radicals, Sherman denied altogether the legislative
authority of Parliament and Henry was of the opinion that the
Congress needed to develop a completely new system of governance,
independent from Great Britain, for the existing colonial governments
were already dissolved.
What is a Loyalist? Pg. 119
Colonists who chose to side with the British
or who were opposed to Independence
What is a Patriot? Pg.113
Colonists who chose to fight for
independence
What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress?
was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that met on
September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to "The
passage of the Coercive Acts" (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial
Americans) by the British Parliament.
Georgia was the only Colony not present
First Continental Congress
Primary Accomplishments
Declaration of Resolves:
1. Boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774
2. It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the
boycott and regulate local prices for goods
3. If the "Intolerable Acts" were not repealed, the colonies
would also cease exports to Britain after September 10,
1775
4. provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on
May 10, 1775
“Shot Heard 'round the World”
The phrase is originally from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn"
(1837), and referred to the first shot of the American Revolutionary War. According to Emerson's
poem, this pivotal shot occurred at the North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, where the first
British soldiers killed in the battles of Lexington and Concord fell.
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.
◦ --Ralph Waldo Emerson "Concord Hymn”
“Shot Heard 'round the World”
Historically, no single shot can be definitely cited as the first
shot of the battle or the war. Shots were fired earlier at
Lexington, where eight Americans were killed and a British
soldier was slightly wounded, but accounts of that event are
confused and contradictory, and it has been characterized
as a massacre rather than a battle. The North Bridge
skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under
orders, the first organized volley by Americans, the first
British fatalities, and the first British retreat.
The Ride of Paul Revere
The Ride of Paul Revere
The British had heard reports of colonist organizing and possibly preparing for military
action
Thomas Gage (Governor of Massachusetts) also heard reports of a stockpile of
weapons being stored in Concord (about 20 miles north west of Boston).
April 18, 1775 Gage dispatched 700 troops to destroy the weapon stockpiles (troops
marched through the night)
After learning about the impending march of the British on Concord, Joseph Warren
sent Paul Revere and William Dawes to alert the colonial forces. The men traveled to
Lexington and alerted John Hancock and Samuel Adams that the British were coming.
Key Terms
Minutemen: a member of American militia who
volunteered to be ready for service at a minute's
notice.
Redcoats: a British soldier so named due to the red
coats they wore
Battles at Lexington and Concord
April 19, 1775 Around 700 British forces arrived in Lexington at dawn on the
day of the battle, facing down 77 colonial militiamen
Patriot Captain John Parker reportedly yelled “don’t fire unless fired upon”
Suddenly a shot rang out (shot heard ‘round the world)
The British quickly overpowered the revolutionaries, sustaining just one
casualty before marching on to Concord. Eight Minutemen were killed, 10 were
wounded.
Although Revere had been arrested Patriots at concord had been alerted by
another rider Samuel Prescott and hid all weapons before the
British arrived
The British set fire to several buildings
Battles of Lexington and Concord
at Concord that the British encountered around 2,000 minutemen
and were forced to flee.
The British picked up reinforcements on their retreat when they
reached Lexington again and were ultimately able to reach safety.
At the end of the battle, around 250 British forces were killed, while
around 90 colonial forces were left dead.
News of the defeat didn't reach London until the end of May, and
the Revolutionary War was in full swing by the summer.
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of
delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting
in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon
after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had
begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which
met between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774,
also in Philadelphia.
Second Continental Congress
King George III ignored the Declaration of
Resolves adopted by the First Continental
Congress
Delegates from all 13 colonies
Delegates still divided on how the
colonies should respond
Second Continental Congress
Accomplishments
Adopted the Olive Branch Petition as a last effort to avoid
war
Asked for new state constitutions
Authorized the Massachusetts militia to become the
Continental Army
Selected George Washington as commander
King George ignored all efforts of the second continental
congress
Continental Army
the army raised by the Continental Congress of 1775, with
George Washington as commander.
Bunker Hill
Low on supplies leaders in Boston sent 400 men commanded by Benedict Arnold to New York
State to attack the British at Fort Ticonderoga
May 1775 Arnold captured the fort including supplies and weapons
Despite poorly supplied Continental forces were keeping British forces pinned down in Boston
While the British were formulating battle plans the Continental Army was preparing for battle
By June 17 colonial forces had dug in at breeds hill which overlooked northern Boston
In order for the British forces to attach continental forces they have to cross Boston Harbor
then fight their way uphill
Bunker Hill
2400 British troops advanced on 1600 waiting Continental forces at Breeds Hill
Continental forces were low on gunpowder and were ordered nor to fire “until you see the
whites of their eyes
As British forces were climbing the exposed hillside, Continental forces opened fire on British
forces below
British forces were mowed down and forced to retreat twice
On the third advance of British forces Continental forces were out of ammo an forced to retreat
The British were victorious but at a huge human toll
The Continental Army had proved they can effectively fight British forces
Dorchester Heights
After the Battle of Bunker Hill George Washington arrived in Boston to Command the Continental
Forces
Realizing he needed heavy artillery to drive the British from Boston, he assigned Henry Knox to
transport cannons from Fort Ticonderoga
Henry Knox was able to transport the cannons 300 miles in rough terrain, in the middle of winter
On March 4, 1776 Washington moved his army to Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston from the
south.
Washington stationed his troops on Nooks Hill overlooking British forced led by General William
Howe during the night
In the morning when Howe awoke he saw the patriots well positioned and knew retreat was the
only recourse.
On March 7th Howe retreated from Boston to Canada
Boston was now in the hands of the Patriots
Declaring Independence
Thomas Paine
 “There is something absurd about supporting a continent to be perpetually
Forever governed by an island”—Thomas Paine (Common Sense 1776)
 Common Sense: a 47 page pamphlet distributed in Philadelphia January 1776
 Argued citizens not kings and queens should make laws
 Sold 500,000 copies and changed the way many colonists viewed their king
Independence Declared
June 1776 the Second Continental Congress formed a committee to write a document declaring
independence.
A committee also created a new seal for the new country which contained the motto “E
pluribus Unum”(out of many, one)
In the document, the leaders outlined their reasons for declaring independence fro m England
Historians have disagreed as to whether the colonial leaders were motivated by selfish or
ideological reasons
Independence Declared
What would be some examples of ideological reasons?
What would be some examples of selfish reasons?
Independence Declared
Declaration of Independence expressed three main
ideas
1. All people possess unalienable rights including the
rights of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
2. King George had violated the colonists rights by
taxing them without consent
3. The colonists had the right to break from Britain
Choosing Sides
Historians Estimate:
40-45% of Americans were Patriots
More than 50 thousand fled the colonies during the
revolution
Native American’s at first were encouraged to remain
neutral, but by 1776 both side were actively recruiting them
(most sided with the British)
3. The Struggle for Liberty
Supporting the War Effort:
George Washington’s major task was raising an Army
• 230,000 soldiers served throughout the revolutionary war
• An additional 145,000 served in local militias
• The average soldier was under 16
• Pay was extremely low and some the could afford it paid other
(slaves/apprentices) to fight in their place
3. The Struggle for Liberty
Supporting the War Effort
Slaves
• At first George Washington opposed recruiting slaves
• Many southerners opposed the use of slaves
• The British began to offer freedom to any slave deciding to fight for the British
• This resulted in thousands of slaves fighting for the British cause
• George Washington changed his mind and began recruiting slaves
Defeats and Victories: Canada
Because supplies was always an issue for the Continental forces most Patriot leaders favored
fighting a defensive war
November 1775: Continental forces led by General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal
General Benedict Arnold took his forces toward Quebec and arrived as Montgomery was
capturing Montreal
Arnold waited for Montgomery and the two armies combined together to attack Quebec
The combined army launched an attack during a blizzard New Years Eve 1775
They were quickly defeated
Defeats and Victories: New York
•June 1776: British ships commanded by General William Howe approached New Your Harbor
•Washington expecting the British moved his troops onto Long Island.
•British forces consisted of 32,000 fully supplied soldiers.
•Washington's army consisted of 23,000 poorly equipped and trained men and were no match for
the advancing British army
•Continental forces were forced to retreat
•The British captured men as well as supplies
•Washington’s army was pushed across the Hudson River into New Jersey
•General Howe got his revenge for his defeat in Boston
Defeats and Victories: New Jersey
•November 1776: Continental forces were on the run
•The Continental Army consisted of 6000 tired and discouraged men
•Many soldiers had signed a one year enlistment ending on December 31st
•General Howe (thinking the rebellion was about over) left New York in the hands of German
Mercenaries
•Washington retreated further across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
•Despite 2000 new troops Washington’s army was on the verge of defeat
Defeats and Victories: New Jersey
•Thomas Paine published a series of pamphlets in late 1776 which helped to instill hope into the
American forces
•Washington decided to gamble and decided to attack German mercenaries at Trenton, New
Jersey
•On Christmas night 1776, during a winter storm Washington and 2400 soldiers silently rowed
across the icy Delaware River, them marched to the enemy camp
•The German mercenaries were still sleeping (celebrated the night before)
•This Became known as the Battle of Trenton
•American Soldiers took more than 900 prisoners
Defeats and Victories: New Jersey
•British General Cornwallis tries to cut off Washington’s forces at Princeton
•On the night of January 2nd American forces left their campfires burning and slipped into the
darkness
•Washington circled around attacked Cornwallis’ forces
•Cornwallis was forced to retreat. American forces gave chase
•The revolution was saved, new soldiers joined others re-enlisted
Defeats and Victories: Saratoga
•British General John Burgoyne (b er - g OY n) decided to push through the state of New York in
an attempt to cut off New England from the other colonies
•The plan was to invade from Canada recapture Fort Ticonderoga then sweep south to Albany
•General Howe would then sail up the Hudson River then join forces
•Burgoyne was able to recapture Fort Ticonderoga, however General Howe left New York, sailed
up the Chesapeake, and captured Philadelphia forcing the delegates of the Continental Congress
to flee
•Burgoyne's troops became bogged down in the thick forest, The Patriots also created obstacles
to hinder the British advance by chopping down large trees and damming rivers
•Along the route the British were constantly coming under fire
Defeats and Victories: Saratoga
•As the British forces neared Saratoga they found
themselves surrounded by American forces
•On October 17, 1777 the British were forced to surrender
•The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the war
•It was the greatest victory for the American forces to date
•It was also a tremendous morale boost for the American
forces
Help from Europe: Marquis de Lafayette
•In 1777 a Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette bought his own
ship and brought a group of well trained soldiers to America
to Serve in the Continental Army free of charge.
•He had never seen battle but was able to quickly become a
skillful commander
•Successfully led 2000 soldiers in pursuit of 6000 British
forces throughout Virginia
•Gave $200,000 of his own money to support the revolution
Help from Europe: Baron Friedrich von Steuben
•In 1778 he came to serve under Washington
•Experienced military officer from Prussia
•In charge of training American troops
•Turned American forces into a well trained
army
Help from Europe: France
•Benjamin Franklin had gone to France to serve as ambassador in 1776
•His primary mission was to seek support from France
•In 1777 after the victory at Saratoga the French king was convinced the
Americans could win the war and agreed to an alliance with the Patriots
•May 1778 the Continental Congress ratified a treaty of support with France
•The French agreed to increase shipments of supplies, ammunition, soldiers and
ships
Help from Europe: Spain
•1779 the Spanish joined the war effort in support of the
Patriots
•Bernardo de Galvez (governor of Spanish Louisiana) became
a key ally to the patriots
•Formed a small army of Spanish soldiers, French Americans,
colonists, and Native Americans and headed east from
Louisiana
•Galvez seized British posts all the way to Pensacola, Florida
Valley Forge
•The entry of Spain and France came at a crucial time for American forces
•The Continental Army was running low on food and clothing
•December 1777 Washington with 12,000 soldiers set up camp at Valley Forge, north of
Philadelphia
•No battles ever took place at Valley Forge it is best known for examples of suffering and courage
•American forces were forced to endure shin deep snows, without proper clothing, without
blankets, and many without shoes.
•Soldiers were forced to build crude shelters which offered little protection from the elements
•At guard posts many soldiers stood on their hats to keep their bare feet out of the snow
Valley Forge
•More than 2000 soldiers died from disease and malnutrition
•The survivors stayed continued to train
•British forces spent the winter in Philadelphia in which they lived in luxury
•They enjoyed the cities houses, taverns, and theaters
•They held parties and balls
War at Sea
•The entry of the French was a huge boost for the Americans
•Many thought the small American fleet was no match for the British fleet
•The British navy failed to use their navy effectively during the war.
•In the fall of 1775, the Continental Congress made plans to build four warships
•The Continental Congress formally established the Marines and the Continental
Navy
•They also adapted merchant vessels
•By February 1776 the Continental Navy had eight fighting ships ready for battle
War at Sea
•The goal of the Continental Navy was to damage the operating ability of the
British fleet off the Carolina coast
•Unable to attack the British fleet head on the American’s attacked a supply base
at Nassau, in the Bahamas
•The American seized the supply fort then raised the newly Created flag of the
American revolution
•The American Navy began to attack supply ships and focus on weakening
Britain’s forces in the West Indies.
•Throughout the war the Continental Navy used fewer than 100 ships, The British
lost more than 200 ships
War at Sea: John Paul Jones
•Was once considered an outlaw, Pirate by the British
•Was born John Paul in Scotland
•Accidently killed a leader of a mutiny, fled to America, added Jones to his name
•Volunteered shortly after the Continental Navy was established
• Jones captured many British supply ships
•The French presented him with a small fleet to command in 1778
•One of his most famous victories was the capture of the Serapis
War in the West
•Lands west of the Appalachians were controlled by Native American nations
•George Rogers Clark volunteered to lead the western campaign
•Clark created an army from the scattered settlements in the area (Over Mountain Men most
notable form Tennessee)
•Clark targeted British trading villages
•February 1779 Clark launched a surprise attack on Fort Sackville near the town of Vincennes
•Clark was able to tricked the British into thinking his forces were much larger than they actually
were
•The British surrendered