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Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации
Департамент кадровой политики и образования
Иркутская Государственная Сельскохозяйственная Академия
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Методические указания и контрольные задания
для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического
факультета
Иркутск - 2003
УДК 802.0 (075.8)
Английский язык: Методические указания и контрольные задания
для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического факультета
рекомендовано к изданию типографским способом научно-методическим
советом Иркутской ГСХА, протокол № 10 от 18 июня 2003 г.
Составитель: преподаватель английского языка каф.ин.языков
Т.В.Амосова.
Методические указания и контрольные задания предназначены для
студентов 1-2 курса заочного отделения энергетического факультета,
изучающих английский язык, содержат 2 контрольных задания, в каждом
задании 5 вариантов. Могут использоваться как для аудиторной, так и
самостоятельной работы студентов.
Рецензенты: ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.П. Еремина
ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.А. Яковлева
 Иркутская государственная
сельскохозяйственная академия
2
Оглавление:
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ……………………………………. 5
Контрольное задание № 1 ……………………………………….. 5
ВАРИАНТ 1 ………………………………………………………. 6
ВАРИАНТ 2 ………………………………………………………. 9
ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………… 11
ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………… 14
ВАРИАНТ 5 …………………………………………………….... 16
Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ………………………….… 19
Text 1. ……………………………………………. ……………… 19
Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 20
Text 3. …………………………………………….…………….… 20
Text 4. …………………………………………………………….. 21
Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 21
Контрольное задание № 2 ………………………………………. 22
ВАРИАНТ 1 ……………………………………………………... 23
ВАРИАНТ 2 ……………………………………………………... 26
ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………... 29
ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………... 33
ВАРИАНТ 5 ……………………………………………………... 36
Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ……………………………. 39
Text 1. …………………………………………………………….. 39
Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 39
Text 3. …………………………………………………………….. 40
Text 4. ……………………………….……………………………. 41
Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 41
Литература ……………………………………………………….. 43
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МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ
Настоящие методические указания имеют целью помочь Вам и Вашей
самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения на
английском языке.
Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над
языком с первых же
дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком
систематически.
Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе
обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна
прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не
менее 40 часов, на самостоятельную работу- 240 часов. Таким образом,
каждому занятию в 2 часа должно предшествовать не менее 6 часов
самостоятельной работы.
ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И
ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
1. Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых Вами на каждом курсе,
устанавливается учебным планом института. У методиста заочного
отделения Вашего факультета Вы можете получить методические
указания для выполнения контрольных работ.
2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти
вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в
соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты,
шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3
или 4- № 2; на 5 или 6- № 3; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5.
3. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной
тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, номер
контрольной работы и номер Вашего шифра.
4. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно,
четким почерком, при выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в
тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических
указаний преподавателя.
Материал контрольной
следующим образом:
Поля
работы
следует
располагать
Левая страница
Правая страница
Английский язык
Русский язык
4
в
Поля
тетради
5. Контрольные
работы
должны
быть
выполнены
в
той
последовательности, в которой они даны в настоящем пособии.
6. В каждом контрольном задании выделяются один или два абзаца для
проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль,
изложенную в абзаце. После текста дается контрольный вопрос, с
помощью которого проверяется, насколько правильно и точно Вы
поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах). Ниже предлагается
несколько вариантов ответов. Среди этих вариантов необходимо найти
тот, который наиболее правильно и четко отвечает на поставленный
вопрос.
7. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и
рецензирования в институт в условленные сроки.
8. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не
полностью, она возвращается без проверки.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1
Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо
усвоить следующие грамматические темы:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число имен существительных.
Артикли. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и
окончания – s. Существительное в функции определения.
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения:
личные,
притяжательные,
вопросительные
указательные, неопределенные, отрицательные.
5. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов to be , to have (got). Оборот there is /are.
Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Модальные
глаголы. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past), и будущего
(Future) времени групп Indefinite ( Simple), Continuous, Perfect в
действительном и страдательном залогах.
6. Простое
распространенное
предложение.
Придаточные
предложения. Прямой и обратный порядок слов.
Образец выполнения к упр. 1.
1. Our students take their
Наша студенты сдают экзамены
examinations in January
в январе.
students – множественное число от имени существительного.
2. The situation requires
Ситуация требует
my presence.
моего присутствия.
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requires – 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to require в Present Indefinite.
3. My sister’s son is an
Сын моей сестры – инженер.
engineer.
sister’s – форма притяжательного падежа имени
существительного а sister в единственном числе.
My sisters’ sons are
Сыновья моих сестер-инженеры.
engineers.
sisters’ – форма притяжательного падежа имени
существительного a sister во множественном числе.
Образец выполнения к упр. 2.
Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен
существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения,
стоящего перед определяемым словом.
The bus stop is not far
from our hostel.
Остановка автобуса находится
недалеко от нашего общежития.
Образец выполнения к упр.7.
Father brought me a
Отец привез мне из Лондона
very interesting
очень интересную книгу
book from London
brought – Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to bring
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью
речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию
это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного ;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
(см. образец выполнения к упр. 1 ).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.This problem attracts little attention.
2.All pages of this book are torn.
3.My friend’s brother is a specialist in computer hardware.
4.Automation makes manual labour unnecessary.
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II.
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным. ( см. образец
выполнения к упр. 2).
1.There are only daylight lamps in this room.
2.Several Agricultural Academy professors work at this problem.
3.Our company director wants to see you.
4.Distance education over the world has a history of more than
100 years.
III.
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные
формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The Neva is wider and deeper than Moskva River.
2.Money is one of man’s greatest inventions.
3.Higher incomes make leisure more attractive.
4.Last year he spent less time on English than this year.
IV.
Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any,
no:
1.The Metric System has (some, any, no) advantages over the
English system
2.Do you remember (some, any, no) facts from Newton’s biography?
3.The young engineer had (some, any, no) experience in such work.
V.
Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have
(got).
Предложения переведите.
1.He……a second-years students of the Agricultural Academy.
2.My friend ……many interesting English books.
3.I……afraid I can begin working only since October 15.
4.A simple battery … a positive terminal, connected to a carbon rod.
5.Most metals … good conductors.
VI.
Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.
Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных
глаголов.
1.The level of accuracy in measurement may differ very widely.
2.Steam can be used to drive machinery.
3.There is no choice-he must do it in secret.
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4.You should finish the experiment for tomorrow.
5.They had to consider a very important problem.
VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В
каждом предложении раздела б) определите видовременную
форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите
на русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).
а) 1. I (to go) to the library tomorrow
2. My friends and I ( to become) students two years ago, and in three
years we ( to become) engineers.
3. Man ( to live) on the Earth because plants ( to give) him oxygen.
b) 1. Constant repetition leads to great dexterity.
2. Many old plants and shops are being expanded and reconstructed
now.
3. In spite of the fact the report was short, it covered the subject completely.
VIII.а) Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What laws did Newton discover?
2. Can you formulate the Law of Universal gravitation?
б) Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 3, 4.
ISAAK NEWTON
l. Isaak Newton was born in 1642 in the family of a poor farmer. The boy began
his first scientific experiments at school.
2. While studying at Cambridge University, Newton formulated the binomial
theorem. In 1662 Cambridge was closed because of the plague and Newton returned to his native village. For the next two years he devoted himself to scientific experimentation.
3.Newton's great discovery was the law of decomposition of light. The scientist
proved that the white light of the sun is composed of rays of light of all colours
of the rainbow. He also discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation which
states that "every particle of matter is attracted by every other particle of matter
with a force inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart".
4. Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which
guides the moon around the earth and the planets around the sun is the force of
gravity. Another application of the law of universal gravitation was Newton's
exploration of the tides.
5. Newton was highly honoured by his countrymen and in 1703 he was elected
President of the Royal Society. Sir Isaak Newton died in 1727 and was buried in
8
Westminster Abbey.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью
речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую
функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1.Tolstoy’s book are read throughout the world.
2.I attended lectures on history in May.
3.The law of gravity governs the movement of the planets.
4.The method still needs improvement.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным. (см. образец выполнения к
упр. 2).
1.The first iron bridge was built in the 18-th century.
2.The result of our business trip was very useful for us.
3.Road safety remains one of the most important problems in the
modern world.
4.Yesterday I met my school teacher.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.This result is as good as that one.
2.The more we study, the less we know.
3.The new car is more comfortable than the previous one.
4.Russia is one of the largest countries in the world.
IV. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any,
no:
1.The book contained (some, any, no) diagrams.
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2.Are there (some, any, no) diagrams in the book?
3.We have (some, any, no) information on this problem.
V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got).
Предложения переведите.
1.Oxygen … a colourless gas.
2.Honesty …… the best policy.
3.There … many lakes in Canada.
4.Any conductor … some definite value of inductance.
5.The automobile must … high efficiency long service life, driving
safety, else of maintenance and pleasant appearance.
VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.
Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.
1.If you don’t know some words, you may use a dictionary.
2.Parents must take care of their children.
3.He had to take the challenge.
4.You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the concert.
5. I can devote myself to scientific work.
VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время.
В каждом предложении раздела (б) определите видо-временную
форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на
русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).
a) 1. He usually (to come) home late.
2. I (to stay) here until he comes.
3.The second – year students (to study) botany, biology, but they (not
to study) agronomy and forestry. They (to study) them when they (to
become) the third – year students.
b) 1.This lecturer is always listened to with great interest.
2.I hope we shall never deal with this matter again.
3.A full-wave rectifier contains two diodes.
VIII.a) Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What was the boy interested in?
2. Which of Faraday’s discoveries do you know?
10
б) Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 3.
MICHAEL FARADAY
1. Michael Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor
family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinder's shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on
electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult
subject and gave him four tickets for the lectures at the Royal Institutions.
2. The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of
the lecture he came to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English scientist, and
showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant
and helped him in his education.
3. Faraday had many important discoveries. Among his works are the concept of
the magnetic field and the magnetic "lines of fоrсe", production of new kinds of
optical glass, and research on electrolysis,
4. Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent
magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modem
electric motor is based.
5. Faraday was very modest and he loved his work more than honours. He refused to become President of the Royal Society and also refused to be knighted.
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью
речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую
функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Unfortunately Spartak lost yesterday’s match.
2.The reporter states only facts which he knows well.
3.I read letters in the morning.
4.The plane leaves Minsk for Moscow at 11.05.
11
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным. ( см. образец выполнения к
упр. 2).
1.The students of our group will go to the State History Museum tomorrow.
2.Street traffic was stopped.
3.At the airport you can find the monitor showing your flight number.
4.The driver of the coach helps the passengers put the luggage into the
luggage compartment.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The more I studied the English language, the more I liked it.
2.My friend is one of the best students of our group.
3.One of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environment
pollution.
4.You will fail your exam unless you work harder.
IV.
Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some,
any, no:
1.There were (some, any, no) other higher schools at that time in Russia.
2.Can you give me (some, any, no) magazines?
3.They carried out (some, any, no) experiments yesterday.
V.
Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have
(got).
Предложения переведите.
1.The Browns ……a nice house in the country.
2.Current … a flow of electricity through a circuit.
3.What …… the weather like today?
4.Conductors … materials … a low resistance so that current easily passes
through them.
5.Fixed capacitors … insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other
materials; variable capacitors … air insulators.
VI.
Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.
Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.
12
1.To my mind, the government must take care of old people.
2.You will be able to speak Spanish in another few months.
3.You may buy two tickets for this performance.
4.He must the temperature three times a day.
5.They must a number of scientific problems.
VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В
каждом предложении раздела (б) определите видо-временную
форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на
русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).
а) 1. Bank-notes first (to come) into use in Britain during the seventeenth
century.
2. Last year the results (not to be) vary pleasing.
3.Current (to flow) through the tubes from the plates to the cathodes.
б) 1. He didn’t see anything while the meeting was going on.
2.Research methods are improving.
3.New technologies and equipment have been designed for most
branches of engineering.
VIII.a) Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. How old was Lomonosov when he left his native village?
2.When was the first Russian University founded?
б) Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 4.
M. V. LOMONOSOV
1. M. V. Lomonosov was born in 171 lin the village of Denisovka near Arkhangelsk in the family of a fisherman. At the age of 17 he left his native village and
made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic-Greek-Latin
Academy. Lomonosov didn't finish his last grade, as he was sent with eleven
other pupils to St. Petersburg to study at the Academy of Sciences.
2. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to
study metallurgy and mining. In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and began
to teach chemistry and physics at the Academy.
3. Lomonosov established the fundamental law of chemical change of substance
which is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.
4. Lomonosov founded a new science that we call today physical chemistry. He
also studied electrical phenomena in atmosphere of the Earth, the nature of light,
13
and designed an improved telescope. Lomonosov considered nature to be in a
state of constant change and development. Coal, oil, etc. were all formed as a
result of evolution.
5. Lomonosov was a great scientist. His works in poetry had a great influence on
Russian literature. Owing to his efforts, the first Russian University was founded
in Moscow in 1755. This university bearing his name became the center of
knowledge and science in Russia.
ВАРИАНТ 4
I.
Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью
речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую
функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного
(см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык
1.Our country has many branches of industry.
2.The author mentions this phenomenon in his article.
3.Newton’s great discovery was the law of decomposition of light.
4.Nuclear energy is one of the forms of energy.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным. ( см. образец выполнения к
упр. 2).
1.The bus service is convenient here.
2. The telephone link with the mountain village was broken.
3.Life insurance plays an important part in commerce activity.
4.The 40-meter-high arch which is the entrance to the Volga-Don Navigation Canal rises in the south of Volgograd.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.He thought he was the happiest man in the world.
14
2.The worst environment pollution is caused by the manufacturers who
put chemical wastes into rivers and seas.
3.The lower the resistance of the material, the more current car pass
through it.
IV. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some,
any, no:
1.You must dissolve (some, any, no) salt in water.
2.Tsiolkovsky had (some, any, no) money to finance his experiments.
3.Did Tsiolkovsky make (some, any, no) experiments with the centrifuge?
V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got).
Предложения переведите.
1.M.V. Lomonosov … born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Arkhangelsk in the family of a fisherman.
2.There … two main types of petrol engines: 4-stroke and 2-stroke.
3.Last week he …… a meeting with his parents.
4.The USA … a federation of 50 states which … established by the Constitution in 1787.
5.He … hard times in his childhood.
VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.
Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.
1.He is to go to the Far East on business.
2.We had to find a safe place for the pictures.
3.I shall have to take a local train.
4.You needn't keep your activities in secret.
VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время. В
каждом предложении раздела (б) определите видо-временную
форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите на
русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).
a) 1. …… you ever (to be) to London?
2.I know she (to prepare) for a difficult experiment now.
3.I thought you (to do) this work yesterday.
b) 1.Much attention is being given at present to the modern equipment of
research laboratories.
2.This complex has produced many new types of vehicles recently.
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3.It will take some time to read this document.
VIII.a) Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What did Mendeleev discover?
2.What fields of science do his works embrace?
б) Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 4.
DMITRY MENDELEEV
1. D. I. Mendeleev was born in 1834 at Tobolsk in the family of the director of
the town gymnasium. He received his secondary education at Tobolsk and then
entered the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. After graduation he worked as a
teacher for two years.
2. In 1859 he presented his thesis, received his master's degree and went abroad
on a two-year scientific commission. Upon his return to Russia he was elected
professor of the Petersburg University, where he carried on his scientific and
pedagogical activity for 23 years.
3. In 1906 he issued a book under the title Contribution to the Knowledge of
Russia which contained thoughts of the further development of Russian industry
and economy. The greatest result of Mendeleev's creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements.
4. One of Mendeleev's prominent works is his book Principles of Chemistry in
which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint
of the Periodic Law.
5. A great scientist, Mendeleev devoted his life and energies to the progress of
his country. His works embrace various fields of science — chemistry, physics,
physical chemistry, geophysics.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью
речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую
функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present
Indefinite;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени
существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).
16
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.A conductor connects the elements of the circuit.
2.Buckingham Palace is the home of Britain’s Kings and Queens.
3.The readings on the scale show the measured value.
4.The petrol reaches the carburetor from the petrol tank through the
action of the petrol pump.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая
внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений,
выраженных именем существительным. ( см. образец выполнения к
упр. 2).
1.Motor cars maintain the speed of 60 km within the city limits
2.The engine lathe is the most commonly used machine-tool.
3.The power plant, or engine is the source of power that makes the
wheels rotate and the car move.
4.Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы
сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1.The sooner they finish the construction of the plant the better.
2.The shortest version is easiest to read.
3.This road is the worst I’ve ever travelled over.
4.This street is as long as that one.
IV. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any,
no:
1.They brought (some, any, no) books on history from the library.
2.Does he know (some, any, no) foreign language?
3. (some, any, no) Student of that group studies Spanish.
V. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be или to have (got).
Предложения переведите.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faraday … many important discoveries.
All historical places of London …… in the West End.
For 500 years the Normans … masters of Britain.
Yesterday we …… a very nice evening at the restaurant.
1492 … the date of the discovery of America.
VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.
Переведите предложения, учитывая значения модальных глаголов.
17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The questions are too easy, I can answer all of them.
They had to go to the laboratory to examine the tests.
He must illustrate this law by several experiments.
The company shouldn’t waste any more time on this project.
You are to write your name at the top of the paper.
VII. В разделе а) раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время.
В каждом предложении раздела (б) определите видо-временную
форму и залог глагола - сказуемого. Все предложения переведите
на русский язык. ( см. образец выполнения к упр. 7 ).
a) 1. His sister (to graduate) from high school last year.
2. She (to complete) her associate degree next year.
3. They often (to study) together for their exams.
b) 1.The new plastic has been selected for manufacturing the body of a new
car.
2.They will start production of the new type of engine soon.
3. She was reading a newspaper when the phone rang.
VIII.a) Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What was the greatest invention created by Nicola Tesla?
2.How many inventors and patents had Tesla at the end of his career?
б) Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC MOTOR
1. Born in Croatia, the engineer Nikola Tesla had a distinguished academic
and industrial career in central and eastern Europe before coming to the United
States in 1884. Here, while working for the Edison Machine Works and independently, Tesla created his greatest invention, the electromagnetic motor.
2. A motor converts electrical energy to mechanical power by using current
to make a metallic loop ("the rotor" or "armature") spin around a central shaft.
Tesla was convinced that DC ("direct current") motors could be modified to operate without commutators. In early 1888, working out of his experimental shop
in New York, he proved his theory: Tesla built and demonstrated the "induction"
or "electromagnetic" motor, Tesla's revolutionary motor used a rotating magnetic field, rather than mechanical switches, to spin the rotor. This made unit drives
for machines possible, and allowed the more efficient AC ("alternating current")
power to become the standard for most office and household appliances,
3. Tesla was also a pioneer in the early days of radio (invented by Guglielmo Marconi at the turn of the century).
18
4. By the end of his career, Tesla had over 700 inventions and 100 patents
to his credit. Though his innovations never made him wealthy, Tesla is rightly
renowned to this day as one of the greatest electrical engineers of all time.
Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения
Тексты необходимо перевести, составив словарь к каждому из них.
Переводы сдаются преподавателю устно по прибытии на сессию.
Text 1
An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of
an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect
the cell to the circuit - current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights.
Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order
to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to
increase the voltage output cells should be connected in series. In case a battery
has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in
series-parallel.
When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the
second cell-to the negative terminal of the third ... and so on.
When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected
together and their positive terminals are also connected.
In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell
should be substituted by another one.
19
Text 2
The principle of the starter motor is based on magnetism and it has been
constructed very much like a dynamo. It has field coils, armature and brushes,
but its method of operation is the reverse of that of the dynamo. The dynamo is
driven by the engine and it produces current which flows to the battery. When
the starter motor is operated continually and the engine will not fire, the battery
is very soon exhausted.
Passing a current through a wire conductor creates a magnetic field around
the conductor and again if the conductor is coiled around a soft-iron core, the
magnetic field is intensified. This arrangement gives us an electromagnet as in
the dynamo, but whereas in the dynamo the electromagnets are magnetized during manufacture by passing an electric current through thpm, in the starter motor
current passes through them from the battery. This happens whenever the starter
switch is operated and a strong magnetic field is created around them. If we can
also pass the current through the armature, the armature coils will also produce a
magnetic effect and will have a north and south polarity.
Слова к тексту: starter motor—пускатель электродвигателя; starter
switch - пусковой переключатель.
Text 3
The atom of any elementary substance consists of a positively charged nucleus and electrons, negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus. The
electrons surrounding the atomic nucleus are located on certain energy levels or
shells.
Energy may be imparted to an atom in various ways, for instance, by heating the substance or by irradiation. Depending upon the atom of energy received, an electron either becomes detached from the atom, or moves from a
lower to a higher energy level, where it is not so closely bound with the nucleus.
Excess energy puts the atom into an excited state, i. e. into one of the several
possible higher energy states. In the excited state the atom is unstable. It returns
to the normal state as a result of a spontaneous rearrangement of the electronic
structure of the atom, the electrons filling free spaces in the shells closest to the
nucleus.
When an electron is ejected from an atom ,the latter, having a prevailing
positive charge, becomes a positively charged ion.
The ion may become neutral by attracting the nearest free electrons.
20
Text 4
The electric ignition system depends upon the principle of electromagnetic
induction to do its work. In permanent magnets, a magnetic field exists between
the north and south poles. This magnetic field consists of invisible magnetic
lines of force. If we move a wire up and down in this field, the wire «cuts» the
lines of force.
This action causes a small current to flow in the wire. If we reverse the
procedure and pass the electric current through a wire, an electromagnetic field
forms about the wire. This field can be made stronger by adding many more
turns of wire and inserting a soft iron core to conduct the magnetic lines of
force. A strong electromagnetic field is produced when current such as that supplied by a 6 - or 12 volt battery is passed through the wire. The soft iron core
becomes a strong electric magnet. If we suddenly break this circuit, the electromagnetic field collapses and the winding around the soft iron core actually cuts
the magnetic lines of force of the collapsing field. This causes a high-voltage
current to be induced in the winding and a spark to jump at the gay where the
wire was broken. This is the beginning of an ignition system, and is called its
primary winding. The voltage produced by the system, about 250 volts, is not
high enough to cause a spark to jump across the gap of a spark plug; therefore,
an additional winding is added. This is called the secondary winding. It, too,
cuts magnetic lines of force when we break the primary circuit and a much higher voltage is induced in it because it has many more turns of wire than the primary circuit. The voltage of the secondary circuit is 15.000 to 20.000 volts.
Text 5
The magnets used in compasses, instruments, magnetos, and all the various
array of equipment which embodies a magnetic field produced by a magnet, are
artificially constructed of hardened steel, magnetized by a strong magnetic flux.
This type of magnet may be said to be a permanent magnet, in contrast to the
electromagnet. A magnet is a body possessing the property magnetic substances.
The so-called permanent magnet should be used where a constant magnetic
field is to be produced, since a well-made permanent magnet loses its magnetism very slowly, and then only up to a certain point, after which it is said to
be aged. Thereafter it maintains a constant degree of magnetism unless subjected
to strong de-magnetizing effects. A bar which has been magnetized is found to
have poles. There are centers where magnetic attraction is strongest. If the magnet is free to turn, the pole which points notherly is called a north pole, and the
other a south pole. Like poles repel each other with a magnetic force, and unlike
poles attract each other. The earth is a large magnet having magnetic poles
21
somewhere near, but not coincident with, the geographic poles.
Слова к тексту: thereafter - согласно этому; de-magnetizingразмагничивающий.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2
Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить
следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному
учебнику:
1.Видо-временные формы глагола-Indefinite (Simple) , Continuous, Perfect
в действительном и страдательном залогах. Особенности перевода
пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
2.Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможностьcan(could), may (might) и эквиваленты глагола can-to be able; б) модальные
глаголы, выражающие долженствование – must, его эквиваленты to have to
и to be to; should.
3.Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II(Past Participle) в функциях определения, обстоятельства, части
глагола-сказуемого. Gerund- герундий, простые формы. Infinitiveинфинитив в функции: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в)
определения, г) обстоятельства цели.
4.Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
5.Грамматические функции и значение слов it, that, one.
6.Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных
придаточных предложениях.
7.Интернациональные слова.
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)
a) Today scientists are still
looking for the substances
as a source of energy.
Сегодня ученые все еще ищут
вещества в качестве источника
энергии.
are looking (for) - Present Continuous Active Voice от глагола to look(for).
b)The new laboratory equipment
was sent for yesterday.
Вчера послали за новым оборудованием.
was sent for-Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.
Образец выполнения 2(к упр.3)
Изменения, влияющие на состав
материалов, называются хими ческими изменениями.
a)The changes affecting the
composition of materials are
called chemical changes.
22
Affecting - Participle I, определение.
Когда воду нагревают до точки
кипения, она испаряется.( или: При
нагревании до точки кипения вода
испаряется.
(when) heated - Participle II, обстоятельство.
b)When heated to the boiling
point water evaporates.
Образец выполнения 3 (к упр.7)
Необходимо использовать в
промышленности новейшие
средства контроля.
Следует согласиться, что
эксперимент имел большое
значение для нашего исследования.
a)It is necessary to use the latest
means of control in industry.
b)One must agree that the experience
was of great importance for our
research.
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого(см. образец 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.They appraise their employees once a year.
2.A new research is being carried out successfully.
3.At the end of the summer they will have been married for 10 years.
4.I will have finished all this typing by 5 p.m.
5.Many books are read by few people.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.This engineer will be unable to come.
2.The students were allowed to test the new device.
3.He had to meet this delegation of engineers from the Tula plant.
4.All the units of a new tractor can be produced at this plant.
5.Our laboratory has to launch a new programme this month.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите,
23
является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью
глагола-сказуемого: Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см.
образец 2).
1.While writing the translation, he consulted the dictionary.
2.The quantity of labour derived from a given stock of population depends
upon several factors.
3.When coming up to the Institute I saw a group of people greeting somebody.
4.The information obtained is very valuable.
5.We were demonstrated an operating engine.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.A.c. can be increased, or decreased to meet industrial requirements.
2.The purpose of each business process is to offer each customer the right
product or service.
3.Do you know the language well enough to read English newspapers and
magazines?
4.Gas turbines can be started within minutes, while steam plants may require hours to be put into operation.
5.The new gaseous fuel is assumed to be both cheap and efficient.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.
1.Programming is the process of preparing, testing and correcting instructions for a computer.
2.Is any metal capable of being drawn out into a wire?
3.These machines are worth exhibiting.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to have , to do,
to be.
1.Most of historical places of London is in the West End.
2.Mendeleyev’s periodic law has been accepted as a universal law of nature.
3.I have to get up early on Mondays.
4.The Browns have got a nice house in the country.
5.He did his research with the help of electronic machines.
24
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it; that,
one. (см. образец 3.).
1.It is advisable to link up these stations into a single network.
2.One can find many places of interest in Moscow.
3. Electrical loads or consumers in power installations are the various
arrangements and installations that are used to transform electric power
into mechanical, heat and chemical power, or energy.
4.The second sputnik was launched about a month after the first one.
VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The young engineer I am working with graduated from Moscow Institute of Agricultural Engineers.
2.The invention he spoke about at the last lecture is very interesting.
3.The hostel our students live in is quite comfortable.
4.He said he had studied at the Institute of Economics and Business.
IX. Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.
В тексте найдите:
1) предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the … ;
2) слово-заместитель one;
3) модальные глаголы, определите их значение.
4) причастие II.
Capacitors
A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a
voltage source is applied to it.
The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function
of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent a short.
In the diagram one can see two common types of capacitors in use nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable one. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot
be moved; for this reason its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable
capacitor move; its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the
plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly
used by radiomen; their function is to vary the frequency in the circuit. Fixed
capacitors are used in telephone and radio work.
25
Fixed capacitors have insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly
used in radio and electronics; their advantage is their high capacity: it may be
higher than 1,000 picofarad.
Besides, electrolyte capacitors are highly in use. They also have a very high
capacity: it varies from 0.5 to 2,000 microfarad. Their disadvantage is that they
change their capacity when the temperature changes. They can operate without a
change only at temperatures not lower than -40° C.
Common troubles in capacitors are an open and a short. A capacitor stops
operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble. A capacitor with a
trouble should be substituted by a new one.
X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is capacitor used for?
2. What are the main parts of capacitor?
3. What is the function of insulators?
4. What does the capacity of a capacitor depend on?
5. What is the difference between a fixed capacitor and a variable one?
6. What should be done in order to change a capacitor?
7. What is the relation between the value of capacity and the distance of
plates?
8. What type of insulators have variable capacitors?
9. What should be done in case a capacitor has a trouble?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо-временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The answer was known to all of us.
2.Countries are often described as underpopulated or overpopulated.
3.The first industrial revolution took place in England between 1760 and
1840.
4.What were you doing at this time last month?
5.Automation is being increasingly used in all branches of industry.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.You should have checked the TV set before you bought it.
2.They will have to deliver the equipment within 12 months.
26
3.Student Smirnov is to defend his diploma project next month..
4.She may use this new device for testing her design.
5.She had to send the letter yesterday.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите,
является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глаголасказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см. образец 2.).
1. Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day
he called his secretary.
2. World public opinion is concerned about the rising level of pollution.
3. The house restored by the Johnsons is quite unusual.
4. Being in London, I could not help them.
5. Roman towns in Britain were real military camps surrounded by walls
for defense.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.To reduce the power losses, thick wires should be used.
2.No additional components were used since they were not needed to actuate the relay.
3.I tried to make him understand that his behaviour was no good.
4.Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into
mechanical, heat, and chemical power.
5.At least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a.c.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.
1.He risks loosing all of his money.
2.His taking part in the development of the new system was a great help to
us.
3.After having been subjected to severe testing the material was
recomended for use.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to have, to do,
to be.
1.The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 as a
castle and palace.
2.I don’t understand that man because I don’t know English.
27
3.Although he has his own car, he often uses buses.
4Economic conditions are changing all the time.
5.Trade credit is an important source of finance for the small firm.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см.
образец 3.).
1.Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he
called his secretary.
2.One can learn English well in two years.
3.There are many insulating materials from which one may choose.
4.Specialisation means that many different occupations created.
VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The man you wanted to see is in the hall.
2.This is the house Timiryazev lived in.
3.The experiment they are speaking about was repeated three times.
4.A loan is the capital a person may borrow from the bank.
IX. Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.
В тексте найдите:
1)
2)
3)
4)
предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the …;
модальные глаголы, определите их значение;
причастие I в функции правого определения;
прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени, назовите их
исходную (словарную) форму.
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily
passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current
can pass through it.
The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of
them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of
wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper
wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced
in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load re28
sistance.
It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value
of resistance when their temperature changes.
Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus metals have a
positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the temperature coefficient or the less the
change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material.
Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Current passes
through insulators with great difficulty.
The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics.
Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to
it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in order to make them
conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage
must be.
When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge
and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main
functions:
1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and
2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied.
X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What materials are called conductors?
2. What is the advantage of copper compared with silver?
3. What is the most common function of wire conductors?
4. Why is minimum voltage drop produced in copper conductors?
5. What is the relation between the value of resistance and the temperature in
carbon?
6. What materials are called insulators?
7. What are the most common insulators?
8. What are the two main functions of insulators?
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо- временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец 1.).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Faraday had many important discoveries.
2.He will have walked to school before you finish your breakfast.
3.The first permanent telephone line was built in Germany in 1877.
29
4.The gradual trend towards larger enterprises has not been confined to
manufacturing industry.
5.The output of agricultural products is seriously affected by variations in
weather conditions.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.We were to inspect the new samples.
2.Maria had to make an important decision recently.
3.The driver must wear a seat belt.
4.He was allowed to borrow books from the University library.
5.We’ll be able to see each other very often.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите,
является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью
глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.(см.
образец 2.).
1.Designing new systems we can use electronic computers.
2.Having finished the experiment the engineers started a series of new
tests.
3.Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers.
4.Farmers are cultivating wheat in this part of the country.
5.When produced at this factory the commodities have high quality and
low prices.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.To magnetize a body requires some energy.
2.It is important to carry out these changes as quickly as possible.
3.In order to build the power plant near Northfield (USA), three miles of
tunnels were drilled.
4.This question is too complicated to be answered at once.
5.I am glad to inform you that you have been successful.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.
1.A motor-starter is a device for starting motors from rest by the simple
act of closing the switch.
30
2. I remember your having objected to this schedule.
3. Our chief is fond of travelling abroad on business.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов to be, to have, to do.
1. These experiments are of great importance.
2. This student will have to make a report about his work.
3. He didn’t like their way of living.
4. He has already shown his office.
5. The contract is signed by Mr.Brown.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см.
образец 3.).
1.One uses special devices to measure current, voltage, and resistance.
2.This remote control needs 4 batteries to power it.
3.The new machine works better than the old one.
4.It is well known that our Academy was founded in 1934.
VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The report she made at the last seminar was about the life of plants.
2.At last the man we were looking for came.
3.He is the most interesting man I have ever met.
4.I’ll have translated the article you have given me by next Sunday.
IX. Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.
Найдите в тексте:
1) существительные в функции определения;
2) инфинитив, определите его функцию;
3) глаголы в страдательном залоге;
4) прилагательные в сравнительной степени.
Transformers
A transformer is used to transfer energy. Due to the transformer electric
power may be transferred at a high voltage and reduced at the point where it
must be used to any value. Besides, a transformer is used to change the voltage
and current value in a circuit.
31
A two-winding transformer consists of a closed core and two coils (windings). The primary winding is connected to the voltage source. It receives energy. The secondary winding is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load.
The value of voltage across the secondary terminal depends on the number
of turns in it. In case it is equal to the number of turns in the primary winding
the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as in the primary.
In case the secondary has more turns than the primary the output voltage is
greater than the input voltage. The voltage in the secondary is greater than me
voltage in the primary by as many times as the number of turns in the secondary
is greater than the number of turns in the primary. A transformer of this type increases or steps up the voltage and is called a step-up transformer. In case the
secondary has fewer turns than the primary the output voltage is lower than the
input. Such a transformer decreases or steps down the voltage, it is called a stepdown transformer.
Compare T1 and T2 in the diagram. T1 has an iron core. For this reason it is
used for low-frequency currents. T2 has an air core and is used for high frequencies.
Common troubles in transformers are an open in the winding, a short between
the primary and the secondary, and a short between turns. In case a transformer
has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. A transformer with a trouble
should be substituted.
X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is transformer used for?
What does a transformer consist of?
What is the function of the primary winding?
What is the function of the secondary winding?
What type of transformer is called a step-up transformer?
32
6.
7.
8.
9.
What type of transformer is used for high-frequency currents?
What type of transformer is called a step-down transformer?
What type of transformer is used for low-frequency currents?
What are common troubles in a transformer?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо- временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.At this stage the raw materials are loaded into this container.
2.This products have been designed by a special team.
3.Our engineers have improved this new method of work.
4.Advanced technologies are applied in most branches of engineering.
5.She is working in Rome at the moment.
II.
Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.He has to investigate a series of accidents that have occured in the
locality during the last three month.
2.When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?
3.The engineer must know all the properties of this material.
4.This idea may be realized later.
5.He was able to do this work himself.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите,
является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью
глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см.
образец 2).
1.He has been writing the article since 10 o’clock.
2.While looking through the documents, he found several errors in
them.
3.The company has been concentrating on the research and development of new products.
4.Heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.
5.Having made many experiments proved that electricity had an
atomic character.
33
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.To get the necessary books you have to go to the library.
2.He has the chance to study well.
3.Your aim in the meeting is to reach a decision about the future of
the factory.
4.The distance to be covered was equal to ten miles.
5.It is impossible for us to accept these terms.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.
1.A constant speed of the device is maintained by supplying it with
energy.
2.Did you have any difficulty in solving this problem?
3.Steam is an important factor in producing usable energy because of
the power being created by its expansion.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to
do.
1. Coffee is usually imported from Brazil.
2. She is working in Moscow at that moment.
3. The pure scientist is to work in the area of applied science and research.
4. In Britain equal pay for women did not obtain legal sanction until
the 1970s.
5. These basic problems are common to all societies.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см.
образец 3).
1.The problem that discussed yesterday is very important.
2.One must choose only one of those variants.
3.It took her a week to prepare a balance sheet.
4.The new office is more comfortable than the previous one.
34
VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The machines the farm got last year can be used both for harvesting and
cultivation of vegetables.
2.We know a wholesale distributor is a company which sells goods in
large quantities.
3.The irrigation work which our brigade had to do will help the farmers
grow vegetables.
4.Everybody knows agriculture is connected with human life.
IX.Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.
В тексте найдите:
1)
2)
3)
4)
предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the…;
глаголы в страдательном залоге;
неопределенные местоимения;
причастие I.
Inductance and Mutual Inductance
Any conductor has some definite value of inductance. The inductance of a
conductor shows how well it can provide induced voltage.
Elements of a circuit with a definite value of inductance are coils of wire called
inductors. The inductance of a coil depends upon its size and material. The
greater the number of turns of a coil, the higher is its inductance. An iron core
also increases the value of inductance. Coils of this type are used for lowfrequency currents while coils with an air core are used for high-frequency currents.
Two coifs A and В are brought close together and a source of varying current is applied to coil A. If a measuring device is connected across the terminals
of coil В it will be found that a voltage is induced in this coil though the two
coils do not touch. The secondary voltage, that is the voltage in coil B, is called
induced voltage and energy from one coil to the other transfers by induction.
The coil across which the
current is applied is called the primary; that in which voltage is induced is called
the secondary. The primary and the secondary coils have mutual inductance.
Mutual inductance is measured in the same units as inductance, that is in henries.
35
Thus, when a rate of change of one ampere per second in the primary coil
will produce one volt in the secondary coil, the two coils have one henry of mutual inductance.
It should be taken into consideration that induction by a varying current results from the change in current not in the current value. The faster the current
changes, the higher the induced voltage.
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них
видо- временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.What are you doing this evening?
2.Competition between firms will lead to the elimination of firms which
are unable to change their products and their methods of production.
3.The students were provided with all necessary materials.
4.The engine is made of different metals.
5.Our engineers work hard at this problem.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из
них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1.We had to walk home because the last bus had gone.
2.The teacher will have to explain this difficulty again.
3.We shall be able to see a number of Chaplin’s films in September.
4.He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.
5.You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и
Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите,
36
является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью
глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The area of the car works built on the Kama river is almost 1000 hectares.
2.The success or failure of the company will be reflected in the prices.
3.The results obtained were carefully studied.
4.Being the cheapest of the metals cast iron is widely used everywhere.
5.The standard of living is increasing in highly developed countries.
IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1.Our plan is to find the necessary books in the library.
2.The problem to be solved is of great importance for this branch of science.
3.He has no desire to be appointed to this post.
4.To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary.
5.This student was the last to render this text in English.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.
1.One of the problems modern research laboratories are working at is
the problem of finding materials that can serve as electrical conductors
in fusion reactors.
2.Nobody will object their joining us.
3.We are against making the proposal.
VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have,
to do.
1.He didn’t take part in the discussion for he was late for the seminar.
2.The furniture is delivered by this term.
3.He had to do it again.
4.The equipment is to be shipped in export sea packing suitable for the
of equipment delivered.
5.We had to find new methods of investigation.
VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см.
образец 3).
1.That he refused to help his partners is very strange.
37
2.The new method proved to be much more efficient that the old one.
3.It must have rained last night.
4.Road safety remains one of the most important problems in the modern world.
VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский
язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1.The district you’ll go to is in Siberia.
2.The laboratory you wanted to see is in our Institute.
3.We think that process can be easily mechanized.
4.He said they had returned.
IX.Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.
Найдите в тексте:
1) глаголы в страдательном залоге;
2) инфинитив;
3) существительные в функции определения;
4) предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the … .
Transmission Lines
A power system is an interconnection of electric power stations by high
voltage power transmission lines. Nowadays the electricity is transmitted over
long distances and the length of transmitting power lines varies from area to area.
A wire system is termed a power line in case it has no parallel branches and
a power network in case it has parallel branches.
According to their functions, power lines and networks are subdivided into
transmission and distribution lines.
Transmission lines serve to deliver power from a station to distribution centers. Distribution lines deliver power from distribution centers to the loads.
Lines are also classed into: 1) overhead; 2) indoor; 3) cable (underground).
Overhead lines include line conductors, insulators, and supports. The conductors are connected to the insulators, and these are connected to the supports.
The greater the resistance, the higher are the heating losses in the conducting
wires. In .order to reduce the losses, a step-down transformer can be used.
Indoor lines include conductors, cords, and buses. The conductor may include one wire or a combination of wires not insulated from one another. They
deliver electric current to the consumers.
As to underground lines, they are used in city areas. Accordingly, they are
used in cities and towns, and in the areas of industrial enterprises.
38
Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения
Переведенные тексты по внеаудиторному чтению на проверку
преподавателям не высылаются, а сдаются устно по прибытии на сессию.
Text 1
One of the important things that an engineer should take into consideration
is "how much?" How much current is this circuit carrying? What is the value of
voltage in the circuit? What is the value of resistance? In fact, to measure the
current and the voltage is not difficult at all. One should connect an ammeter or
a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and the volts.
Common ammeters for d. c, measurements are the ammeters of the magneto-electric system. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between
the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle.
The greater the current in the coil, the greater the force, and, therefore, the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflection is measured by means of
a pointer connected to the armature and the scale of the meter reads directly in
amperes.
When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10-11 of
an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.
A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential difference
between any two points in a circuit. A voltmeter has armatures that move when
an electric current is sent through their coils. The deflection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.
A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very
small currents which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. An ammeter, on the
other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through
it. In actual use the ammeter is placed in series with the circuit, while the voltmeter is placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be
measured.
In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also
devices for measuring electric power and energy.
Text 2
Large steam-turbine plants have two forms: condensing plants or electric
power plants.
The great masses of hot steam, having accomplished the mechanical work
in the turbines of condensing steam-turbine plants, are condensed, i.e. are cooled
down and turned back into distilled water, and returned to the boiler for production of steam to activate the turbine.
39
Condensation of steam takes place in condensers where the hot steam is
cooled when it comes in contact with tubes through which cold water, supplied
from a water reservoir (river or lake), is circulated. This cooling water, after it
takes the heat from the spent steam, is returned to the water source carrying
along with it the unutilized heat energy. This water is called the circulating water. The importance of the distilled water for feeding steam boilers is extremely
great since chemically clean water decreases the formation of scale in the boiler
tubes, and, thus, makes their service life longer.
Condensing plants of large generating capacity are built close to sources of
fuel, in order not to transport large quantities of fuel over considerable distances.
The electric power generated in such plants is transmitted over long distances for the supply of large industrial regions. So these plants are called regional thermal power plants.
Heat and electric power plants, in addition to electric power generation, also supply heat to closely located consumers (within a radius of 50 km), i.e. serve
as district heat plants. To such heat consumers belong all kinds of industrial enterprises that require heat for production purposes, and also municipal consumers such as baths, laundries and the heating systems of dwelling houses and other buildings.
The electric power developed by the generators is fed to the switchboard of
the plant, whence it is delivered by overhead transmission and cable lines to the
consumers.
Text 3
Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical energy, or
mechanical energy to electrical energy. Most electrical energy is produced in
large power stations by the conversion of mechanical energy or heat. The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in hydroelectric stations, and the heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels is
used to operate steam turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric
generators. Also, the heat from the fissioning of uranium or plutonium is used to
generate steam for the turbine generator in a nuclear power plant.
Electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy is used
mainly for portable power sources. For example, a photoelectric cell converts
the energy from light to electrical energy for operating the exposure meter in a
camera, and a lead-acid battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy for
starting an automobile engine.
Electric power produced in large power stations generally is transmitted by
using an alternating current that reverses direction 25, 50, or 60 times per second. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the watt - the rate at which
work is being done in an electric circuit in which the current is one ampere and
the electromotive force is one volt.
Ratings for power plants are expressed in kilowatts (1,000 watts) or mega40
watts (1 million watts). Electric energy consumption normally is given in kilowatt-hours - that is, the number of kilowatts used times the number of hours of
use. Electricity is clean, inexpensive, and easily transmitted over long distances.
Since the 1880's, electricity has had an ever-increasing role in improving the
standard of living. It now is used to operate lights, pumps, elevators, power
tools, furnaces, refrigerators, air-conditioners, radios, television sets, industrial
machinery, and many other kinds of equipment. It has been counted that in developed countries about 43% of the electric power is generally used for industrial purposes, 32% in homes, and 21% in commercial enterprises.
Text 4
Motors are used for converting different forms of energy into mechanical
energy.
The main part of a motor is a coil or armature. The armature is placed between the poles of a powerful magnet. When a motor is put
into operation current starts flowing through the coil (armature) and the armature starts rotating.
Electric motors are used practically in every branch of industry, transport,
and agriculture. Naturally, they are produced in many different designs. They
are used in industrial plants, and operate under different conditions.
Each motor is supplied with a nameplate which bears machine ratings: output power, voltage, the rated current, the starting current, the power factor, the
efficiency, and the rated torque.
These motor ratings should be taken into consideration since they are necessary for the users. On them depends the length of motors' service life, which is
normally equal to about 10 years, provided that the operating conditions are
normal. Naturally, under abnormal conditions the service life becomes much
shorter: motors operate poorly and may have different faults.
Text 5
Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able
of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking
hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple
machine like a motor-car engine.
So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific
and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses.
The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:
1. Mechanical engineering.
Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water),
pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.
2. Electrical engineering.
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a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and
so on).
b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.
3. Civil engineering.
Darns; tunnels; roads, and so on.
4. Structural engineering.
The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.
5. Chemical engineering.
Any other branches of engineering may require the special services of the
following specialists- the metallurgist: the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.
The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is
producing what is wanted, and economically.
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Литература
1. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов энергетических
специальностей: Учеб. пособие. – 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: «Высшая
школа»; Издательский центр «Академия», 2001 – 150с.
2. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. Английский язык. Контрольные задания
для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений:
Учеб.- метод. пособие. - М.: Высш. шк., 2000. – 111с.
3. Бгашев В.Н. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных
специальностей: Учеб./В.Н. Бгашев, Е.Ю. Долматовская. – 2-е изд.,
перераб. и доп.- М.: ООО «Издательство Артель»: ООО «Издательство
АСТ», 2002. – 384с.
4. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю.Полякова, Е.В. Синявская,
О.И. Тынкова, Э.С. Улановская. – 5-е изд., стереотип.- М.: Высш. шк.,
2000.- 463с.
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