Download Chapter 1 Answers to student book tasks

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
Answers to student book tasks
TASK 1
Joint number
1.
Joint name
Wrist
Bones that articulate
Radius, ulna, carpals
2.
Radio-ulnar
Radius, ulna
3.
Elbow
Humerus, radius, ulna
4.
Shoulder
Head of humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula
5.
Spine
Vertebrae
The atlas and axis are the top two bones. The
regions are: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum
and coccyx
6.
Hip
Head of femur, acetabulum of pelvis
7.
Knee
Femur, tibia
8.
Ankle
Tibia, fibula, patella
TASK 2
Type of bone
Example from body
(Long)
Humerus/radius/ulna/metacarpals/phalanges/femur/tibia/fibula/metatarsals
Short
Carpals/talus/tarsals
Flat
Bones of the skull/sternum/scapula/bones of the pelvis
Irregular
Vertebrae/(facial bones)
Sesamoid
Patella
Type of cartilage
(Articular cartilage)
Function
Example from body
Supports and cushions
Found at the ends of long bones
joints/resists compression/provides
friction-free movement
Elastic cartilage
Maintains shape while allowing
great flexibility
External ear
Fibrocartilage
Very strong shock absorber
Cartilaginous discs found between the
bodies of adjacent vertebrae/menisci in
knee are discs of fibrocartilage
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
TASK 3
1. Features that increase joint stability:
Feature of joint
Function
Joint capsule
The external layer (fibrous capsule) strengthens the joint so that bones are
not pulled apart
Ligaments
These join bone and bone to reinforce and strengthen the joint
Meniscus
These discs of fibrocartilage improve the fit between the ends of long bones
at a joint, making the joint more stable and minimising wear and tear
Muscle tone
Muscle tone keeps the tendons that cross a joint in a constant taut state; they
therefore contribute to the stability of the joint
2. Features that increase joint mobility:
Feature of joint
Function
Articular cartilage
Glassy-smooth cartilage that covers bone surfaces at joints and
prevents friction during movement
Joint capsule
The internal layer (synovial membrane) covers all internal joint
structures apart from the articular cartilage and secretes synovial
fluid during movement, therefore reducing friction
Synovial fluid
This is secreted by the synovial membrane and the articular
cartilage during movement; its egg-white consistency provides a
slippery film within the joint to prevent friction during
movement
Bursa
These are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that prevent friction
between adjacent joint structures during movement, e.g. in the
shoulder joint between the scapula and long tendon on the
biceps brachoo
TASK 4
Students can check their answers using Table 4 on page 10 of the student book.
TASK 5
Student’s own sporting examples.
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AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
TASK 6
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 7
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 8
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 9
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 10
Joint
Joint type
Articulating bones
Movements possible at
joint
Wrist
Condyloid
Radius, ulna, carpals
Flexion, extension
Radio-ulnar
Pivot
Radius, ulna
Pronation, supination
Elbow
Hinge
Radius, ulna, humerus
Flexion, extension
Shoulder
Ball and socket
Head of humerus, glenoid
fossa of scapula
Flexion, extension
Horizontal flexion,
horizontal extension
Abduction, adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Spine
Cartilaginous,
pivot, gliding
Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
Flexion, extension, lateral
flexion
Hip
Ball and socket
Head of femur, acetabulum of Flexion, extension
pelvis
Abduction, adduction
Rotation
Knee
Hinge
Femur, tibia
Flexion, extension
Ankle
Hinge
Tibia, fibula, talus
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
TASK 12
Student’s own answer.
© Owned by or under licence to Pearson Publishing Oxford Limited 2008
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AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
TASK 13
Upper limb
Joint movement
Agonist muscle
Antagonist muscle
Wrist joint
Flexion
Wrist flexors
Wrist extensors
Extension
Wrist extensors
Wrist flexors
Pronation
Pronator teres
Supinator
Supination
Supinator
Pronator teres
Flexion
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Extension
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Flexion
Anterior deltoid
Posterior deltoid
Extension
Posterior deltoid
Anterior deltoid
Horizontal flexion
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
Horizontal extension
Trapezius
Pectoralis major
Abduction
Middle deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Adduction
Latissimus dorsi
Middle deltoid
Spine
Joint movement
Agonist muscle
Antagonist muscle
Spine
Flexion
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae
Extension
Erector spinae
Rectus abdominis
Lateral flexion
Obliques
Obliques
Lower limb
Joint movement
Agonist muscle
Antagonist muscle
Hip joint
Flexion
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Extension
Gluteus maximus
Iliopsoas
Abduction
Gluteus medius
Adductor group
Adduction
Adductor group
Gluteus medius
Flexion
(Hamstrings)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
(Quadriceps)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Extension
(Quadriceps)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
(Hamstrings)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Dorsiflexion
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Radio-ulnar joint
Elbow joint
Shoulder joint
Knee joint
Ankle joint
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
TASK 14
Isotonic contraction
Concentric contraction
Eccentric contraction




Concentric contraction in
the rectus abdominis during
upward phase of exercise.
The rectus abdominis
produces tension and
shortens.
It pulls the upper body
upwards to cause flexion of
the hip & spine.


Eccentric contraction
occurs in the rectus
abdominis during the
downward phase of the
exercise.
The rectus abdominis
produces tension and
lengthens.
It slows the lowering of the
upper body and controls
extension of the hip and
spine.
Isometric contraction



Isometric contraction
occurs in the rectus
abdominis when the muscle
is holding the body still.
The rectus abdominis
develops tension and stays
the same length.
It stops flexion and
extension of the hip and
spine.
For question 2, the students will come up with their own answers.
TASK 15
Student’s own answer.
TASK 16
Student’s own answer.
TASK 19
This should lead the student into extension activities linked with long-term athletic development
(LTAD) and research carried out into special consideration for young athletes.
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AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 The skeletal and muscular systems
TASK 20
Factor affecting the
skeletal and muscular
systems
Positive impact of physical
activity and type of activity
needed
Negative impact of physical
activity and type of activity
needed
Osteoporosis
Low-impact activity in childhood
& adolescence builds strong,
healthy bones
High-impact activity is also
encouraged to increase peak bone
density
If somebody is already suffering
from osteoporosis, high-impact
activity can cause bone fractures at
the site of the weakened bone &
joint
With high-impact activity &
contact sports there is an increased
risk of sprains, strains &
dislocations
Growth plate
Excessive and repetitive exercise
can damage the growth plate
High-impact or contact activity can
cause growth plate injuries
Osteoarthritis
Low-impact activity manages
weight so less strain and joints and
less wear and tear
Exercise carried out too frequently
or at too high intensity promotes
wear and tear on the joint and
promotes the start of osteoarthritis
Joint stability
Low-impact activity strengthens
muscles, ligaments, tendons &
improves muscle tone, therefore
increasing joint stability
Exercise that causes damage to the
joints can reduce joint stability as
ligaments and tendons are
stretched, making the joint less
stable
Posture & alignment
Low-impact activity strengthens
muscles and muscle tone,
improving posture
Swiss ball work strengthens
multifidis and transverse abdmonis
and improves core stability, which
improves posture and alignment
A complete lack of physical
activity or a sedentary lifestyle
reduces muscle tone, reduces core
stability and results in poor posture
and alignment
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© Pearson Education Ltd 2008