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SUGAR UP QUESTIONS CONTRAST • SLOW TWITCH MUSCLES • Thin fibers • Many mitochondrion • Aerobic • Many myoglobin • Dark Meat • Long Distance runs • FAST TWITCH MUSCLES • Thick fibers • Few Mitochondrion • Anaerobic • Few myoglobin • Light Meat • Sprinters, weight lifting Trace path of oxygen and carbon dioxide as it passes through the respiratory system • Air enters nose and mouth • Air travels through pharynx and larynx. • Between these two is the epiglottis, a flap to control air going to the trachea (has cartilage rings to hold its shape). • Branches into two bronchi; branches even more into bronchioles.3 Trace path of oxygen and carbon dioxide as it passes through the respiratory system • At the end of the bronchioles are grapelike sacs called alveoli. • They are surrounded by capillaries to exchange O2 andCO2 with the blood. • The membrane around the lungs is called the pleura. • The muscle called the diaphragm controls the inhaling and exhaling. Respiratory System Where is the trachea? Where is the trachea? (8) Where is the diaphragm? Where is the diaphragm? (6) Which is inhalation? Which is inhalation? Where does the oxygen enters? Where does the oxygen enters? Nose (1) and mouth (2) Which is the diaphragm relaxing? Which is the diaphragm relaxing? What is located at #11? What is located at #11? alveoli Respiratory System • In which two openings does air enter the respiratory system? • Nose and mouth • What is another name for the trachea? Where is it? • Windpipe and located below epiglottis Respiratory System • The trachea branches into what two pipes as it enters the lungs? • Bronchi • What are the grapelike clusters at the end of the small tubes in the lungs? • alveoli WHAT IS AT EACH AREA? What electron carriers are at “D” and at “E”? “D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH What waste gas leaves at “H”? Carbon Dioxide What processes are at A, B, C? A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle) C (ETC and chemiosmosis) What is at “A” and “C”? “A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase Which electron carriers are in the form WITH the electrons? • FAD+ NAD+ • FADH2 NADH FADH2 NADH NAD+ comes from: • • • • Niacin Vitamin C Cholesterol Vitamin E • ANSWER: niacin What is redox? • HINT AND WHAT IT REPRESENTS • Leo goes Ger • Loss of electrons = oxidation • Gain of Electrons = reduction Which is it? • C6H12O6 converting to H2O is being: • A. Oxidized • B. Reduced • ANSWER: Oxidized Which is it? • NAD+ converting to NADH is being: • A. Oxidized • B. Reduced • ANSWER: Reduced What process means without oxygen? • A. aerobic • B. anaerobic • ANSWER: anaerobic What does this enzyme do? • DEHYDROGENASE? • ANSWER: Removes hydrogen Which Generates the Most ATP • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER:E Begins the oxidation of glucose • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G Occurs outside the mitochondrion • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G Produces 4 ATP/glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation (in the cytoplasm), but 2 ATP’s to get it started • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: G Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FAD • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E Carried out by enzymes in the matrix • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K Here e- and H+ combine with O2 to form H2O • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E Occurs along inner mitochondrial membrane • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E Generates most of the CO2 produced by cellular respiration • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K FADH2 and NADH deliver H+ and e- to this stage • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E ATP synthase makes ATP • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: E Reduces NAD+ and FAD, producing NADH and FADH2 • G. Glycolysis • K. Krebs cycle • E. ETC/Chemiosmosis • ANSWER: K What anaerobes can make ATP by fermentation OR aerobic respiration? • In other words, with or without oxygen? • Facultative anaerobes? • Strict anaerobes? • ANSWER: Facultative anaerobes What is an organism that normally uses aerobic respiration to produce ATP, but it can generate ATP without oxygen, via alcoholic fermentation? • HINTS: yeast, animals, plants? • ANSWER: yeast Fermentors replenish their NAD+ by using NADH to oxidize what acid? • Citric • Pyruvic • Hydrochloric • ANSWER: pyruvic (during fermentation) When oxygen is scare, what part of humans can make ATP by lactic acid fermentation? • HINTS: • Liver, muscles, bacteria, or heart? • ANSWER: muscles Fermentation allows cells to make ATP in the absence of: • • • • Hydrogen Nitrogen Electrons Oxygen • ANSWER: oxygen For each molecule of glucose consumed, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, and 2 what form? • NADH • FADH2 • sucrose • ANSWER:NADH What are the waste products of alcoholic fermentation besides CO2? • oxygen • Ethanol • Isopropyl alcohol • ANSWER: ethanol What kind of fermentation is used to make cheese and yogurt? • alcoholic • Lactic acid • ANSWER: lactic acid • (like lactobacillus) Fermentation makes how many ATP per molecule of glucose? • 2 • 4 • 34 • ANSWER: 2 • • • • A cell can use what process to make a small amount of ATP (2), but it must somehow recycle its NAD+ supply? Glycolysis Krebs cycle ETC/chemiosmosis fermentation • ANSWER: fermentation Like anaerobic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation produces what gas as a waste product? • Carbon dioxide • Oxygen • Nitrogen • ANSWER: carbon dioxide What kind of organisms require anaerobic conditions only? • Facultative anaerobes? • Strict anaerobes? • ANSWER:strict anaerobes What is the formula for cellular respiration? • C6H12O6 • + 6 O2 • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O • + ATP What is the formula for cellular respiration? • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP When one molecule of glucose breaks down in cellular respiration, what percent ends up as ATP molecules? • 100% • 75% • 40% • 10% • ANSWER: 40 % What is another name for the Krebs cycle? • • • • A. citric acid cycle B. Calvin cycle C. carbon dioxide cycle D. glucose cycle • ANSWER: citric acid cycle What process means “sugar breaking” • • • • A. Krebs cycle B. fermentation C. glycolysis D. ETC • ANSWER: glycolysis Where does NAD+ come from? • • • • A. vitamin C B. vitamin E C. vitamin A D. vitamin B (niacin) • ANSWER: niacin What enzyme removes hydrogens? • A. dehydrogenase • B. lipase • C. coenzyme A • ANSWER: dehydrogenase What does the ATP synthase make? • • • • A. glucose B. pyruvic acid C. ATP D. water • ANSWER: ATP What is the final electron acceptor of the ETC? • A. oxygen • B. NAD+ • C. FAD • ANSWER: oxygen Where does it take place? • 1. cellular respiration • 2. Krebs cycle • 3. lactic acid fermentation • 4. alcoholic fermentation • 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product • • • • C = cytoplasm M = mitochondrion IM = inner membrane IMS = inter membrane space • MX = matrix Where does it take place? • 1. cellular respiration • 2. Krebs cycle • 3. lactic acid fermentation • 4. alcoholic fermentation • 5. gives off CO2 as a waste product • M • MX • C • C • MX Where does it take place? • • • • ETC Glycolysis Citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-) • H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e- • C = cytoplasm • M = mitochondrion • IM = inner membrane • IMS = inter membrane space • MX = matrix Where does it take place? • • • • ETC Glycolysis Citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2 (gives up e-) • H+ ions collect when NADH and FADH2 give up e- • • • • IM C MX MX to IM • IMS What number? 2 3 4 6 34 38 ATP to start glycolysis? ANSWER: 2 Total ATP made from glycolysis to pyruvic acid? ANSWER: 4 What number? 2 3 4 6 34 38 Net ATP made from glucose to pyruvic acid? ANSWER: 2 ATP from Krebs cycle? ANSWER: 2 What number? 2 3 4 6 34 38 ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis? ANSWER: 34 Total ATP from one glucose broken down (glycolysis + Krebs cycle + ETC/chemiosmosis) ? ANSWER:38 What number? 2 3 4 6 34 38 Number of carbons in glucose? ANSWER: 6 Number of carbons in pyruvic acid? ANSWER: 3 What molecule is it? • That grooms pyruvic acid to enter the Krebs cycle? ANSWER: coenzyme A What molecule is it? That is the final (ultimate) electron acceptor? ANSWER: oxygen What molecule is it? That forms when pyruvic acid breaks down in muscles (anaerobically)? ANSWER: lactic acid What 2 molecules… • That form when pyruvic acid breaks down in yeasts (anaerobically)? • ANSWER: carbon dioxide and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) What molecule is it? • An electron carrier formed from glycolysis? • ANSWER:NAD+ to NADH What molecule is it? • 2 electron carriers formed in the Krebs cycle? • ANSWER: NADH and FADH2 What molecule… • Forms after H+ ions go through ATP synthase? • ANSWER: ATP What molecule is it? • That is formed after H+ ions join with oxygen? • ANSWER: H2O What molecule is it? • That forms as a one-carbon waste product in the Krebs cycle? • ANSWER: carbon dioxide What molecule is it? • That is a 6-carbon molecule that forms temporarily in the Krebs cycle (2-C acetyl CoA and a 4-C compound)? • ANSWER: citric acid What molecule is it? • That forms from niacin? • ANSWER: NAD+ How Alike? How Different? • Substrate-level phosphorylation • Makes ATP • Made in cytoplasm • Chemiosmosis • Makes ATP • Made in a membrane Is it ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC? • • • • • Glycolysis Krebs cycle Chemiosmosis Fermentation ETC • • • • • Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic How can you tell if a compound was oxidized or reduced? • HINTS: Not only Leo goes Ger , but also what other ion usually attaches to the e-? • Reduced = gain electrons • (ALSO GAIN Hydrogens) • Oxidized = lost electrons • (Also lost hydrogens) Which is the form in each that is filled carrying e-? • NAD+ or NADH? • FADH2 or FAD? • ANSWER: NADH and FADH2 As e- go down the ETC, do they do it…? • Gradually (step by step) • OR • Quickly (all at once)? • ANSWER: gradually Pyruvic acid gets “groomed and conditioned” by what and to go where? • ANSWER: • BY Coenzyme A to go into the Krebs cycle What is chemiosmosis? • The diffusion of _____________ from ______ concentration to ___________ concentration across a ________________. • ANSWER: H+ ions, High to Low, membrane Where do the H+ ions collect after the NADH and FADH2 dropped them off and they got pulled to here? • ANSWER: • Intermembrane Space