Download Chapter 7 Body Systems

Chapter 10
The Immune and Lymphatic Systems
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Theory Objectives
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Describe the body’s innate (natural) immune
response.
Compare and contrast the characteristics of
innate and acquired immunity.
Describe the role of the lymphatic system in the
immune response.
Identify the various ways in which immunity to
disease occurs.
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Theory Objectives (Cont.)
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Analyze the factors that interfere with normal
immune response.
Explain the role of immunizations in relation
to immunity.
Compare and contrast the responsibilities of
different members of the health care team in
preventing infection in immunocompromised
patients.
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Clinical Practice Objectives
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Identify assessments that indicate immune
system function.
Describe precautions to be taken for patients
with an impaired immune system.
Evaluate your patient’s risk for infection
during a clinical experience.
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Anatomy and Physiology of the
Immune and Lymphatic Systems
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Bone marrow
Thymus gland
Lymph system—nodes, vessels, and fluid
Tonsils
Spleen
Peyer’s patches
Age-related differences in function
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Organs of the Immune System
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Protective Mechanisms of the Immune
and Lymphatic Systems
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Inflammatory response
Immune response
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Types of immunity
• Primary humoral response
• Secondary cellular response
Immunity against disease
• Innate (natural) immunity
• Acquired immunity
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Action of the Immune Response Against
Foreign Invaders
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Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Types of Immunity (page 2014 Fig 10-6)
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Immune and Lymphatic System
Disorders
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Iatrogenic immune alteration
Physiologic changes of aging
Alcohol
Autoimmune disorders
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Maintaining a Healthy Immune System
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Eating right and getting enough rest and
exercise
Frequently skipping meals, eating unhealthy
meals, sleeping too little, or not exercising
weakens the immune system and makes
people more susceptible to pathogens
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Immunization
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Immunizations are a proven way to decrease
illness for individuals and the spread of
diseases in communities.
Some religious and cultural practices forbid
immunizations.
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Comparison of Primary and Secondary
Immune Response
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19
Skin Testing
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One of the most commonly used techniques to
measure immunity and identify people who may
have a dormant infectious disease
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Schick test to determine susceptibility to diphtheria
Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) to identify those
who might need treatment for tuberculosis (TB)
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Skin Testing (Cont.)
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Several types of skin testing
may also be done to identify
allergens.
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A scratch test (also called prick
test or puncture test)
Intradermal injection of
allergens
Patches containing allergens
Inflammation and itching
identify allergens that provoke
the immune system.
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Laboratory
Tests
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Laboratory tests on blood and serum give
important information regarding the status of the
immune system.
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Complete blood count (CBC)
Differential
Blood testing to determine if antibodies to a disease or
condition are present
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Imaging Studies
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Immunoscintigraphy is a nuclear medicine
imaging procedure in which antibodies labeled
with radioactive isotope are injected into the
bloodstream.
The isotope emits gamma rays that can be
detected by the imaging equipment.
Computers construct a picture of sites in the body
where the antibody accumulates.
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Imaging Studies (Cont.)
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Computed tomography (CT), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and positron
emission tomography (PET) can all be used
to evaluate the thymus gland and other tissue
structures of the immune system.
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Planning
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Protect from infection.
Improve health status.
Maintain a high degree of wellness to
promote optimal immune function.
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Implementation
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Meticulous adherence to Standard
Precautions, including appropriate hand
hygiene
Implementation of protective isolation
Promotion of balanced, adequate nutrition
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Evaluation
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Determine whether
expected outcomes are
being met.
Gather follow-up data.
Evaluate the
effectiveness of nursing
and medical
interventions.
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Common Problems Related to the
Immune and Lymphatic Systems
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Fever
Malnutrition
Immunosuppression
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