Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CLASS IX Geography CHAPTER 5 Evergreen Do not shed their leaves together heavy rain Deciduous- . Shed their leaves together in dry summer Rainfall between 200 cms-70cms Factors of growth types Natural vegetation& wild life Wild life Thorn forest Sandy soil Rainfall >70cms elephant Mountain forest- seen in mountains eg Himalaya camels Mangrove- seen in coastal areas rhinocers Chousingha deer Land -rough terrain support vegetation Soil- sandy soil support desert vegetation Temperature- high temperature support dense vegetation Precipitation-areas of heavy rainfall has dense vegetation Nilgai Conservation measures Biosphere reserves Financial &technical assistance to botanical gardens Project Tiger,Project Rhino etc Setting up of National parks, Wild life Sanctuaries etc. KEY POINTS 1 India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world. With about 47,000 plant species India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. 2 India account for 6 per cent of the world’s total number of flowering plants. 3 The country has many non- flowering plants such as ferns, algae and fungi. 4 India also has approximately 90,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its fresh and marine waters. Factors Responsible for Diversity in Flora and Fauna Relief : It include type of land like mountain ,plains etc Soil :Fertile soil supports dense vegetation Climate :It include temperature and precipitation. Areas of high temperature and rainfall support dense vegetation. TYPES OF VEGETATION The following major types of vegetation may be identified in our country. They are:-(1) Tropical EvergreenForests (2) TropicalDeciduousForests (3)TropicalThorn Forest and scrubs (4) MountainForests (v)Mangrove Forests. Tropical evergreen forest:- they are found in areas having more than 200cms rainfall. There is no definite time for the trees to shed their leaves. Important areas are Western Ghats. Important trees are Ebony Mahogany etc. 1. Tropical deciduous forest:- they are found in areas where the rainfall is between 200cms-100cms.Trees shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer. 2. It is subdivided into moist and dry deciduous. 3. Important trees in wet deciduous are teak, bamboos, shisham and that in dry deciduous are teak, sal, peepal etc. 4. These forests mostly exist in foothills of Himalayas, Jharkhand, Orissa, Eastern slopes of Western Ghats etc. Thorn forest and scrubs:1 they exist in areas with less than 70cms rainfall. 2 They are mostly found in Rajasthan, Madhya Prasesh, Chhattisgarh etc. 3 Acacias palm, cacti etc are important plants here. Montane forest:1 they are found in the mountainous areas. 2 Here the type of vegetation changes with increase in height. 3 Important species of trees found here are pine, deodar, spruce cedar etc. Mangrove forest:1 They are found in coastal areas. 2 In this forest the roots are submerged under water. 3 Important species are sundari tree, palm coconut etc. Wild life:1 India is rich in its fauna. 2 It has approximately 90,000 of animal species. 3.The country has about 2,000 species of birds. 4.There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock WILD ANIMALS NATURAL HABITAT 1 Elephant Forests of Assam, Karnataka, Kerala 2 One horned rhinocer Marshy & swampy areas of Assam &Bengal 3 Wild Ass & Camels Rann of Kachchh&Thar desert 4 Indian lions Gir forest in Gujarat 5 Tiger Madhya Pradesh,West Bengal 6 Yak Ladakh 7 Snow leopard, Red panda Himalayan region To protect the flora and fauna the government has taken followings steps. (i) Fourteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna. (ii)Financial and technical assistance is provided too many Botanical Gardens by the government since 1992. developmental projects have been introduced (iii) 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage. Fourteen Bio-reserves Sunderbans Simlipal Gulf of Mannar Dihang-Dibang The Nilgiris DibruSaikhowa Nanda devi Agasthyamalai Nokrek Kanchenjunga Great Nicobar Pachmari Manas Achanakmar-Amarkantak Chapter-6 POPULATION Age structure occupation Sex ratio composition Literacy rate health Reducing IMR transport National population Free education t o children relief climate population Factors affecting distribution of population Fertile soil Universal immunisation resources industry adolescents Delayed marriage migration Factors affecting Population growth growth Birth rate Death rate Key points Density of population:- The number of people living in per square km area is the density of population. Population Growth: Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time. Processes of Population Change/Growth a. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major component of growth because in India, birth rates have always been higher than death rates. b. Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. The main cause of the rate of growth of the Indian population has been the rapid decline in death rates. c. Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries). Age Composition: The age composition of a population refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country. It is one of the most basic characteristics of a population.The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories: a. Children (generally below 15 years)They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care. b. Working Age (15-59 years)They are economically productive and biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population. c. Aged (Above 59 years)They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment. Sex Ratio. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. Literacy Rates: Literacy is a very important quality of a population. Obviously, only an informed and educated citizen can make intelligent choices and undertake research and development projects. Low levels of literacy are a serious obstacle for economic improvement. Occupational Structure: The percentage of population that is economically active is an important index of development. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as the occupational structure a.Primary activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying etc. b. Secondary activities include manufacturing industry, building and construction work etc. c.Tertiary activities include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other services. Health :Health is an important component of population composition, which affects the process of development. Sustained efforts of government programmes have registered significant improvements in the health conditions of the Indian population. National Population Policy: Recognising that the planning of families would improve individual health and welfare, the Government of India initiated the comprehensive Family Planning Programme in 1952. The Family Welfare Programme has sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis. NPP 2000 and Adolescents: NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need greater attention. Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and childbearing, education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex, making contraceptive services accessible and affordable, providing food supplements, nutritional services, strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.