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Chapter 2 Early Civilization Key Words • Systemic Agriculture- Keeping animals and growing food • Artisans- Skilled workers who made products like weapons and jewelry • Civilization- 6 traits: Cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, and Art • Fertile Crescent- An arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian gulf full of rich soil • Mesopotamia- Greek for “between the rivers” • City-State- Basic units of civilization, small governments banding together to be part of the larger government • Ziggurat-A massive Sumerian tower for religious purposes • Theocracy- A government ruled by the “divine” • Cuneiform- Wedge shaped writing system used by Sumerians • Empire- A government or civilization that expands and conquers other civilizations • Patriarchal- Male dominated society Birth of Civilization • Farming villages grow into cultural hearths or centers • 6 elements of civilization: Cities, Governments, Social Structure, Writing, Art • We see a rise of specialization – Instead of growing food to survive, or making clothes to survive we now go to an Artisan and buy stuff from them LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS Key Concepts • Productive resources include natural resources, human resources and capital. These resources are used to produce goods and services like food, clothing and shelter. • All productive resources are scarce. Therefore, producers must choose which resources will produce the highest amount of goods and services given the costs. FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS Three Key Productive Resources Natural Resources “Gifts of nature” used to produce goods and services; for example, fields of land, water, minerals, and forests. Human Resources The human effort available to produce goods and services. Capital Resources Goods made and used to produce other goods and services. Examples include buildings, machinery, tools, and equipment. FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS Key Concepts • Specialization involves a situation in which people produce a narrower range of goods and services than they consume. Specialization increases productivity; it also requires trade and increases interdependence. FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS Key Concepts • Productivity is the amount of a good or service that can be produced with a given amount of natural resources, human resources, and capital resources. It is measured by taking total output and dividing it by the number of productive units used (typically the amount of labor). FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS Ways to Increase Productivity • In addition to specialization, productivity can be increased through: o Improved technology (new tools, irrigation) o More capital or human capital (education and skills training) o Innovation (new idea on how to reorganize the way labor is used) o Discovery of better resources (new minerals are discovered) FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent • The Fertile Crescent is the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Home of Mesopotamia • Even though it had little rainfall, years of river flooding brought in rich soil Mesopotamian Development • River flooding makes the soil fertile and rich • Flooding is unpredictable • Mesopotamians learn to control this flooding by using irrigation and ditches Number Heads together • How might irrigation and other innovations change the way civilization develops Mesopotamian Civilization • Actually refers to 3 general areas – Sumer – Assyria – Akkad • Sumerians were first Sumerian Religion • Polytheistic • Theocracy • We don’t know where Sumeria begins • But, around 3,000 BCE they had established a large culture • Famous city states include Eridu, Ur, and Uruk Religion • Epic of Gilgamesh • A Poem that follows the king Gilgamesh who is half man half god • Compare it to the bible, there are similarities and differences Sumerian Cities • Surrounded by walls on all sides • Built out of dry mud bricks • These people invented the arch and the dome • Built the some of the largest brick buildings of the time Sumerian Language • Cuneiform- Wedge shaped writing • Writing is very important • Writing is a status symbol • Scribes are very well respected and well trained Code of Hammurabi • What does it say • How does it say it New Centers of Civilization • • • • • • • • • Pastoral Nomads- Farming Nomads Domesticated- To ‘Civilize’ plants or animals Indo-Europeans- Greek, Latin, Persian people Hittites Phoenicians Israelites Assyrians The Persian Empire Nebuchadnezzar Indo European Migration Phoenicia Phoenician Language Israelites • Abraham begat Isaac, who begat Jacob, who changed his name to Israel • Nomadic Pastoralists • Eventually move to Egypt during a drought and become enslaved until Moses leads them away around 1200 BCE • Wondered in the desert and in 1000 BCE they settle in to the United Kingdom of Israel Israelite Leaders • King David (of David and Goliath Fame) is wise and creates the Kingdom of Jerusalem – David and Bathsheba • His son Solomon the wise – We shall cut this baby in two The Divided Kingdom • After the death of Solomon the tribes are scattered and conquered • Conquered by Assyrians in 722 BCE • Southern tribes are conquered by Chaldeans • 586 BC Jerusalem is completely destroyed and the Israelites are enslaved in Babylon • Eventually conquered by Persians Persian Empire Persia • Cyrus 559-530 – Conquered Babylon shows compassion and restraint • Darius 521-486 – Separates Persia into 20 provinces called satrapies – Created the Royal Road – Created the immortals • Xerxes- 486-465 – God King – Battle of Thermopylae Egypt • • • • • • • • Nile River Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Religion Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Egyptian Heiroglyphics Nile River Delta Nile River • The Nile is the longest river in the world (4,000 Miles) • Empties into the Mediterranean Sea (Flows South to North) • Egyptian society is dependent on the Nile Flooding Egyptian Religion • Egyptians had no word for Religion • Religion represents the way the world connects • It’s not a religion, to them it’s just life Uniting of Upper and Lower Egypt • King Menes unites Egypt 3100 BCE • Scholars split Egyptian life into three periods of peace and prosperity • Separated by intermediate periods of disorder or invasion Old Kingdom • 2700-2200 BCE • Pharaoh becomes a widely used term, actually means “great house” • Pharaoh is seen as a god • Pyramids built • A complex of buildings dedicated to the dead Pyramids • Pyramids built at Giza 2540 BCE • The Largest Pyramid was build for King Khufu • The middle pyramid was built for Khafre, the son of Khufu • The smallest was built for Menkure, the son of Khafre, was not finished when he died Pyramids The Sphinx • Guardian of Sacred sites • Outside Khafre’s pyramid Middle Kingdom • • • • 2055- 1650 BCE Considered the Golden Age of Stability Period of expansion Pharaoh turns from a God King to a Shepard of the people • Red Sea Canal New Kingdom • 1550-1070 BCE • Hyksos the pharaoh reunites Egypt starting the New Kingdom • Hatshepsut-First female Pharaoh • Tutankhamen- The Child Pharaoh • Ramses II- Tried to bring Egypt back from 12791213 BCE • Cleopatra VII- Tried to re-establish Egypt’s independence