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Chapter 2
Early Civilization
Key Words
• Systemic Agriculture- Keeping animals and growing food
• Artisans- Skilled workers who made products like weapons and jewelry
• Civilization- 6 traits: Cities, government, religion, social structure, writing,
and Art
• Fertile Crescent- An arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian
gulf full of rich soil
• Mesopotamia- Greek for “between the rivers”
• City-State- Basic units of civilization, small governments banding together
to be part of the larger government
• Ziggurat-A massive Sumerian tower for religious purposes
• Theocracy- A government ruled by the “divine”
• Cuneiform- Wedge shaped writing system used by Sumerians
• Empire- A government or civilization that expands and conquers other
civilizations
• Patriarchal- Male dominated society
Birth of Civilization
• Farming villages grow into cultural hearths or
centers
• 6 elements of civilization: Cities,
Governments, Social Structure, Writing, Art
• We see a rise of specialization
– Instead of growing food to survive, or making
clothes to survive we now go to an Artisan and
buy stuff from them
LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS
Key Concepts
• Productive resources include natural
resources, human resources and capital.
These resources are used to produce
goods and services like food, clothing and
shelter.
• All productive resources are scarce.
Therefore, producers must choose which
resources will produce the highest
amount of goods and services given the
costs.
FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY
LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS
Three Key Productive Resources
Natural Resources
“Gifts of nature” used to produce
goods and services; for example,
fields of land, water, minerals,
and forests.
Human Resources
The human effort available to
produce goods and services.
Capital Resources
Goods made and used to produce
other goods and services. Examples
include buildings, machinery, tools,
and equipment.
FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY
LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS
Key Concepts
• Specialization involves a situation in
which people produce a narrower range of
goods and services than they consume.
Specialization increases productivity; it
also requires trade and increases
interdependence.
FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY
LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS
Key Concepts
• Productivity is the amount of a good or
service that can be produced with a given
amount of natural resources, human
resources, and capital resources. It is
measured by taking total output and
dividing it by the number of productive
units used (typically the amount of labor).
FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY
LESSON 4 – GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DEVELOP AROUND RIVERS
Ways to Increase Productivity
• In addition to specialization, productivity
can be increased through:
o Improved technology (new tools, irrigation)
o More capital or human capital (education and
skills training)
o Innovation (new idea on how to reorganize the
way labor is used)
o Discovery of better resources (new minerals
are discovered)
FOCUS MIDDLE SCHOOL WORLD HISTORY © COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC EDUCATION, NEW YORK, NY
The Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent
• The Fertile Crescent is
the area between the
Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
• Home of Mesopotamia
• Even though it had little
rainfall, years of river
flooding brought in rich
soil
Mesopotamian Development
• River flooding makes
the soil fertile and rich
• Flooding is
unpredictable
• Mesopotamians learn
to control this flooding
by using irrigation and
ditches
Number Heads together
• How might irrigation and other innovations
change the way civilization develops
Mesopotamian Civilization
• Actually refers to 3
general areas
– Sumer
– Assyria
– Akkad
• Sumerians were first
Sumerian Religion
• Polytheistic
• Theocracy
• We don’t know where
Sumeria begins
• But, around 3,000 BCE
they had established a
large culture
• Famous city states
include Eridu, Ur, and
Uruk
Religion
• Epic of Gilgamesh
• A Poem that follows the
king Gilgamesh who is
half man half god
• Compare it to the bible,
there are similarities
and differences
Sumerian Cities
• Surrounded by walls on
all sides
• Built out of dry mud
bricks
• These people invented
the arch and the dome
• Built the some of the
largest brick buildings of
the time
Sumerian Language
• Cuneiform- Wedge
shaped writing
• Writing is very
important
• Writing is a status
symbol
• Scribes are very well
respected and well
trained
Code of Hammurabi
• What does it say
• How does it say it
New Centers of Civilization
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Pastoral Nomads- Farming Nomads
Domesticated- To ‘Civilize’ plants or animals
Indo-Europeans- Greek, Latin, Persian people
Hittites
Phoenicians
Israelites
Assyrians
The Persian Empire
Nebuchadnezzar
Indo European Migration
Phoenicia
Phoenician Language
Israelites
• Abraham begat Isaac, who begat Jacob, who
changed his name to Israel
• Nomadic Pastoralists
• Eventually move to Egypt during a drought
and become enslaved until Moses leads them
away around 1200 BCE
• Wondered in the desert and in 1000 BCE they
settle in to the United Kingdom of Israel
Israelite Leaders
• King David (of David and Goliath Fame) is wise
and creates the Kingdom of Jerusalem
– David and Bathsheba
• His son Solomon the wise
– We shall cut this baby in two
The Divided Kingdom
• After the death of Solomon the tribes are
scattered and conquered
• Conquered by Assyrians in 722 BCE
• Southern tribes are conquered by Chaldeans
• 586 BC Jerusalem is completely destroyed and
the Israelites are enslaved in Babylon
• Eventually conquered by Persians
Persian Empire
Persia
• Cyrus 559-530
– Conquered Babylon shows compassion and restraint
• Darius 521-486
– Separates Persia into 20 provinces called satrapies
– Created the Royal Road
– Created the immortals
• Xerxes- 486-465
– God King
– Battle of Thermopylae
Egypt
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Nile River
Lower Egypt
Upper Egypt
Religion
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Egyptian Heiroglyphics
Nile River Delta
Nile River
• The Nile is the longest river in the world
(4,000 Miles)
• Empties into the Mediterranean Sea (Flows
South to North)
• Egyptian society is dependent on the Nile
Flooding
Egyptian Religion
• Egyptians had no word for Religion
• Religion represents the way the world
connects
• It’s not a religion, to them it’s just life
Uniting of Upper and Lower Egypt
• King Menes unites Egypt 3100 BCE
• Scholars split Egyptian life into three periods
of peace and prosperity
• Separated by intermediate periods of disorder
or invasion
Old Kingdom
• 2700-2200 BCE
• Pharaoh becomes a widely used term, actually
means “great house”
• Pharaoh is seen as a god
• Pyramids built
• A complex of buildings dedicated to the dead
Pyramids
• Pyramids built at Giza 2540 BCE
• The Largest Pyramid was build for King Khufu
• The middle pyramid was built for Khafre, the
son of Khufu
• The smallest was built for Menkure, the son of
Khafre, was not finished when he died
Pyramids
The Sphinx
• Guardian of Sacred sites
• Outside Khafre’s pyramid
Middle Kingdom
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2055- 1650 BCE
Considered the Golden Age of Stability
Period of expansion
Pharaoh turns from a God King to a Shepard
of the people
• Red Sea Canal
New Kingdom
• 1550-1070 BCE
• Hyksos the pharaoh reunites Egypt starting the
New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut-First female Pharaoh
• Tutankhamen- The Child Pharaoh
• Ramses II- Tried to bring Egypt back from 12791213 BCE
• Cleopatra VII- Tried to re-establish Egypt’s
independence