Download Theories of Development

Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
Theories of Development
•
Psychoanalytic
•
•
•
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
•
•
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Epigenetic Systems Theory
Questions to Ask
•
Do early experiences (breast feeding, bonding,
abuse) linger into adulthood, even if seemingly
forgotten?
•
How important are specific school experiences in
human intelligence?
•
Can a person develop moral values without being taught
them?
•
Do a person’s chances of becoming a violent adult
depend on whether he or she grows up in, say, Chile
or Cambodia or Canada?
•
If your parents or grand parents suffer from
depression, schizophrenia, or alcoholism, will you
develop the same condition?
(Why or why not, when and how, so what?)
What Theories Do
•
Developmental theory - systematic statement of
principles and generalizations that provides a coherent
framework for studying development
– Connects facts and observations
Three Ways Theories are practical
•
•
Insight and guidance regarding human development
Basis for hypotheses
NOTES
Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
•
Provide a summary of our current knowledge about
development
What Theories Do
• Grand theories -comprehensive, traditional theories
–
Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Behaviorism
• Minitheories -theories that focus on specific area of
development
• Emergent theories - new, comprehensive groupings of
minitheories (theories of tomorrow)
• Sociocultural, epigenetic
GRAND THEORIES
Psychoanalytic
•
Sigmund Freud
– Psychosexual Theory
•
•
•
Irrational, unconscious drives and motives
Many originate in childhood
Underlie human behavior
Psychoanalytic: Freud
•
Stages
•
•
• Oral ( 0-1 )
• Anal (1-3)
• Phallic ( 3-6)
•
Latency (7 – 11)
Genital ( 11+)
Sexual interest/pleasure centered on a part of the
body.
Freud
The 3 systems of personality:
1. Id:
•
•
•
Unconscious, psychic energy
Satisfaction of basic urges:
Survival, aggression, reproduction
NOTES
Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
•
Governs infants
(Present at birth)
2.
•
Ego:
•
•
•
Tries to make rational choices
•
Begins to accommodate the world’s demands.
Copes with the reality of daily life
Keeps the id’s unconscious lust & superego under
control.
3.
•
•
Superego:
The strict, moral judge:
Moral Structure
• Emerges around 4 –5 years of age
– (The emotionally healthy person develops a strong
ego, able to cope with the urges of both the id
and the superego.)
GRAND THEORIES
Psychoanalytic: Erikson
•
Erik Erikson (“son of myself”: Erik, Erik’s son)
– Each stage has a challenge
– Resolution depends on the social environment
– Person’s relationship to the family
•
•
•
•
•
Trust vs. Mistrust ( 0-1)
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt ( 1-3)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
Industry vs. Inferiority (7-11)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Integrity vs. Despair
NOTES
Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
Grand Theories:
Behaviorism
• Watson-founder of behaviorism
• Behaviorism is built on laws of behavior and processes
by which behavior is learned
– Focus: Ways we learn specific behaviors that can be
described, analyzed, and predicted with scientific
accuracy
•
“Learning Theory”
Laws of Behavior
•
Conditioning
– Classical conditioning - Pavlov
• stimulus and response
(respondent)
Dogs
– Operant conditioning - Skinner
• Reinforcement
• (instrumental)
Social Learning Theory
•
•
•
•
•
•
Albert Bandura
An application of behaviorism
Identification / Motivation
Behaviors are learned through observation & imitation
Modeling
Self- efficacy
Grand Theory:
Cognitive Theory
•
Jean Piaget
• Focuses on the structure and development of thought
processes, which shapes perceptions, attitudes, and
actions.
NOTES
Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
•
Cognitive equilibrium:
State of mental balance
– Cognitive adaptation –
assimilation, accommodation of ideas
Emergent Theory
•
Sociocultural Theory: Lev Vygotsky
– Seeks to explain growth of individual knowledge,
development, and competencies in terms of guidance,
support, and structure supplied by the society
Sociocultural theory
•
•
•
Guided participation: Tutor engages learner in joint
activities, providing instruction and direct
involvement in learning
Apprenticeship in thinking: Mentor provides
instruction and support needed by novice
Zone of proximal development- range of skills learner
can do with assistance but not independently
Sociocultural Theory
The Magic Middle or ZPD:
•
•
1.
Between boring and impossible
2.
Teacher/learner result is newly understood
knowledge, new skills
•
Intellectual excitement: the joy of instruction and
study.
Emergent Theory:
Epigenetic Theory
•
Emphasizes the interaction between genes and the
environment -- the newest developmental theory
NOTES
Psychology 11 – Chapter 2: Theories of Development
Lecture Guide
– Each human has a genetic foundation that is unique
– Environment is very important and may cause a
person to follow one path or another from their
genetic bases, depending upon conditions
•
Adaptation of the genes
– Selective adaptation means that genes for the
traits that are most useful will become more
frequent, thus making survival of species more likely
Ethology
•
The study of the evolutionary origins and species
survival
•
Study of patterns of animal behavior
•
This perspective has particular relevance for human
infants
Comparisons and Controversies
•
Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of
importance of early childhood experiences
•
Behaviorism has shown effect of immediate
environment on behavior
•
Cognitive theory helps us understand how intellectual
process and thinking affect actions
•
Sociocultural theory has reminded us that development
is embedded in a rich and multifaceted context
•
Epigenetic systems theory emphasizes inherited forces
that affect everyone within each particular context
Eclecticism and you
Eclectic perspective
Approach taken by most developmentalists in which
they apply aspects of each of the various theories
rather than staying with just one
NOTES