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Grammar
8 parts of speech
1. Noun
 Person, place, thing or
idea
 Proper or common
 Abstract or concrete
 Collective
Proper & common nouns

Proper nouns name particular
people, places, or things.
These are capitalized
Ann, Montana, Sears Tower
 Common nouns are not
capitalized
 woman, street, building
Pronoun
 Used in place of a noun or
more than one noun
 Be careful to avoid unreferenced
or ambiguous pronouns
 It was a beautiful day.
 Jenny was arguing with
Paula, and she looked
unhappy.
Adjective
 Used to modify a noun or
pronoun
 What kind
 Which one
 How many
 Adjectives need not precede the
modified word
 The rat, large and ugly, sat gazing
at the corn field.
 Adjectives that modify the
subject of the sentence may
follow the verb (called a
predicate adjective). These only
occur with being/linking verbs.
 Bethany is homely.
 This is called a predicate
adjective
 The most commonly used
adjectives are a, an, and
the. They are often called
articles.
Verb
 A word that expresses
action or state of being
Action verbs that take an
object are called transitive
verbs
The rain lashed the windows.
An intransitive verb takes no
object
The rain fell.
 Linking or being verbs
suggest a state or condition
 Being verbs – is, am, are, was,
were, be, being, been (others)
 Linking verbs – appear, become,
feel, grow, look, remain, seem
(others)
 Mildred looks very angry.
 The verb phrase is made up of a
main verb and one or more
helping verbs.
 has played, should have paid, will
be coming, must have been hurt
Adverb
 Used to modify verbs and
adjectives, or other adverbs
Tells how, when, where, or to
what extent (how often/how
much)
 Modifying a verb
 Theresa reads quickly.
 Thomas can really skate.
 My parents left yesterday.
 Modifying an adjective
 Bart is an incredibly intense
competitor.
 I couldn’t tell if the unbelievably
ugly dog was coming or going.
 Modifying another adverb
 She swam very fast.
 Sean fell terribly hard on the
ice.
Preposition
 Used to show the relation
of a noun or pronoun to
some other word in the
sentence.
ALWAYS occurs in a phrase
 The phrase, as a whole,
operates as an adjective or
adverb
 The noun or pronoun (in the
definition) is called the object
of the preposition
 A short list of prepositions:
 About, above, across, after, at,
in, by, into, of, on, over, since,
through, throughout, to, toward,
under, until, up, upon, with,
before, beside, among, around,
from, for, like, since, between
 The first person in the pool
wins the race.
 I edited the article for the
magazine.
Conjunction
 Joins words or groups of
words
Coordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
 Coordinating conjunctions join
two equal “things”
 and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
 Joan and Tarren are the best
musicians in our school.
 The cougar turned and ran
through the yard.
 Cattle or swine remain the only
critters raised in this county.
 Correlative conjunctions
 always occur in pairs – either/or,
neither/nor, both/and, not only/but
(also), whether/or
 His act was neither interesting nor
exciting.
 Either come help me in the kitchen
or go clean the garage.
 Subordinating conjunctions
 Used to begin subordinate
clauses, usually adverb clauses.
 This computer is even better
than we had anticipated.
 I will do it myself since you
can’t help me.
Interjection
 Expresses emotion and has
no grammatical relation to
other words in the sentence
 Oh!
Hurry! Wow! Ouch!
Don’t panic yet !
We will deal with this in
small chunks, and only to
a certain depth.