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European Exploration, cont… SLMS/13 Columbus’s Voyage Spanish Explorers •Since the Portuguese were focused on finding a way to India by going around Africa, Christopher Columbus elected to sail west in order to reach the east. (He had no idea that two continents stood in the way!) •He left Spain on August 3, and sighted land on October 12. •Although he sighted the Bahamas, and explored islands in the Carribbean, he called the area the Indies, because he incorrectly believed that he had reached the East Indies. This is why Native Americans were incorrectly called “Indians”. •Columbus made 3 more voyages, and died still believing that he had reached the East Indies in Asia. •Vasco de Balboa is best known for crossing the isthmus of Panama in 1513 and “discovering” the Pacific Ocean. •Ferdinand Magellan began an ambitious voyage in 1519. It was his goal to be the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe (sail around the world). He sailed around the southern tip of South America through the straits which bear his name. Magellan’s ship and crew made it back to Spain in 1521, but Magellan himself was killed in the Phillippines. Spanish Conquistadors •Conquistador is spanish for conqueror. Most conquistadors were motivated by the desire for riches and personal glory, (and possibly the desire to spread religion). They were warriors who dominated and controlled large native empires. •Hernando Cortés was a conquistador extraordinarie. In 1519, Cortés set out for Mexico and encountered the Aztec Empire. By 1521, thanks to advanced technology and disease, he succeeded in conquering and dismantling the Empire. •Francisco Pizarro, a distant cousin of Cortés, heard of the riches and gold in South America. After two unsuccessful tries in 1524 & 1526, he was able to conquer the Incan Empire of South America (centered in Peru) in 1533. The English, French and Dutch •The northern Europeans (French, English & Dutch) began their programs of exploration after the Spanish and Portuguese. Like others, they were motivated to find a westward passage to the East. •John Cabot, an Italian who sailed for England in 1497, was commissioned to find a Northwest passage to China. He was unsuccessful, but claimed Canada for England. •Henry Hudson was an English explorer commissioned by the Dutch East India Company to find a Northwest passage in the early 1600s. He explored the northeast coast of Canada. Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait and the Hudson River all bear his name. •Jacques Cartier was an explorer from France who in 1534 was commissioned to find a Northwest passage. He discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence seaway instead. He claimed Canada for France. Conflict?