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Ch. 3 - Specialties of colonies - King philip's war = Southern new england, 1675, indian alliance led by Wampanoag leader Metacom known as king philip - in 1676 they attacked half of New England's towns and many in Massachusetts pushing colonists eastward. - Iroquois had military alliance with gov of new york - Indians suffered as a consequence and fled to canada or new york if they werent sold into slavery. Praying Indians that converted to christianity and were supervised by protestants suffered too. - Mercantilism - govt should regulate economy to promote national power - Encouraging bounties, monopolies, commerce and manufacturing. Trade should be controlled. - - EXPORTS > imports - England enjoys the profits of their empire First navigation act = take trade powers from the dutch who had free trade all over the word. - Americans had to pay taxes on international exports in England before the rest of the world. Imports into the colonies also had to go through england. - Stimulated new england shipbuilding industry - Under charles II British were monopoly of slave trade and number of english colonies doubles. - 1664 new netherland was seized along with trading posts in africa. Became new york when he gave it to his brother, the duke of york. City was surrendered easily since dutch focused on colonies in other continents. - Transformed city from military base to imperial outpost for sea trading. City earned a lot of european citizens - Rights of women decreased with English law in ex-dutch colonies since law allowing women property ownership and inheritance was ended. Female traders thus decreased till the end of the 17th century. Rights of blacks also decreased as previous “freeman” rules were removed and blacks were expelled from skilled jobs - Certain families awarded land grants promoting monopolization - Thanks to Sir Edmund Andros, governor of new york, the covenant chain united iroquois and english which helped clear other indians from new york. Eventually other tribes (around great lakes and ohio valley with french aid ) attacked iroquois promoting them to become neutral - New York colonists felt inferior to English and yearned for rights (especially long islanders) . Duke of york created charter of liberties - It allowed elections every 3 years (for freemen and male property owners), trial by jury, security of property, religious toleration of protestants. Overall attempted to assert dominance over Dutch past in the city. - Charles II created Carolina in 1663 to stop Spanish expansion from florida. As an “offshoot” of Barbados, Caribbeans richest plantation colony. Carolinans sent Indians on raids in Spanish Florida and enslaved some. They exported more slaves than they imported. Native Americans revolted but lost and thus were driven out/enslaved. - The colony quickly transformed into a slave haven despite the constitution aiming to establish a feudalist system. Those who brought slaves gained much land and when they focused on agriculture the colony came to be the largest exporter of rice, a staple. - Pennsylvania was the last colony of the 1600s and was made by William Penn to promote spiritual freedom alongside indians. Land was granted by Charles II to cancel a debt with his father. He wanted to provide refuge for quakers like himself. - Created the jersey concessions - Humanist who supported Indians, blacks, and women. Quakers were pacifists. The charter promoted a moral code rather than religious uniformity - With the colonization slaves became more of a necessity to help chesapeake planters in tobacco planting. They were bound to their work so they never became a landless man and could not claim property (english common law). - Less likely to get sick since they had worked hard labor already and encountered many European diseases. - - - - Christianity vs barbarism or heathenism was more common than race conflict Indian indentured servants were wiped out by disease and British indentured servants were unwilling to do such strenuous work. Barbados generated more trade than all other British colonies combined in their sugar plantations. - First crop to be mass marketed to consumers in europe Indentured English servants used to be the backbone of the Chesapeake labor force since they were cheaper but they died out. In Maryland blacks could own slaves and testify in court (story of anthony johnson). When they were first in america they had rights but it wasnt till the race was associated with slavery (and transatlantic trade route established) that black was associated with something less. How black and slavery became synonomous: - - Virginia law of 1662 said that the status of the offspring of parents that had 2 people, one enslaved and one freed, would result in the child having the status of the mother. This promoted sexual abuse of mothers so as birth more slaves Religious conversion did not free slave of bondage Laws discriminating interracial marriage Bacon's rebellion , 1676 : Promoted african slavery in virgina from a previously indentured slave population. Gov William Berkely helped monopolize the tobacco industry in Virginia with few farmers in his inner circle. The white poverty population grew as free small farmers (white) lost jobs due to tobacco overproduction and high taxes, and freed servants having no work. He did not allow white people to settle in Indian land. A fight broke out between Indians and ex-indentured slaves/farmers on virginas western frontier as they wanted to expand into Indian land. - This helped the conversion to slaves as laborers not indentured servants since white workers still had a notion of liberty while slaves were absolutely powerless. Ch. 4 - Slavery - Asiento = contract that confirmed british would provide slaves to spanish america - Slave market of west indies was important for fish grain livestock and lumber exported from new england and middle colonies - Slaves : from gold and slave coast - Africans also provided cheap textiles and received firearms. - Ashanti and Dahomey used these guns to gather more slaves. - Goods destined for slaves societies: Manufactured goods from europe going to colonies - Crops produced by slaves:furs, fish, tobacco, grain, sugar, rice, etc. Going from colonies to england - Less than 5% went to north america, most went to west indies/brazil sugar plantations. - Slavery in virgina/maryland (chesapeake) - After 1680 shifted from indentured servants to slaves. Main revenue was from tobacco then grain production in Virginia and maryland. - - - - Slavery expanded to different types of farms and jobs as people expanded westward. - Created a hierarchy with large planters at the top of chesapeake society Virginia required free slaves to be sent out of the colony so there were few free slaves (in 1750). Free = white at this point. More balanced sex ration in slaves that allowed for family centered slave communitys Slavery in early carolina Relied on export of indian slaves to caribbean and selling of deerskins/furs from indians to england. Creeks feared enslavement as the British encroached into their land and they neared Spanish florida. By 1730 most carolinians were black due to large scale cultivation of rice that was necessary. - More land and efficient rice production . Blacks were more educated than colonists. - Slaves were to be in control of the fields due to partial immunity to malaria, unlike in chesapeake where they used task system (daily crop requirements ) - Stono rebellion = congo slaves beat drums and burned houses and killed whites shouting liberty as they marched towards spanish florida. This led to tightening of the slave code. At one point south carolina brought poor protestants to battle the high black numbers but london revoked this Georgia slavery Rice cultivation spread to georgia in mid 1700s Founded by oglethorpe with the dream of it being a haven for “Wealthy poor” of england. Slaves and liquor were banned despite colonists wanting it. 1751 proprietors returned the colony to the crown where they elected an assembly that repealed this ban. Low birth rate in georgia and carolina meant new slaves had to be sourced. More autonomous and spoke gullah while living in their african communities. Charleston and Savannah had servant/skilled workers that promoted mulattos. Slavery in north - - Small farmers predominated so slaves were mainly used as servants or as helpers to workers. Slave laws were much less cruel (marriage recognized, severe physical punishment prohibited, court, property ownership) Northern states used slaves for wage labor work such as artisan shops, farm hands, loading/unloading ships, craftsmen, etc. In 1741 after fires broke out rumors spread that slaves were trying to take over New York and give it to the spanish. They attempted to give the slaves freedom in the eyes of the christ - convert them Pg 108 Ch. 4 - England late 1600’s - 1688 secured parliamentary succession to throne not crown (Charles II). After came James II - who decreed religious toleration for protestant dissenters and catholics. - Glorious revolution : James II fled in 1688 after William of Orange entered England with an army of dutch in the name of English liberties. - Protestant denomination was thus secured as a king was back in power. - Reinforced the notion of freedom and protestantism with american colonies - 1675 lords of trade were created by england to oversee colonial affairs - James ii from 1686-88 combined connecticut, plymouth, massachusetts, new hampshire, rhode island, new york and east/west jersey into the dominion of new england. Ruled by Sir Edmund andros. - His tyranny ignored local representatives and reinforced the fear of monarchys/loss of english liberties - After the overthrow of James II, colonies rebelled and dissolved dominion (removed lord baltimore sir edmond andros, etc.) - Maryland uprising: ”The overthrowing of James II triggered uprisings and rebellions all along the east coast. After multiple other seizures of authority, Maryland's Protestant Association overthrew the government of the colony's Catholic proprietor, Lord Baltimore.” - Colony tolerated catholics less now - - - Leisler’s rebellion: Leisler was a calvinist wealthy merchant that divided NY by economic and ethnic lines allowing members of dutch majority to reclaim local power/encourage rebellion across the city. Rich protested in London and he was hung and cut into several pieces. - Plymouth and Massachusetts where merged and property ownership would dictate voting rights. Governor was appointed by london and thus Massachusetts became a royal colony under a single english charter. - Forced to abide by english toleration act of 1690 - all protestants must be allowed to worship freely. Against puritan separatists of Plymouth's ideals. In 1692 Salem witch trials revealed the justice issue in the colony massachusetts. A clergyman then released a document warning of the false testimony of the jury. From then on they would work to find scientific evidence not witchcraft as a justification. Thousands of Indians died from disease upon the arrival of Columbus thus helping wipe out the new world. Ch. 4 Growth of colonial america - 1700-1770 received mainly non english europeans and africans. English emigration was no longer promoted as skilled labor was flooding into the new world (brain drain). - Immigration into the land made it very diverse. Many were promised English asylum if they stayed in colonies for 7 years. Government was still convinced that colonial development helped england. They sent convicts to work in chesapeake and members of non english parts of british isles. - Scotts had a profound impact in the colonies as presbyterians fleeing religious discrimination from northern ireland/scotland. - Most European immigrants were germans. Many of which fled religious persecution as the minority of their German state. (Mennonites, Moravians, certain catholic and lutherans, etc.) - Skilled work was paid well and there was no military draft, economic opportunity was not exclusive, and land was plentiful. - Newcomers would eventually equate land with liberty, threatening the indians. - Old tribes died off with the remnants of them forming new tribes and assimilating to certain technologies of white people (alcohol guns etc) - In pennsylvania germans would expand into indian land in need of land Regional diversity - New england and backcountry: small farms and family labor - Older parts of NY, NJ, and Pennsylvania: commerce oriented farmers that sold abroad and used wage laborers. Land was held by large landowners - Early consumerism - English american cities were gathering places for agricultural goods/imported items for distribution in the countryside Ch. 3 Origin of American ideals - pg124 - Gap between rich and poor widened like nothing before. No banks so mercantile success depended on connections and business talent - Virginia gentry used control of local land to gain control of government and power in house of burgesses - Anglicization = Americans adopting British values and goods to prove their worth and status. - This caused many planters to go into debt - South carolina planters where the richest - Freedom from work = gentleman - Half of the wealth was by the 10 richest landowners in the late 1700’s. This meant that white colonists were forced to look west to find more land. - Economic dependence began to be looked down upon as land ownership equated to liberty. Not relying on anyone meant you were free ! - Cousinocracy = Virginian upper class intermarried and was very close, so a cousinocracy said to rule it. Ch4 pg 150 - War helped sharpen sense of national identity to foreign powers and british were increasingly patriotic throughout 1700s (“God save the king”) - Continental people = wooden shoes, had lower standards than britons - Britain became a place of widespread prosperity, individual liberty, rule of law, and protestant faith. - Liberty was highly valued among britons - - - - - - - House of commons, house of lords, and king checked the power of others - Political cause wrapped itself in language of liberty and jury often decided on cases that were for “rights of englishmen” on both sides of the atlantic. - Viewed every other country as contempt to slavery or barabarism in some way Liberty became synonymous with right to resist arbitrary government as it lost its traditional association with the wealthy Republicanism = active participation in public life by independent citizens who valued virtue and morals - In britain, freedom was associated with the “country party”, who fought for elections of men of independence Liberalism = john locke, family principals inappropriate for governing public life - personal ideas, family relations, religious preferences, and economic activity should be shielded from government. Lockean ideas - individual rights, consent of governed, right of rebellion. - Ideology was against slavery and lack of female rights 1700s was more stable in england and colonies except for new york, where differed groups fought for political support Most British did not vote - had to own land. New England colonies stressed harmony - elections were uncontested. Middle colonies had competitive elections, “Deference” ( Assumption among ordinary people that wealth education and social prominence was required to hold a spot in office) held people back from office Salutary neglect = colonies left to govern themselves - Certain land owners dominated local politics Assemblies became increasingly important in 1700s as opposed to governors decision - One house system in pennsylvania People in America were entitled to a political opinion. Or at least political conversations (especially philadelphia) - Widespread literacy Freedom of speech in england used to mean the parliaments privilege of unrestrained debate Ch. 4 Enlightenment/awakening - 1735 trial of john peter zenger “ German printer who emigrated to NT as a youth. Wrote about the government's tyranny as he was financed by governor william cosby, an opponent to the governor. Hamilton, his attorney, fought for the governor to be judged. Zenger was found not guilty. - Promoted publication of truth and warned of the complexity of libel cases - English enlightenment: Philosophical movement that applied scientific method to life. Every human institution should be judged. Benjamin Franklin for example. - Americans often believed in - Arminianism = reason alone helped establish essentials of religion - Deism = belief that god withdrew after creating the world leaving humans with scientific laws - Both viewed religious tradition as outdated - Great awakening: Religious disputes more important than political issues - Colonial growth prioritized worldly affairs - Religious fundamentalism : wahhabism, hasidic jews, methodism - Preaching of whitfield offered salvation and highlighted repentance - Congregations split into factions headed by traditionalists and revivalists. New churches criticized taxes that supported an established church and defended religious freedom - Reflected social tensions and questioned authority - George whitfield, english evangelist, was a prominent preacher - Asserted right of independent judgement. Revivalists would promote the ability to form your own view different than those of elites. Ch. 4 Imperial rivalries (1750s) - Spanish - thinly populated. Colonies from pacific coast and new mexico into great plains and through texas and florida. After 1763 included louisiana. - Reality was few urban clusters (St augustine florida, san antonio, and santa fe and albuquerque new mexico) - - - 1750-1800s tried to populate north of rio grande by stabilizing relations with indians (comanches and apaches) Economy reliant on trading and labor from indians - Texas was colonized to prevent french commercial influence from intruding new mexico - Presidios = military outposts at los adaes, la bahia, and san antonio - Many colonies stagnated due to war and diseases. - Russian fur traders were in Alaska so the Spanish colonized California to protect Spanish America. Junipero Serra founded the first California mission, San diego. Was praised in Spain for converting Indians however forced labor and diseases were common in the missions. - California outposts were religious institutions/government and labor centers. French - greater rivals to british due to close proximity. Pushed into the Mississippi river valley south into great lakes and north. - Prejudice against North America in france. Manon, the opera, displayed the land as a home for criminals and outcasts. - The French challenged the British with good Indian relations. They both competed for alliances in trading deerskin. Most fighting was on the W British frontier. Ohio valley mixed British French and Indians. These Indians realized that british and french rivalry was controversial and the iroquois used balance-of-power diplomacy to mediate between both sides of the river. - Government of Virginia gave a huge land grant to The Ohio company that threatened Indians and Pennsylvania land owners. Frustrated the french as they claimed the land too and wouldn't recognize the new ownership of the land (this would be start of 7 years war) Ch.4 Seven Years War+effects - Seven years war/ French Indian War (1754-1763) = - BACKGROUND: Britain emerged as a superpower after wars against France and Spain. Several wars that were financed by the British led to high taxes and discontent among the British . - Superpowers were competing for land around the world. In 1754 the British tried to remove French in western Pennsylvania . George Washington attempted to persuade the French to leave a fort built on Ohio company land. He thus built fort necessity that were poorly defended against french/indians and he was thus forced to surrender. - For 2 years french/indians captured british forts in north NY . Indians killed colonists in W Pennsylvania and pushed the line of settlement back. - In Nova Scotia the British expelled french. Prime minister William Pitt (british) poured men and naval forces into the war and funded prussia and austria to hold line against french and spain in europe allowing british to strike french weak colonies. - By 1759 British had conquered French outposts and by 1760 Montreal, the last part of new France, surrendered. This resulted in British control of all islands in the French Caribbean and control of India. - Peace of Paris in 1763 french gave Canada to Britain in return for sugar islands that they viewed more lucrative. Spain gave Florida to Britain for the Philippines and Cuba (that were seized by the British during the war) and acquired Louisiana from the French. - Entire continent east of Mississippi was now English. - - War produced an economic crisis in France that helped create the French revolution. In 30 years, the British would also heavily tax Americans. EFFECT OF FRENCH INDIAN WAR ON INDIANS ! Indians were threatened without the French that helped balance their power. The English celebrated and Indians saw this as a threat - They feared domination from any outside power = loss of freedom. The French gave lands to the British that was indian and left them dependent on colonists. - Pontiac rebellion (1763) = Indians in ohio valley revolted against british . Delaware religious prophet, Neolin, told indians to reject europeans and commercial ties and drive british away from the land. Pan-indian identity was to enforce cooperation over their placelessness in their own land. - Pontiac was an ottawan war leader - That summer Ottawas, Hurons, and other indians besieged Detroit (major birtish outpost) and 9 other forts killing white settlers. British launched counterattack and eventually all tribes made peace. - Proclamation of 1763 was issued in London = prohibited further settlement W of Appalachian mountains. Also banned sale of indian land to individuals - only colonies could purchase/sell. - British wanted to take advantage of land now free of French so they ignored the policy and bought land. - PENNSYLVANIA - previously lead by quakers that acommodated the indians, the war demanded a more agressive stance. Governor declared war on Deleawares and offered a bounty and - militia that was filled with pacificst quakers weakinging their political power. - Western farmers hated indians. December 1763 during pontiacs rebellion, 50 men destroyed indian village (Conestoga) under protection of pennsylvanias governor. Then mkilled more indians in lancaster. - Accused colonial authorities of treating indiasn too lenient and threatened stability. The 1760s brought an end of Penns promoise of friendship between colonists and natives. Outside of new england, more americans traveled to and from england than one colony to another. 7 years war bonded colonies and increased pride in British empire, DEFEAT OF FRENCH REINFORCED BRITISH NATONALITY, PROTESTANTISM, AND FREEDOM. - The empire now included french catholics and indians in india.Edmund Burke, a statesman, noted the challenge in British freedom with such a diversity of people. Period 1/2 Test Prep Religious dissent in Massachusetts - Puritan majority that didnt like other religions - Moral liberty (restrictions in society) - Religious toleration act - Forced them to respect protestants Massachusetts was a New England colony that was originally settled by a group of Puritans fleeing the misguided anglican Church of England. The Puritans criticized the English government for mimicking the Catholics in their religious practices, and claimed it needed to be further purified which prompted them to move to America. This led them to adopt a harsh outlook on those of following other religions, especially with regards to their idea of moral liberty, which stated that restraints should be used to govern society. Such restrictions were against the freedom to follow religion. Although they began as homogenous, when King James joined Massachusets Bay and Plymouth (2 puritan colonies) he enforced the religious toleration act which would insure that the puritans respected protestants. This alongside the glorious revolution (where protestant William III took the throne in England) helped dissent against catholics and protests grow even more. Political change in Chesapeake - Bacon's rebellion allowed for laws that sourced labor from africa - Claimed slavery as heridatary among african americans - Because indentured servants still had notion of liberty and were weaker they couldnt be the work force Bacon's rebellion in 1676 was the first rebellion between colonists and colonial government. In virgina, the tobacco industry was booming to the point that indentured servants and freed slaves had no work or land, small farmers where also becoming bankrupt by high taxes and plenty of supply of tobacco. Although the governor told Virginians not to encroach into Indian land they had nowhere else to go. So Bacon, a prominent political figure, gathered his followers as they rebelled against Berkeley for land, burning the city. This led to political change as from then on the government would focus on labeling black people as slaves (or the main labor force) because they realized that white slaves still had the notion of freedom instilled in them. Politically, they would enact laws that claimed slavery as hereditary among black families. Effects of these changes - Associate black race with slavery - Indentured servitude obsolete Because of these changes Chesapeake colonies would source their labor from slaves in Africa - This also helped attach the black race to slavery as indentured servitude become obsolete. African Americans could be employed and serve their whole life working, with their children following their path. Comparing and contrasting the role of religion in colonization of new england vs colonization of new spain by spanish. - Spanish purpose was gold, religion, and labor. Conversion = freedom. Those who didnt convert faced consequences - English didnt have this notion, focused on attaining land - Both saw them as savages needing of conquering - Lack of religion in english colonies = hard to impose rekligion Both New England and New Spain attempted to convert the natives to Christianity, but their methods in doing so were quite different. New England saw the arrival of colonists that intended on fleeing England's religious persecution (such as puritans or catholics) , while the intentions of the Spanish in the New world would be mainly labor, gold / silver, and conversion. The Spanish conquistadores would force Catholicism onto the natives, who would be punished if they didn’t convert. However, the mixing of races allowed a race of Mestizos (spanish- native mix) to form that would adopt Catholicism making colonization easier with a more homogenous society. While the Spanish focused on conversion, English colonists mainly displaced the Indians with a focus more on acquiring their land then converting them. Both powers saw natives as savages that should be converted, but once converted, Spanish did not view them as inferior - at least according to progressive conquistador Bartolome de las casas who argued for their rights. New England on the other hand still viewed them as inferior. Praying indians where persecuted and forced into labor after King Phillips war, even having been Christian. Another difference was that Spain preached Catholicism while New England held colonists that were Puritan, Quaker, Protestant, and other Christian denominations. This led to a lack of religious uniformity that made it hard to impose religion on the natives. Ch. 5 - Growing British hatred Pg. 184-195 - Post-7 years war - Colonial leaders were inspired by the idea that power inevitably seeks to steal liberty, which defined their stance against England post french indian war. - Colonists previously ignored british taxes such as navigation acts. - Britain reverted to looking at the colonies as their subordinates, and milking them for money to raise funds for the war and finance the empire - “Virtual representation” in england, no representatives of english cities as everyone represented everyone. - Taxation without representation!!!!!! And unwarranted searching in houses in boston by british - - - - Sugar Act : 1764, reduced tax on imported molasses from french west indies by 3 pence. However, also came with new machinery that ended smuggling of merchants, strengthened admiralty courts (that would not let merchants off easy) - merchants not granted a jury trial. Revenue Act : Wool +Hides had to be shipped through england. Stamp act: First act that gained money from colonies through increased tax not trade regulation. All forms of of printed material needed to be stamped by authorities. - First widely opposed thing, against englishman's idea of liberty. - October 1765, stamp act congress had delegates from 9 colonies. Created resolutions that affirmed allegiance of colonies with britain but required the right to oppose taxation “was essential to freedom”. - Made people more attentive to their liberties, and gathered them in the fight for their freedom. - Sons of liberty was a group of merchants who protested for the rights of the commonman. - 1766 repealed as british where stunned by American resistance. - Declaratory act in its place, which stated that britain had power to declare laws in america. All around america disputes began to form against political tyranny of colonial leaders and for the democratization of colonial governments. Tenant uprising : Along hudson river in NYC, tenants stopped paying and began seizing land. Eventually suppressed by the British government. Townshend Crisis: Charles Townshend, chancellor of finance in london, understood that americans would not ovject if britain raise revenue by regulating trade. This led him to impose taxes on goods imported into the colonies and surpressing smuggling. - Began in boston but spread to colonies, americans began to embrace american goods> british goods by relying on homespun clothing. An act of resistance that lessened taxes. - Helped chesapeake planters that where in debt Boston massacre = In 1768 British royal troops stationed on port of boston after seizing John Hancok’s ship for violating trade regulations. They continuously tested their authority on local merchants. In 1770 a fight broke out between a snowball throwing crowd of bostonians and british troops - - - - - resulting in an armed confrontation that killed 5 british. Crispus Attacks was claimed as the first martyr of the revolution. - Paul revere circulated a print of the massacre that was false and printed the british as worse than they were 1770 nonimportation collapsing. Britain repealed townshend to avoid future conflict but put tea tax. Americans were complacent. Rumors spread of English sending bishops to America similar to those of the previous religious courts that persecuted dissenters. Tea Act: - East India Company was heavily invested in, and their stocks were declining so England proposed to help them sell their massive supply of Chinese tea. - Allowed them to provide cheap tea to Americans undercutting merchants. Threatened colonial governments control of finance. - Colonists disguised as Indians boarded the boat and threw 300 chests into water. Intolerable Acts : United americans against british - closed all ports until tea debt paid,chose governor and appointing members (previously by election), lodge soldiers in private homes. Assert their power over colonists Quebec Act : Southern border of canadian province to ohio river and allowed toleration of roman catholic church in canada. - Americans (mainly protestant) thought that the british were trying to turn america catholic Continental congress gathered powerful delegates among the colonies where they would adopt the continental association - a complete halting of trade with Britain and west indies. (patrick henry and john adams realized their American!) - Committees in each colony would advocate for anti-british, members where average colonists. Terminology to describe their freedom transformed from “rights of englishmen” to “universal rights” First Shots fired for independence! - Battle of Lexington and Concord: May 1775, british soldiers marched from boston towards concord seeking to seize their gun stockpile. Paul Revere and riders warned local leaders of their approach, and they had a shootout. - - - - Britain declared America in a state of rebellion when the second continental congress raised an army, printed money, and appointed George Washington (southern) as their military commander. Opinions about autonomy: - Massachusetts and virginia elites where confident in their authority without britain - Southern elites outraged by a proclamation that freed slaves that escaped and bore arms for the king - NYC and Pennsylvania was more diverse - Common Sense by Thomas Paine in 1776 criticized British monarchy and law. Cutting ties meant no more European wars. Addressed common man not elite. 6 months later continental congress would decide to cut ties with britain. Declaration of independence approved on july 4 , 1776, written by Jefferson. Argued for the government to derive its power from the “consent of the governed”. Basically was an assertion for revolution !!!!! - Liberty thus became a universal entitlement that was not special to the englishman or english constitution. - Lot of influence from Locke, who he referred to in writing Natural rights (right to resist arbitrary government) and in place of lockean triad included the pursuit of happiness, instilling in americans a fervor to realize their life goals. . Americans viewed america as an asylum for mankind. Other countries modeled after jeffersons independence. Ch.5 Securing Independence - - The British military was much more powerful and well equipped (best navy in the world) than the American continental army (somewhat prepared from 7 years war). Washington originally refused to allow black recruits but when they began joining the British cause for freedom he allowed them to be drafted. People could substitute themselves with black people who served them. - Virginia emancipated slaves who participated in the war along with other southern states (not SC and Georgia) - - - Progression of war - At the beginning, British Sir William Howe chased Washington and his soldiers around as they avoided direct confrontation. Many defeats led the army to dwindle from 28 to 3000 men - Launched surprise attacks - Battle of Saratoga : Summer 1777 British general Burgoyne moved south from Canada in an attempt to group with Howe and his troops to isolate New England, but he had already moved to NYC (to attack Philadelphia). This meant he abandoned him forcing him to surrender at Saratoga - boosted American morale. - Helped persuade the French of their powers. Diplomats led by Franklin made a military alliance with them against britain their main european rivals. Spain would eventually join - 1778 focus was on south British tried to exploit tension between backcountry farmers and wealthy planters while also encouraging slaves to escape. British took savannah and charleston - 1780 was low point - congress bankrupt, slaves joining british, and loyalists joined british - Couldn't consolidate power in south - hit and run attacks by milita men under marion called “swamp fox” because his men hid in places in swamps then attacked, eroding british positions - British defeat at Yorktown : After suffering defeat, Cornwallis and his troops fled to Yorktown, Virginia in chesapeake. Washington with help of French troops surrounded the british while french troops controlled the mouth of chesapeake preventing supplies from reaching cornwallis. - When London heard about this, they looked to negotiate peace - Canada did not wish to join the war of independence, and the West Indies, scared of slave uprising, remained loyal to the crown. Treaty of paris in 1783 earned America control of region between canada and florida (E of Mississippi river), and right to fish off of canada. British would now view americans as loyal to England , state governments restored, USA Became western hemispheres first independent nation Ch. 6 - democratizing freedom - Abigail adams resented absolute power husbands exercised over wives - - - - Declaration of independence claim “all men created equal” would help make freedom and equality interchangeable, as american society was different in that it did not rely on obedience of those with higher status to be recognized. Everyone voiced their political opinions, serve in army for citizenship Most colonies split into probritain or pro america parts or fully embraced leadership. Pennsylvania however wanted to remain with Britain, fearing the rule of the mob and property attacks. - 1776 Pro independence group grew against this made of artisans and low class people. Thomas paine and benjamin rush plus others led their extralegal committees. They argued for right to vote for all men and hated on classism. - The state adopted constitution that institutionalized democracy by concentration power in one house that was elected by all men over age 21 who paid taxes. Included clauses that gave freedom of speech, religion, and writing - Americans agreed that governments should be republics -authority depends on consent of governed. John Adams in thoughts of government thought constitutions should create balanced government that divided society between wealthy and ordinary men. Powerful Judge and governor made sure no power was infringed between groups. - 2 houses followed by all except pennsylvania, georgia, and vermont. His state, massachusets, gave governor veto over legislature laws. - AMERICANS NOW PREFERRED POWER TO REST IN LEGISLATURE, NOT OPPRESSIVE BRITISH GOVERNMENT THAT ROBBED THEM OF LIBERTY - He believed men without property where unqualified , a stance opposite of the democrats who fought for elimination of social ranks (Paine) Virginia and SC - property required to vote and men dominated legislature chose governor, maryland required lot of money to hold office. More democratic constitutions - voting is entitlement not privilege. Vermont and pennsylvania profressive. Elevated personal liberty. Every state except for SC allowed yearly elections to ensure representatives where accountable to peopl. FREEDOM WAS NOT PEOPLES RIGHT TO BE RULED BY CHOSEN REPRESENTATIVES, BUT INDIVIDUALS RIGHT TO POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. Expanding power Ch. 5 - Religious toleration - Dissenters - protestants of non anglican denominations in britain. - Catholic Americans - first continental congress denounced Quebec act. 1778 US allied with France, catholic. - Pg 227 till 238 Slavery and the revolution - Some patriots believed slavery was necessary so Americans could have economic autonomy and freedom. - 1780 virginia law rewarded veterans of the war of independence with land and a slave - To lose their land would put them on the same level as slaves. - Antislavery sentiment grew in quaker pennsylvania. By defining freedom as a universal right slaves were instilled with a hope of independence. - As a response to the tea party, blacks paraded the city crying “Liberty!” - Freedom petitions: 1770s new england had courts receive arguments by enslaved black people - Lemuel Haynes, 1776, black member of massachusetts militia, argued for emancipation of blacks. - More slaves fained freedom by fighting for the British. At the wars end, 20000 slaves living in enclaves of british control - New york, savannah, charleston - Freedom promised slaves went to nova scotia, england, and sierra leone. Tension between England and America because they owed america slave population. 1827 made payments to 1100 who were deprived of slave property. - Most states did not want to import slaves during the revolution. Abolution was considerable in maryland and virgina where slaves were emancipated. Families drafted wills to gradually free the slaves they owned. However, farther south slavery continued despite invasion of british. - In the north, abolition laws focused on freeing the children of slaves after they had worked their whole life to compensate for future economic loss. - - Pennsylvania act in 1780 required 28 years of work to free a slave mothers child. - Large free black population forming from abolition in north, voluntary emancipation in upper south, and escaping bondage in south. - By 1810 all free black men who owned property or paid taxes could vote in all states but virgina, SC, and georgia. - Number of slaves still growing! Daughters of liberty! - Deborah sampson : disguised as man in 1782 joined army - Ladies association raised funds for soldiers. Female activisim! - Coverture still a thing, they only had as much of a say as their husbands permitted them. - Republican motherhood : encouraged education for women (not female involvement in politics) to help raise their sons to understand liberty. - Reinforced marriage as compassionate and a voluntary union Effects of revolution - Expanded right to vote - Bound labor among whites declined - Religious groups had more liberty - Blacks fought for freedom, many won. - Woman enjoyed some higher status - Indians, loyalists, and majority of slaves saw a deprivation of freedom Ch. 7 - Confederation - Articles of confederation drafted in 1777 and ratified 4 years later. - Coordination for war of independence and centralize power that helped liberty - Friendship among the states, less of a government more of a union. Each state could cast one vote. - No real finances, mainly focused on dealing with war and foreign governments. - Helped earn a lot of territory west of colonies (to mississippi river), mainly by southern states. - - - - - - - Congress believed Indians in the west didn't deserve the land after siding with british. Treaties promised the Indians a significantly smaller portion of land in its place. Arguments for settling west : - FOR : land companies could resell to colonists helping the economy - AGAINST: , unregulated settlement = conflict with indians Settlers ignored Indian land titles and urged gov to set low prices on public land. - By the 1790s Kentucky courts were full with land claims from settlers losing land, eventually early settlers had to leave. - Laws in western frontier seemed essential to limit conflict Ordinance of 1784: created stages of self government for the west. Originally divided into districts governed by congress and eventually admitted to union as states. North of ohio river Second ordinance in 1785: regulated land sales north of ohio river. Land sold per sq mile. - Expensive price of land motivated buyers to buy smaller parcels from land companies and speculators. - 1787 congress decided to sell large tracts to private groups (such as ohio company) Northwest ordinance of 1787: 3-5 states north of Ohio river/ E of mississippi. - Empire of liberty was Jefferson's idea that the US would allow the population to freely expand to the west and grow the government with the territory. - Indian land shouldnt be taken without consent. - Prohibited slavery in old northwest . slaves still brought as owners claimed they signed long term labor contracts. Weaknesses of confederation - To pay war debt, they borrow money from interest bonds and paid soldiers/suppliers in notes to be redeemed. Wasn’t able to pay back interest or debt. - American ships not allowed trade with west indies (not part of British empire ) - Imported goods cut the business of craftsmen and drained money - - - - States dealt with this all by tariffs, printing more money (to target relief of farmers), laws postponing debt collection (creditors despised this) Shays rebellion: Late 1786 debt ridden farmers closed courts in W Massachusetts to stop land being seized from tax debts. Called themselves regulators. Previously, the state did not issue paper money or assist debtors. Regulators modelled the revolutions using liberty trees and poles as symbols. Rebels eventually dispersed Nationalists of 1780’s - Samuel Adams believed unchecked liberty among the people should be resolved by a strong central government. - James Madison - Alexander Hamilton, born in west indies, argued that authority was needed to create “genuine liberty” among the people. - Urban artisans wanting tariffs from foregn imports, merchants wanting british markets, and people who feared property rights where being infringed. Philadelphia convention to scrap articles of confederation and create constitution Articles of confederation notes: 1. What does Article 6 say? The article limits the power of each of the states by making sure that no state sends representatives to any conference/treaty as the United states without the consent of the government. States also can’t make trade agreements or start war without approval. 2. Strengths/Why it's important: Unifies America to stop states from seceding and promotes nationalism. Strengthens the power of the government over colonial powers. Limits conflict with Spain and France over taxation. Made America a unified front. 3. Weaknesses: Government is in charge of distribution of war vessels which could produce tensions between the states. All foreign relationships must be moderated by the government. Government too strong? Individual states can’t act on their own without consent. Ch.7 - Constitution / B.O.R - TJ, John Adams were delegates in europe. George Washington, George Mason, Ben Franklin. Aim was to strengthen national authority - Legislature, judiciary, executive - Raise money without reliance on states, cant infringe property, represents people, presidential terms, national economic market - Virginia plan = 2 house legislature with population determining legislature - New Jersey plan = equal representation (like AOC) - Conclusion was 2 house congress with senate (equal 2 representatives) and house of representatives apportioned according to population - Limits of democracy - No property or religious qualifications required - state specific voting rules - Popular election of at least one part of government - House of Representatives - made it a free government - Originally small to insure prominent men won their position - Electors of states meant to be smart to insure good heads of state chosen - Indirect election to insure ordinary voters had no direct power - Elector casts 2 votes for 2 presidential candidates, 2nd place is vice president. If no majority (norm) then the HOR chooses between the top 3 with each state casting one vote. Senate elects VP. - Slavery ! - SC delegates added clause on fugitive slaves, ⅗, and electoral college. Limited power for congress to tax (fear of levying slaves). Disunion of slave trade abolished suddenly - Slave trade till 1808. Although stopped during war, it resumed until the constitution was enacted to make up for loss of workers. 170,000 slaves! - Constitution Didnt give power to interfere with states on slavery , even though slaves where free if they reached britain. - - Bill of rights delayed because “not all men were created free”, SLAVES!??? Federalist papers - 9/13 states needed to approve the constitution. To generate support, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay made 85 essays gathered into the federalist (1788). Insured that political authority shouldnt be feared. - Madison argued to “extend the sphere” The diversity of America would allow not one group to dominate and secure individuals rights. Tb - Motivated liberal idea that men are motivated by self interest because freedom must be preserved by the government, not the character of people. - Anti federalists - State politicians fearing to lose their influence, those who saw no need of strong central government (small farmers who supported state debt relief measures), or those who detested its support for slavery, or allow abolition. - Extensive territory can't be governed by freedom - popular self government was for small countries. Rich elite will continuously be elected because they have the resources. - Lack of bill of rights (that accompanied state constitutions) - Rural farmers . Rhode Island and NC voted against ratification. - Bill of rights - First ten amendments. Madison thought the constitution was enough and that restraining federal power would have no effect on the dangers of liberty. - Most Americans believed a constitution must have a document to conciliate the minds of people (madison). - First ratified in 1791 - Defined unalienable rights (from declaration of independence) - Influence from English law - The First amendment shows the influence of the war of independence. Freedom to practice religion. Unlike declaration of independence that used a divine blessing - Helped make freedom of expression fundamental to americans Ch. 8 - Securing the republic (pg 294) - George wasington became president, coin had liberty printed not the monarch so as not to resemble england. Alexander hamilton , thomas jefferson, and john adams also a part of the government - Hamilton's program (treasury) - Model England and make an economic superpower 1. Credit worthiness (bonds with government) a. Independence war debt 2. Bonds holding interest would pay off a new national debt 3. Bank of the USA a. Private corp that issued funds, currency, and returned money to stockholders 4. Whiskey tax 5. Tariff on imported goods - Jefforson and madison criticized the plan for holding too much central power, and thought that the wealth should be distributed among farmers to sell to the free world, not bankers and business leaders. Too similar to britain - South first opposed due to low number of bond holders (paid off debts meant why high taxation?) Many southerners become constructionists - people against the constitution - after hamilton used the ”general welfare clause” to justify all his changes. - They would accept the fiscal program and pay no taxes to manufacturers in exchange for a national capital on the Potomac between Maryland and virginia. French revolution - Acceptance of revolution in 1789. Jefferson and followers thought it symbolized liberty, Washington and Hamilton and his supporters thought it was anarchy and that America should side with England. - They had an alliance with France, and issued neutrality in 1793. French supporters sided with Edward Genet who fought for his government in America and commissioned American ships to attack France which Washington stopped. - The British seized American ships in French west indies and practiced impressment - kidnapping and forcing into the navy. - Jay’s treaty - John lays treaty had no british concessions - britain agreed to abandon west indies outposts in exchange for british imported goods in the US. Thus the French alliance was cancelled. Political parties - Federalists - supported Washington and favored Hamilton's programs . - Close ties with britain - Rich merchants, farmers, lawyers, leaders (out of south) - Elitist , shouldnt overstep their liberty - Met in small groups and dominated new england - Republican - Led by madison and jefferson, sympathized with france - Wealthy southern planters and farmers and urban artists - More critical about social/economic inequality and were accepting of democratic participation - Support for immigrants of british isles who were discriminated against during british’s war with france. - Mass meetings - Despised haiti revolution - Democratic republican societies criticized Washington and supported the French. Political freedom was more than the right to vote! - Societies absorbed into the republican party after being blamed for organizing a whiskey rebellion. - Whiskey rebellion : 1794, backcountry Pennsylvania farmers did not want to pay whiskey tax. Used 1776 propaganda (liberty or death) and sent letters to the president. Washington dispatched 13000 militia and the people gave in. Signified first armed resistance to federal government/power of authority. - Growth of press and post offices gave everyone a voice - Thomas paine published rights of man in 1787 and five years later was forced to france.radicals from all around the world would immigrate to america - Mary Wollestonecraft's Rights of Woman inspired by Paine's rights of man and she didn't challenge gender roles but thought education and employment should be accessible to women and they should be represented in the government. - Women began to take part in political discussions and became authors. Overall, political parties, self-created societies, women's political consciousness, and uprising such as the whiskeys rebellion revealed the democratization of public life since the American revolution. Adams presidency - Election of 1796 between Adams and Thomas Pinckney of SC (federalists) vs Thomas Jefferson and Aaron burr for republicans. - Adams would win with Jefferson coming in second earning him vise presidency. Jefferson would control the south . He was seen as stubborn - Despite neutrality and ability to trade with France and England, both countries seized American ships. - XYZ Affair - 1797 tried to discuss a treaty in paris but they tried to bribe America. Ruined relations with america after this news spread creating quasi war at sea - America thus sided with england (despite pressure from hamilton to war with france) and eventually made peace with france in 1800 - Fries Rebellion - Naturalization act required 5-14 yrs for residency of immigrants to earn citizenship - Alien act : deportation of people from abroad who seemed like a danger to authorities - Sedition act : Prosecution of any public assembly/publication critical of government. Expired in 1801 - Purpose was to target republican editors who were often printers and posed a danger to liberty , helping in promoting rebellion - Reign of witches : 18 people charged for spreading false information - Virginia and Kentucky resolutions deemed the act unconstitutional (against 1st amendment). Virginia wanted the federal gov to protect free speech (madison). Jefferson's Kentucky resolution thought states could nullify laws that violated the constitution - states unilaterally prevented enforcement. - Revolution of 1800 - - - - Jefferson beat adams but him and his vice president, Aaron burr, received the same number of votes. House of representatives was thus in charge of deciding between them (federalist majority) but they again tied. Hamilton intervened and he preferred jefferson so he won. - This allowed for the 12th amendment to be added to the constitution : separate votes for president and vice president - Peaceful transfer of power between presidents Haitian Revolution : Jeffersonians disgusted by slave revolution in 1791 Saint domingue, Haiti. French overseas empire capital - rebellion began by Toussaint L’Ouverture a slave that created an army to fight british attempting to overtake the island, and then proceeded to make haiti an independent nation in 1804 - Inspired slaves, many african americans fled to the country - White people in haiti spread news that they were barbaric Gabriel's Rebellion : A Blacksmith named Gabriel in virgina and his brothers planned on marching on Richmond - new state capital - to kill white inhabitants and hold the rest along with the fovernor hostand until they abolished slavery. Hoped “Poor white people” would help and quakers and methodists and french would be spared. There was a storm on the day of the rebellion that left them outside the city where they were caught and arrested. 26 hung and others were transported out of state. - Half of Richmond was black. The population had conspiracy in their blood and many were skilled slave craftsmen who could negotiate labor arrangements and receive wages. Their relative autonomy helped inspire them to fight for freedom. - Most people in the rebellion were born around 1776 and had liberty in their blood. - Slave rebellions often carried same symbols as american revolution such as “Death or Liberty” (patrick henry), which implied that White Americans = british equivalents - American liberty was a mindset in slaves as well Reign of Jefferson - First president in D.C, began in 1801. - Eliminated many taxes (including whiskey) and only kept tariffs. Overall decentralized power minimizing government oversight. Period 3 Test Prep Timeline - 1790 : naturalization act and - 1790-91 Miami confederacy defeat - 1794 - WHISKEY rebellion - 1794 - jay's treaty - 1795 - treaty of greenville and annuity system - 1797 - XYZ Affair - 1798 - Alien and sedition acts Chapter 8 - Jefferson Pg. 311 - Jefferson believed america would flourish if a limited government allowed its citizens to be free to regulate their own pursuits. - Attempted to dismantle federalist system - Pardon all imprisoned due to sedition act - Reduced government employees - Only kept tariff and abolished other taxes - Despite his wanting for states to hold most power, the supreme court president, john marshall, was a federalist and advocated for central power. - Judicial review: Supreme court assuming right to determine if an act violates the constitution. Established by marbury vs madison - Louisiana purchase: - Territory: Gulf of mexico to canada and from mississippi river to rochy mountains, was ceded by france to spain (1762) but returned to france secretly in 1800. Pinkney treaty allowed american trade in new orleans, but he was scared that the powerful french would try to interfere. - He sent envoys to buy the city. Napolean needed money and defeated from lack of control of saint dominigue, he offered to sell all of louisiana territory for 15 million dollars - Irony: He was a republican which believed that the federal government was restricted in its powers, yet he attempted to purchase territory from a foreign power, something not listed in the constitution. SWITCHED FROM STRICT TO LOOSE INTERPRETATION! - - - - - - Believed increased agriculture would protect economy, and lots of land would insure this. - Slaves had one of the worst slave codes in America, and women as well saw a losing of rights from their leniant spanish predecessors. 1804 Lewis and Clark dispatched by Jefferson. The two Virginans where supposed to ally with Western indians and locate a water route to pacific ocean. They reached the pacific ocean with help of sacajawea and gathered helpful information about tribes and nature and animals. Barbary wars: between pasha of tripoli and America. Reinforced islamophobia after pirates seized 13 American ships and required recurring ransom payments/tributes. After war of 1812 harassment stops Embargo Act:1807, cut off trade with the rest of world. A lot of federal power for a republican! - Hoped it would reduce british impressment, but it reminded americans of intolerable acts. Significantly reduced exports. Non intercourse act: cut off trade with britain and france Jefferson ended his second term badly and James Madison easily won presidency in 1808. - Macons Bill No. 2: 1810, resumed trade provided that france or britain ceased interfering with american rights - Napoleon repealed this since british controlled the seas anyways, and britain continued impressing. Embargo reinforced in 1812 . War Hawks was a nationalist group that defended American rights against the British and hoped to annex canada. Cherokee and creek despised by nativist tribes for their assimilation to trading practices. Tecumseh was a chief who attempted to rally pan indian spirit like in the alliance of the 1760s, and saw white people as the enemy. War of 1812: - Reports of british aiding tecumseh and assaults on american trading helped create the war. - Federalists and republicans north of new jersey voted against war since they held most of finances. - Congress declared war - - Dificult to finance since charter of national bank set to end in 1811 and northern merchants refused to loan money (economy in shambles). - England distracted by war with france, but after that it invaded america in 1814 and burned whitehouse. - Battle of Thames near detroit resulted in ceding of half Indian land to federal government. - Treaty of ghent ended the war in 1814 - Effects of war (pg 323) Federalists disappeared as they got a bad rep for being anti-patrioits in a country filled with post-war spirits.
