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SCHAUM'S SOLVED
PROBLEMS SERIES
3000 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
by
Syed A. Nasar
University of Kentucky
McGRA W-HILL
New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon
London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
I
Syed A. Nasar, Ph.D., Professor of Electrical Engineering
at the University of Kentucky.
Dr. Nasar has written many books, including two Schaum's Outlines, ELECTRIC MACHINES AND ELECTROMECHANICS and BASIC ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING; a power-systems text for Macmillan; and a textbook for
McGraw-Hill's College Division, INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Project supervision by The Total Book.
Index by Hugh C. Maddocks, Ph. D.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nasar, S. A.
Schaum's 3000 solved problems in electric circuits.
1. Electric circuits-Problems, exercises, etc.
I. Title.
11. Title: Schaum's three thousand solved
problems in electric circuits.
TK454.N36 1988
621.319'2076
87-25974
ISBN 0-07-045936-3 (Formerly published under ISBN 0-07-045921-5.)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 YFM YFM 5 4
Copyright © 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights r.!served. Printed
in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright
Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
McGraw-Hill
A Division of The McGraw-HiU Companies
(~r'7
6<-.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS
1
Chapter 2
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
6
Chapter 3
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
16
Chapter 4
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
43
Chapter 5
NETWORK THEOREMS
72
Chapter 6
CAPACITORS
116
Chapter 7
INDUCTORS
129
Chapter 8
AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHIPS
137
Chapter 9
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS
145
Chapter 10
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
152
Chapter 11
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
231
Chapter 12
RESONANCE
268
Chapter 13
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
291
Chapter 14
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
304
I
I
I
I
351
Chapter 15
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
Chapter 16
STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTI NS
423
Chapter 17
DUALS AND ANALOGS
432
Chapter 18
TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS
441
Chapter 19
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY I PUTS
450
Chapter 20
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SO
462
Chapter 21
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
491
Chapter 22
ST ATE VARIABLES METHOD
579
Chapter 23
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
594
Chapter 24
REVIEW PROBLEMS
620
INDEX
747
iii
To the Student
Think of it!-an expected score of 75% on any exam in Electric Circuits, with no other preparation! The
reasoning is simple: There are only 4000 possible problems in the field (as you must know), and this book
solves 3000 of them for you!
Speaking seriously, you have here the most careful and complete anthology of examination-type problems
on the market today. In using the book, you should, of course, concentrate on the area of your maximum
weakness-the Laplace transform or whatever. But do not neglect to work problems involving familiar material, too; you might well learn more efficient methods of handling them. The heuristic value of a clear
circuit diagram need not be stressed: if a problem in this book should carry a diagram but doesn't, be sure
to sketch out one before undertaking the solution. May your success be electric.
v
/7
CHAPTER 1
L/Units and Basic Concepts
1.1
Powers of 10 appear frequently with units of measurements. These powers of 10 are written in abbreviated
forms. If electric resistance is measured in ohms (fl), express the following values in powers of 10 and write
them in their abbreviated forms: 2000 fl and 3,000,000 fl.
I
1.2
2000 fl
= 2 X 10 3 fl = 2 kiloohm = 2 kfl
= 5 X 10- 6 F = 5 microfarad = 5 J-tF
0.0005 F = 0.5 X 10- 3 F = 0.5 millifarad = 0.5 mF = 500 J-tF
0.000000001 F = 1 X 10- 9 F = 1.0 picofarad = 1 pF
0.000005 F
The unit of electric inductance is henry (H). Express the following values in powers of 10 and write them in
their abbreviated forms: 0.01 Hand 0.003 H.
I
1.4
0.01 H
= 10 X 10- 3 H = 10 millihenry = 10 mH
1000 Hz
2 min
= 0.1 gigahertz = 0.1 GHz
120 X 10- 3
10 3
= 2 x 60 s = 120 s =
5 km
= 1.2 x 10 ms
= 5 x 10 3 m = 5 x 10 3
X
10 2 cm = 5 x 10 5 cm
15 cm
15
3
10 2 x 10
=
= 150 mm
Electric current is measured in amperes (A). If an ampere is expressed as a flow of charge in coulombs per
second (C/ s), how many electrons pass a given point in 30 s in a conductor carrying 8-A current. The charge
on an electron is approximately 1.6 x 10- 19 C.
I
Charge
240 C correspond to
=A
x s = 8 x 30 = 240 C
1.6 x 10- 19 C correspond to 1 electron
(1 x 240)/(1.6 x 10- 19 ) = 15 x 10 20
Find the current in a conductor through which
approximately 1.6 x 10- 19 C.
I
electrons
2.5 x 10 20
electrons pass in 8 s if the charge on an electron is
1= (no. of electrons)\charge on electron, C) = 2.5
time, s
1.10
5
S
Convert 15 centimeters to millimeters:
I
1.9
10 Hz
X
= 5 MHz
Convert 5 kilo meters to centimeters:
I
1.8
9
Convert 2 minutes to milliseconds:
I
1.7
= 3 X 10- 3 H = 3 millihenry = 3 mH
5,000,000 Hz = 5 X 10 6 Hz = 5 megahertz
= 1 X 10 3 Hz = 1 kilohertz = 1 kHz
100,000,000 Hz = 0.1
1.6
0.003 H
Electric frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). Express the following frequencies in powers of 10 and in their
respective abbreviated forms: 1000 Hz, 5,000,000 Hz, and 100,000,000 Hz.
I
I.S
= 3 X 10 6 fl = 3 megohm = 2 Mfl
Electric capacitance is measured in farads (F). However, this is rather a large unit. Express the following
values in powers of 10 and write them in their abbreviated forms: 0.000005 F, 0.0005 F, and 0.000000001 F.
I
1.3
3,000,000 fl
10
2
()
X
1.6
X
10-
19
=5A
8
A charge of 360 C passes through a conductor in 20 s.
I
X
I
What is the corresponding current in amperes?
= ~ = 360 = 18 A
s
20
2
1.11
0
CHAPTER 1
The current in an electric circuit rises exponentiall) as given by i = 10(1 - e~2t) A. Calculate the charge
flowing through the circuit in 250 ms.
°250
(
- 2t ) 0.250
I
q = i dt =
10(1- e~2t) dt = 10 t + ~-;:,= 10(0.250 + 1e~2x0250 - 0 - D = 0.5326 C
J
1.12
1
o
L
A 75-W bulb draws a 680-mA current.
bulb?
I
1.13
t=
1.14
= 50 x
10~" x 50 X
(charge, C) (electric field, Vim)
Work done
=
force x distance = 2.5 ~< SO x 1O~2 = 1.25 N· m
=
10 3
= 2.5 N
1.251
Power is defined as the rate of work done or the rate of energy conversion. Thus, the unit of power is the joule
per second (lis) which is equal to one watt (W). If the time taken to move the 50-J-LC charge of Prob. 1.14
through 50 cm is 10 ms, calculate the corresponding power.
work clone
Power = - - .---~
time
1.25
= 125 W
10 >< 1O~3
We observed in Prob. 1.14 that an electric charge experiences a force in an electric field. Electric potential
difference (between two pOints) is measured in volt:; (V), and is defined as the work done in moving a unit
positive charge (from one point to the other). What is the potential difference between two points if it requires
220 J-Ll to move a lO-J-LC charge from one point to the other?
1O~"
220 ><
1 V = 1 1I C
or
V == 10 x 10 "
= 22 V
From Prob. 1.16, V=lIC==(J/s)/(C/s)=W/A. Calculate the potential difference across a resistor dissipating 30 W of power while taking 2.5 A of current. Also, calculate the ohmic value of the resistance.
W
30
V= - = =12V
1
2.5
30
W
R
=
fi
= (2.5)2 = 4.8 fl
An energy of 121 is expended in moving a 2-C charge from infinity to a point A. Assuming infinity to be at
zero potential, determine the potential difference bttween point A and infinity (i.e., the potential at A).
I
1.19
= 6 x 2 x 60 = 720 C
=
I
1.18
s)
Force
I
1.17
A)(tiJno~.
The unit of force is the newton (N) and work is measured in netwon-meters (N' m), which is also the unit of
energy. Alternatively, energy is expressed in joule5 11), where 11 = 1 N· m. Determine the work done in
moving a 50- J-L C electric charge (Q) through a distance of 50 cm in the direction of a uniform electric field (E)
of 50 kV/m, if the force F is given by f= QE.
I
1.16
How many coulombs of charge pass through the resistor in 2 min?
q = (current,
I
1.15
How much time will be required to pass a 30-C charge through the
charge, C
31)
.
= ---~--- = 441.17 s = 7.35 mm
68 ~< 10--'
current, A
A current of 6 A flows in a resistor.
I
()
V
Ax
work or energy, 1
12
= - =6V
char:s(:, C
2
= ----~----
If an additional energy of 31 is required to move the 2-C charge of Prob. 1.18 from point A to another point B,
calculate the potential difference between points A and B. Also determine the potential difference between
point B and infinity.
I
1.20
=
work or energy, 1
ch arge, C
:; =
"
12 + 3
1.5 V
Vnx = - 2 - =7.5V
"
The potential difference between two conductors is 110 V.
from one conductor to the other?
I
1.21
VAn
How much work is done in moving a 5-C charge
Work = energy =, 110 x 5 = 5501
Determine the charge that requires 1-kl energy to be moved from infinity to a point having a 12-V potential.
3
I
cne rgy, 1
10
Charge C = ---~-- = ,
pote ltial, V
12
=
83 33 C
.
UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS
D
3
1.22
A Car battery supplies 4S J of energy at 12 V over a certain period of time.
this period.
4SJ
I
q == 12 V ==4C
1.23
Electric utilities employ as the unit of energy the kilowatt-hour (kWh). The power consumed in a household
over a 24-h period is as follows: S A.M. to 2 p.M.-1.5 kW; 2 P.M. to 6 p.M.-O.5 kW; 6 P.M. to 11 p.M.-2.6 kW;
and 11 P.M. to S A.M.-1.0 kW. What is the energy consumption in megajoules?
I
Total kWh = (power, kW)(time, h) = 1.5 x 6 + 0.5 x 4 + 2.6 x 5 + 1.0 x 9 = 33 kWh
=33 x 10 3 x 60x 60W·s= IIS.S
1.24
An electric heater takes 1.2 kWh in 30 min at 120 V.
]_
I
1.25
-
10 6 J = llS.SMJ
What is the current input to the heater?
3
Vlt _ 1.2 x 10 /0.5 _
120
V -
.
output
99 X 10'
Efficiency = -.- - = .
= 0.99
Input
Input
- 20A
t=
.
99 X 10'
Input V = 0 99 = 100 kJ
.
or
V
P=
100 X 10 3
120 x 20 = 41.67 s
What is the ohmic value of the resistance of the heating element of the heater of Probs. 1.24 and 1.25?
V
120
R=-=-=6fl
I
1.27
X
The heater of Prob. 1.24 has an efficiency of 99 percent. The heat energy required to boil a certain amount of
water is 99 kJ. If the current taken by the heater is 20 A at 120 V, find the time required to boil the water.
I
1.26
Determine the charge moved during
]
20
A 1l0-V light bulb takes 0.9-A current and operates 12 hi day.
to operate the bulb for 30 days.
I
V = Pt = 110 x 0.9
X 1O~3
At the rate of 7 cents/kWh, determine the cost
x 12 x 30 = 35.64 kWh
Cost of operation = 35.64 x $0.07 = $2.50.
1.28
The voltage and current in a circuit element are respectively given by v = 100\1'2 sin t V
A. Calculate the instantaneous power and the average power delivered to the circuit.
I
Instantaneous power
p = vi = (100\1'2 sin t)(5\1'2 sin t) = 1000 sin 2 t W = 1000 x
and
i = 5\1'2 sin t
~ (1- cos 2t)
P = 500 - 500 cos 2t W
The cosine function averages to zero, so the average value of p,
1.29
Pay = 500 W.
A resistor draws a current i = S sin wt A at a voltage v = 200 sin wt V. Calculate the energy consumed by
the resistor per cycle (or over one period of the current wave). Hence, determine the average power dissipated
in the resistor.
. d 2rr
O ne peno == - s
I
w
2"./W
Energy W =
1o
12"./w (200 sin wt)(S sin wt) dt = _
1600
vi dt =
_
rr J
w
0
W
1600rr
Average power Pay = 2rrlw = w(2rrlw)
1.30
SOO W
The energy capacity or rating of a battery is generally expressed in ampere-hour (Ah).
supply 0.5 A continuously for three days. What must be the rating of the battery?
I
1.31
=
A battery is rated at 30 Ah.
I
Ah = ]
X
hr = 0.5
X
A battery is required to
3 x 24 == 36 Ah
For how many hours can it continuously supply a current of 2.5 A?
.
Ah
30
Time = = = 12 h
]
2.5
4
1.32
D
CHAPTER 1
The capacity of a car battery depends on the ambient temperature as shown in Fig. 1-1.
rated at 72 Ah at 25°e. For how long can the battelY supply a 16-A current at O°C?
I
0.8 x 72 = 57.6 Ah.
From Fig. 1-1, at O°C the rating of the battery reduces to
.
Time t
Ah
57.6
6
A certain battery is
Therefore,
.
= 1 =, -R;- = 3.6 h = 3 h 3 mm
liD
(DV
-
-
80
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
--
_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
.~
f..:::.
~
- -
-
-
-
--
t
70
I
\
bo
I
50~______________
--+
-20
-10
c
----~I--__--~----~--~
:1."
,.'!i 30
10
--.. T,
1.33
°C
Fig. 1-1
The capacity of a car battery depends on the current drawn (or discharge) from the battery, as shown in Fig. 1-2.
The battery is rated at 70 Ah at a discharge rate of 5 A as shown. How long will the battery supply 20 A of
current?
I
From Fig. 1-2, at 20 A the rating of the battery becomes 58 Ah.
Hence,
-r = :w58 =.2 9 h = 2 h 54 mm.
·
T Ime
t == Ah
1.34
If the rating of the battery with a discharge charactt:ristic shown in Fig. 1-2 is not allowed to go below 64 Ah, for
how long can the battery supply the rated current?
I
From Fig. 1-2 at 64 Ah, discharge rate = 12 A. Hence,
Ah
.
·
t =, - = -64 = 5 h 20 mm
T Ime
"
12
1.35
Combine the characteristics of Figs. 1-1 and 1-2 to obtain the rating of the battery at 17 A and at 10°C if the
battery is rated at 100 percent at 5 A and at 25°C
I
From Fig. 1-2, rating at
10°C = 0.9 X 60 = 54 Ah.
1.36
17 A = 60 Ah
which is considered as 100 percent at 25°C.
The decay of charge in an electric circuit is given by
I
i = dq
dt
q = 50e -30or}Le.
From Fig. 1-1, rating
Determine the resulting current.
= -50 x 300 x 10- 6 e- 300r = _15e- 3oor mA
UNITS AND BASIC CONCEPTS
o
5
80
t
aO~
1.37
______~__- r____~__~__~~____~~______~__
Evaluate the current in Prob. 1.36 at the following instants:
I
At t = 0:
t = 10 ms,
and
t=oo:
p
00.
2
i = -15e ~300x 10- = -0.7468 mA
i=-15e~~=0
The voltage v and current i in an ac circuit are respectively given by v = 34 sin 377t V
60°) A. Determine the instantaneous and average powers delivered to the circuit.
I
t=
i = -15eo = -15 mA
t = 1O~2 s:
1.38
t = 0,
= vi = (34 sin 377t)[2 sin (377t - 60°)] = 68 sin 377t sin (377t - 60°)
= 68 x ! [cos (377t - 377t + 60°) - cos (377t + 377t - 60°)] = 34 [cos 60° -
and
i = 2 sin (377t-
cos (754t - 60°)] W
Pav = 34 cos 60° = 17 W
1.39
The voltage v and current i at the pair of terminals of an electric circuit are given by v = 100 sin t V and
i = -5 sin t A. Evaluate the average power and state if the circuit absorbs or delivers power.
2
I
p = vi = (100 sin t)( -5 sin t) = -500 sin t W
Pav = -500 x
!
2
(since the average value of sin t =
!) =
-250 W
The negative sign indicates that negative power is absorbed by the circuit; i.e., the circuit delivers power.
1.40
The voltage v and current i in a circuit are given by v == 10 sin t V
instantaneous and average powers, and explain your result.
I
and
i = 2 cos t A.
Determine the
p = vi = (10 sin t)(2 cos t) = 20 sin t cos t = 10 sin 2t W
The instanta~eous power pulsates with twice the frequency of the voltage or current. Pav = 0 W, since the
average value of sin 2t = O. Zero average power indicates that the circuit is nondissipative or conservative.
CHAPTER 2
'\\
Resistance and Ohm's I~aw~
2.1
A copper conductor of circular cross section 5 mm in di:lIneter is 5 m long. Calculate its resistance at 20°C if
the resistivity of copper at 20 DC is 1.72 X 10--" n· m.
2.2
R= -
= 4 38 mfl
.
A 40-m metallic conductor of cross-sectional area 1 mnf' has a resistance of 12 fl.
the metal.
I
a = -
I
40
RA
[Note that
2.3
(1.72:<10")5
= -------17"(5 :< 10- 3 )2/4
pi
A
I
= - - - - -3- =
(12)(10- )2
Calculate the conductivity of
3.33 MSlm
1 siemens (S) = 1 fl-I.j
A cube of an alloy of resistivity 1.12 J.tfl . m is 2 cm on c. side.
of the cube.
Determine the resistance between any two faces
I
2.4
We have two cubes-one measuring I m on one side and the other 21 m. Find the ratio of conductivities of the
materials of the cubes so that the resistance between an y two faces of one cube is the same as that for the other
cube.
I
and
1
2.5
Calculate the length of copper wire having a diameter of
5.8 x 10 7 S/m.
i6
I
1= aRA
2.6
in =
10
~
in and resistance of 2 fl.
x 2.54 >< 10 -2 = 1.5875
= 5.8 x 10 7 x 2 x ~ (1.5875 X
X
Conductivity of copper is
10- 3 m
10- 3)2
= 229.6 m
A rectangular bus bar made of aluminum is 0.9 m long. n. 15 m wide, and 1.3 cm thick. If current in the bus bar
flows along its length. and the conductivity of aluminu111 is 3.57 x 10" Slm, calculate the bus bar resistance.
I
2.7
or
R
= -
I
aA
=
O.q
-----=
2
(3.57 x 10")(0.1:; x 1.3 x 10
1.293 J.tfl
)
A transmission line cable consists of 19 strands of identical copper conductors, each 1.5 mm in diameter. The
physical length of the cable is 2 km. But, because of the twist of each strand, the actual lengths of the
conductors are increased by 5 percent. What is the resistance of the cable? Resistivity of copper is
1.72 x 10-" fl· m.
I
Allowing for twist, 1= (1.05)(2000)=21OOm.
10- 3 )2 = 33.576 X 10- 6 m 2•
Area of cross section of 19 strands = 19(17"/4)(1.5 x
= pi = I.72 x _~~~~ 2100 = 1.076 fl
R
2.8
33.576 >: 10- 6
Variation of resistance with temperature is expressed in terms of temperature coefficient a. Explicitly, the
resistance RT at a temperature T QC is related to the le,istance at 0 QC by RI = Ro(1 + aoT) as graphically
depicted in Fig. 2-1, where aa is the temperature coefficient at 0 QC. The figure also shows the inferred absolute
zero for copper. Using Fig. 2-1, find the resistance of a copper wire at -20 QC if its resistance at 0 QC is 20 n.
I
6
A
From Fig. 2-1 we have
234.5 + T,
RI
234.5 + T2
R2
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
R
/
D 7
/
/'
/'
___ -.!3._
R,
7
"/
,/
-----_~27~~7.·C~~IC-2~'~~~.~~c---bo~~----~---------L~T
> - - - - - T , - - - - - l..
~1
·C
i ".
"1
.
Fig. 2-1
1-1- - - - - - - - - - - T, -------------1
From the data
R2
2.9
=
(234.5 - 20)20
234.5 + 0
= 18.290
Values of the temperature coefficient a for copper for different temperatures are plotted in Fig. 2-2, from which
a200C = 0.00393°C-'. If the resistance of a given wire is 20 0 at 20°C, what is its resistance at 60°C?
-![
xlO
4,,<0
42.J>
410
tiJV
Ylo
7
!-l
,
~
0
-
?~o
?s
t ,,1~6o
?5"0
~r<>
0
I
R2 = R,[ I +
/0
~o
~o
-
T,
·c
fo
so
Fig. 2-2
a, (T2 - 11)] = 20[1 + 0.00393(60 - 20)J = 23.1440
8
2.10
D
CHAPTER 2
A sample of copper wire has a resistance of 50 n at 10°C. What is the maximum operating temperature if the
resistance of the wire is to increase by at most 10 pl~Jcent?
I RI =50n, R z =50+0.1x50=55n. From Fg. 2-2, a at 1O°C=0.00409°C~1 =a l
RI [1 + a l (T2 - T I )], we obtain 55 = 50[1 + 0.00409(Tz - 10)] or T z = 34.45 qc.
2.11
A metallic conductor has a resistance of 7 n at 0 °C.
temperature coefficient of the metal at 20°C.
At 20°C the resistance becomes 7.8 n.
I
or
Hence,
2.12
Since
R2 =
Calculate the
7 = 7.8[1 + a l (-20)]
a I = temperature coefficient at 20°C = 0.00513 °C ~ I.
For the metal of the conductor of Prob. 2.11, determine the temperature coefficient at O°C.
I
2.13
•
or
Obtain a general relationship between
or
aT th,~
and
ao
I
R T = R, (1 + aoT)
(1)
R 1 (1- aTT)
(2)
Ro==
Solving for
aT
respective temperature coefficients at O°C and at T QC.
from Eq. (2) yields
(3)
Substituting RT from Eq. (1) into (3) gives
(4)
2.14
Derive a general relationship between a l and a 2 the
I
rl~spective
temperature coefficients at TI °C and at T z QC.
From Eq. (4) of Prob. 2.13 we obtain
1
- =
aT
1 + auT
---~--
1
= - +T
ao
0'0
and
Thus,
By subtraction,
1
1
---=T-T
al
2.15
a
I
2
z
or
The temperature coefficient of carbon at 0 QC is -0.000515 QC~ 1 and that of platinum is 0.00357 QC- 1 at 40 QC.
A carbon coil has a resistance of 15 n and a platinum coil has a resistance of 12 n each at 20°C. At what
temperature will the two coils have the same resistance? Notice that the temperature coefficient for carbon is
negative.
I
From Eq. (4) of Prob. 2.13:
For platinum:
0.00357
_
°
~I
a o = 1 _ 40 x 0.()0357 - 0.00416 C
For the two resistances to be equal at a temperature T QC,
12(1 + 0.00416T) == 15(1- 0.000515T)
or
2.16
1 + 0.00416T= 1.25 - 0.OO(l64375T
or
The two coils of Prob. 2.15 are connected in series and operate at 20°C.
coefficient a e of the combination at 40°C.
I
Calculate the "effective" temperature
From Eq. (4) of Prob. 2.13, at 20 CO:
For carbon:
-0.00051S
_
° ~I
a = 1 _ 0.000515 >aO - -0.000520 C
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
D
9
From the data of Prob. 2.15:
Rcarbon
= 15[1- 0.000520(40 - 20)] = 14.8440
At 20°C, we have (from Prob. 2.15):
0.00416
° ~I
a = 1 + 0.00416 x 20 = 0.00384 C
For platinum:
Rplatinum
= 12[1 + 0.00384(40- 20)] = 12.92160
At 40°C:
Re = 14.844 + 12.9216 = 27.7656 0
At 20°C:
Re = 12.0 + 15.0 = 27.0 0
27.7656=27[1 + a e (40-20)]
2.17
a e =0.001418°C 1
or
The minimum current required for the operation of a relay coil is 500 mA at 120 V. If the current taken by the
coil at 20°C is 530 mA (at 120 V) and the temperature coefficient of the resistor material is 0.00427 °C~ I at 0° C,
calculate the maximum temperature above which the relay will fail to operate.
I
R
At 20°C:
20
=
120
530 x 10
3
264 0
= 2 . 1
3
2
0
= 40.0
At T °C (the maximum allowable temperature):
R =
T
Since
RT = Ro(1 + aoT)
RT
R 20
2.18
120
500 x 10
we have:
1 + aoT
1 + 20a o
240
1 + 0.00427T
-22-6-.4-1 = -:-1-+-0-=-.-=0-=0--:42-:C7=-x-=2=-=-0
or
or
The resistance of a 25-0 resistor increases by 10 percent when its operating temperature increases from 15 to
50°C. Calculate the mean temperature rise of the resistor from an ambient temperature of 20 °C when its
resistance is 300 and the temperature coefficient remains constant.
I
Solving for
aD
and Ro
yield~:
aD
= 0.002985 °C~l
and
Ro = 23.9286 0
At a temperature T °C we have:
30 = 23.92861(1 + 0.002985T)
or
Temperature rise = 85 - 20 = 65°C.
2.19
"It has been experimentally found that the resistivity of conducting materials, such as copper and aluminum,
varies linearly with temperature." Depict this statement graphically and mathematically.
f,n·"",
,
:r.
o
,
1"1;.
T, ·C Fig. 2-3
10
D
CHAPTER 2
I The statement is shown graphically in Fig. 2-3, from which we have:
tan () :: m
pz - P1
=
(1)
T z - T1
pz = P1 + m(Tz .- 1'1) = PI [ 1 + ; (T z - T I ) ]
and
2.20
The resistance of a silver wire is 0.10 at 20°C. At what temperature will its resistance decrease by 25 percent
1
if its temperature coefficient of resistance at 20°C IS 0.0038°C- •
I
2.21
(2)
0.75 x O. L == 0.1[1 + 0.0038(T2 - 20))
or
The resistivity of iron at 0 and 20°C is
resistivity at 10 QC.
I
8.68
X
10- 8
n .m
and
9.75 x 10- 8 0. m
or
respectively.
Calculate its
From Eg. (1) of Prob. 2.19,
8
(9.75 - 8.68)10- = 0.0535
m=
20-1)
X
10- 8
From Eg. (2) of Prob. 2.19,
PlO
2.22
= PZO
+ melO - 20) = [9.75 + O.0535( -10)] x 10- 8 = 9.215 X 10- 8 0. m
A piece of wire of uniform cross section has a resistance of 0.8 O. If the length of the wire is doubled and its
area of cross section is increased four times, what is it~ resistance? The temperature variation of resistance may
be neglected.
ptl
I Original wire:
R, = -;;- =0.80
n
l
Wire with modified dimensions:
2.23
An electromagnet is wound with a copper coil having 150 turns and a mean length of 20 cm per turn. The coil
wire has a rectangular cross section 10 x 2 mm. Cllculate the resistance of the coil at 55°C and determine the
power dissipated in the coil at 55 °C if the coil current is 6 A. The resistance of a I-m long wire of 1 mm 2 cross
section at 20°C is 0.00172 0 and a o = (1/234.5) QC I.
I
-
ao
Pzo=
P55
=
I
1/234.5
_ 1 0-1
20/234.5 - 254.5 C
-I-
eAR = 1 x In-" Ix 0.0172 = 1.72
1
P20[1
X
10- 8 0. m
'
+ a zo (55 - 20)] = 1.72 xJ(l·8 [ 1 + 254.5 (55 - 20) J= 1.96 X 10- 8 0. m
R
=
55
2.24
_
a zo - 1 + 20a o -
iA
= 1.96 x 10" x 150 x 0.20 = 2.94 x lO- z 0
10 x 2 x 10 6
Power = ]zR = 6 z(2.94 x lO- z) = 1.0584 W
P55
The power taken by a resistive coil made of copper wire is 220 W at 110 V and 20°C. Calculate the power
consumed by the coil at 110 V and 120°C. The tenperature coefficient at 20°C is 0.00393 °C- 1•
Z
Z
z
V
V
110
I
Pzo = R
or
R 20 = P = 220 = 55 0
zo
R l20 = Rzo[l
zo
+ a zo (120 -
20)1 "" 55[1
+ 0.00393(100)] = 76.615 0
1 L(l2
P l20 = 76615 = 157.93 W
2.25
A flat aluminum ring 5 mm thick has a negligible air gap. If the inner and outer radii of the ring are 0.2 and
0.25 m respectively, determine the resistance of tlw ring at 20°C. At this temperature the resistivity of
aluminum is 2.78 x 10- 8 0. m.
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
I
0
11
rmean = ~ (ro + rJ = HO.25 + 0.20) = 0.225 m
Mean length 1= 27T'r mean
1= 271'0.225 = 1.4137 m
Area of cross section
R = -pi
·
R eSlstance
A
2.26
=5 x
4
10- 3 (0.25 - 0.20) = 2.5 x 10- m 2
8
=
2.78xlO- x1.4137
2.5 x 10 4
1572·X 10- 4Hn
=
•
A resistor made of aluminum wire dissipates 25 W of power at 50 V at 20°C. Calculate the current in a second
resistor made of copper and having the same resistance as the first resistor and consuming four times the power
of the first resistor.
I
2.27
or
Hot temperature
R75 =
110
2 = 550 = R 20 [1 + l¥zo(75 or
= 20 + 55 = 75°C
20)] = R 20 [1
+ 0.0043(75 - 20)]
or
R 20
= 44.480
Rx = R75 - R 20 = 55 - 44.48 = 10.520
2
Conductor sizes (cross sections) in electric motors are chosen on the basis of current loadings expressed in A/m •
2
In a particular machine, the allowable current rating is 3 x 10 6 A/m
in 0.5-m-long copper conductors.
Calculate the conductor cross section if the loss in each conductor is not to exceed 1 W at 20°C. The resistivity
of copper at 20 °C is 1.72 X 10- 8 0. m.
I
where
Power P = /2R = (fA)2
J = I/A
= current
density or current loading,
~ = f2Apf
or
or
2.29
!WO
= \' Wo = 1.0 A
A resistive coil draws 2.0 A at 1tO V after operating for a long time. If the temperature rise is 55°C above the
ambient temperature of 20 QC, calculate the external resistance which must be initially connected in series with
the coil to limit the current to 2.0 A. The temperature coefficient of the material of the coil is 0.0043 °C- I at
20°C.
I
2.28
/2
A
= 12.92mm 2
Wire of a certain material x and a given cross section has a resistance of 100 O/km and a temperature coefficient
of 0.0025°C- I • Wire of another material y of a given cross section has a resistance of 500/km and a
temperature coefficient of 0.00075°C- I . It is desired to make a coil having a 1000-0 resistance and a
temperature coefficient of 0.001 by using suitable lengths of the two wires in series. Calculate their respective
lengths.
I
Let Rx and Ry be the respective resistances at the given temperatures.
the total series resistance becomes
R, = Rx(1
Then at a temperature change I:!..T,
+ 0.00251:!..T) + R/1 + 0.000751:!..T)
(1)
Since 0.001 is the temperature coefficient of the combination, we also have
(2)
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:
Rx(1
+ 0.00251:!..T) + R/1 + 0.000751:!..T) = (Rx + Ry)(l + 0.0011:!..T)
R x(0.0015 I:!.. T) = Ry(0.00025 I:!.. T)
or
Thus, Rx=ijRy=~Ry, but
The respective lengths are:
fx
2.30
Rx+Ry=10000.
1km
= 1000 6250
= 6.25 km
Consequently,
fy =
R x =6250 and Ry=3750.
lkm
500 3750=7.5km
It is desired to maintain a 5-A constant current in a resistor made of copper wire through a temperature rise of
55°C from 20 °C ambient temperature. The value of resistance at 20 QC is 400 and the temperature coefficient
is 0.00428 °C- I at O°C. Determine the minimum and maximum voltage that must be available from the power
supply to maintain the desired current.
12
D
CHAPTER 2
I
Vrnin (at 20°C) ,= li'l,J = 40 x 5 = 200 V
R75
R 20
1 + 75 x 0.00428
I + 20 x 0.00428
v'nax
2.31
=, 48.67 x 5 = 243.35 V
Since the current is 5 A at both temperatures,
Pzo = 12 R lo
= 52
X
40
=I
Ps = 12R75 = 52 x 48.67 = 1.21675 kW
kW
Determine the current through and the voltage aCIOs~;:he resistor of Prob. 2.30 if it is required that the power
dissipated at 75°C is the same as that at 20 °C and 200 V.
I
P75
V75
or
2.33
= R7;1
= 1.217 x 40 = 48.67 n
Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor of Proh. 2.30 at 20 and at 75°C.
I
2.32
(at 75°C)
R75
or
= V 1000 x
V~o
200
40
= PlO = ]f2 )
48.67
= 220.61
V~5
2
48.67
and
V
175
=
220.61
48.67
= 4.533 A
Determine the ratio of powers dissipated in two resiston, each having the same length and each made of copper
wire of circular cross section, but one having a diametn twice that of the other, and each being connected across
the same voltage.
V2
V'
V 2A
'TT' V2D~
P = - = - - - , = -I - = - - I
I
RI
pt/AI
pt
4 pt
V2
V2D~
'TT'
P = ,-- =, - - 2
R2
4 pt
Similarly,
PI = ,e~" 4D~ = 4
P2
D~
D~
2.34
Find the ratio of powers in the two resistors of Prob. 2.33 when the resistors carry the same current.
I
= j2R
P
I
= ,;'
pt = i
Al
l'
P = f2R =
Similarly,
2
'TT'
~
D~
PI
l,'D~
P, = \'1);
2.35
D~
12pt
'TT'
2
Ilpe
I
4
A 100-W IIO-V light bulb has a filament made of an alby having a temperature coefficient of 0.0055 °C - I at O°C.
The normal operating temperature of the bulb is 2000 'c. How much current will the bulb draw at the instant
it is turned on when the room temperature is 20 DC? From your result verify that burnout of bulbs is more
frequent at the instant they are turned on.
I
The ratio of resistances at the two temperatures is given by
1 + 20a"
1 + 2000a\)
I -' ,20 x 0.0055
_2
T~~2i)00 + 0.0055
=
9.25 x 10
2
110
100 = 121
At 20°C:
Compare with
2.36
R 20
= 121 x 9.25 x
10- 2 = 11.20
f 2000 =
I¥l
and
=
n
121l
=
110
11.2
= 9.82A
0.91 A
The current loading of the heating element of a 11O-\' 750-W electric heater is not to exceed 2600 A/in 2 (cf.
Prob. 2.28). The resistivity of the wire material is 12 x 10- 8 n· m. Calculate the length and the area of
cross section of the heating element.
I
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
iA
Since
R
= ~=
2
110
750
P
e=
or
2.37
=
13
2600 Afinz
=
2
2 62
= 6.818.
2600 III =. x
Area A
D
16.13
0~3.III 2
1
n = pe =
A
= 1.69 mm 2
12 x 1O~8e
l.69 x 10 6
__
16_._13_x_I._6_9--;x;-I_0_~6__ = 227.16 m
12 x 10
8
Heat energy is often measured in calories and 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joule (l). It is desired to design a
heating element to boil a certain amount of water in 2 min requiring 40 kcal heat energy. If the heating
element is to operate at 110 V, calculate its current and power ratings.
I
1 kcal = 4.184 kl = 4.184 kW· s = 4184 W· s
The heat energy required is
Q = 40kcal = 40 x 4184
Let P be the power required.
Then,
P = 167,360 W . s = 1395 W
I
120 s
2.38
167,360 W· s
=
P
=
V=
1395
110
=
12.7 A
For the data of Prob. 2.37, determine the resistance of the heating element if the same amount of water is
required to boil in 30 s.
I The same amount of energy must be delivered in one-fourth the time; so the power is now
P = 4(1395) = 5580 W = VI
2.39
5580
1= 110
or
= 50.7 A
R=
V
7=
110
50.7
=
2.17 n
As the temperature of a heating element changes, its resistance also changes, and so does the temperature
coefficient. In a certain case, the temperature varies linearly with time and is given by T QC = (20 + lOt),
where t is time in seconds. The temperature coefficient of the material is 0.0065 °C~l at O°C. If the initial
resistance of the heating element is 2 n, find its resistance after 10 s.
I
At t = 0:
and
T = 20 + 10 x 10 = 120 QC
At t = 10 s:
R 120 = Rzo[1
+ a 2o (120 - 20)]
From Eq. (4) of Prob. 2.13,
~
a ZO = I + ao20
0.0065
0005 QC l
1 + 0.0065 x 20 =.
75
R 120 = 2[1 + 0.00575(120 - 20)] = 3.15 n
2.40
For the heating element of Prob. 2.39, express the resistance as a function of time.
I
Resistance at a temperature T is given by
RT = Ro(1
+ aoT) =
R(t)
From the data:
Ro
Hence
2.41
=RI [I + a20(0 -
20°)]
R(t) = l.77[1
= 2(1 -
20 x 0.00575) = 1.77 n
+ 0.0065(20 + lOt)]
= (2
T = 20 + lOt
+ 0.115t) n
If the heating element of Prob. 2.39 or 2.40 is connected across a 11O-V source, calculate the initial and final
powers.
V2
110 2
R=2n
P. = - = = 6050 W
I At t = 0:
R
2
I
At t = 10 s:
R=3.15n
110
2
Pf = 3.15 = 3841 W
14
2.42
D
CHAPTER 2
For Probs. 2.39 through 2.41 determine the energy dissipated in the heating element over the lO-s period.
dU ==
R(iY il = 2 + 0.115t dt
1102
U == 110 2 (HI
dt
== 0 5 [In (2
).. 2 + 0.115t
.11
or
2.43
110 2
V2
I
+ 0.115t)go == 47.795 kJ = 0.0133 kWh
A block of iron is heated directly by dissipating power in the internal resistance of the block. Because of the
temperature rise, the resistance increases exponentially with time and is given by R(t) == 0.5e 21 n, where t is
in seconds. The block is connected across a 11O-V source and dissipates 1827 cal heat energy over a certain
period of time. Calculate this period of time.
I
Let t be the required time.
Then energy dissipcted is
U=
2
2
V2
f.1 ----dt==-110
110 JI
I--dt==
eJo R(t)
05e
0.5
21
_
~ ~0~.5
(e
-'I ';,
dt
2
110 (1- e-
21
J
)
1827 cal == 1827 x 4.184 == 7644 J == U
Now
1 - e- 21 =, 76442 = 0.632
110
-2t In e == In 0.368
or
Thus
e -21 = 0.368
or
Hence,
2.44
=,
2l
0
(j
t
=
-2t == -1
or
0.5 s
A light bulb, having a tungsten filament, draws 0.5 A at 110 V. The cold resistance of the filament is 20 n at
20 QC. At this temperature the temperature coefficient of resistance (for tungsten) is 0.005 QC-I. Determine
the operating temperature of the bulb.
I
Resistance at the operating temperature T QC i~
RT
==
V
110
I = D.5 == 220 n == R2o\1 -+ ,:l2o(T -
20)]
= 20[1 + 0.005(T - 20)]
Solving for T yields T == 2020 QC.
2.45
The operating temperature of a tungsten-filament 1l0-V 40-W bulb is 2020 QC (cf. Prob. 2.44). The filament is
made of a O.Ol-mm-diameter wire having a resistivity of 5.55 x 10- 8 n· m at 20 QC and a temperature
coefficient of 0.005 QC-I. Calculate the length of the filament wire.
I
At 2020 QC:
or
R 2020 ==
V2
P
R
20
==
110 2
40 =
== 302.5
11
275
.
+ 0.005(2020 - 20)] == 11R 20
n ,= !!?cQ~ ==
A
R
5.55 x lO- e
1T14[(0.01)2 X 10 6]
1T x 27.5 X 10- 2
e= - - - - - - == 3 89 cm
4 x 555
.
Hence
2.46
==
302.5 n = 8 20 [1
A 60-mm-thick electrode is cut from a solid 70-mm-radius hemisphere made of copper, as shown in Fig. 2-4.
Calculate the current through the electrode if 6 V is applied across it. Resistivity of copper is l.72 x
10- 8 n·m.
I
Let R be the resistance of the electrode.
Then, for the infinitesimal disk shown in Fig. 2-4,
or
p ( tan h- 1 b
a - tan h-10)
==;.
I ==
~ ==
R ==
.
f r~a
1T
)FO
(b 2
dx
-
x2 )
::)a
== f (tanh- 1
1T
b
0
8
P
== ;.
tan h-1 ab
0.702 ~ 10
8 ::
l.72: 10- tanh- 1 60 == 0.702 x 10- 8
70
8.547 x 108 A = 854.7 MA
n
H
RESISTANCE AND OHM'S LAW
0
15
I
6Y
2.47
Fig. 2-4
A carbon resistor dissipates 60 W of power while drawing 0.5 A of current at 20°C. How much power will be
dissipated in the resistor at 100 °C if connected across a 120-V source? Temperature coefficient of carbon at
20°C is -0.0005°C- 1•
60
or
R zo = --z = 240 n
I At 20°C:
0.5
At 100°C:
R100 == Rzo[l - 0.0005(100 - 20)] = 240(1 - 0.04) = 230.4 n
Vl
120 2
Pzoo == R
= 230.4 = 62.5 W
zoo
2.48
We have two resistors wound with round copper wire. The length and the diameter of the first wire are t and
A respectively and those of the second wire are 0.25t and 0.5A. Determine the ratios of currents and powers
for the two resistors if they are connected across the same voltage source.
I
2.49
R 1 = p(0.25t)
0.5A
= 05 pt = 0 5R
. A
.
1
If the same current flows through the two resistors of Prob. 2.48, determine the ratios of voltages and powers.
I
2.50
and
From Prob. 2.48,
RzfR 1 = 0.5,
Obtain the exact and approximate ratios of the resistances of a coil at two temperatures Tl and T1 assuming that
the only other given quantity is the temperature coefficient a o at O°c.
I Let Ro be the resistance at
O°C.
Then at the temperatures T1 and Tl we have
and
which is the exact ratio.
R1
R
z
= (1
or
R1
Approximately,
1 :
+ a oT1)(1 + aOT1) = (1 + a oT 1)[1 - aoTz + (aoT z ) _ ... ] = 1 + ao(T, - T z )
CHAPTER 3
Series and Parallel
Resistive Circuits
3.1
\\
"--~
How much current will flow through a 2-0 resistor eonnected in series with a 4-0 resistor, and the combination
connected across a 12-V source? What is the voltage across each resistor?
V
12
I =-=-=2A
I
Rs
6
I
and
3.2
A 2-0 resistor is connected in parallel with a 4-0 n:sistor and the combination across a 12-V source.
current through each resistor and the total current supplied by the source.
I
3.3
12n =¥=6A
=i- = 3 A
Itotal
=6t 3=9A
What is the total resistance of the combination of a 2·0 and a 4-0 resistance in parallel?
supplied by a 12-V source connected across the combination.
1
1 1 3
-=-t-=Rp
2 4 4
I
3.4
I' ll
Find the
Calculate the current
V
12
I=R=4/3=9A
or
p
Two resistors of ohmic values RI and R2 are connected in series, and the combination across a source of voltage
V. How is this voltage divided across the resistors?
I
3.5
Two resistors of ohmic values RI and R2 are connel;ted in parallel, and the combination across a source of
current I. How is this current divided through the Iesistors?
I
Let
or
V:= IRp = IIRI = 12R 2.
R2
IRp
R
IRp
I = = I ---I ==I
I
I
RI
RI + RI
2
R2
RI t R2
V= voltage across the combination.
Therefore,
3.6
Use the results of Prob. 3.4 to solve Prob. 3.1.
I
V =V
I
3.7
RI
2
= 12 2 t 4 = 4 V
RI t R2
I
2
R2
4
II = I R t R = 9 2 t 4 = 6 A
I
2
Calculate the power in each resistor of Prob. 3.1 and verify that the total power supplied by the source is the
sum of the powers in the resistors.
I
PI
= I~RI
= 22
X
2 =8 W
P2 = I~R2
PI t P2 = 8 t 16 = 24 W
16
R2
4
V2 = V R t R = 12 2 t 4 = 8 V
Use the results of Prob. 3.5 to solve Prob. 3.2.
I
3.8
Then
= 22
X
4 = 16 W
(since
Ps = VI = 12 x 2 = 24 W
II = 12 = 2 A)
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.9
Determine the power in each resistor of Prob. 3.2.
sum of the powers in the resistors.
V2
I
3.10
122
V2
+ P2 = 72 + 36 = 108 W
122
P =-=-=36W
2
R2
4
Ps = VI = 12 x 9 = 108 W
A 3-0 and a 6-0 resistor are connected in parallel and the combination in series with an 8-0 resistor.
the total resistance.
I
17
Verify that the total power supplied by the source is the
P =-=-=72W
] R]
2
p]
D
R tota ] = Rp
Calculate
+ Rs = 2 + 8 = 10 0
3.11
A 20-V source is connected across the resistor combination of Prob. 3.10. What is the voltage across the 8-0
resistor?
V
20
I=--=-=2A
I
VS!l = 8 x 2 = 16 V
R tota ]
10
3.12
Determine the power absorbed by each resistor of Prob. 3.11.
V2
2
I
Pg!l = ~ n = 1~ = 32 W
V3 n = V6 n = V-Vg n = 20 - 16 = 4 V
Check:
3.13
Total power = 32 + ~
+ ¥ = 40 W. Power from source = VI = 20 x 2 = 40 W.
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-1, find the value of k so that the resistance of the combination is a minimum.
I
For
R min , aRlak = 0,
R = ka + f!:
2
k
which implies that
2k(2ak) - 2(ea + 2a)
=0
R = ea + 2a
2k
2e - e - 2= 0
or
or
k=
V2 =
1.414
'VV
+
3.14
P = V21R
is a maximum when R is a minimum;
k = V2.
What is the maximum power the resistors of Fig. 3-1 can absorb when connected across voltage V?
the input current at maximum power condition.
I
3.16
Fig. 3-1
If a voltage V is connected across the resistor combination of Prob. 3.13, find the condition for maximum power
supplied from the source to the resistors.
I
3.15
v
From Probs. 3.13 and 3.14,
2V 2 k
2V2 V2
V2
P = ---;;- e + 2 = ---;;- 2 + 2 = V2a W
Determine
and
Four resistors of ohmic values 5, 10, 15, and 200 are connected in series and a 100-V source is applied across
the combination. How is this voltage divided among the various resistors?
18
0
CHAPTER 3
I
Using the voltage division rule, we have
Similarly,
3.17
VIO = 20 V,
V, s = 30 V,
V20 = 40 V
Formulate the law of current division among three resistors R" R 2 , and R, connected in parallel,
input current is i,
I The common voltage across the resistors is V'= iR,.,., where
IfR"I' = I fR,
+ I fRe + I fR,.
Thc total
Hence,
,
V
Rep.
1 =-=-1
,
3.18
R,
R,
Determine the current through and the voltages acrm,s three resistors of ohmic values 5,7, and 8 n, connected
in series and across a 100-V source.
Total resistance = Re, = 5 + 7 + 8 = 20 n
I
··
I
V
100
C nCUlt
current = = R = 20 = 5 A
{'s
Voltage across the 5-0 resistor = 51 = 25 V
8-0 resistor = 81 = 40 V
3.19
Voltage: across the 7-0 resistor
= 7 1= 35 V
Voltage across the
Determine the voltage across and the currents throu:?;h three resistors of 5, 10, and 200, all connected in
parallel and across a lOO-V source. There is 100 V lCross each resistor.
I Current through the 5-n resistor = !¥' = 20 A.
C'lrrent through the 10-0 resistor = \(~'
= 10 A.
Current
through the 20-0 resistor =,*,' = 5 A.
3.20
Determine the current and power drawn from the source in the circuit of Prob. 3.19.
I Total current from source = 20 + 10 + 5 = 35 A. Power supplied by source = VI = 100 x 35 = 3500 W.
3.21
Reduce the circuit between the terminals a and b, Fig. 3-2, to a single resistor.
20
a
10
30
d
6 n
e
16 n
b
~--~--~----~--~~----~----
c
60
80
Fig. 3-2
I From the law of parallel resistances,
1
I
I
1
- = - + - -- or
Red = I n
Red 2 3 6
The series resistance between a and e is then I - I + 6 = 8 0, giving a net resistance
Ra,. = (8)(8) = 4 n
8+8
3.22
R"h = 4 + 16 = 200
Calculate the resistances of 110-V light bulbs rated at 25, 60, 75, and 100 W.
I From
P = V2fR:
R 2,
W
R how
=
( 110)2
---zs
(110)2
= ~
=
484 0
,
=201.670
R75 W
=
RlOo
(l1W
~ = 161.30
W
(110)"
= 10() = 121 0
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.23
D
19
An electric heating pad rated at 110 V and 55 W is to be used at a 220-V source. It is proposed to connect the
heating pad in series with a series-parallel combination of light bulbs, each rated at 110 V; bulbs are available
having ratings of 25,60,75, and 100 W. Obtain a possible scheme of the pad-bulb combinations. At what rate
will heat be produced by the pad with this modification?
•
From Prob. 3.22 we know the resistances of the various light bulbs. The resistance of the heating pad is
We must combine the bulbs to obtain a total resistance of 2200; then, by voltage
division, the pad voltage will be the required 110 V. One possibility is a 100-W bulb in series with a parallel
combination of two 60-W bulbs: Rb = R 100 + ~R60 = 121 + H201.67) = 221.83 0, which is on the safe side.
Then
220
Rp + Rh = 220 + 221.83 = 441.830
Ip = 441.83 = 0.498 A
Rp = (110)2/55 =2200.
I!Rp = (0.498)2(220) = 54.56 W.
and so the heat output of the pad is
3.24
Two resistors, made of different materials having temperature coefficients of resistance a l = 0.004 QC-I and
a 2 = 0.005 QC- \ are connected in parallel and consume equal power at 10 QC. What is the ratio of power
consumed in resistance R2 to that in R I at 60 QC?
•
At 10 QC, RI = R 2, which implies
or
ROI
R02
1 + lOa 2
1 + lOa l
Consequently, the power ratio at 60 QC is
V2/R2
RI
R'lI(1 + 60a l )
V2/RI = R2 = R 02 (1 + 60a 2)
(1 + lOa 2 )(1 + 60a l )
(1 + lOa l )(l + 6Oa 2 )
Substituting the numerical values of a l and a 2 yields the value 0.963.
3.25
A 200-V source is connected across the circuit shown in Fig. 3-2.
•
From Prob. 3.21,
Rab = 20 O.
V
200
1= = = 10 A
Rab
20
3.26
Calculate the voltage across the 8-0 resistor.
Thus,
Veb = ReJ = 16 x 10 = 160 V
Vae = Vg n = V - Veb = 200 - 160 = 40 V
In Prob. 3.25, determine the power dissipated in the 1-0 and 8-0 resistors.
•
From Prob. 3.21,
1= lOA
Vgn =40V
From Prob. 3-25,
1I
3.27
n
= I - Ig II = 10 - 5 = 5 A
Find the ratio of the currents 11/12 at 60 QC in the resistors of Prob. 3.24.
•
From Prob. 3.24,
RI /R 2 = 0.963 = P2 / PI'
RI
If
=0.963=
2
Notice that this result also follows from
3.28
I~ R2
12I IfI
Since
P2/ PI = I~R2/I~RI'
or
IIR I = 12R2 = V,
A battery has internal resistance Ri and terminal voltage V,.
cannot exceed V~/2Ri'
•
Let RI be the load resistance. Then
and power taken by the load,
we have
since the two resistors are in parallel.
Show that the power supplied to a resistive load
20
D
CHAPTER 3
aPTiaR L = 0,
For maximum power,
which requires that
(RL + Rf - RL[2(RL + R,)] = 0
Hence,
3.29
or
(PTJrnax = V;/2R,.
For the battery of Prob. 3.28, V = 96 V and R.= 50 mO. Discrete loads of 150, 100, 50, 30, and 20 mO
are connected, one at a time, acr~ss the battery. Plot the curve of power supplied versus the ohmic value of
the load. Hence verify that the maximum power IT.msfer occurs when Ri = R load = 50 mO.
I
PT.
=
V;' (RL :LR,)2
Substituting the given numerical values yields:
_ 96 2
PIOO -
.
P IOO
POD
.
2
150 2 -_ 34._6
" kW
(150 + 50)
100
.
= 96 (100 + 50)2 = 40.96 kW
= 96 2
2
30
P,o
.
= 96 (30 + 50) 2 = 43.20 kW
P20
= 96
2
20
(20 + 50)2
= 37.62 kW
50 2 = 46.08 kW
(50 + 50)
which is plotted in Fig. 3-3 showing that (PTJrnax occurs at RL
=
50 mO.
50
(P)
= 46.08 kw
~o..)C
_
i
_
---"" \
45
40
___
\
I
35'
30
so
_
i
i
7S
Rc, ..,
100
fL
I~S
i
ISO
Fig. 3-3
3.30
A battery has an internal resistance of 0.5 0, and has an open-circuit voltage of 20 V. The battery supplies a
2-0 load. Determine the power lost within the batl:ery and the terminal voltage on load.
20
2
I
1= 2 + 0.5 = 8 A
V, = IRL = 8< 2 = 16 V
Plos' = [2Ri = 8 (0.5) = 32 W
3.31
A resistor made of silver and another made of nickel, having temperature coefficients of resistance at 20 QC of
0.0038 QC-I and 0.006 QC-I, carry equal currents at 20 QC when connected across a voltage source. How will the
total current be distributed if the temperature is raised to 150 QC?
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
•
21
At 150 C,
Q
RSilve,
= (R silve , )20[1 + 0.0038(150 - 20)] = 1.494(Rsilve, )20
Rnickel
= (Rnickel)20[1 + 0.006(150 -
Since the currents are equal at 20 QC,
3.5) at 150 QC,
(R silve J2o
20)]
= 1.78(RnickeJ20
= (Rnickel )20 = R. Therefore, by current division (sce Prob.
1.78R
3.32
D
Isilver
= 1.78R+l.494R 1=0.54371
or
54.37%
Inickel
= l.78R
1.494R
+ 1.494R 1 = 0.45631
or
45.63%
Convert the delta-connected resistor bank of Fig. 3-4 into an equivalent wye-connected resistor bank.
~ ----------------~
b _ _ _....,
c----------------~
Fig. 3-4
• For equivalence, the resistance between any two terminals (say, ab) for both the wye and the delta
connections must be the same. Thus, equating them we get
Ra(Ra + Ra)
2R y = R + R + R =
a
Hence,
3.33
a
a
2
'3 Ra
Ry = ~Ra'
Three unequal resistors are connected in wye as shown in Fig. 3-5.
resistor bank.
•
Obtain an equivalent delta-connected
From Fig. 3-5 it follows that:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Solving RA' R B , and Rc yields:
RA =
1
If (R t R 2 + R2 R 3 + R 3 R t )
2
c__---.
b
Fig. 3-5
22
3.34
D
CHAPTER 3
Suppose three resistors RA' R B' and Re are connected in delta as shown in Fig. 3-5.
wye-connected resistor bank.
• In this case also Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) of Prob. 3.33 are valid.
obtain
3.35
Obtain an equivalent
Therefore, we solve for RI' R 2 , and R3 to
Convert the pi-connected resistors of Fig. 3-6a to an equivalent tee-connected set (Fig. 3-6b).
• Notice that pi- and tee-connections are, respectivdy, the same as delta- and wye-connections.
the results of Prob. 3.34, we obtain
RARe
RI = R A + R B + R e
Thus, using
6x3
9 + 6 + 3 = 1.00
9x3
9 + 6 + 3 = 1.50
9x6
9+6+3 =3.00
>RI!> -_ (; L1Fig. 3-6
3.36
Verify that the converse of Prob. 3.35 is true; that is, show that if RI = 1.50, R2 = 1.00,
are connected in wye, its equivalent delta will have the values shown in Fig. 3-6a.
•
Since
RIR2 + R2R3 + R3R, = 1.5 x 1 + 1 x 3 + 3 >: 1.5 = 9,
3.37
Re=~=30
Determine the resistance across the terminals ab of the interconnected resistors of Fig. 3-7 a.
(A.. _ _ _ _ _ __
I
('{2./
,cz.
<
.... ~ .....
• _I'"
"IV
c~
___
b _ _ _ __
R,
-
= 3.00
from the results of Prob. 3.33 we have:
9
R fl =-r:s=60
R A =t=90
and
'1
b LL
'V,~
b
2. .(1.
"sS-
c ~:J1-
b_____ 1-
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3-7
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
0
23
• First, we convert the upper delta to a wye to obtain the interconnection shown in Fig. 3-7 b which reduces to
that given in Fig. 3-7c. Finally, Rab = 2 + (6 x 4) /(6 + 4) = 4.4 D.
3.38
What is the resistance across the terminals ab of the network shown in Fig. 3-8a?
• By converting the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye we obtain the interconnection shown in Fig.
3-8b. Next combining the 3-D and 6-D resistors in parallel leads to the circuit shown in Fig. 3-8e. Hence,
Rab = 2 + 2 = 4 D.
b __~____L -_ _~_
h _ _ _---->
c
Cc)
3.39
Fig. 3-8
For the network shown in Fig. 3-8a, calculate the voltage across the terminals ae if a 36-V battery is connected
across the terminals ab.
• In this case, we convert the 6-D wye-connected resistors into an equivalent delta to obtain the circuit of Fig.
3-9a. Combining the 9-D and 18-D resistors in parallel gives the circuit of Fig. 3-9b from which we obtain the
currents as follows:
18./7-
6.n.
c
3&v
Fig. 3-9
36
lac
3.40
or
Calculate the power dissipated in the 9-D resistor connected across ab and in the 9-D resistor connected across
be of the network of Fig. 3-8a when a 36-V source is connected across ab.
•
2
From Fig. 3-9a we have, P9nab = V;b/Rab = 36 /9 = 144 W.
From Problem 3.39, Vac = 18 V. Hence
Vbc
3.41
= 6+6 =3 A
= 36 -
18 = 18 V
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-lOa, determine R so that the power going into the terminals ab is maximum.
Also calculate the maximum power.
24
0
CHAPTER 3
• The sequence of network reduction is shown
source is given by
ID
Figs. 3-IOb-e.
From Fig. 3-IOe the current drawn from the
12
1==
1+ 0.5R
A
and power is
P
For maximum power,
Thus,
aPlaR = 0
=I
2.
Il-\I
and
1.R
"I-
a.
i
'2.R.
"l-
= (1 + 0.5R)2
0.5( 1+ 0.5R)2 - 0.5R x 2(1 + 0.5R)0.5 = 0
requires that
12
=6A
I = 1+ 0.5 x 2
1.Cl..
144(0.5R)
(O·:>ln
R = 2 n.
P max = 6\0.5 x 2) = 36 W
---7
P
/
or
1..!1..
I
-
~
-\"
ll-V
!>
~
?.R
2-
b
h
(~ )
lC ")
I
/..I1-
~
o. sq
.J1.
Fig. 3-10
3.42
For the circuit in Fig. 3-lOa show by changing the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye that the
maximu:n power entering the terminals ab is 36 W.
• The network reduction is shown in Fig. .3-11.1--c.
Therefore, from the results of Prob. 3.41, we havt:
R=2n
Notice that Fig. 3-11 C IS identical to Fig. 3-lOe.
and
Pmax = 36 W
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
D
25
{'AV
p
( 4.)
/fI-
II
R
4"
R
4
r
r ~
g
4
b
(6)
,tL-
1
•
t't
I'SR
J
Fig. 3-11
(c)
3.43
Four 60-W 11O-V bulbs are to be operated from a 230-V source. Determine the value of the resistance
connected in series with the line so that the voltage across the bulbs does not exceed 110 V.
4x bO =240w
Fig. 3-12
•
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-12 we have total power drawn from the source,
P = 4 x 60 = 240 W
Input current I
P
240
= V = Do = 2.1818 A
Voltage across the series resistor,
VR
3.44
=
230 - 110 = 120 V = IR
or
R=
VR
T =
120
2.1818 =550
An alternate way of operating the bulbs of Prob. 3.43 is to connect them as shown in Fig. 3-13 with a series
resistor. Calculate the value of the series resistance and state, giving reasons, which of the two methods is
preferable.
R
2?o
I
4><{,o:;2fOW
Fig. 3-13
26
D
CHAPTER 3
•
In this case,
1=
P
V
240
= 220 = 1.0909P.,
L
VR = 230- 220= lOV= RI
[11
Thus
IJi909 = 9.167 0
R=
12R loss in method of Prob. 3.43 = 120 2 /55 = 261 82 W. 12R loss in method of the present problem =
10 2 /9.167 = 10.9 W. Second method is more efficknt but, if one bulb burns out, only two will function.
3.45
A 12-V battery is made of 36 cells each rated at 2 V c.nd 1.5 A for a given duty cycle.
and power that may be drawn from the battery?
• Since the battery is rated at 12 V and each ;;ell at 2 V, cells connected in series =
parallel paths = ~ = 6. Rating for one parallel pa:h = 1.5 A (given).
Line current = 6 x 1.5 = 9 A
(Otherwise,
3.46
What is the line current
¥ = 6 cells.
Number of
Power = VI = 12 x 9 = 108 W
power = 36 x 2 x 1.5 = 108 W.)
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-14, calculate R sucb that the power dissipated in the 3-0 resistor is 300 W.
Fig. 3-14
•
P3 fl
=
-tV2 =
V,
30
:3 = :3 = 10 A
I, n =
V
V
I=1O+5=15A= I+R+(6X3)/(6+3) =3--~R
3.47
V3 = 30V
V,
30
Ion = (; = (; = 5A
or
V=45 + 15R =90V or
90 - 45
R= - - - =30
15
For the value of R determined in Prob. 3.46, calcu late the power absorbed by each resistor.
total power thus obtained is the same as that supplied by the source.
2
• Total power absorbed = 15 x 1 + 15
15 = 1350 W.
3.48
or
:\00 W
2
X
2
2
3 + 30 /3 + 30 /6 = 1350 W.
Verify that the
Power supplied by the source = 90 x
Calculate the voltage that must be connected across the terminals ab such that the voltage across the 2-0 resistor
is 10 V (Fig. 3-15).
•
Input current to the circuit,
Rpacallcl
=
6 x 12
6 + 12
1=
1f = 5 A.
= 40
Rtota'
=, 2 + 1 + 4 = 70
V= Rtot"J= 7 x 5 = 35 V.
Fig. 3-15
b
3.49
Refer to Fig. 3-15. Determine the voltage across the 6-0 resistor.
verify that 1= 11 + 12,
•
V6 n = V - Vo !l
.-
Hence determine the currents 11 and 12 and
111 11 = 35 - 10 - 5 = 20 V
10
10
20 + 10
1+1
1 2 =-+-=--=5A=I
366
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.50
D
27
Find the current in the 5-0 resistor in the interconnection of resistors shown in Fig. 3-16a.
I
By changing the delta-connected 3-0 resistors into an equivalent wye we obtain the circuit of Fig. 3-16b,
which is reduced to the circuit of Fig. 3-16e. Thus,
V
36
1= - = - - =12A
R 2+ 1
VIO (Fig. 3-16b) = RI = 1 x 12 = 12 V
V(I+S) 0 = V-VI
= 36 - 12 = 24 V
0
24
Iso = 1 + 5 = 4 A
Thus,
c
I
V-:'?J'V
.,.
CA)
5..!L-
I:>
t)..
'..fl..-
"
,.fL
I..£L
2.f7.'\.\
c
I
36V
(b)
A.
•
,..n..
IOI'V'"
+
2.1l--
I"-
•
4-
-N'
cl
~
(c)
3.51
3.f\.
(d)
Fig. 3-16
By adding the powers absorbed by the resistors of Fig. 3-16e, verify that the sum is equal to the power supplied
by the 36-V source.
I
From the results of Prob. 3.50,
Thus,
Is 0 = 4 A
and
120 = 8 A
Vso=4 x 5=20V
and
V20 = 8 x 2 = 16 V
Also the volt ages across the top and bottom of the 3-0 resistors become 16 and 20 V respectively as shown.
The respective currents in these resistors are ¥ A and ~ A. Hence the current I (Fig. 3-16a) in the vertically
I = ¥ - 4 = ~ A.
drawn 3-0 resistor between be becomes
Verification:
120 = ~
+ ~ = 8A
Pin
3.52
Find the resistance between the terminals ad for the interconnected resistors shown in Fig. 3-16a.
I
3.53
= 36 x 12 = 432 W
Using wye-delta transformations shown in Fig. 3-16b we obtain the circuit of Fig. 3-16d.
A shunt is used to extend the range of an ammeter by connecting it across the ammeter as shown in Fig. 3-17.
The ammeter has a resistance of 0.10 and gives a full-scale deflection of 2.5 A. Calculate the value of the
shunt resistance to extend the range of the ammeter to 50 A.
28
D
CHAPTER 3
I
Refer to Fig. 3-17:
Is = 50 - 2.5 = 47.5 A
I=50A
la =2.5 A
or
2.5 x 0.1
47.5Rs
=
2.5 x 0 1
Rs = - - - =5 .263mO
47.:>
Hence,
Fig. 3-17
3.54
The multiplying power of a shunt is defined as the ratio of the line current to the current through the ammeter.
Obtain a general expression for the multiplying power.
I From Fig. 3-17 we have:
IaRa = (I - IJR s
· I'
Ra
Mu Itip
ymg power = TI = 1 + If
or
or
a
3.55
s
The resistance of a coil is measured experimentally by the voltmeter-ammeter method. Two possible
arrangements of the meters are shown in Fig. 3-18. The resistance of the voltmeter is 10 kO and that of the
ammeter is 0.1 O. For the setup of Fig. 3-18a the voltmeter reads 5 V and the ammeter reading is 25 A. What
is the value of the resistance?
I For Fig.
3-18a from Ohm's law:
5 = 25(0.1
+ R)
R=
or
fs -
0.1 = 0.1 0
I
Ill.
R
(If)
3.56
(b)
Fig. 3·18
If the ammeter reading in Fig. 3-18b is 25 A and the valiues of various resistances are the same as in Prob. 3.55,
determine the voltmeter reading.
I By the rule of current division we have:
R
0.1
Iv = R + Rv 1= 0.1 + 10,000 (25 A)
Voltmeter reading = RJv
3.57
==
(HI,OOO) 0.1
+O~~,OOO
(25) = 2.5 V
Based on the results of Probs. 3.55 and 3.56, if the resistance is measured as the ratio of the voltmeter-toammeter readings, state which of the two connections of Fig. 3-18 is preferred for the measurement of (a) a low
resistance and (b) a high resistance.
~T
5
I From Prob. 3.55:
R=
-i = B
From Prob. 3.56:
R=
I
V
=0.20
2.5
= :~5 =0.10
Clearly, Fig. 3-18b is suitable for the measurement of a low resistance and Fig. 3-18a is preferred for
measuring a high resistance.
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.58
D
29
Calculate the value of the shunt resistance to be used with a galvanometer having a resistance of 10 il if the
current through the galvanometer is not to exceed S percent of the total current.
I From Prob. 3.S4 we have:
I
Ra
- =1+la
Rs = ~ =0.S26il
Hence,
3.59
or
Rs
An ammeter rated to read up to S A, having a resistance of O.S il, is to be converted into a IS0-V voltmeter by
connecting a resistor in series with the ammeter. Calculate the value of this resistance.
I
Let R be the value of the series resistance. Then by Ohm's law,
ammeter resistance. Substituting numerical values yields:
ISO = S(R + O.S)
3.60
l~O
R=
or
V = I(R
+ R.), where Ra IS the
-0.S=29.Sil
A 300-V voltmeter draws 2 mA current for full-scale deflection. This voltmeter is used to measure the voltage
across a SO-kil resistor connected in series with a 2S-kil resistor, the combination of the resistors being
connected across a IS0-V source. What is the voltmeter reading?
I The voltmeter resistance Rv = 300/(2 x 10- 3) = ISO kil. From the circuit of Fig. 3-19, the total resistance
across the IS0-V source is R = 2S + (ISO x SO) 1(ISO + SO) = 62.S kil.
ISO
1= 62.S X 103 =2.4mA
By current division rule,
3
I =SOX10 x2.4XlO-
3
=0.6mA
(ISO + SO) x 10 3
IvRv = 0.6 x 10- 3 x ISO X 10 3 = 90 Y.
v
Thus the voltmeter reading is
v
I
I
+
3.61
50
k.£l..
ISO
kn...
V
Fig. 3-19
If the voltmeter of Prob. 3.60 is now connected across the 2S-kil resistor, what is the voltage across the SO-kil
resistor?
I When the voltmeter is connected across the 2S-kil resistor, the value of the combined parallel resistance
becomes Rp = (2S x ISO) 1(2S + ISO) = 21.428 kil. Or the total circuit resistance is SO + 21.428 = 71.428 kil.
ISO x 10 - 3 = 2 .1 m A
"
CIrcUlt
current I = 71.428
Voltage across SO kil = SO x 10 3 x 2.1 X 10- 3 = lOS V
3.62
A high-voltage dc transmission line supplies 900 MW of power over a distance of 800 km. This power is
delivered at 600 kY. If the loop resistance of the line is 2 mil/km, determine the sending-end voltage.
I
The line is schematic ally represented in Fig. 3-20.
and sending-end quantities. Then,
PR = 900 MW (given)
Subscripts Rand S are, respectively, used for receiving-
I =I
R
900 X 10 6
= I = 600 X 103 = 1.5 kA
s
R = 800 x 2 X 10- 3 = 1.6 il
Vs = VR + IR = 600 x 10 3 + 1.S X 10 3 x 1.6 = 602.4 kV
VR = 600 kV (given)
30
D
CHAPTER 3
r
v_:__
3.63
R.
--~--'VY-~~J
L•• '
Fig. 3-20
Defining efficiency of transmission as the ratio of the power at the receiving end to the power at the sending end,
calculate the efficiency of transmission of the line ,)j Prob. 3.62. Verify that the same result is obtained by
line-loss calculation.
I
PR
=
p~
900 MW (given)
=
VJ
3
,= 602.4 x 10 x 1.5
X
3
10 = 903.6 MW
3
Efficiency of transmission is P RI p~ = 900/903.6 =' ~'9.6%. Line loss is 12R = (1.5 x 10 )2 x 1.6 = 3.6 MW.
6
p~ = PR + line loss = (900 + 3.6) x 10 = 903.6 MW, which is the same as previously calculated.
3.64
A dc generator has an open-circuit voltage of 123 V. When connected across a 4-0 resistor the generator
delivers 3.6 kW of power. Calculate the internal power loss within the generator.
I
3
36_X _
10_
12= _.
4
4+R g
or
Rg
_ 123 - 120 _
n
30
- 0.1 ..
-
Ploss.. =('R g =30 2 xO.1=90W
Hence,
3.65
123
1=30A='---
or
A dc generator may be characterized by an ideal vol1:age source in series with a resistor. At the terminals of
the generator, voltage and current measurements for two different operating conditions are V, = 115 V at
1= 10 A and V, = 105 A at 1= 15 A. Model the generator by a voltage source in series with a resistor.
Fig. 3-21
I With the circuit model of the generator shown in Fig. 3-21, with the symbols defined, we have (for the two
sets of data):
\1;, = V, + IRg
Solving for Vo and Rg yields
3.66
or
Vo = 135 V
\1;, = 115 + lOR g
and
and
\1;, = 105 + 15R g
Rg = 2.0n.
A dependent voltage source is shown in Fig. 3-22. For the data given determine the power supplied by the
12 V-source and that by the 3/-dependent voltage source.
+
"1)
Fig. 3-22
I
From Ohm's law, 12 = 91 + 31 or 1= 1.0 A.
Power delivered by the 12-V source is 12 x 1 = 12 W.
Power delivered by the 3/-dependent voltage source is -1.0 x 3 x 1.0 = - 3 W.
Negative sign is used since the current is going inlO the source. Thus the dependent source is absorbing
(rather than delivering) power.
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.67
D
31
A 500-0 resistor is connected in parallel with a 250-0 resistor and the combination is fed by a 25-A current
source. Calculate the power absorbed by each resistor.
I The circuit is shown in Fig. 3-23. By current-division rule we have,
500
I1 = 250 + 500 25 = 16.67 A
250
= 250 + 500 25 = 8.33 A
12
Respective power losses are
and
li(250) = 69.472 kW
I
1;(500) = 34.695 kW
I
500£2..
Fig. 3-23
3.68
Determine the voltage across the resistors of Fig. 3-23.
same as the total power dissipated in the resistors.
I Voltage
104.187 kW.
3.69
Verify that the power supplied by the source is the
P = V(II
V=/I(250)=/2(500)=16.67x250=4167.5V.
Power
Power dissipated is 69.472 + 34.694 = 104.166 kW.
+ 12) = VI = 4167.5 x 25 =
Figure 3-24 shows a circuit containing a 25-A independent current source and a 5-V dependent current source.
Calculate V and R.
I
1= 25 = 5 V.
Thus,
V = 5 V.
Also,
V = RI,
5 = R(25),
or
or
R = 0.2 O.
+ V
R
l!iA
Fig. 3-24
3.70
For the circuit of Fig. 3-24, determine the power absorbed by R.
V2
I
3.71
PR =
52
0.2 = 125 W
If the power supplied by the 25-A source of Fig. 3-24 is 150W and the dependent source absorbs power,
calculate the voltages across the 25-A source and 5-V dependent current source.
I
V2S
P25
A
A
= -1- '"
25 A
3.72
If '"
150
2s = 6 V
V
5v
= Ps v = 150 - 125 = V
I
5
25
v
1
For the circuit in Fig. 3-25 the elements shown on the right are connected one at a time to the terminals ab.
The control for the dependent sources is Ix' Determine the dependent parameter in each case.
+ 36 V _
75 V
+
r::
I.
18
n
a
+
Vu
+
V,
~
R
I,
b
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Fig. 3-25
32
D
CHAPTER 3
I Since the voltage across the 18-0 resistor is 36 \1. the current Ix must be 2 A. Then Vab + (2)(2) - 75 +
Vab = 35 V.
36 = 0 or
Vg = 35 V
(b)
Ig = Ix = 2 A
kIx =35V
(c)
k =-1
(d)
(a)
VR
(e)
=
I,R
=
35 V
R=17.50
k=17.50
A generator generating a ramp voltage, v = 6t V, i5. connected across a 25-0 resistor.
dissipated by the resistor during the interval O;~ t;2 5 s.
3.73
I
2
2
p = v 1R = 36t /25 W.
Instantaneous power
Determine the energy
Energy is
A resistor supplied by a ramp generator producing a voltage v = lOt V is used as a heating element to boil a
certain amount of water. It takes 2 kcal of heat energy to boil the water in 30 s. Calculate the value of the
resistance. (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ.)
3.74
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 3.73,
(lOt)2
lOO (t 3 )30
- - dt= o
R
R
3 0
30
J
W=2kcal =2 x 4184 = 8:·68J =
100 X 30 3
R = Tx8368 = 107.5 n
or
3.75
For the data of Prob. 3.74, if
I
v = 10 V (constant),
In this case,
30
W = 8368 J =
3.76
determine the value of the resistance.
J
o
102
3000
- dt ,: - R
R
3000
R = 8368 = 0.3585 n
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-26a determine the current drawn from the 15-V battery.
I First, we show the circuit reduction to a single equivalent resistor in Fig. 3-26b through d. Then, from Fig.
3-26d,
V
1= R
I
1£1.-
tI ,
'"
15V
15
=6A
5/2
c: -
I '? ..
1-.1.--
~.a. ~
-
r
I
;1.f
1.fL
(.!l
6)(2. ) _ ~
( t:>/ +1 - -:2
+
/SV
\
T
(~)
I
(c)
1ft
:t.1
/5V
£l-
+
I '2
(~)
~+6
':. 2ft
(b)
(2 ·H.)--
I (l+t}~~fL
'-(1_
fSV- :-
Cd)
Fig. 3-26
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.77
D
33
Refer to Fig. 3-26a and calculate the power absorbed by the 2-0 resistor.
I From Prob. 3.76, we have 1= 6 A. Now, applying the current division rule to the circuit of Fig. 3-26b, we
obtain 12 = [2/(2 + 6)]6 = 1.5 A. Thus, P2 n = 1;(2) = (1.5)22 = 4.5 W.
3.78
What are the powers absorbed by the resistors of Fig. 3-26a?
power drawn from the battery.
I
I1 = [6/(2 + 6)]6 = 4.5 A,
From Fig. 3-26b and from Prob. 3.76 we have
13
6
= 3 + 6 4.5 = 3 A
PI n
3
= 3 + 6 4.5 = 1.5 A
14
= (6)21 = 36 W
P2 n
= (1.5)22 = 4.5 W
P4n =(1.5)24=9W
Check:
3.79
Pbatte<y
and from Fig. 3-26a we obtain
= 1.5 A. Since P = 12R, we have
12
From Prob. 3.77,
Verify that the sum of these powers equals the
Ptotal
= 90W
= VI = 15 x 6 = 90 W .
If the 3-0 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 3-26a is short-circuited, how much power will now be drawn from the
battery?
Also, determine the voltage across the 2-0 resistor.
I From Fig.
3-26a it follows that short-circuiting the 3-0 resistor short-circuits the 6-0 resistor as well as the
series combination of the 2-0 and 4-0 resistors. Hence, V2 n = 0 V. The current is limited by the 1-0
resistor, and we have 1= 1[- = 15 A. Power drawn from the battery is VI = 15 x 15 = 225 W.
3.80
How much power is drawn from the battery if the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 3-26a is open-circuited?
I
In this case the equivalent resistance
R = 1 + 3(2 + 4) = 3 0
3+2+4
Power drawn from the battery is 15 x 5 = 75 W.
3.81
A resistive circuit is shown in Fig. 3-27a.
R
= 15 = 5 A
3
Determine the equivalent resistance R.
I The circuit reductions are shown in Fig.
Is
I=.!::':
thus
3-27b through d, from which
R
= 1 + 2 = 3 O.
2.fl.
I
I.
(.17...
I
/fl.-
14-
VIfI
~
(,f2..
R..~
(~l
b
(a.)
CC)
I
a
1>/.(L..
'?>(h
-
-
?>+£ -
2
1,..
(£I..NV'
]0-::'l..tL
.f2-
R~
r 6+?J
------------------------~
(ri)
Fig. 3-27
34
3.82
D
CHAPTER 3
Calculate the current through the 3-0 resistor and the voltage across the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 3-27 a
when 120 V direct current is applied across the terminals of the circuit.
I
From 3-27d:
120
6
12 = ~t3 40 = 26.67 A
From Fig. 3-27c:
VI n = 12 (1) = 26.67 x 1 = 26.67 V
Thus,
13= 3!6 26 .67 =17.77A
From Fig. 3-27a:
3.83
l/
R = -3 =40A
1=
From the data of Prob. 3.82 verify that the voltage across the terminals ab is the sum of the volt ages across the
terminals ac and cb.
I From Prob. 3.82,
I1 = 40 - 26.67 = 13.33 A
Val> = I1 (6) = 13.33 x 6 = 79.98 V
12 = 26.67 A
Vac = 12 (1) = 26.67 xl = 26.67 V
13 = 17.77 A
Vel> = 13(3) = 17.77 x 3 = 53.31 V
Vac + Veb = 26.67 -- 53.31 = 79.98 V = Vab
Thus,
3.84
For the circuit of Fig. 3-27a determine 14 , Thus calculate the power loss in each resistor. Verify that the sum
of the power losses is the same as the power delivered by the source. (If the two results are not identical,
determine the percent round-off error.)
3
3
14 = 3 + 6 12 = 3 + 6 26.67 = 8.~;9 A
I
LP
lOSS
V= !
x 40 = 20 A
= (2W2 + (20)22 + (13.33)26 + 126.67)2 1 + (17.77)23 + (8.89)26 = 4798.93 W
PdeHve<ed
3.85
15 = 16 =
= 120 x 40 = 4800 W
Figure 3-28a shows a ladder network.
% error =
4800 - 4798.93
4800
x 100 = 0.022%
From the data, determine the voltage Vx and the current Ix'
I The circuit reduction is shown in Fig. 3-28b
thro~gh e.
P
From Fig. 3-28e:
1=, -...::..... =2A
4+2
From Fig. 3-28d:
6
I = ---- 2 = 1 333 A
From Fig. 3-28b:
Ix = 3! 3 1.:1:3 = 0.667 A = 13
From Fig. 3-28a:
Vx = 13(3) = 0.667 x 3 = 2.0 V
I
6+ 3
.
I').V
/w
r
~(.~'~;f ,3
<...
4£l-
,wf '"
Cc)
rr.E] "f
+(1.
/,~.(t-
1~~ Fs~
b)
I 2. V
L_~.L1(q)
Fig. 3-28
I
~
3..n..
(e)
1<~
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.86
D
35
Solve Prob. 3.85 without resorting to network reduction.
I From Fig.
3-28a we have:
or
3.87
Vx = lA3) = 3
and
or,
x 0.667 = 2.0 V
Polarities of voltages across three resistors in series are shown in Fig. 3-29.
points a, b, c, and d.
J,
/0 V
2" v
30 V
e.
Determine the potentials at the
d
-i- ~-------<=r=~-=-~-""~---'v\/v~--"'-1+1=------ v~---.....
o-t
-::-
Fig. 3-29
I
From Fig. 3-29,
Va=-lOV
3.88
Vd = (30 + 20) = +50 V
The conditions which determine the base bias of a transistor in an amplifier circuit are shown in Fig. 3-30.
What are the potentials at points B, C, and E with respect to ground? What is the value of the base-to-emitter
bias VBE ?
c
8.5 V
10V
-=-
+
8
. - - - - - - VBE - - - - - +
E
Fig. 3-30
I The potential at point B is VB = +2.2 V. The potential at point C is Vc = + 10 Y. The potential at point
E is VE = Vc - VCE = + 10 V - 8.5 V = + 1.5 Y.
2.2V-1.5V= +0.7Y.
3.89
The base-to-emitter voltage VBE
is
VBE = VBG + VGE =
From the transistor amplifier circuit in Fig. 3-31 determine: (a) The voltage at the collector with respect to the
emitter, VCE ; (b) the voltage at the base with respect to the emitter, VBE ; and (c) the voltage at the base with
respect to the collector, VBC'
_~
_ _ _--T"_ _-..,..12V
C
Col/EcToR
+5'7v
t p .."
Fig. 3-31
36
0
CHAPTER 3
I
From Fig. 3-31,
VCE
3.90
=
5.7 - 1.2 = +4.5 V
VHto
1 A - 1.2
=
=
+0.2 V
VHC == 1.4 - 5.7 == -4.3 V
A three-wire power line feeding a house is shown in Fig. 3-32. The loads on the line are as follows:
PI = 1.2 kW, P2 = 3.6 kW, and P, == 9.6 kW. Calculate the currents la' I h , and In'
la.
~
+
t
I,
V,ol2oV
V-~L/oV
"
I;
~
1""
~
....
p.
I ;l
V,.t2DV
P:2..
"
Jb
Fig. 3-32
•
I
From the data:
I == PI = 1.2 X 10' == 10 A
I
VI
120
la == 11 + I, = 10 + 40 = 50 A
3.91
12 ==
In
=
V;V
12
J.6
10'
X
= --~
-
=30 -
11
==30A
10 == 20 A
A three-wire dc line supplying a resistive bank of loads is shown in Fig. 3·33.
terminals a and e is 240 V, determine the voltage between a and b.
I
If the voltage between the
Combining the resistors across ae as an equivaknt resistance, we have:
(11) +- 20)60
Rac == 1.8 + 10+20 + 60 + 2.2
Thus
(=
By current division:
I
240
'M-
60
= -----I
30 -I- 60
Voltage drop across 1.8-!! resistor is 1.8 x 10 = J ~ V
Voltage across ab is 18 + 66.7 = 84.7 V.
a,
+
I.BJl
'VV'v
24 n
lOA
10 = 6 67 A
.
Voltage drop across 10-[2 resistor is
10 x 6.67 = 66.7 V.
10.
~
~
1/
=
=
6
I.OA
---A/V'v---
C
I j/
=----.tvvv-----
+
IO.fl..
~
12
ban
20fl
2.2.f'l..
3.92
Refer to the circuit of Fig. 3-33.
I
Fig. 3-33
If 240 V is now applied across the lines ab, what is the voltage across be?
In this case, the equivalent resistance Rab becomes
10(60 + 20)
Rab = 1.8 + 10 + 60 + 20 + 1.0 ~ 11.689 n
240
la = 11.689 = 20.53 A
By current division:
=
Voltage across 20-[2 resistor is 2.28 x 20
45.60V.
Voltage across he is -(45.6 + 20.53) =: -66.13V.
Voltage across 1.0-[2 resistor is 20.53 x I
= 20.53
V.
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.93
37
In the circuit of Fig. 3-33, with line a open, determine the resistance between the terminals be.
(10 + 60)20
I
3.94
D
Rbc
= 1.0 + 10 + 60 + 20 + 2.2 = 18.7560
A 12-V battery is used to supply resistive loads at 12, 9, and 6 V, the respective currents being 4, 2, and 1 A.
Design a suitable voltage divider.
I
The voltage divider circuit is shown in Fig. 3-34. The total current supplied by the divider is
2 + 1 = 3 A. Let I, be 20 percent of the total divider current. Thus,
Is + 16 =
11 = 12 + Is = 1.6 + 2 = 3.6 A
I, = 0.2 x 3 = 0.6 A
From Fig. 3-34,
I3R, = 6 V
6
or
R,
= 0.6
= 100
3
I2R2 = 9 - 6 = 3 V
or
R2 =
1.6 = 1.8750
IIRI = 12 - 9 = 3 V
or
RI
3
3.6 = 0.8333 0
1"
=
4A
I"
+
I.
~
Iz
+
12. V
2.. A
+
R5
+
CJv
R
12. V
<4
"V
~
I
LOA!)
V.LT"jE
Fig. 3-34
d;vidu
3.95
Calculate the total power dissipated in the voltage divider when supplying the load shown in Fig. 3-34.
I From Prob. 3.94, 1=11 + 14 = 3.6 + 4 = 7.6 A. Power supplied from the battery is Pin = VI = 12 x 7.6 =
91.2 W. L output power is 1214 + 915 + 616 = 12 x 4 + 9 x 2 + 6 x 1 = 72 W. Plo" is 91.2 -72 = 19.2 W.
3.96
Verify the result of Prob. 3.95 by adding the losses in the resistors Rp R 2 , and R3 of the voltage divider of Fig.
3-34.
I
From Prob. 3.94,
I~Rl = (3.6)20.8333
= 10.8 W
I~R3 = (0.6?1O = 3.6 W
which is the same as in Prob. 3.95.
3.97
For the voltage divider of Fig. 3-34, choose 13 to be 60 percent of the total divider current and calculate the
power loss in the voltage divider. Compare the result with that of Prob. 3.96.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 3.94,
12 = 13 + 16 = 1.8 + 1 = 2.8 A
13 = 0.6 x 3 = 1.8 A
R3 =
6
1.8 = 3.333 0
P IOSS
=
(4.8)20.625
3
R2 = 2.8 = 1.071 0
11 = 12 + Is = 2.8 + 2 = 4.8 A
3
RI = 4.8 = 0.625 0
+ (2.8)21.071 + (1.8)23.333 = 33.6 W
which is much higher than the loss when 13 was 20 percent of the divider current.
38
D
3.98
CHAPTER 3
For the switch S open in Fig. 3-34, for the given values of R 4, R s' and R6 as in Prob. 3.94, and for the respective
calculated values of RI' R 2, and R 3, find the volta;~e across R 3·
I
From the data of Prob. 3.94,
R4 =
¥ =30
RI = 0.83330
Rs
R2
= ~
=4.50
1.8750
=
With S open, the total resistance across the battery becomes
R = R 4{R 1 + [Rs(Rc + R 3.)]/(R 2 + R3 + Rs)}
T
R4 + RI + [Rs(R2 + R,)]/(R 2 + R3 + Rs)
3{0.8333 + [4.5( 1.87S- 1O)]/( 10 + 1.875 + 4.5)} = 1 73260
3 + 0.8333 + [4.5(1.875 + 10)]/(10 + 1.875 + 4.5)
.
12
I = 1.7326 = 6.926 A
J 1 = 1- 14 = 6.926 - 4 = 2.926 A
By current division,
Rs
12 = I) = 11 R2 + R3 +
and
3.99
4.5
R,: = 2.926 1.875 + 10 + 4.5 = 0.804 A
V, = 13RJ = 0.804 x 10 = 8.04 V
With R4 = 3 0, Rs = 4.5 0, and R6 = 60 in Fig. 3-34, find the voltage across R3 with S open for the values of
RI' R 2• and R3 calculated in Prob. 3.97.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 3.98, we have
R = 3{0.625 + [4.5( 1.071 + 3..3J3)]/( 4.5 + 1.071 + 3.333)} =
T
3 + 0.625 + [4.5(1.071 + :1.333)]/(4.5 + 1.071 + 3.333)
1.4610
12
1= 1.461 = 8.21 A
Jl = 1- 14 = 8.21 - 4 = 4.21 A
By CUrlent division,
4.5
12 = 13 = 4.21 4.5 + 1.071 + 3.333
3.100
,=
2.127 A
V, = I)R) = 3.333 x 2.127 = 7.09 V
Define:
.
(no· load voltage) - (voltage on load)
Vio Itage regulatIon =: ----.
voltage on load
Calculate the voltage regulation from the results
I
Probs. 3.98 and 3.99.
0:'
From the results of Prob. 3.98:
.
8.04 - 6.0
3 rrt
Voltage regulatiOu=
6.0
= 0.34 or 4'10
From the results of Prob. 3.99:
.
Voltage regulatIOn
3.101
7.09-6.0
= .. -~ =
Summarize the results of Probs. 3.94 through 3.100.
0.182 or 18.
2rrt
'10
What conclusions may be drawn from these results?
bleeder current I b' %
loss, W
voltage regulation, %
20
19.2
34.0
60
33.6
18.2
Conclusion: Low bleeder current results in a low loss but a high voltage regulation whereas a high bleeder
current results in a low voltage regulation but a high loss.
3.102
For the operation of a transistor amplifier, a power supply with a voltage divider shown in Fig. 3-35 is used.
Calculate the values of R" R 2 , and Rv
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
D
39
I
R
V.
I
Xl.
bOV
R..
A
----r--- -t 2S V
J , - - - I - - -__
+
+
2!;Y
Vs.
I
-2SV
Fig. 3-35
I
From Fig. 3-35,
and
VI = 60 - (25
Let 13 be 10 percent of the maximum load current, which is 2 A.
3.103
1= 13 + 14
13
= 0.1 x 2 = 0.2 A
RI
= T = 2.2 = 4.545 0
VI
10
R2
Therefore,
= 0.2 + 2 = 2.2 A
12
= 1- 11 = 2.2 - 1 = 1.2 A
R = V3 = ~ = 125 00
3 13
0.2
.
25
V2
+ 25) = 10 V
= 12 = 1.2 = 20.833 0
A transistor base bias circuit and its equivalent are respectively shown in Fig. 3-36a and b.
shown in Fig. 3-36, determine RI'
Ca.)
I
For the values
Fig. 3-36
(b)
From Fig. 3-36b,
12
VBE
0.6
= R = 820 = 731.7 /-LA
11
= 12 + IB = 731.7 + 200 = 931.7 /-LA
2
VI
3.104
= Vcc -
VBE
9.4
931.7 x 10
= 10 - 0.6 = 9.4 V
_
6 -
10.09
kO
A dc generator having an internal resistance of 1 0 supplies a resistive load shown in Fig. 3-37 a.
value of R x will the load draw the maximum power from the generator?
I
For what
First we convert the delta-connected resistors to an equivalent wye, shown in Fig. 3-37 b, which is finally
reduced to the circuit of Fig. 3-37c. Therefore,
R load
lOR x
lOR x
= R ab = 10 + R x + 10 + R x
For maximum power transfer (see Prob. 3-28),
or
20R x
+R
= 10
x
40
D
CHAPTER 3
~
tt
l'
R,.
/).0
v
b
c-
I~
(c)
lo/%..(.
(a.)
~
+
r 2-0 v
c
(h)
Fig. 3·37
Hence,
3.105
For the three cases Rx = 0, ~ 0, and
voltage across the load is 120 V.
I
3.106
00,
calculate the power absorbed by the load of Fig. 3-37a.
The
For Rx = 0, Re = O. Thus, in the absence of .1 load, P10ad = O.
For Rx=~' Re =Rg=[20(1O/19)]/(1O+ 10/19)= 10. Thus, Pload=1202/1=14.4kW.
2
For Rx = 00, Re = 20 0 and P10ad = 120 /20 = no w.
A wattmeter measures power by measuring the product of the current through and the voltage across a circuit.
Two possible connections are shown in Fig. 3-38a and b; find the power measured in each case. The voltage
coil of the wattmeter has a resistance of 9 kO and the resistance of the current coil is 6 O.
I
For connection shown in Fig. 3-38a:
V= 150V
150
P= VI= 144.23 W
1= 6 + 150= 0.9615 A
For connection of Fig. 3-38b:
150
1= -6-+-"-[9-0-00-(-15-0)] /(9000 + 150) = 0.9769 A
V= 150 - 0.9769 x 6 = 144.14 V
I
I
v
-
/50 v
V
ISov
(a.)
3.107
P = VI = 140.81 W
{)'oL1-
(b)
Fig. 3-38
What is the actual power dissipated in the 150-0 resIstor for the two connections shown in Fig. 3-38a and b?
I
For Fig. 3-38a:
For Fig. 3-38b:
P 150 n = 12R
P 150 n =
= (0.9615)2150 = 138.68 W
V2
""if =,
(144.14)2
--15()"" = 138.51 W
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
3.108
D
41
How much power is absorbed by the wattmeter in the two connections of Fig. 3-38?
I
For Fig. 3-38a:
P w = 5.547 + 2.5
=
8.047 W
For Fig. 3-38b:
Pc = (0.9769)26 = 5.726 W
3.109
Pv =
(144.14 )2
9000 = 2.308 W
Pw = 5.726 + 2.308 = 8.034 W
For the interconnected resistors shown in Fig. 3-39a find the net resistance between the terminals 1 and 3.
8.11-
~fL
3
-+
4
(a.)
(b)
6
(d)
4
CC)
6
(e)
-
(I)
6.0-.
Z.LL
......----,~
8
~
g[t.
--~--~------3
(.J.)
I
Fig. 3-39
First, we convert the two delta-connected resistors to equivalent wyes, as shown in Fig. 3-39b.
reduction steps are shown in Fig. 3-39c through g. Finally, R l _ 3 = 8 O.
3.110
Find the total resistance between points 1 and 2 shown in Fig. 3-40a.
Subsequent
42
D CHAPTER 3
2.
(a.)
b()
~
(L
40x 2.0
,,,.11.
10 (I..
"0
4
.,/\/'of...
J10
_ /3.33JL
fo-t?D
J'1-
(b)
~~
~
• .L2.
1<-. '~.L'l-
?c...fL.
6,,{l....
.'"
bo x 1.7,s-
43
'l-
8.75':; ~
/?l.?> ~.(l.
,HIP
~7~
=-7. b4SL
<I-
(d)
Fig. 3·40
Cc)
I
Notice that the 50-0 resistor is short-circuited and the 20-0 and 40-0 resistors are in parallel so the network
reduces to that of Fig. 3-40b. Subsequent reductioll steps are shown in Fig. 3-40c and a from which
1.3.33 x 37.64
Rl _2 =
1333+ 37.64
= 9.844 0
/7
CHAPTER 4
UKirchhoff's Laws
4.1
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop of a circuit is zero.
Apply this law to the circuit shown in Fig. 4-1.
I The direction of current I is arbitrarily chosen as indicated in Fig. 4-1. The voltage across each resistor is
assigned a polarity; it is understood that Ohm's law yields V= IR if I enters the positive terminal of a
resistor, and V= -IR otherwise. Application of KVL to Fig. 4-1 leads to VI + V2 + V3 - V= 0, where
VI = IR I , V2 = IR 2 , and V3 = IR 3.
VI
+
RI
+
V:a.
-
+
t
C
R~
R2V,
v~
R,
V
~-
v.
R2
-1
+
v_
C
+
R.
V.
v.
_1+
Fig. 4-2
Write the Kirchhoffs voltage equations for the two indicated loops of the network of Fig. 4-2.
polarities as marked.
Also, express V2 in terms of II' 12 , and R 2 •
I
Assume
Loop 1:
Loop 2:
- V{3 - V2 + V3 + V4 + V'Y
Voltage across R 2 :
4.3
V2
V)
R)
+
+ 1-
Fig. 4-1
4.2
+
=
0
V2 = (11 - I 2 )R 2
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of all currents leaving or of all currents entering any
node of a circuit is zero. A node of a network is shown in Fig. 4-3, with currents flowing in the directions
shown. Apply KCL to find the magnitude and direction of I.
I
4A
Fig. 4-3
I
Assume the indicated direction for I:
the node.
4.4
- 1- 1 + 3 + 5 - 4 - 2 - 6 = O.
Hence,
1= - 5 A;
Apply KVL to obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance formed by n resistances
connected in series.
i.e., 5 A into
RI' R 2 , ·
•• ,
Rn
I Let V be the voltage across the series circuit combination, I the current through it, and Res the equivalent
resistance. Then, from Ohm's law,
whence
43
44
4.5
D
CHAPTER 4
Resistances RI' R 2 ,
by using KCL.
•.• ,
Rn
are connected in parallel.
Obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance
I
Let I be the total current into the parallel combination, V the voltage across it, and Rep the equivalent
resistance. Then, from KCL,
1=
4.6
V( ~
+~
RI
+ ... + -~-)
R",
2
=
~
Rep
or
If the voltages, currents, and re si stances in a series circuit can be respectively transformed to currents, voltages,
and conductances of a parallel circuit, such that the KVL equations of the series circuit go over into the KCL
equations of the parallel circuit, then the circuits are said to be duals of each other. Construct the dual network
for three resistors, RI' R 2 , and R 3 , connected in series with a voltage source V.
I The network is shown in Fig. 4-4a. We draw the dual network, Fig. 4-4b, by replacing the series elements
by parallel elements.
(a)
The equations for the two networks are:
V=IR I +IR 2 +IR 3
V
V
I
2
V
I=R+R+l~=VGI+VG2+VG3
(b)
where conductances Gp G 2 , and G 3 are the reciprocals of the respective resistances.
b
v
+
a
c
(a)
1=1batter)
d
E
Fig. 4·4
(b)
4.7
A bridge circuit is shown in Fig. 4-5. With the currents as marked, write (a) Kirchhoff's current law at the
four nodes and (b) Kirchhoffs voltage law around the loops abda, bcdb, and adca.
I (a)
Node a:
Node b:
(b)
4.8
Fig. 4·5
1= i l + i3
i l = i2 + is
Loop abda:
ilR I + isRs
Loop bcdb:
isRs
=
=
Node c:
12 = 1+ i4
Node d:
I)
i3 R 3
== i3
+ i4 + is
Loop adca:
i3R3 - i4R4
=
E
i2R2 + i4R4
For the circuit of Prob. 4.5, consider the special case of the balanced bridge (is = 0). (a) If RI = 10 n,
R2 = 20 n, and R3 = 30 n, determine R 4. (b) If E = 45 V, calculate the current supplied by the
battery.
I
(a) Since
is = 0,
we have
i l = i2
and 1:1 = - i4 • Also, nodes band d are at the same potential.
From the above we obtain
or
~ = R2 R 3 = (20)(30) = 60 n
RI
10
J,
Thus,
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
D
45
(b) The effective resistance Re across the battery becomes
= (to + 20)(30
R
+ 60)
.
E
and
Ibattery
SOV
100
+
= 22 50
10+20+30+60
e
= Re
45
22.5 = 2.0 A
=
SOV
20
il
-
i. + i,
+
i.
20
SO
i,
<D
100 V
30
Fig. 4-6
4.9
Determine the currents ix and iy in the network shown in Fig. 4-6.
I
On the basis of KCL, the currents in the remaining branches are also marked in Fig. 4-6.
meshes 1, 2, and 3,
By KVL for
Solving these simultaneous equations yields ix = -3.S7 A, iy = 0.51 A. The negative sign on ix implies
that the actual current flows in the direction opposite to that given in Fig. 4.6.
4.10
This problem relates to the concept of source transformation. Replace the voltage source v and its internal
(series) resistance Rv in Fig. 4-7a by a current source i with internal (shunt) resistance Ri in Fig. 4-7b, such that
the current through R remains unchanged.
i"
v
R
R
I From Fig.
Fig. 4-7
(b)
(a)
4-7a:
From Fig. 4-7b:
V
Then, for equivalence:
which will hold if we take
4.11
Rv + R
i = vi Rv
and
Ri
=
iRi
Ri + R
Rv.
Find the current in, and the voltage across, the 2-0 resistor in Fig. 4-Sa.
I Using the results of Prob. 4.10, we transform the 5-A current source to a voltage source; the circuit then
becomes as shown in Fig. 4-Sb. For the two loops, KVL gives
which when solved yield
25 - 15/1
-
10 + 312
12 = 5 A
and
-
3/1 = 0
20 - 3/2 + 3/1
Vab = (5)(2) = 10 V.
-
212
=
0
46
D
CHAPTER 4
20
30
SA
d
b
20 V
(a I
SO
100
c
JOV
C
2.5 V
a
-1
c
30
d
(b)
4.12
Fig. 4-8
Determine I of Fig. 4-9 by mesh analysis.
60
c
10 V
20
a
2
+
VI
10
30
c
I
100
·------------~--------------~~--~b
20V
o
Fig. 4-9
I
In terms of the three mesh currents 11 , 12 , and I, (=1) indicated in Fig. 4-9, we have
7/ 1 - /2 =10
Solving for 13 yields
4.13
13
=
1= -1.68 A.
Evaluate I of Fig. 4-9 by nodal analysis.
I Figure 4-9 can be redrawn so that the two principal nodes labeled 0 coincide. Choosing this single node 0 as
the reference, we have the nodal equations
from which V2 = 3.2 V.
4.14
10 - VI
VI
VI - V
- - - - - - - =2 0
612
Hence,
VI - V2
V2
V2 - 20
----=0
2
3
10
A resistive network with voltage and current sources is shown in Fig. 4-lOa.
by mesh analysis.
I
Determine the currents I1 and 12
To apply mesh analysis, we first transform the to-A current source in parallel with the 5-0 resistor to a
10 x 5 = 50 V voltage source in series with a 5-0 resistor. Thus, we obtain the network of Fig. 4-lOb, for
which mesh equations are
35/1 - 20/2 = 50
-20/1 + 5012 = -100
Solving,
4.15
I1
=
0.37 A
and
12
=
-1.85 A.
Solve for I1 and 12 of the network of Fig. 4-lOa by nodal analysis.
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
IOn
D
47
IOn
sn
+
2()
lOA
n
o
(a)
(b)
Fig. 4-10
I
For nodal analysis, define the node volt ages VI and V2 as shown in Fig. 4-lOa.
respectively, KCL gives
At nodes 1 and 2,
VI+ VI -V2 =1O
5
10
which have the solution
V2
Thus,
4.16
V1 -V2
10
I1 = -1-0- = 27 =0.37 A
12 =
~V
=
V2 -100
-50
30
=T7=-1.85A
For the network of Fig. 4-lOa, calculate the power supplied by the current source and by the voltage source.
Verify that the sum of the powers from the two sources is the total power dissipated in all the resistances.
I
.
10(1300)
Power supplied by the lO-A source = 10 x VI =
27
= 481.48 W
Power supplied by the 100-V source = 100(-/2 )
=
(100)(1.85) = 185 W
Total power supplied by the two sources = 481.48 + 185 = 666.48 W
Power dissipated in the 5-0 resistance =
~~ = ~ (1~~) 2 = 463.65 W
Power dissipated in the 10-0 resistance = I~ x 10 = (0.37?(10) = 1.37 W
Power dissipated in the 20-0 resistance =
~J = ;0 (4~r = 98.76 W
Power dissipated in the 30-0 resistance = I~ x 30 = (1.85)2(30) = 102.67 W
Total power dissipated = 463.65 + 1.37 + 98.76 + 102.67 = 666.45 W
4.17
Determine the current 1 shown in Fig. 4-11.
I Without the values of the resistors, it is not possible to calculate the branch currents. However, the
network within the shaded area may be viewed as a single node, at which KCL gives
2-3-1-4=0
or
1= -5A
c
b
11
In
4n
sn
v.
70
60
12n
h
Fig. 4-11
d
!
7.S mA
30
2n
f
g
Fig. 4-12
e
(I A)
48
4.18
D
CHAPTER 4
For the ladder network shown in Fig. 4-12, find the source voltage Vs which results in a current of 7.5 mA in the
3-0 resistor.
I
A current of 1 A will be assumed. The voltage necessary to produce 1 A is in the same ratio to 1 A as Vs is
to 7.5 mA because of the linearity of the network.
Vc!
= 1(1
+ 3 + 2) = 6 V
Then, by KCL,
Vbg
= 2.(4) + 6 = 14 V
Again from KCL,
lab = 2 + 2= 4A
Vah
and
=
4(8) + 14 + 4(12) = 94 V
Now, scaling down,
Vah
1A
V,
V, = 0.705 V
whence
7.5mA
90V
a
sn
20W
h
4.19
13n
d
b
7!l
Fig. 4-13
(a) terminals a and b and
Determine the readings of an ideal voltmeter connected in Fig. 4-13 to
terminals c and g. The average power in the 5-11 resistor is 20 W.
I
1=
o
~-5
=
(b)
-+2A
The direction of I through the 5-0 resistor is determmed by noting that the polarity of the 90-V source requires
that the current pass from d to c. Thus d is positive with respect to c and v'ie = (2)(5) = 10 V.
(a)
An ideal voltmeter indicates the voltage without drawing any current.
infinite resistance. KVL applied to the clo~ed·lo()p acdba results in
I) -
10 + 0 - VM
=
It may be considered as having an
0
VM= -lOV
If the meter is of the digital type, it will indicate -10 V. A moving-coil galvanometer will try to go
downscale, with the pointer stopping at the pin. If the leads are reversed, it will indicate 10 V. (And
with its + lead at point b, it is known that hi:; 10 V positive with respect to a.)
(b)
KVL applied to the path cefgc gives
2(17) - 90+ 2(6) + VM=O
VM=44V
In this connection, the meter reads positive 44 V, indicating that point g is 44 V above point c.
4.20
Determine the current supplied by the 100-V battery in the circuit of Fig. 4-14.
I
With the currents marked in Fig. 4-14, the required current is
loop 1241 we have
50 - lOll -- !o I 3 + 1012
=
11 + 12 ,
0
Writing the loop currents, for the
(1)
For the loop 2342 we have:
(2)
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
D
49
For the loop 1431 (containing the 100-V battery) we get:
-1012 - 10(12 + 13) + 100 - 10(11 + 12) = 0
(3)
Solving for 11 and 12 in Eq. (3) yields
and
Hence,
10--"--
+
Fig. 4-14
loO"
4.21
lO-n resistor across the terminals 2 and 4 in Fig. 4-l4?
How much power is consumed in the
I Power =
1~(10) W.
From Eqs. (1) and (2) of Prob. 4.20 we have:
11 - 12 + 13 = 5
Thus,
4.22
13 = 0 and
and
power = O.
Determine the current I supplied by the battery to the resistive network shown in Fig. 4-15.
Icv
Fig. 4-15
I We apply KVL to the following loops:
Loop 1231:
Loop 2342:
-1011 -3013 +5012 =0
-3013 - 10(12 + 13) + 50(11 - 13) = 0
Loop 1241:
Rewriting the above equations yields
- 11 + 512 - 313 = 0
Solving for the currents we obtain
11
Hence,
=
~
A
and
1
1
3
1= 11 + 12 = 5" + 10 = 10 = 0.3 A
50
4.23
D
CHAPTER 4
For the network shown in Fig. 4-16, calculate the power supplied (or absorbed) by each voltage source.
I
Applying KVL to the loops, for the assumed directions of current flow we obtain
51 1 - 100 + 50 - 12 = 0
or
12
11 = 12.3077 A
Thus
==
11.538 A
11 + 12 = 23.8457 A
P IOO V = 11 (100) = 12.3077 >: 100 = 1230.77 W (supplied)
Pso v = 12 (50) = 11.538 >( 50 = 576.9 W (supplied)
P200V = (/1
I -1
-
,
+ 12 )200= 23.84S7 x 200= 4769.14 W (supplied)
t I .l.
L.-_lfV..n'V'--_L
...~...._~
Fig. 4-16
4.24
Determine the power absorbed by each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-16. Verify that the sum of the powers
absorbed by the resistors is equal to the total power supplied by the sources.
PIOn = (/1 + 12)210 = 23.8457 2 X 10 = 5686.17 W
I
Ps n = I~(5) = 12.3077
PI n = I~(1) = 11.538'
2: P
From Prob. 4.23,
4.25
L
P,uPPlied
ab,orbed
=
2
X
X
5 = 757.40 W
1 = 133.12 W
6576.70 W
= 6576.81 W.
Solve for the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network of Fig. 4-17 by mesh analysis.
I There are three meshes, and we define Ik as the current flowing in mesh
Solving for 13 , the current in the 2-0 resistor, we
60
a
+
20V
g,~t
\/,
C
SO
C
2
()
+
L
4.26
Then, KVL gives
13 = 2.98 A.
30
IOV-
k (k = 1,2,3).
C
V2
20
f3
By nodal analysis, obtain the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network of Fig. 4-17.
Fig. 4-17
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
D
51
I
In Fig. 4-17 we identify the principal nodes 0, 1, and 2, and choose node 0 as the reference node. Next, we
define the volt ages of nodes 1 and 2 with respect to node 0: VlO = VI' V20 = V2 . We now apply KCL at nodes
1 and 2 to obtain
Solving for V2 , we get
20-VI
V -VI VI
VI-V;
V2 +1O
V;
- - - + - 2- - -=0
------=0
654
5
2
3
V2 = -4.046 V. Hence, the current in the 2-0 resistor is
=
I
V2
3
and is directed from node 2 to node {3.
4.27
+ 10 = -4.046 + 10 - 2 9
2
2
- . 8A
This result is in agreement with that of Prob. 4.25.
Using mesh analysis, find the currents I1 and 12 in the network of Fig. 4-18a.
I Transforming the current sources to voltage sources yields the circuit of Fig. 4-18b, for which the mesh
equations become
100 - 4/1 - lOll - 2(11 - 12 )
-
40 = 0
These equations simplify to
-10/2 + 1013 = -20
Solving for I1 and 12 yields
I1 = 5 A
and
12
=
10 A.
I~
lof/..
1[2-
(b)
4.28
Fig. 4-18
Apply nodal analysis to the network of Fig. 4-18b and solve for the currents I1 and 12 •
I Let Vx be the voltage shown at node 1. At this node, we have
V-lOO
V-40
V-20
x 14
+ _x-- + _x-- = 0
2
1
Thus,
22Vx = 660
1I
4.29
= 100-Vx
14
=
100-30
14
=5A
or
V -20
30-20
I =_X--=--=lOA
2
1
1
Calculate the power supplied by each source to the entire network of Fig. 4-18a.
supply power.
Determine if all sources
52
0
CHAPTER 4
I
Since I) = 5 A (from Prob. 4.27), from Fig. 4-18a,
25 = 11 + Ix = 5 + Ix
or
P25 A = 25 x 80 = 2000 W
V4 n = 20 x 4 = 80 V
20 = Iy - 11 + 12 = Iy -- 5 + 10
Similarly,
V2n = 15 x 2 = 30 V
or
P20 A = 30 x 20 = 600 W
Iz
or
and
Iy = 15 A
+ 10 -
2= 0
P 2(1 V = -8 x 20 = -160 W
or
So the 20-V source absorbs power and the other sources supply power.
4.30
Calculate the power absorbed by each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-18a and determine the total power
absorbed by all the resistors.
I
From the results of Probs. 4.28 and 4.29,
P4fi = (Ij4 = (20)24 = 1600 W
PlO n = (11 )210 = (5)210 = 250 W
P 2n = (ly2 = (15)22 = 450 W
p)n=(l2)21=(1O)21= l00W
(20)2
Pwn=--W= 40W
L P=2440W
4.31
Using the result of Prob. 4.29, verify the result of Prob. 4.30.
I
L
PsuPPlied
=
L
=
Pabsorbed
LP
P25A + Pm. + P 20Y = ~ P
or
or 2000 + 600 - 160 = 2440 =
which is the same as in Prob. 4.30.
4.32
Solve for the current in the 5-n resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-19a.
I
Writing the mesh equations, we have
90 - 8/1 - 8(11 - 12 ) = 0
These equations simplify to
8/ 1
Solving for 13 yields
-
4/2 = 45
-2/)
+ 512
-
2/3
=
0
-8/2 + 19/3
=
0
13 = 1.5 A.
so
,.(2..
g.a.
60
8..a-
90V
b
f.n...
40
b
(b)
(a.)
(t4
Ca....
"-
8"S
r.;g
-
8><9
1J+&
4.4 [
::'4.1'\.
::. 'i?J),.
4-.0..
::. "'f.sa-
J.
Cc)
G.n..
(d.)
Fig. 4-19
(e)
LP
0
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
4.33
In the circuit of Fig. 4-19a find the voltage across ab if the 5-n resistor is removed and the terminals ab are
open-circuited.
I
Writing the mesh equations we obtain
90 - 8/ 1 - 8(11 - 12 ) = 0
and
16/) - 812 = 90
or
12 = 2.8125 A
Thus,
4.34
and
Vab
8/2 + 4/2
+ 8(12 - IJ = 0
-8/1 + 20/2 = 0
=
12(8) = 2.8125 x 8 = 22.5 V
With the 5-n resistor removed from the circuit of Fig. 4-19a, the 90-V source is short-circuited.
resistance that will be measured across ab.
Determine the
I With the voltage source short-circuited, the network reduction is shown in Fig. 4-19b through e.
Rab = 10 n.
4.35
53
Hence,
Refer to the results of Probs. 4.33 and 4.34. Using the open-circuit voltage Vab of Prob. 4.33 in series with the
short-circuit resistance Rab of Prob. 4.34, connect the 5-n resistor across ab as shown in Fig. 4-20. Find the
current in the 5-n resistor. Verify that the result agrees with that of Prob. 4.32.
I
22.5
1= 10 + 5 = 1.5 A
From Fig. 4-21
which is the same as in Prob. 4.32.
The network to the left of ab is known as the Thevenin equivalent circuit (see Chap. 5).
JOV
Ca.}
lo~
+
I
b
Fig. 4-21
Fig. 4-20
4.36
Calculate the current in the 2-n resistor of the network shown in Fig. 4-21a.
I First we transform the delta-connected' resistors to an equivalent wye to obtain the network of Fig. 4-21b.
Writing the mesh equations, we get
-1.5/)
+ 7.875/2 - 0.375/3 = 30
Solving for 13 , which is the current in the 2-n resistor, yields
-0.51) - 0.375/2 + 2.875/3 = 10
13 = 5 A.
54
4.37
0
CHAPTER 4
Determine the power delivered by the 30-V source in the network of Fig. 4-21a.
I
Solving for 12 from the mesh equations of Prob. 4.36, we obtain
4.38
12 = 5 A.
Thus,
P30 v = 30 x 5 = 150 w.
How much current flows through the 1-n resistor of the network of Fig. 4-21a?
I From Fig. 4-2Ia,
or
4.39
VI!l
= 10 .- V 1!l = 10 - 5 x 2 = 0
or
Find the value of R in Fig. 4-22 such that the power supplied by the 100-V source to the network is the same as
the power supplied by the 5-A source.
Fig. 4-22
5=.!:::: __ V-lOO
R
10
I At node 1:
V-lOO
------w-+1
At node 2:
_ 100 _ 5
4 -
For equal power:
(1)
20 -
(2)
LOCI/ I = 5 V
(3)
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain:
\'
V
R +10 =
15
(4)
V
14 +10 = 15
(5)
V
Thus,
R
J. =
(6)
Finally, Eqs. (3) and (6) yield
100 V =5V
or
R
4.40
R=20n
Find the current in the lO-n resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-23a.
I By source transformation we obtain the circuit of Fig.
4-23h for which we have
50 = 30/) - 30/2
Hence,
or
-50 = 50/2
12 = lion = -1 A.
~.~ -r~~
V
~
____
~
_____
:;"f7...
looV
_
~N
Fig. 4-23
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
4.41
0
55
Solve Prob. 4.40 by using nodal analysis only.
I With the voltages
V2 and V3 and the current 1 defined in Fig. 4-23a, for node 1 we have·
50 50 - V2
1= 30 + -1-0-
or
301 + 3V2 = 200
(1)
For node 2 we have
50 - V2
V2 - V3
-1-0- + 5 = ---zo
or
3V2
-
(2)
V3 = 200
Finally, for node 3 we obtain
or
V2
-
2V3 = 100
(3)
Solving for V2 from Eqs. (2) and (3) yields V2 = 60 V.
Hence,
4.42
110 n
50 - V
10
50 - 60
10
= ___2 = - - - = -1 A
In the circuit of Fig. 4-23a calculate the current through the 50-V voltage source and the voltage across the 5-A
current source.
1 = k(200 - 3V,) = k(200 - 3 x 60) = ~ A
50-V voltage source.
From Eq. (3) 2V3 = V2 - 100 = 60 - 100 = -40 or V3 = -20 V.
Voltage across the 5-A source = V2 - V3 = 60 - (-20) = 80 V.
I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 4.41, we have
4.43
For the circuit of Fig. 4-23a verify that the total power dissipated in the resistors equals the total power supplied
by the two sources.
I
Psupplied
= P so V + Ps A = 50 x
(50?
Pdissipated
4.44
= current through the
2
= ~ + (1) 10 +
~
+ 5 x 80 = 433.33 W
(20)2
(80?
-w
+ -w = 433.33 W =
Psupplied
Find the power dissipated in the 20-fl resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-24a by using nodal analysis.
I To use nodal analysis we convert to the lO-V voltage source to an equivalent current source to obtain the
circuit of Fig. 4-24b.
Defining the node volt ages VI and V2 as shown, we obtain:
VI
VI
VI - V2
1 = 10 + "4 +---zo
For node 1,
V I -V2
---zo
For node 2,
Solving for VI and V2 yields
Thus,
120 n
=
VI - V2
20
VI = 1.11 V
and
+2
V2 = -11.11 V.
= 1.11- (-11.11) = 0611 A
20
V2
="8
.
and
/0./1..
Sf\..
lA
(6)
Fig. 4-24
56
4.45
0
CHAPTER 4
By applying only mesh equations to the circuit of Fi:~. 4-24a find the power dissipated in the 20-!l resistor.
I Writing the mesh equations for the currents I) and 12 in Fig. 4-24a, we obtain
() = -4/ 1 + 32/2
10 = 14/1 - 412
Solving for 12 yields
12 =
4.46
¥. A
or
P,o n
-
2(8)
(33)2
= 54 20 = 7.469 W
Solve for the power supplied by the 12-V source shown in Fig. 4-25a by network reduction, source
transformation, and finally using KVL and KCL.
I The network reduction is shown in Fig. 4-25b and
c and the source transformation in Fig. 4-25d.
From KVL, for the mesh current I we have
12 - 1(1) + 2 - 1(0.8) - 1(1.6) -- 1(0.8) = 0
Pl2 V
and
or
1=
1:'~
= 3.88 A
= 121 = 12 x 3.88 = 46.56 W
__
~__~1~b~LL~~2__-V~V~V--+!___
-,(~~+~~~~ ~r-__~__~5
~&~
:
b£L[
lA
..f.f2..
6 L2-
;1..(1.
~
,
I
2..tL-.
,
"
'-I
_\'....
.... , '1,),1
l'"-
fA
,..!:I.-
.
<-r
lA
t"
,
;lL'lO·SA
~
(b)
7
,.6.tl.,
t-:
~
[e)
Fig. 4-25
4.47
Solve for the power supplied by the 12-V source of Fig. 4-25a using the following steps: First convert the two
current sources to voltage sources. Then use network reduction and, finally, obtain the power by applying
KVL and KCL. Verify that the result is the same as in Prob. 4.46.
I The source transformations and the network reduction are shown in Fig. 4-26a. Thus we obtain the circuit
shown in Fig. 4-26b.
The mesh equations become
-6 = 15/1 - 212
Solving for 12 gives
12 =
8
1!1
12 == 4 6712 - 2/1 - 2/3
= 3.88 A or P I2 v
=
4 = 4/3 - 2/2
12 x 3.88 = 46.56 W.
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
0
57
Fig. 4-26
4.48
Without using network reduction and source transformation, solve Prob. 4-46 by using only mesh equations.
I
First, we redraw the circuit (Fig. 4-27), identify the mesh currents, and write the corresponding equations.
Notice from Fig. 4-27 that 11 = -1 A and 16 = 2 A. For the remaining currents, we have
-6(-1)+18/2 -6/3 =0
-6/2 + 12/3 - 414 = 0
or
-4/3 + 614 - 2/5 = 12
-2/4 + 415 = 2(2)
Solving for 14 yields
8
14 = li1 = 3.882 A
and
or
or
or
3/2 - /3 =-1
(1)
=0
(2)
-2/3 + 314 - Is = 6
(3)
-3/2 + 613 - 214
(4)
- 14 + 2/5 = 2
P 12 v = 12 x 3.882 = 46.59 W.
lA.
Fig. 4-27
4.49
Find the power delivered (or absorbed) by each source shown in Fig. 4-27.
I
Solving for 12 and Is from Eqs. (1) through (4) of Prob. 4-48, we obtain 12 =0.117A and I s =2.94A.
Voltage across the I-A source = (1 + 0.117)6 = 6.702 Y. PI A = 1 x 6.702 = 6.702 W = Psupplied. Voltage
across the 2-A source = (2 - 2.94)2 = -1.88Y. P'A = 2(-1.88) = -3.76 W= Pabsorbed; P12 V = 45.59W=
Psupplied (calculated earlier).
4.50
For the circuit of Fig. 4-27, verify that the net power supplied from the sources equals the total power dissipated
in the resistors.
Pdissipated
= (12 - 11?6 + 1~(6) + (13 - 12?6 + 1~(2) + (14 - 13?4 + (15 - 14?2 + (Is - 16)22
= (0.117 + 1)26 + 6(0.117? + (1.35 - 0.117?6 + (1.35?2 + (3.88 - 1.35?4 + (2.94 - 3.88?2
+ (2.94 - 2)22 = 49.47 W
Psupplied
4.51
= 45.59 + 6.702 - 3.76 = 48.53 W;
error = 0.94 W due to roundoff.
A network excited only by current sources is shown in Fig. 4-28.
resistor.
I
Defining the node volt ages VI and V2 as shown, we have:
For node 1:
or
Determine the current through the 2-fl
V
V-V
10=.2 +5+ _ 1_ _2
4
2
3V1 -2V2 =20
(1)
58
D
CHAPTER 4
VI -. v
5+----2
For node 2:
2
v
V
+ -2
2
=-
8
16
-8VI + 11V2 = 80
or
(2)
Solving for VI and V2 yields
VI
=
22.353 V
V2
23.529 V
=
12 n = 1= VI ; V2 .= 22.353; 23.529 = -0.588 A .
Sit
+
V
loA
2..
Fig. 4-28
4.52
Verify the power balance for the network of Fig. 4·28.
I
Power balance implies that
PsuPPlied from sources
=
Pabsorbed by resistors
PlO A = lOVI = 10 X 22.353 = 223.53 W
Vs A
= V2
Ps A
=
L
4.53
VI
-
5VS A
P,uppHed
= 23.529 - 22.353 = 1.176 V
= 5 X 1.176 = 5.88 W
= 223.53 + 5.88 = 229.41 W
= ~~ = (22.!53? = 124.9141 W
P2 n
= 12(2) = (0.588?2 = 0.6915 W
Pg n
= ~~ = (23.~29)2 = 69.2017 W
P I6 n
L
V~
= 16 =
Pab,orbed
(23.529)2
16
= 34.60 W
= 229.41 W = L P,upplied
For the network shown in Fig. 4-29, write a set of mesh equations to solve for the currents II' 12 , and 13 ,
I
The mesh equations are:
3
4.54
P4 n
\/----=-.).
Fig. 4-29
In Fig. 4-29 if all the voltages are equal, each being :.0 V, and if all the resistances are also equal, each being 5 n,
find the currents 11, 12, and 13,
I
From symmetry we have 11 = 12 = 13 = I.
Thus, we may use only one of the three mesh equations of Prob. 4.53.
or 10 = 51, or 1= 1f = 2 A.
Hence,
V= 3RI - RI - RI = RI,
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
4.55
In Fig. 4-29, let the resistors R4 and Rs be short-circuited,
What is the current in R6?
R2 = R3 = S n,
R6 = 10 n,
and
0 59
V2 = 2V3 = 10 V.
I
Since R4 and Rs are short-circuited, the circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. 4-30. So, we use only the last
two of the mesh equations of Prob. 4.S3. With the given numerical values we obtain
10 = (S + 10)/2 -10/3 = IS/2 -10/3
Current in
R6 = I = 13 - 12 =
~
-
S = -10/2 + (S + 10)/3 = -10/2 + IS13
~
or
12 =
~
A
and
13 =
~
A
= -0.2 A.
R,
I
R2..
Fig. 4-31
Fig. 4-30
4.56
The two ideal ammeters in the circuit of Fig. 4-31 read a current of 8 A each.
resistors is 3200 W. Determine V, RI' and R 2.
I
The power absorbed by the
Writing the nodal equation gives
V
V
V
100 + 50 + If
2
=
8
or
1= 8+ 8 = 16 A
Now, since P = VI = I: 12R, we have
3200 = V(8 + 8)
V=200V
or
or
V
200
R =-=-=25n
I
8
8
Finally,
or
200 _ 8 _
R -
200 _
lOO
200 SO-
2A
or
2
4.57
Find the ratio 12/ Is for the circuit shown in Fig. 4-32.
I
Writing the nodal and mesh equations, we obtain, respectively,
V
Is =-+1
RI
2
V+~V=/2R2=V(I+~)
(1)
(2)
or
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) yields
Is=/2[RI(~:~) +1]
Fig. 4-32
or
12
Is
(1+~)RI
R2+(I+~)RI
Fig. 4-33
60
4.58
D
CHAPTER 4
Determine the total power dissipated in the two resistors of the circuit of Fig. 4-33.
I Since the voltage across the 5-0 resistor is
VR ,
V
R
1=-5
(1)
Now writing the mesh equation we have
100 = 500(1 - 1) + VR
(2)
SVR
-
Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) yields
VR
500 + 100 = 500 5 + VR
-
VR = ~ =6.25V
or
5VR
P soon = (1 -1)2500 = (1.25 -1)2500 = 3125 W
P
sn
and
I
=
6.~5 = 1.25 A
= (VR)2 = (6.25)2 = 78125 W
5
5
.
Total power dissipated = 39.0625 W.
4.59
Verify that the power calculated in Prob. 4.58 is the same as the total power supplied by the two sources.
I
VI A = ( - I
+ 1)500 = ( -1.25 + 1)500 = -125 V
P SVR = 5VR (1) = 5 x 6.25 x 1.25 = 39.0625 W
P IOO v = 100(1) = 100 x 1.25 = 125 W
PI A = VI A(l) = (-125)1 = -125 W
I: P,uPPl;ed = -125 + 39.0625 + 125 = 39.0625 W, which is the same as in Problem 4.58.
current source absorbs power.
4.60
Notice that the I-A
If the power dissipated in the 12-0 resistor of Fig. 4-34 is 147 W, what is the value of the source voltage Vs?
PI2 n = 147 W = n12), 1= v'¥l- = 3.5 A.
Combining the 16-0 and 4-0 resistors in parallel and solving for I) yields
I Since
4)
16 x
Vs = ( 8.8 + 16 + 4 I,
With
1= 3.5 A
or
I,
V,
Tz
=
Vx = 8.81, =
and
8.8V
--Us V
(calculated above), we apply nodal analysis to node 1 to obtain
Vx
V
1 8.8Vs
7.3 = 3.5 + 14 ,= 7.3 --U = O. lVs
Finally, for the mesh containing the 12-0 resistor, we have
V
1(8.2 + 12 + 5.8 + 14) - 7.; 14 = 0
+
or
v
"
8. g.t1...
i0
4.61
4.0-
".g..
3.5(40) =
14Vx
D
+
{
/0.(1...
~<~ v· v+
·_1 \
73
/
(
= 14 O.lV,)
or
Vs
=
100 V
2.2.0-
1
1"i-.sL
IZ.{L
5.9.(1..
Fig. 4·34
In the circuit of Fig. 4-34, calculate the current through the voltage source and the voltage across the
controlled-current source.
I As determined in Prob. 4.60, the current through the voltage source is
11 =
Vs
100
12 ~= 12- = 8.33 A
The voltage across the controlled-current source is
V, = Vlon + V14n = 10 ; ; + 14( ; ; 4.62
I) = 1O(0.1V,)'" L4(0.lV, - 1) = 10 x 0.1 x 100 + 14(0.1 x 100 -
3.5) = 191 V
Verify that the total power supplied by the two sources in Fig. 4-34 equals the total power absorbed by the
resistors.
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
D
61
Fig. 4-35
I
From the results of Prob. 4.60 and 4.61,
PsuPPlied
= VJI
V
+ Vi 7.3 = 100 x 8.33 + 191 x 0.1
x 100 = 2743 W
To determine the power absorbed by the resistors we reduce the network shown in Fig. 4-35a and b.
and V)7.3 = 0.1 Vs = 10 A,
Since
Vs = 100 V
Pabsorbed
=
(loW
12 + (10)
2
(10 + 9.1) = 2743 W
which is the same as the power supplied.
4.63
Determine the power supplied (or absorbed) by the controlled-voltage source in the network of Fig. 4-36.
I
Defining the node voltage VI (Fig. 4-36), the nodal equation becomes:
VI -4
VI - 3VR
2 + -2- +
5
=0
Solving for VI yields
VI = -24 V
1= 3VR
VR = -
VR = VI - 4
and
Now,
VI = 3(VI -4) - VI = 3(-24- 4) - (-24) = -12A
-
5
24 - 4 = - 28 V
5
5
PWR = 3VR I = 3(VI - 4)1 = 3( -24 - 4)( -12) = 1008 W
Fig. 4-36
4.64
Solve Prob. 4.63 by using mesh analysis.
I
Let the mesh current be 11 ,
4 + VR
-
Then, the corresponding mesh equation becomes
511 - 3VR = 0
4.65
511 = 4 - 2VR
511 = 4 + 4(11 + 2)
Thus,
Hence,
or
1= -12 A
or
VR = -2(12 + 2) = -28 V
and
but
V R = -2(11
+ 2)
11 = 12 = - I
P 3VR = 3( -28)( -12) = 1008 W
Determine the open-circuit voltage (across the terminals ab) with the polarities as marked in the circuit of Fig.
4-37.
I
For the mesh we have
1= 3 A,
-t.(1.'\J'>~
V4 n = 41 = 12 V,
and Vab = 20 - V4 n = 20 - 12 = 8 V
V
".n.
Gt
--,---.,\,\.1----;,
,
•
V"
Fig. 4-37
62
4.66
D
CHAPTER 4
What is the voltage across the 3-A current source in Fig. 4-37?
I
4.67
- V3
A
V3A
or
=
16V
In the circuit of Fig. 4-37 if the terminals ab are short-circuited, determine the current through the short circuit.
I
With the short circuit, we write the nodal equatIOn as
20-V =3+ ~
4
6
4.68
= Vab - Vg n = 8 -- 3 x 8 = -16
or
V=
¥v
and
l,hort-circuit
=
V
"6 =
24
5 x 6 = 0.8 A
Solve for the current I) shown in the network of Fig. 4-38a.
I,
(c)
(6)
Fig. 4-38
I
First, we change the current source to a voltage source and transform the 6-.0 delta-connected resistors to an
equivalent wye, shown in Fig. 4-38b, which is then reduced to the network of Fig. 4-38c. For this network, the
mesh equations become
12 - 61) - 141) + 1412 - 24 =, 0
and
24 - 1412 - 1412 + 1411 = 0
From Eqs. (1) and (2),
4.69
or
-12 = 201) - 1412
24 = -141) + 2812
(1)
(2)
I) = 0 A.
The circuit of Fig. 4-38a is redrawn in Fig. 4-39.
I
or
Using only nodal equations, find the current 12,
At node 1:
12 - V)
VI - V3
VI - V~
+ ---466
--- = ---
(1)
or
At node 2:
At node 3:
(2)
V 1 -V3
V2 -V3 "'3
--6- + 2 + --6- = 12
Solving for V2 from Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) yields
-2V) - 2V2 + 5V3 = 24
or
V! =
?f V
Hence,
(3)
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
D
63
+
Il·V
Fig. 4-39
4.70
Determine the total power dissipated by all the resistors of Fig. 4-39 and show that the entire power is supplied
by the 2-A current source.
I
From Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) of Prob. 4.69 we have
and
VI = 12V
Since VI = 12 V, 11 = 0 A, P4 n = O.
Power in the remaining seven resistors becomes:
L
Pd;,,;pated
= H(VI - V3)2
+ (VI - V2? + (V2 _ V3)2] +
(~{ + (~~2
= H(12 - ~)2 + (12- ?f)2 + (?f - ~)2] + b:(?f)2 + b:(~)2 = 27.428W
Voltage across the 2-A source,
V3=~V
which is the same as the total dissipated power.
4.71
P2A=~x2=27.428W
Since
11 = 0,
PI2 V = 12 X 11 = O.
Since 11 in Fig. 4-39 is zero, the 12-V source may be disconnected (by open-circuiting).
reduction that 12 = ~ A.
Verify by network
lAcbFig. 4-40
I
Network reduction is shown in Fig. 4-40a and b.
~
~
7
With the node voltage defined in Fig. 4-40b, we have
2 = 12 + 12 + 4 = 48 VI
Hence,
4.72
or
VI =
%
T
V
VI
96
6
12 = 4 + 12 = 7 x 16 = "7 A
Using nodal analysis, find the voltage across the lO-A current source in the circuit of Fig. 4-41.
I
Let the node volt ages be VI' V2, and V3, as shown in Fig. 4-41.
lO-VI
VI -V3 V1 -V2
or
- 5 - = -1-0- + -1-0-
At the three respective nodes we have:
(1)
64
D
CHAPTER 4
(2)
VI -V3
V2 -V3
-1-0- + -1-0- =
V3
5 + 10
Solving for V3 from Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) gives
or
VI
2f V,
'\1 3 == -
+ V2
-
(3)
4V3 = 100
which is the required voltage.
lOA
fo.{l-
...
+ v
10 . .('1.·
1
'"
Fig. 4·41
4.73
In the circuit of Fig. 4-41, transform the lO-V source to a current source and the wye-connected lO-n resistors to
an equivalent delta. Thus calculate the voltage across the lO-A source.
IOf"L
VI
!.fA
Y3
lOA-
~Jl-
7
(}J
Lt<. )
Fig. 4·42
I The source transformation and the equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 4-42a and b. From Fig. 4-42b we
obtain:
For node 1:
For node 2:
Solving for V3 yields
4.74
V3 = -
2f
V,
which is consistent with the result obtained earlier.
For the circuit of Fig. 4-41, verify that the total po\\er absorbed by all the resistors is the same as the net power
supplied by the two sources.
I From the results of Prob. 4.72, we have
LP
=
[10 - (-36/7W + [-36/7 - (-204/7W
+
~
.L...
4.75
to
5
absorbed by resistors
[-36/7-(-80/7W
10
(_B0/7)2
+ "-10- +
204
PsuppHed by sources
= PlO A + PlO V = 10 X 7 +
[-80/7-(-204/7W
10
10[10 - (- 36/7)]
5
+
(-204/7)2
= 321.71 W
Find the current in each of the resistors of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-43.
I For node 1:
9 = VI - V2 + VI + VI -4
5
vi.
- 32
2
or
19V - 15V = 500
I
2
5
= 321. 71 W
D
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
For node 2:
Solving for VI and V2 yields
VI = 50 V,
I
= VI = 50
I
I
5
=
5
V2 = 30 V.
10 A
1=
2
-t
-
17V2 = 240
Hence,
VI - V2
-
32
2
=
50 - 30 - 32
=-6A
2
V2
and
V,
15VI
or
30
14 = 10 = 10 = 3 A
1 ~
t-
lo.fi-
r-~/vv--~
~
Fig. 4·43
Fig. 4·44
Transform the two current sources in the circuit of Fig. 4-43 to voltage sources and find the current in the 4-.0
resistor.
I
The transformed circuit is shown in Fig. 4-44, for which we have:
45 - 32 - 40 = 17/1 - 212
and
or
12 = 5 A.
Solving for 12 yields
4.77
__AAr---~
~f2...
o
/oJL
4.76
In the circuit of Fig. 4-45, determine the node volt ages VI' V2 , and V3 •
I
The node equations yield
9+
v
-V2 +....!.
V =0
1
50
_1_ _
Solving for the node voltages VI' V2 , and V3 yields
VI
I fl.
Iz
2.(1..
Fig. 4·45
4.78
65
Solve for the power balance in the network of Fig. 4-45.
I
With the currents marked in Fig. 4-45 and using the results of Prob. 4-77, we have:
VI
50
11 = 50 = 50 = 1 A
12
V2
-
VI
60 - 50
= - 1 - = - 1 - = 10 A
13
V2
I =
7
L
Pres;s,ors
V2
60
= 15 = 15 = 4 A
170 - V3
4
60
14 = 20 = 20
=
170 - 94
4
=
= 19A
= 50(/1)2 + 1(12)2 + 15(13)2 + 20(14)2 + 2(15)2 + 47(16)2 + 4(17)2
= 50( 1)2 + 1(10)2 + 15(4)2 + 20(3)2 + 2(17)2 + 47(2)2 + 4(19)2 = 2780 W
L
Psources
= 170(/7) + 9( - VJ = 170 x 19 - 9 x 50 = 2780 W
Notice that the 9-A current source absorbs power.
3A
66
4.79
D
CHAPTER 4
Calculate the current in each resistor of the network of Fig. 4-46.
I
lJ
120 n = 13
=
20 - 50-10
20
,£I-
I'2.
= -2 A
n =
12 =
20-10-9
I
= IA
15 :1 =14 =lQ=2A
5
-'-E}l
M.il- 1,
r--;~
Is
5J11~
Fig. 4-46
4.80
Determine the currents through each voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 4-46.
I
4.81
Which of the sources supply power and which absorb power in the circuit of Fig. 4-46'1
power absorbed by the resistors.
I
P20 V = 20(1.) = 20(1) = 20 W (supplied)
P9v
=9(-/2) =9(-1) =-9 W (absorbed)
Determine the total
Pso V = 50( - IJ = 50(2) = lOO W (supplied)
PlO
v = lO(lb)
= 10(8) = 80 W (supplied)
Total power absorbed by the resistors = 20 + 100·- 9 + 80 = 191 W.
4.82
An operational amplifier is schematically represented in Fig. 4-47a, and Fig. 4-47b shows the corresponding
equivalent circuit. For the ideal model assume 1+ = 1_ = 0 and V+ = V_. Draw the equivalent circuit of
the inverting operational amplifier shown in Fig. 4-47c.
l-z,
+
+
(a.)
(c)
&~\-:
l'
I::
0
,"---"._--
(d)
(0)
Fig. 4-47
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
I
D 67
For the circuit of Fig. 4-47c we have
(1)
or
Now
V_
= V+ = 0
(since V+ is grounded).
v,
+ Vo
RI
R2
Thus Eq. (1) becomes:
= 0
or
Hence, we obtain the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4-47d.
'v.f>
l-t
V_
'v0
L
+
R...
!
....------\;
V~
()
R,
."
(b)
(4.)
4.83
Fig. 4-48
Draw the equivalent circuit of the ideal noninverting operational amplifier shown in Fig. 4-48a.
I
Since
V_
= V+ = Vs
and
L
= 0,
we have
v,+Vs-Vo=O
RI
Solving for Vo yields
Vo = (1 + R)RI)V,.
R2
Hence, we obtain the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4-48b.
Fig. 4-49
4.84
The circuit shown in Fig. 4-49 responds to the difference of two input signals.
hence, show that this circuit is a differential amplifier.
I
Find an expression for Vo and,
Since the operational amplifier is ideal, we have
and, by voltage division,
but
v-
=V+
Thus,
4.85
For the operational amplifier circuit of Fig. 4-50 determine Vo.
All volt ages shown are with respect to ground.
68
D
CHAPTER 4
r----4.-- V'
"
Fig. 4-50
I
Since
1_ = 0 and
V_ = V+ =0,
the nodal equation becomes
V I +V2 +VO=0
R
4.86
R
R3
The equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier circuit is shown in Fig. 4-51.
Determine its input resistance.
Av.
I
Fig. 4-51
I
Writing the loop equations we have:
VI = V;
+ RJ(lJ --/J = (R; + RI)/I
(1)
- RJ2
or
I2
= __R_J!....-_A_R..Li -
RI +R2 + Ro
I
I
(2)
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) yields
or the input resistance is
4.87
In the circuit of Fig. 4-52, find the currents through each resistor.
I
Let the required currents be II' 12 , and 13 as shJwn.
4 = 6/J + I J + 12
=
6
VI
VI
The nodal equations may then be written as:
VI - 20
"2 + -:;;- + - - 3 -
V
or
J
=~
23
V
Hence,
II
,=~1 =~ _
2
I = VI -:..~~
2
3
E..
23 x 2 - 23
=
A
(64/23) - 20 = _ !E. A
3
23
->---,
5"1 I
fA
Fig. 4-52
Fig. 4-53
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
4.88
D
69
Evaluate the currents through the resistors of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-53.
I Writing the nodal equations we obtain
V
V-V
5=1 +1 =--.!+_1__2
121
2
which, respectively, simplify to
3VI - V2 = 10
Thus,
and
45VI = -7V2
VI = 1.06 V
~I = 1.~ = 1.06 A
I1 =
12
V2 = -6.82 V
= VI; V2 = 1.06 -
~-6.82) = 3.94A
1= V2 = -6.82=_1.364A
5
5
4.89
Find k in the circuit of Fig. 4-54 such that the power dissipated in the 2-0 resistor does not exceed 50 W.
I Since
P2 n = 2(11)2;;;: 50 W,
the nodal equations are:
or
we have
11 ;;;:
VW = 5 A
and
VI = 2/1 ;;;: 10 V.
16 -_
5k_- _10
1=-IA= 16 - klI - V1= _
2
4
4
With the critical values,
-4 = 6 -5k
or
k=2
'v 411\1
~---~'~~---<tL'-'--~~~~~~----~
t1.
t~
->..
2.!L
(,A:
Rn
I,
Fig. 4-54
~--~------------,,----.
4.90
For the value of k determined in Prob. 4.89, determine the power supplied by each source of the circuit of Fig.
4-54.
I
4.91
Calculate the power dissipated in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 4-54 and verify the power balance in the
circuit.
I
P2 n = (11)22 = (5)22 = 50 W
Ps n = (13)28 = (2)28 = 32 W
From Prob. 4.90,
4.92
E
Psupplied
2:
Pdissipated
= 86 W
= 60 + 10 + 16 = 86 W.
Determine the node volt ages VI' V2 , V3 , and V4 shown in the circuit of Fig. 4-55.
2.11.
Fig. 4-55
I Writing the nodal equations we have
VI
V -V
- + -I- - 3+
2
1
VI+40-V3
=0
6
or
(1)
70
D
CHAPTER 4
or
V
V3 - v~
6+ - 4 = 10+ - - - 3
5
and
(2)
or
(3)
Solving for VI' V3 , and V4 from Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) yields
V4 = 15V
VI = lOV
Finally,
4.93
or
120 =
~I
1~
=5A
I1
+ 10 = 5 A
1
=
160= -5
= VI
0
~ V,
=:
= V3 -~~=
5
50
10 ~ 20 = -10 A
20 - 15
5
=1A
Verify the power balance for the circuit of Fig. 4-55
L
I
L
4.95
or V2 = -20 V.
Calculate the currents in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 4-55.
I
4.94
V2 + 40 = 20
= (5)22 + (10)2[ + (5)26 + (1)25 + (5)23 = 380 W
PdiSSipated
PsuPPlied
= 40(5) + 6(V3 -
Solve for 1 in the circuit of Fig. 4-56.
V4 ) + iOV4 = 200 + 6 x 5 + 10 x 15 = 380 W
Also determine the current in the 3-0 resistor.
I Writing the nodal equation yields
12-V
V
- - +5=- --41
4
3
12 - V
1=-4
Solving for 1 yields
1
1= 0.6A
30
= ~ =~
3
!:! - 41 =
12 - 4(0.6) = 32 A
3
.
3
~f1--.
1)
I
41
4fl.. 1
5.!l-
3)
I() It
lo.{lFig. 4-56
4.96
Fig. 4-57
Solve for the four mesh currents shown in the network of Fig. 4-57.
I Let the voltage across the 5-A source be VI. Then 50 = 20/ 1 + VI - 15/3 = 20/1 + VI - 150, since
= 10 A. 12 - I1 = 5. -30 = 35/4 - 512 - 20/3 = 35/, - 512 - 200, since 13 = 10 A. VI = 15/2 - 514 .
13
The above equations simplify to
20/1 + VI ,= 200
35/4
-
512 = 170
12 -
I1
=5
VI + 5/4 - 15/2 = 0
Solving these yields
I1 = 4.46 A
12 = 9.46 A
14 =6.22A
VI = 110.8 V
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
4.97
Verify that Kirchhoff's current law is satisfied at the node 0 of the circuit of Fig. 4-57.
I
KCL at node 0 reads
or
4.98
D 71
5 - 12
+ I1 = 5 - 9.46 + 4.46 = 0
How much power is supplied by each source in the circuit of Fig. 4-57?
I
P sov = 50/1 = 50
x
= 223 W
4.46
P SA = 5VI = 5
x
110.8 = 554 W
P30V = 30(-1) = 30(-6.22) = -186.6 W (absorbed)
P IOA = lOV2 = [15(13 - /1) + 20(13 - /4 )]10= 10[15(10 -4.46) + 20(10- 6.22)] = 1587W
= 223 + 554 -
Net power delivered
4.99
186.6 + 1587 = 2178 W
Verify the power balance in the network of Fig. 4-57.
I
PlO n = 10(14)2 = 10(6.22)2 = 386.884 W
PIS n = 15(11 - 13)2 = 15(4.46 - 10)2 = 460.374 W
Ps n = 5(12 - 14)2 = 5(9.46 - 6.22)2 = 52.488 W
P20n = 20(l.-IY = 20(6.22 - 10)2 = 285.768 W
E = 2179.9 W, which is approximately the same as the power calculated in Prob. 4.98.
is due to round off error.
4.100
A difference of 1.9 W
For the circuit of Fig. 4-58, find the value of R such that it absorbs 5 W of power.
-+ V x
R
Fig. 4-58
I
From Fig. 4-58:
(VI)2
2
PR=/I R = 2+R R=5
(1)
The nodal equation may be written as
Vx -VI
20-V1
--4- + --4-
=
I1
=
VI
2+ R
Combining these two equations yields
VI
Vx
-4 -
or
VI
VI
4 + 5 - 4 = -2+-R =
v(!+
I 2
1 )=5
2(2 + R)
or
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain
102R
[ (3+R)2
Solving for R yields
R = 13.325
n
or 0.675
n
J2
=5
VI
V,
2(2 + R)
2
V = 10(2 + R)
I
3+R
+ 5
(2)
~
CHAPTER 5
Network Theorems~
5.1
Thevenin's theorem may be stated as follows: At the terminals 12 in Fig. 5-1a, the arbitrary linear network A,
containing resistances and energy sources, can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source
Vrh in series with a resistance R Th . The voltage V~h is the open-circuit voltage across 12, and RTh is the ratio of
Rn.
Linear
network A
with sources
and
resistances
I
Network
Network
B
B
2
2
(b)
(a)
Fig. 5-1
the open-circuit voltage to the short-circuit current. Alternatively, RTh is the equivalent resistance at the
terminals 12 when all independent sources are suppressed. Figure 5-1a shows the arbitrary network, and its
Thevenin equivalent is pictured in Fig. 5-1b. Replace the network of Fig. 5-2a to the left of terminals ab by its
Thevenin equivalent circuit. Hence, determine 1.
60
20
C
10 V
10
2
a
+
C'
12
V2
30
---"
1
C
0
100
b
20 V
(a)
60
20
1.46 0
a
30
-19.27 V
1
a
100
b
b
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5-2
To determine R Th , short-circuit the voltage sources to obtain the network of Fig. 5-2b.
parallel are equivalent to
i~2!!2
=
6+1
~0
7
which, in series with the 20, is equivalent to
Then, the parallel combination of (2017) 0 and 30 gives
(2017)(3)
60
RTh = Rab = flal7) +3 = 41 = 1.460
72
The 60 and lOin
NETWORK THEOREMS
To find VTh , open-circuit the terminals ab.
D 73
The lO-V battery then sees a resistance
6 + (1)(2 + 3) = 41 0
1+2+3
6
and so a current of
10
60
41/6 = 41 = 1.46 A
is drawn from it, of which
1
1 + 2 + 3 (1.46) = 0.243 A
passes through the 3-0 resistor.
Then,
Vn = (0.243)(3) - 20 = -19.27 V
Thevenin's equivalent circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 5-2c, whence
-19.27
1= 1.46 + 10 = -1.68 A
The negative sign indicates that the current actually flows in the 10 0 from b to a.
5.2
Calculate the Thevenin voltage and resistance at the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 5-3a.
so
60
a
so
90V
b
40
(et)
er)
Fig. 5-3
I The Thevenin voltage is the open-circuit voltage appearing across the terminals ab, which is the same as the
voltage across cd. For this open-circuited network we need not consider the 6-0 resistor.
resistance seen by the 90 V is given by
Re
=
8(8 + 4)
8 + 8 + 8 + 4 = 12.80
The current I, shown in Fig. 5-3b, becomes
90
1= 12.8 = 7.03 A
Thus, the voltage
Vco =- 90 - 81 =- 90 - 7.03(8) =- 33.75 V
Current
I
Hence,
co
= 33.75 =4 22A
8
.
and
led = 7.03 - 4.22 = 2.81 A
Vcd = Vn = 2.81 x 8 = 22.48 V
To find the Thevenin resistance, we refer to Fig. 5.3c from which we obtain
Rn
=
Rab
=
(4 + 4)8
6+ 4+4+ 8
=
10 0
The equivalent
74
5.3
D
CHAPTER 5
Reduce the delta-connected resistors of Fig. 5-3a to an equivalent wye. Find the Thevenin voltage and
resistance for the modified circuit. Verify that the results agree with those of Prob. 5.2.
sa
"'-
left
c
6.f2-
!!.n5
SA
b
~n.s
(t:{)
I
The network reduction is shown in Fig. 5-4a.
the 16/50 resistor and is given by
---
~a
(}~
5
b
Fig. 5-4
The Thevenin voltage is across en, which is the voltage across
90
VTh = Ven = 8 +
Cl..
16
16/5+ 8/5 5
90
=
4
= 22.5 V
The circuit for the Thevenin resistance is shown in Fig. 5-4b from which
(8+8/5)16/5
RTh
5.4
= 8+8/5~~16/5 +
8
5 +6=100
Determine the current ix in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-6, by using Thevenin's theorem.
I
The circuit to determine the Thevenin voltage is shown in Fig. 5-5a, from which we have (for the two
meshes)
Solving for 11 yields
11
Thus,
=
12.88 A
VTh = 100 - 1(10) = 100 - 12.88(10) = -28.8 V
Figure 5-5b shows the circuit to determine the
Th~venin
resistance.
10(2 + 1.2)
10+2+1.2
Vrh
-28.8
RTh + 5= 2.42 + 5
Therefore,
= - - - - - = 2.42 0
R
Th
Hence,
Ix =
cb)
5.5
= -3.87 A
Fig. 5·5
Fig. 5·6
For the circuit shown in Fig. 4-5, we have RI =, 10 n, R2 = 200, R3 = 300, and R4 = 60 O. Using the
Thevenin equivalent circuit show that the current in Rs is zero and is independent of the values of the battery
voltage E and Rs'
NETWORK THEOREMS
D 75
I The circuit, shown in Fig. 5-6, is drawn to determine the Thevenin voltage. Thus, we obtain
E
11
And
E
E
10 + 20
= 30
A
E
12 = 30 + 60 = 90 A
Hence the current in
5.6
=
Rs
= 0 A.
Using Thevenin's theorem, determine the current in the 2-0 resistor of the network shown in Fig. 4-8a.
Fig. 5·7
I
First, we change the 5-A current source to an equivalent voltage source. Consequently, we have the
Thevenin equivalent circuit to determine VTh as shown in Fig. 5-7a. Writing the mesh equation yields
25 - 10 = (5 + 10 + 3)1
Hence,
20 = -
3( ~) + V
Th
or
or
VTh = 20 + 2.5 = 22.5 V
The circuit to determine RTh is shown in Fig. 5·7 b from which
(10 + 5)3
RTh = 10 + 5 + 3 = 2.5 0
VTh
22.5
12 n = RTh + 2 = 2.5 + 2 = 5 A
Thus,
5.7
Find the current 1 in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-9.
/PV
Use Tbevenin's theorem.
J~IL_'\~;~
).0 \t
Fig. 5·8
76
D
CHAPTER 5
I
The circuit to determine the Thevenin voltage is shown in Fig. 5-8a, from which
10
11
= 6 + (5 ;(1):'(5 + 1) = 1.46 A
By current division,
1
1= (1.46) :~~t5 = 0.244 A
Thus,
V3 n = 3(0.244) = 0.732 V
and
VTh = -20 + 0.732 = -19.268 V
From Fig. 5-8b,
(2 -+- 6/7)3
RTh = 2 :-6~' + 3
VTh
1= RTh + 10
Finally,
5.S
1.4630
=
-19.268
,= 1.463 + 10 = -1.68 A
By applying Thevenin's theorem to the circuit of Fig. 4-lOa determine the current
11
in the 10-0 resistor.
I
After converting the current source to a voltage source, the Thevenin equivalent circuits to determine VTh
and RTh are shown in Fig. 5-9a and b, respectively.
Cb)
(tL)
Fig. 5-9
From Fig. 5-9a we obtain
100
V20 n = 2(20) = 40 V
and
/= 30+20 =2A
Also,
VTh
or
= 50 -
40 = 10 V
From Fig. 5-9b we have
30 x 20
= 5 + 30 + 20 = 170
RTh
Hence,
5.9
11
=
VTh
10
+ 10 = 17 + 10 = 0.37 A
RTh
Find the current in the 30-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-lOa by Thevenin's theorem.
5Jt
/o..{l..-
V
..... 'Th
~
')fL
:-~l
~o o,~
2o.R
-----
-=-1
n20~'~J
(4.)
I
(6)
From the circuit of the Fig. 5-lOa we have
1=,
51)
35 =
1.43 A
100 + Vn = 20( 1.43)
or
"fl.-
VTh =-71.43 V
Fig. 5-10
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
77
From Fig. 5-lOb,
20(5 + 10)
RTh
V lh
Hence,
5.10
= 20 + 5 + 10 = 8.57 0
-71.43
130 n == 30 + RTh = 30 + 8.57 == -1.85 A
Determine the current supplied by the 100-V source to the circuit of Fig. 4-14 by applying Thevenin's theorem.
- \lTt,
Yf-/.-.v----'
Fig. 5-11
Ca.)
I The Thevenin equivalent circuits are drawn in Fig.
5-11a and b.
From Fig. 5-11a, for the two meshes we obtain
Hence,
For the mesh containing VTh we have
or
100 - VTh + 10(11) + 10(12) == 0
VTh == 100 + 10(2.5) + 10(2.5) == 150 V
From Fig. 5-11b we get
R
Th
10 1(10+10) ==100
==-+3
2
3
Therefore the required current is
VTh
150
1100 v == RTh + 10 == 20 = 7.5 A
5.11
By applying Thevenin's theorem, determine the current supplied by the battery of the circuit of Fig. 4-15.
(0.f1-
RTh __-N~_ _ _ _ _ _~~~_ _~
'v V
(b)
(a.)
lOA
IOfL-
L_Th
_ _-V\IIv
~.n.
q
(c)
Fig. 5-12
0
78
D
CHAPTER 5
I
The Thevenin equivalent circuits are drawn in Fig. 5-12a and b.
From Fig. 5-12a it is clear that no current fio\\'s through the resistors.
Therefore,
VTh = lOV
To obtain
RTh
we reduce the circuit of Fig. 5-12b to that shown in Fig. 5-12c from which
(10 + 50/3)(50 + 10/3)
0 _ 100 0
10 + 501:\ t 50 + 10/3 + 1 - 3
VTh
10
1= R : =. 100/3 = 0.3 A
_ 50
RTh -
9 +
Hence,
T
5.12
Using Thevenin's theorem find the current in the t-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-16.
lo.r1-
IOrL
(6)
(a.)
I
From the corresponding Thevenin equivalent circuits drawn in Fig. 5-13a and b we have
VTh = 50V
Hence,
5.13
Fig. 5-13
11 n = R
VTh
Th
lOx5
and
+1
RTh
10
= 10 + 5 = '3 0
50
150
li)l3 + 1 = 13 = 11.538 A
=
Solve for the current in the 2-0 resistor o{ the network of Fig. 4-17, by Thevenin's theorem.
(;JL
J.ov
f)
".fL
'5.('"/..
S>
4Sl-
in
ofl-
s.n...
."-
~
3JL
J.'V'-
1loV
1
V
RTh
T~
.-
(a.)
I
(6)
The Thevenin's equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 5-14a and b.
Fig. 5-14
Thus, we obtain
20 = 1011 - 4/2
0= --4/1
Or,
V,n
30
VTh = 10 + 13 = 12.31 V
+ 1212
=3C~) = ~~ V
{[6 x 4)/(6 + 4)] + 5}3
R Th
= 3 + 5 + [(6 x 4)/(6 + 4)]
= 2.1340
12.31
2.134 + 2 = 2.98 A
5.14
Find the current in the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-18a by Thevenin's theorem.
NETWORK THEOREMS
{~ft-
+ It
n,---r-----.
Ion
RTI,
~ 2.t"L
411-
Ion..
1
~
(a.)
I
(6)
Fig. 5-15
Then, we define VTh and
First, we transform the current sources to voltage sources as shown in Fig. 4-18b.
shown in Fig. 5-15a and b, respectively.
From Fig. 5-15a,
RTh
_ 100 - 40 _ 15 A
/- 10+4+2 - 4
VTh = 100 -/(10 + 4) - 20 = 100 -
415
(14) - 20 =
255
V
From Fig. 5-15b,
RTh
=
(10+4)2
7
10 + 4 + 2 = 4 0
=~=lOA
Hence,
5.15
1 + 7/4
By Thevenin's theorem, determine the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-18b.
loA
ID-
lofl
_.L(4.)
I
Fig. 5-16
(h)
By nodal analysis, from Fig. 5-16a, we have
_ 40 -20 _ 20 A
/oA-~-3
VAO
= 40 -
20)
2( 3
= 380
2(1)
32
VTh
V
=
100 -
80
3
=
220
3
V
From Fig. 5-16b,
RTh
= 10 + 2 + 1 = 3
0
220/3
4 + 32/3
=
=
Hence
5.16
In Fig. 4-22, given
R = 5 0,
5A
find the current in the 20-0 resistor by Thevenin's theorem.
lO.tL
t
RTh
Fig. 5-17
I
From Fig. 5-17 a and b we have
VTh
=
100 V
and
D 79
80
D
CHAPTER 5
VII,
100
120 n = 20 +l~~ = 20 + 0 = 5 A
Hence,
5.17
Calculate the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-23a by Thevenin's theorem.
Fig. 5-18
I
From Fig. 5-18a,
Vs
A
50 - VTh
= 5 x 20 = lOC V
-
100 = 0
Or
From Fig. 5-18b,
RTh
Hence
5.18
lIon
= 20
+ 20 = 40 0
=~~h
--=~=-lA
10+ Rn
10+40
Find the current in the 20-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-24a by Thevenin's theorem.
I
Fig. 5-19
(6)
(a.)
From Fig. 5-19a
(with polarities as shown)
V8 n = 2 x 8 = 16 V
10
20
V4n = 1O+4(4)=7 V
Thus,
From Fig. 5-19b,
10 >: 4
RTh
VTh
Hence,
5.19
120 n = 20 +
76
= 10~:-:t + 8 = 7 0
RTh
13217
132
=2() + 7617 = 216 = 0.611 A
Find the current in the 20-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-24b by Thevenin's theorem.
-t
V,
...
5 Cl-
V Th
lA-
lA-
(a.)
,.nj i+~f~
~ \
on
(D)
Fig. 5-20
NETWORK THEOREMS
I
D
81
From Fig. 5-20a solving for VI and V2 yields
VI
VI
10+4=1
Thus,
or
20
Vl=--;:;-V
or
~ - VTh
and
+ 16=0
V2 = -16V
or
From Fig. 5-20b
10 x 4
RTh
VTh
Hence,
5.20
= 10 + 4
+8=
76
--;:;- 0
13217
132
20 + 7617 = 216 = 0.611 A
120n = 20+ R Th
Determine the current through the 12-V source of Fig. 4-25a by applying Thevenin's theorem and nodal
analysis.
6.{L
~,
...
'l.f1.V vvv..
')..
,{1..
lA
&{l..
;.
V1, +
'v
-
Th-
"f-.n-
2A
M-
O
(a.)
Fig. 5-21
I
From Fig. 5-21a we have
V
V-V
1+-t+~=0
or
Vl -V2
V2
V2
--6-=6 + 2+4
Thus
V2
6=-2Vl +V2
or
3V2 =Vl
6
5V
=- -
or
and
From Fig. 5-21b,
4x6
17
RTh = 1 + 4 + 6 = 5 0
112 Y
5.21
= VTh = 66/5 = 3.88 A
RTh
17/5
Repeat Prob. 5.20 using the circuit of Fig. 4-25d.
I
In this case, by inspection, we have
VTh = 12 + 2 - 1(0.8) = 13.2 V
Hence
= 1 + 0.8 + 1.6 = 3.4 0
VTh
13.2
112y = -R = - = 3.88 A
Th
5.22
RTh
3.4
Find the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-28 by Thevenin's theorem.
82
D
CHAPTER 5
SA
2.
v,
+ V
I
Th
----,~R
v....
-
Th
I
4Jl-
toA.
$
(a.)
,
%.cV
-:; .....(1-
(6)
Fig. 5-22
From Fig. 5-22a we obtain
v
I} = 10-5 = 5 A
2
= 5(16)(8) = 80 V
16 + 8
3
Thus,
From Fig. 5-22b,
16 x 8
RTb
5.23
R2 = R3 = 5 n,
In Fig. 4-30, given
theorem.
-20/3
28
= 4 + 16 + 8 = 3 n
= - 0.588 A
22 + 28/3
R6 = 10 n,
and
V2 = 2V3 = 10 V,
find the current in R6 by Thevenin'
5f1.-.
(12.)
,
From Fig. 5-23a and b we obtain
5+10=1(5+5)
15
1= 10 = 1.5 A
or
VTh = 5 - 5(1.5) = -2.5 V
Thus,
5x5
RTb = 5 + 5 = 2.5 n
and
= -2.5
I R6 =~_
10 R
10 + 2.5 = -0.2 A
Hence
5.24
Fig. 5-23
(b)
+
Th
Determine the current in the 5-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-33, by Thevenin's theorem.
f(
TI(
::- 50o.t\..
I
(a.)
,
(6)
Fig. 5-24
From Fig. 5-24a,
Vl = 1(500) = 500 V
Also,
and
100 + 500 - VTh = 0
RTb =, 500n
or
VTh
=
600 V
NETWORK THEOREMS
0
83
From Fig. 5-24b,
600 = 500( ~R )
Thus,
5.25
+ VR
-
VR = 6.25 Y
or
5VR
1= 6.25
5
and
=
1 25 A
.
Determine the current through the short-circuited terminals ab in the circuit of Fig. 4-37 by Thevenin's theorem.
,
By open-circuiting ab in Fig. 4-37, we obtain
VTh = 20 - 4(3) = 8 Y
Also from Fig. 4-37,
RTh
Thus,
lab =
= 6 + 4 = 10 0
VTh
8
= 10 =0.8A
R
Th
5.26
Find the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 4-38a without any network reduction.
Thevenin's theorem.
Fig. 5-25
,
To determine VTh we redraw the circuit as shown in Fig. 5-25 from which we obtain
VI
12
V1 -V2
V1 -V2
+ --6- + 6+6
=
2
or
4V1
-
3V2 = 24
V 1 -V2
--6-
and
V 1 -V2
+ 6+6
=
V2
12
3Vl -4V2 =0
Or
V=96 Y
I
7
Thus,
V=72Y
2
7
and
and
Hence,
5.27
By applying Thevenin's theorem to the circuit of Fig. 4-38b determine the current I in the 12-0 resistor
connected to node 2.
'lSL
2a
2{1..
~~-?~--~~~
If
~4-J1...
+
I~[l...
,"
_\
2A
'V
R
rh
(0)
(a.)
,
From Fig. 5-26a we have
I =
I
24 -12
=~A
12 + 2 + 2 + 4 5
Fig. 5-26
Use
84
0 CHAPTER 5
3
VTh =24-11 (12+2)=24-"5 (14)=
Thus,
78
5
V
From Fig. 5-26b,
RTh
_'"
1.4(6) _ 31
-.<.+ 14+6 - 5 0
78/5
12+31/5
Hence
5.28
6
=
'7 A
Find the current I in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-41 by Thevenin's theorem.
roJi-
,.0-
,os.?- IOn.
+
+
V'L
I
ef)
-_r
Vn
loft
A-
(0
(6)
(a.)
RTh
Fig. 5-27
(e)
,
From Fig. 5-27a we have
or
or
- V 1 + 3V2
VTh =
-
V1
I)
-
V1 + V2
or
--
T Th
V2 - VTh
10
+
10
-
=
10
2VTh = 100
Solving for VTh yields
Vrh
1020
'"
-13 V
Now, referring to Fig. 5-27b, we transform it to an equivalent delta shown in Fig. 5-27c, which may be
reduced to that shown in Fig. 5-27c. Therefore, from Fig. 5-27d we obtain
R
- (165/14)30 _ 110 0
165.'14 + 30 - 13
Th -
Hence,
5.29
=
I
5!l
VTh == ---(1020/13) = _ 204 A
5 + RTh 5 + (110/13)
35
Find the current in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-43 by Thevenin's theorem.
NETWORK THEOREMS
JL
1
:&4,"++
".fl..l~._f 'A
v"
(J)
(tJ..)
,
Fig. 5·28
From Fig. 5-28a we obtain
9 = VTh
-
32 - VI + VTh - VI
2
4
or
15VTh
and
v
Hence,
Th
17VI = 240
-
= 490 V
3
From Fig. 5-28b,
=10
R
(4)(2)=34 0
3
+ 4+2
Th
490/3
Thus,
5.30
5 + 3413 = lOA
Determine the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-43, by Thevenin's theorem.
Fig. 5·29
,
The Thevenin equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 5-29a and b from which we obtain
or
and
-
7V2 = -80
810
V2=19 V
Thus,
v
Since,
Th
RTh
5.31
5VI
60
(10 + 5)4
== 10 + 5 + 4 = 19 0
= 830 _ 810 _ 32 = _ 588 V
19
19
19
=
-588119
2 + 60119
=
-6 A
Evaluate the current in the 50-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-45 by Thevenin's theorem.
Fig. 5·30
0 85
86
0 CHAPTER 5
,
From Fig. 5-30a we have
V2 -VI
--1= 9
V3 - V 2
--2-
170 - V3
4
V2
or
\12
= 9 + 20 + is
V3 - \1
V3
= 47 + --2--2
V2
VI = 9
-
or
-37V2
+ 30V3 = 540
or
-94V2
+ 145V3 = 7990
Solving for V2 yields
V2 = 63.42 V
VTh
Hence,
=
VL = V2
--
9 = 63.42 - 9 = 54.42 V
From Fig. 5-30b we obtain
R Th
4.420
VTh
Thus,
5.32
=
150
n
54.42
50 + 4.42
= 50 + RTh
= 1.0 A
Calculate the current 13 in the circuit of Fig. 4-46 by Thevenin's theorem.
If)..
V
R
Th-
1h
/d.IL
L
5'n..~
212-~
Fig. 5-31
,
From the Thevenin equivalent circuits of Fig. 5-31a and b we have
VTh + 50 - 20 + 10 = 0
or
VTh = --40 V
Hence,
5.33
I,
VTh
= 20 + R·
Tt
= -
RTh
= 00
40
20 + 0
= -2A
Find the current 12 in Fig. 4-46 by Thevenin's theorem.
,
By inspection,
20 -- V-rh - 9 - 10 = 0
or
Vn
1
I = ---- = - - = 1A
Hence
2
5.34
1- RTh
1+0
Find the current in the 3-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-55 by Thevenin's theorem.
,
The Thevenin equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 5-32a and b.
I 2n = lOA
or
Also,
VI
V
V
-
-2 - -L +
I
= 10 x 2 = 20 V
V -20--40
2
_ = 10
6
or
From Fig. 5-32a,
NETWORK THEOREMS
~A
If\.
0
87
,.(1...
VI
SA
+
1-.f'2-
1(a.)
Fig. 5-32
or
Finally,
VTh = 20 + V2 = 20 +
240
380
"7 = "7 V
From Fig. 5-32b,
RTh
= 5 + ~ + 2 = ?f 0
=
Hence,
5.35
380(7 =5A
3+55(7
By Thevenin's theorem, calculate the current through the galvanometer, having a resistance of 200, in the
Wheatstone bridge shown in Fig. 5-33a.
(D)
(4)
,
(c)
From Fig. 5-33b we have
36
11 = 10 + 30 = 0.9 A
36
12 = 40 + 50 = 0.4 A
VlOn = 11(10) = 0.9 x 10 = 9V
V40n = 12(40) = 0.4 x 40 = 16 V
or
Also,
VTh = V40 n
-
VlO n = 16 - 9 = 7 V
From Fig. 5-33c,
RTh
10 x 30
40 x 50
= 10+30 + 40+50 =29.720
VTh
Hence,
5.36
IG = 20+ R Th
7
20 + 29.72 = 0.14 A
Determine the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-34a.
,
Fig. 5-33
From Fig. 5-34a,
36
11
36
= 40+[50(30+20)]/(50+30+20) = 65 A
1
12 =
2 11 =
18
65 A
88
0 CHAPTER 5
3bV
'---\t--(a.)
(b)
Fig. 5-34
And
VTh = V20n + V40n = 12 (20)
Or
18
+ /[(40) = 65
36
20 + 65 (40)
x
360
= 13 V
From Fig. 5-34b,
360(13
360
10 + 228(13 = 358
Hence
5.37
=
1.0 A
Find the current in the 3-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-35a by Thevenin's theorem.
6A
(a..)
(b)
,
(c)
Fig. 5-35
From Fig. 5-35b we have
or
VTh =36V
From Fig. 5-35c we obtain
12 x 6
RTh
= -1'-6 =40
-+
Hence,
VTh
13 n = 3 + R Th
5.38
36
=
:3
.
36
+ 4 = 7"
=
5.143 A
By Thevenin's theorem, find the current in the 19.2-n resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-36a.
NETWORK THEOREMS
0 89
O.IJ\.
-.-~
0·117..-
(4.)
(D)
o. 1/1.-
o.o'lca.Jl.
o.()DI~
Q.OqSJl...
o. lA
S.7"J\.
(tI)
(c)
I From Fig.
RT~
Fig. 5-36
5-36b,
5.96/1
Or
-
-0.111 + 9.8/2 = 120
0.112 = 120
11 = 20.34 A
and
12 = 12.45 A
VTh = 9.6/2 + 5.76/1 = 9.6 x 12.45 + 5.76 x 20.34 = 236.7 V
Hence,
From Fig. 5-36c and d
RTh
5.39
(0.098 + 5.76)(0.001 + 0.1)
= 0.098 + 0.098 + 5.76 + 0.001 + 0.1 = 0.197 0
236.7
119 . 2 n = 19.2 + 0.197 = 12.2 A
Find the current in the 9-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-37a by Thevenin's theorem.
(a.)
(6)
Fig. 5-37
(c)
I Since the circuit contains a dependent voltage source, we obtain
RTh
= V ae ( lse' where Vac and Ise are,
respectively, defined in Fig. 5-37b and c.
From Fig. 5-37b,
20+6Ix =4Ix +6Ix
or
Ix =5A
and
Vae=VTh=5x6=30V
90
0
CHAPTER 5
From Fig. 5-37c,
or
20 = 4/se
R
Hence,
5.40
Th
.-
= Vue = 30 = 6 n
/se
5
/se = 5 A
VTh
and
/9n = 9 +
R
30
= - - =2A
9+6
Th
Find the current in the lO-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-38a.
IO..D-~
~T,-=------------.
tr
+
-t
Ip.v
V,
+~~v"-~ ...
,oA
~.f1..-
Vx ~ SA
(ooV
)(
-L__----'--------'
-
- I
(b)
(a.)
(c)
I Proceeding as in Prob.
10 A
Fig. 5-38
5.39, from Fig. 5-38b we have
100- Vac + IOVx - Vx=O
and
Vx
= IOx5=50V
or
Vac::: VTh =550V
From Fig. 5-38c we obtain
/
Also,
se
+ 10 =
100~~
_
5
V=_lOOv
or
/se
9
x
=-
550
= -45
-550/45
Thus,
Hence,
5.41
or
/
10
n
550
10 - 45
= ---
550
4s A
n
= -15.7A
Calculate the current in the 6-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-39a by Thevenin's theorem.
1ft
--I/V'v-..,...--<..
- 'v-,. i
(C)
Fig. 5-39
NETWORK THEOREMS
I First, we calculate
Vac from Fig. 5-39b.
D
91
Thus,
18 + Vx + 2Vx - Vac = 0
V=3xl=3V
x
But
or
Vac
= VTh = 27 V
From Fig. 5-39c,
18+Vx +2Vx =0
or
18+3Vx =0
Vx
- = 3 - Isc
or
Isc = 9 A
I
R = Vac = 27 = 3 0
Th
Isc
9
But
Thus,
27
Hence
5.42
= 3 +6 =3 A
I6f1
Determine the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-55 by Thevenin's theorem.
lit
_ _.AAJV------r---- .... t - - - - - ;
<S
€;A
+
6(t
I
loA
I
Fig. 5-40
I From Fig.
5-40a,
or
V5 n = 6 x 5 = 30 V
11
40
=--;; A
V3 n = 10 x 3 = 30 V
40) 240
V6n =6 ( --;; =-::;-V
240
380
VTh = -::;- - 40 + 30 + 30 = -::;- V
From Fig. 5-40b,
6 xI
RTh
5.43
62
=
= 5 + 3 + 6 + 1 = --;; 0
380(7 = 5 A
2 + 62(7
Find the current in the 24-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-41a by Thevenin's theorem.
I To determine VTh , we remove the 24-0 resistor. Then,
VTh = Vab = -lOIx (12) = -120Ix = Vx
But
Ix =
Thus,
To determine
VTh = -120
RTh
48 - 3Vx
48 - 3VTh
1000 =
1000
(48 - 3VTh )
1000
we short-circuit the terminals ab.
or
The circuit reduces to that shown in Fig. 5-41b, since
92
D
CHAPTER 5
t 14 ft
12Jl.
(a.)
f>_I><
--,---12It---l
(6)
Vx =0.
Thus,
, _
and
5.44
Fig. 5-41
Vac
Hence,
RTh
Finally,
124
48
or
'x - 1000
= I~~
==
9
0.48
Isc = -0.48
= 18.750
9
n
= 24+18.75 = 0.21 A
Find the current in the 14-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-42 by Thevenin's theorem.
SJl.
()..
+
"
IC
C). I V"
,4.f'l.
Fig. 5-42
b
I
To find VTh = Vac' we open-circuit ab.
Thus,
Vac = VTh
= 10 - (-0.lVx)5 = 10 + 0.5Vac
Or
Voc
= 20V =V Th
Next we short-circuit ab resulting in Vx = 0 and 0.1 Vx
10
10
Isc = 5 + 8 = 13 A
5.45
Vac
or
RTh
=
o.
Thus,
20
= Is,~ == 10(13 = 260
and
114
n =
20
14 + 26 = 0.5 A
Determine the current in the 16-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-43 by Thevenin's theorem.
I
Open-circuiting ab in Fig. 5-43 yields
Vac = VTh ='40V
Short-circuiting ab implies that Isc = Ix.
smce
And
40- V
Isc
+ 0. 8/sc = ~
NETWORK THEOREMS
But
D
93
VI = 6/se
40
Ise = 24 A
Therefore,
Hence,
/ 16
0.8].
Vae
and
n
RTh
=
40
= -1- = 40(24 = 240
40
16 + 24
se
= 1.0 A
It.fl.
I bn
Fig. 5-43
5.46
Fig. 5-44
Repeat Prob. 5.45 by converting the 40-V voltage source to an equivalent current source.
I The new circuit is shown in Fig.
5-44 from which the open-circuit voltage is
Voc = iO x 4 = 40V = V Th
To find lse' we short-circuit ab and use the nodal equation to obtain
VI
4 = 10
+ 0.8/x + Ix
and
Ix
VI
= "6 = Ise
40
Ise = 24 A
Hence,
which is identical to the result of Prob. 5.45.
5.47
Determine the current in the 8-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-54, for
I By inspection, with the
k = 2,
by Thevenin's theorem.
8-0 resistor removed,
Vae = VTh = 16 V
When the 8-0 resistor is short-circuited,
Ise =
Thus,
5.48
00
16
and
16
RTh = ~ = 00
Iso = 0 + 8 = 2.0A
Find the current I in the circuit of Fig. 4-56 by Thevenin's theorem.
v,
4fl
Fig. 5-45
I First, we remove the 4-0 resistor to obtain the circuit shown in Fig. 5-45 to determine Vac- Thus,
and
VI = 5 x 3 = 15V
and
To find Ise we short-circuit ab through which Ise = I flows.
12 - VI + 5 = ~ + 4(12-V I)
434
or,
and
V, = 9.6V
I -
sc-
12 - V, = 06
4
. A
R Th,= -3= 50
0.6
or
Then,
Vae = 15 - 12 = 3 V
1=0
94
5.49
D
CHAPTER 5
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the terminals ab of the circuit shown in Fig. 5.46a.
I
3A
~v
+
-----:
31
E
-~
',,_ J
oJ'L
( I If ~
1.-
- I_---.l...-.--J - - - .:
(a.)
(b)
I
Note that this circuit does not contain any independent sources.
apply a voltage source of 1 V at ab. Therefore,
+ 1 - 31
or
I:: ! A
6
3
4
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 5-46b.
1=
5.50
!
To obtain the Thevenin equivalent we
1
R Th =1(4=40
and
The equivalent circuit of an operational amplifie r is shown in Fig. 5-47.
resistance at the output terminals. Assume R, ~ Ri'
...R. .
<
Fig. 5-46
Find the Thevenin equivalent
tl.
-......,.------ - -,
1..
3)
R
I
'+
,..J..."
" IV)
'-)-
)-
__ J
Fig. 5-47
!.
I
As in Prob. 5.49, we apply a voltage source of 1 V across ab. We further observe that the parallel
combination of RI and Ri is approximately RI' sin(:e RI ~ Ri' Then, for the resulting circuit we have
II(R I
+ R2 + Ro) - 12RO + AVi = 0
Solving for 12 yields
Hence,
5.51
Apply Thevenin's theorem to the circuit to the left and to the right of node 1 of the network shown in Fig. 5-2a.
Hence, determine the current in the 1-0 resistor.
loV
Fig. 5-48
I
To the left of node 1, the Thevenin equivalent is simply the lO-V source in series with the 6-0 resistor.
the right of node 1, we have
VTh
=
V3 n
=
20
60
13 x 3 = 13 V
and
RTh
= 2+
10 x 3 56
-u
= 13 0
V
and
Finally, we obtain the circuit of Fig. 5-48, from which
10- VI + (60/13)- VI
6
(56/13)
..!:.l. =0
I
or
VI = 1.96
_V,
I III - -1- = 1.96 A
To
NETWORK THEOREMS
Linear
network A
with sources
and
0 95
1
Network
8
Network
8
2
2
~sis'lJ"ces
(b)
(a)
Fig. 5-49
5.52
Norton's equivalent circuit is the dual of Thevenin's equivalent circuit and may be obtained from the latter by
source transformation. Explicitly, Norton's theorem may be stated as follows: At the terminals 12 in Fig.
5-49a, the arbitrary linear network A, containing resistances and energy sources, can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a conductance G N, shown in Fig. 5-49b.
The current IN is the short-circuit current (through 12, when these terminals are short-circuited) and G N is the
ratio of the short-circuit current to the open-circuit voltage. Note that G N = 1fR Th , where RTh is the
Thevenin equivalent resistance.
Find the current in the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-2a by Norton's theorem.
6f1-.
loJ i)
2.f1.
In.
V,
~fI-
J)
RTh=1.460,
IN
loA
I
(b)
'oV
(4)
I FromProb.5.1,
J)
Fig. 5-50
or
1
1
G N = RTh = 1.46 = 0.685 S
To determine IN we refer to the circuit of Fig. 5-50a from which
Solving for 13 yields
13 = -IN = 13.167 A
Therefore, from Fig. 5-50b,
VI
VI
-13.167= 1.46 + 10
Hence,
5.53
lIOn = -
or
16.8
10' =
-1.68 A
In Prob. 5.52 we have shown the details of calculating IN'
GN =
VI = -16.8V
However, from Figs. 5-1 and 5-49 it follows that
1
R
(1)
Th
b
(a.)
(6)
Fig. 5-51
96
D
CHAPTER 5
V
= , .Th
-
I
and
N
(2)
RTh
Apply these results to the circuit of Fig. 5-3 to obtain directly the current through the 5-n resistor.
I
From Prob. 5.2,
1
R Th =-=1Of!
GN
VTh = 22.48 V
and
Thus,
Hence we obtain the circuit of Fig. 5-51b from which we have
2.248
5.54
=
VI
10
+
5VI = O.03V
or
I
7.5
and
VI =7.5V
ISfl
=""5 = 1.5 A
Obtain a Norton equivalent circuit to determine the current in the 5-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 4-6.
I
From Prob. 5.4 we have
RTh = 2.42
VTh
Hence,
n
VTh = -28.8V
md
1
28.8
IN = RTh = - 2.42 = -11.9 A
1
G N = RTh = 2.42 = 0.413 S
Thus, we obtain the desired circuit shown in Fig. 5-52.
0.413 S
Fig. 5-52
5.55
Determine the current in the
2.4 A
lO-n resistor of the circuit of Fig.
5-53a by Norton's theorem.
/0£7-.
3ft
(a.)
S
(6)
I
A
0.2",
--L(c)
1~"
Fig. 5-53
To determine IN we short-circuit ab to obtain the circuit of Fig. 5-53b from which, by current division,
I",=8A
With the source and short-circuit removed from Fig. 5-53b we obtain
RN
1
9(6 + 3)
= G = 9 + 6 + 3 = 4.5 n
or
1
G N = 4.5 = 0.222 S
N
Hence we obtain the Norton equivalent circuit of Fig. 5-53c which yields
V]CO.222 + 0.1) = 8
or
v] = 24.84
V
1]0 n = 10.] S = 2.484 A
NETWORK THEOREMS
5.56
D
97
Obtain the Norton equivalent circuit for the network of Fig. 5-54a to determine the current in the 50-0 resistor.
(a.)
(h)
I
Fig. 5-54
With the 50-0 resistor short-circuited, the total current will flow through the short circuit.
Thus,
IN = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.5 A
Next, with the sources and the 50-0 resistor removed, the two 100-0 resistors become in parallel resulting in a
net resistance of 50 O. Therefore,
1
G N = 50 = 0.02 S
Consequently, the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-55b follows, from which
Ison = 0.75 A
5.57
The network shown in Fig. 5-55a is an equivalent circuit of a transistor switching circuit.
resistance is 1250, calculate the current through it by Norton's theorem.
I"2. s.n.
1.'71 ""\1'
1.2Z ....S
If the base-to-emitter
(a.)
14-.11 -
11.1.
= 2.SI_A
Fig. 5-55
(h)
I
The Norton equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 5-55a is shown in Fig. 5-55b from which
IB = IN G
BE
5.58
3
G BE
+G
= 2.51 x 10
N
-3[
(
8 x 10)
8 + 2.691 10
]
3
= 1.878 x 10
Find the Norton equivalent at the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 5-56a.
-3
= 1.878 mA
98
D
CHAPTER 5
I~
3fi
.~~.-~----~-----.~
(a.)
I
First, we short-circuit ab.
(b)
Fig. 5-56
Then
I" = 1, + 2Ix = 3Ix
Ix =
But
12
"4
= 3A
Isc = 3 x 3 = 9 A
Next, we determine the open-circuit voltage Voc a1: ab.
Ix
=
12 - Voc
3
and
+ 21 = Voc
I
x
4
x
or
9
45
- - == --
Isc
G N = -V
Hence,
.
Jx =
48/5
oc
48
From Fig. 5-56a with ab open-circuited,
Voc
12
or
Voc = 12 - Voc
12
3
or
and
Thus, we obtain the circuit shown in Fig. 5-56b.
5.59
The circuit in Fig. 5-57 contains two types of independent sources.
Obtain the Norton equivalent circuit at ab.
r--------,---------,
A.
f.n..
,_ _ _-'--_.&-----.b
Fig. 5-57
(a.)
I
By short-circuiting ab we observe that
35
Isc·
. = 1./
. = -3A
Removing the sources and the short-circuit yields
R == ~'i~+ 1) = 2 0
N
3+5+1
Hence we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-57h.
5.60
Converting the current source of the circuit of Fig. 4·lOa results in the circuit of Fig. 4-lOb.
the 10-0 resistor by applying Norton's theorem.
v.
30.n.
17.J1-
(<2.)
I
/t>fl-.
(b)
Short-circuiting the 10-0 resistor results in the circuit of Fig. 5-58a, from which
50 - V1
100- V
--5- +
30 I
Find the current in
F1
20
or
V==800 y
1
17
Fig. 5-58
NETWORK THEOREMS
50 - VI
50 - (800/17)
10
lsc = --5- =
5
= 17 A
And
Removing the short-circuit and the sources yields
30 x 20
RN = 5 + 30 + 20 = 17 n
Thus we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-58b which yields
10
V2
V2
17 = 17 + 10
5.61
V2
100
V2 =
or
27 V
and
lID
100
n = 10 = 10 x 27
= 0.37 A
Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-59a.
R,
,...
Vo
o
"to
(t.)
(4.)
Fig. 5-59
(c)
I
We short-circuit AB (Fig. 5-59b) to obtain
-J.LVgk
lsc = Rb + Rk
where
Vgk = -lscRk -
V.
The Norton equivalent becomes as shown in Fig. 5-59c.
5.62
The circuit of Fig. 5-60a contains only a dependent source.
Obtain its Norton equivalent.
+n-
~~
,,: f
4n
A-
I
l"sc
~~.a.
I
51l
of?
(4.)
1-
'l-
I
oS
(b)
le,
\
T~:30J2
16_fl-
(c)
I
A
Fig. 5-60
(tI.)
First we short-circuit AB as shown in Fig. 5-60b, from which
v
10 + 21
V
+ "4 = 0
or
To find RN we refer to Fig. 5-60c where
or
V=O
and
lsc = 0
D 99
100
D CHAPTER 5
or
And at node 1,
At node 2,
VD
I = o
5
VD - V
5 'VD
+- = -VD + -VD - -4
5
4
12
2Vo
60
Vo
ID
R =-=300
or
= -
N
Hence we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-60d.
5.63
Find the current in the 5-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-61 by Norton's theorem.
4Jl.
~.fl..
A
2n.'
- tI
+
V,
SJ"t.
,Isc.
Fig. 5-61
lJ
I
At node A, after short-circuiting the 5-0 resistor, we obtain
VI
4 -
V I /2
-2- - Isc ,= 0
Hence no current will flow through the 5-0 resistor,
5.64
or
Ise = 0
Is n = O.
Determine the Norton equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 5-61.
Fig. 5·62
I
From Prob. 5.63,
Iso: = IN = 0
To find RN we use the circuit of Fig. 5-62a from which
VD-VI
Vo+VI/2
3
ID = --4- + --2-- = 4 VD
or
VD
4
-=R =-0
ID
N
3
Thus we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-62b.
5.65
Find the current in the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-63a by Norton's theorem.
In
IJl
(b)
(a.)
I
Short-circuiting the 1-0 resistor yields
=0
5 + I se _ 20 -10
5
By inspection,
or
Fig. 5-63
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
101
Hence we obtain the Norton circuit of Fig. 5-63b from which
v
V
5
- + - =3
1
5.66
or
V=
15
6
and
=2.5V
Two networks are shown in Fig. 5-64; the ammeters in both circuits have negligible resistances. Calculate the
ammeter readings in the two networks and comment on the results. Note that in the two networks the
positions of the ammeter and the voltage source are interchanged.
I.
so
100
I"
+
90V
+
300
90V
(a)
I In Fig.
Fig. 5-64
(b)
5-64a, the resistance seen by the voltage source is
R' = 5 + (10 + 5)(30) = 15 n
e
10+5+30
so that
90
15
]'=-=6A
Hence, by current division,
Ammeter reading = la =
!~
(6) = 4 A
Similarly, for Fig. 5-64b,
R" = 15
e
(30)(5) = 135
+30+57
n
and
r=
90
14
13517 = 3 A
By current division,
30(14)
. = I b = 35
Ammeter readmg
3 = 4A
The equality of the ammeter readings constitutes a special case of the reciprocity theorem: In a linear
bilateral network, if a voltage V in some branch produces a current I in some other branch, then the same
voltage V in the second branch will produce the same current I in the first branch.
5.67
Solve for the current I of Fig. 5-65a by applying the superposition theorem.
20
60
iOV
c
+
VI
10
c
2
a
c
+
lOO
L-----------------~------~--------~------------~r---b
o
20 V
(a)
60
20
I,
lOO
~------~------~-----1I---b
(p)
Fig. 5-65
102
D
CHAPTER 5
I
According to the superposition theorem, we determine the current due to each source (in the absence of all
other sources). The net current is the sum of all these currents. So let us eliminate the 20-V source by
replacing it by a short circuit. The network of Fig. 5-65a then becomes as shown in Fig_ 5-65b. Combining
resistances as in Prob. 5.2, we find I, = 0.0636 A
Next, we eliminate the lO-V source to obtain the circuit of
Fig. 5-65c. Proceeding as before, we determine I; ,= -1. 744 A
Consequently,
I = I, + 12 = 0.0636 - 1. 744 = -1.68 A
5.68
Determine the current I, in the circuit of Fig. 4-lOa by superposition.
I,'
r,"
IOn.
~
loA
~o!<- 1..
IOIl.
{24i1-
( 01.)
Fig. 5-66
I
For superposition, we first excite the circuit by the::urrent source only as shown in Fig. 5-66a from which we
observe that the lO-A current from the source is dividl!d into a 5-0 resistor and a 10 + [(20 x 30)/(20 + 30)] =
22-0 resistor. Hence, by current division,
, 'i )
I; = lOj\)
-=-.:_- = 1.852 A
+ 22
Next, removing the current source and keeping only the voltage source, from Fig. 5-66b we obtain
12 = 30 + ([20(1O
4-
10(1
5 )]-/(-20-+-1O-+-5)~} = 2.593 A
By current division,
I~ = 2.593 20-=;3.10 + 5 = 1.481 A
0
I[ = I; -
Hence,
5.69
I~ ,=
1.1<52 - 1.481 = 0.37 A
Calculate the current I in the circuit of Fig. 4-16 by superposition.
5n.
51l.
\.M
I'
1,
1"
I"'
I j'l.
lIt
_/\,I\f\
Ion
lOll.
+
( D)
(t'.)
I
(r:")
We use one source at a time as shown in the circuits of Fig. 5-67a to c.
Fig. 5-67
From Figure 5-67a we have
201)
I' = 10 + [( 5-;(-1 ) /=(5=-+--:"1""-:-)] = 18.46 A
Fig. 5-67 b yields
- ·9')
I , -- 5 + [(10 x 100
1)/(10 + 1)] - Ih ..• i\
and
1
I" = 16.92 10 + 1 = 1.54 A
and
5
I'" = 11.54 5 + 10 = 3.85 A
Similarly, from Fig. 5-67c we obtain
50
12 = 1 + [(5 x 10)/(5 + 10)] = 11.54 A
Hence,
5.70
I = I' + I" + I'" =
l~;.46
+ 1.54 + 3.85 = 23.85 A
Find the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circUIt (If Fig. 4-17 by superposition.
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
103
2.0"
II
I"
1J1-
Fig. 5-68
,
From Fig. 5-68a, with the 20-V source removed, we obtain
]' == 2 + (3{5 + [(6 x 4) 1(6 +
4)1~~1 {3 + 5 + [(6 x 4)/(6 + 4)]} == 2.42 A
From Fig. 5-68b we have
20
I1 == 6 + {4(5 + [(3 x 2)/(3 + 2)])} 1{4 + 5 + [(3 x 2)/(3 + 2)]} == 2.37 A
4
12 =2.37 {4+5+[(3X2)/(3+2)]} =0.93A
I" == 0.93 3! 2 = 0.56 A
12 n == ]' + I" = 2.42 + 0.56 = 2.98 A
5.71
Find an expression for the output (v o ) of the amplifier circuit of Fig. 5-69.
What mathematical operation does the circuit perform?
, The principle of superposition is applicable to this linear circuit. With
appearing at the noninverting terminal is found by voltage division to be
R
v2 = R + R
Let vol be the value of
Similarly, with
V SI
Vo
with
V S2
= O.
Assume an ideal basic op amp.
V S2
= 0 (shorted),
the voltage
V SI
V SI
= ""2
Now,
= 0,
By superposition, the total output is
The circuit is seen to be a noninverting adder.
R
VS2
_-..J""
V.
I
64
$I g.n..
r--.--_-~
Fig. 5-69
Fig. 5-70
104
5.72
D
CHAPTER 5
Calculate the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circJit of Fig. 5-70 by superposition.
, Assuming that all currents in the 4-0 resistor are in clockwise direction, with the 6-A and 6-V sources
removed, due to the 12-V source we get
12
I' ,= - - - = 1.0 A
4+8
With the 6-A and 12-V sources removed, for the 6-V source we have
6
J" = -- ---- = -0.5 A
L. + 8
Finally, with the two voltage sources, we obtam for the 6-A source, by current division:
J'" = -6(
-4.0 A
14 n = I' + J" + I'" =, l.0 - 0.5 - 4.0 = - 3.5 A
Hence,
5.73
-~) =
4+8
Calculate the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-71a by superposition.
lOA-
2..fl.
S
/.!1-
(0.)
2.0
3£1.-
/..11-
r---~'--~~~-------LI'
4n
(c)
(h)
In
(d)
2fL
In.
4-.ll..:
1---";"+-(
I"'
4 V 1---------1
(/J
Fig. 5-71
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
105
, Considering one source at a time, from Fig. 5-71b we note that the 2-0. and the 4-0. resistors are in parallel,
so that the circuit may be redrawn in Fig. 5-71c. By current division we have
1
11 == -5 1 + 3 + [(2 x 4)/(2 + 4)] = -0.9375 A
and
I'
= -0.9375 2 ~ 4 = -0.3125 A
Similarly, we redraw the circuit of Fig. 5-71d as that in Fig. 5-71e, from which
3
12
and
= -10 3 + 1 + [(2 x 4)/(2 + 4)] = -5.625 A
-i"= -5.625
2~4
= -1.875 A
or
i"= 1.875 A
Finally, from Fig. 5-71f we obtain
I
Hence,
5.74
m
3~A
W
= 4+{[2(1+3)]/(2+1+3)} = .
I = I' + i" + l'" = -0.3125 + 1.875 + 3.75 = 5.3125 A
Determine the indicated voltage VI2 in the circuit of Fig. 5-72 by superposition.
I,
\
I
__ I
Fig. 5-72
, Instead of redrawing the circuit, we remove the voltage sources by closing S2 or SI.
closed. Then,
Let SI be open and S2
20- VI
VI
VI
-4-=10+4
Or,
I == 20 - VI = 20 - 25/3 = 35 A
I = _ VI = _ 25/3 = _ 25 A
I
4
4
12
2
4
4
12
6
V~ = 6(11 - 12 ) = 12 (35 + 25) = 30 V
Next, let S2 be open and S2 closed.
Then,
or
6 (25 + 35) = -15 V
V "12 = 6(11 - 12 ) == - 24
or
5.75
Find the current through the dependent voltage source, 2VI , of the circuit shown in Fig. 5-73 by superposition.
Fig. 5-73
,
First we remove the 3-A current source.
Then,
24 - 2F + 2 VI + 4 VI
=0
and
106
D
CHAPTER 5
Thus,
Next, we remove the 24-V voltage source.
1ben . from nodal analysis,
/" =, - 36 A
1 = I'
Hence,
5.76
e
6
+ /" "". -
14
~424 ) =
-0.857 A
For the operational amplifier circuit of Fig. 5-74, f:nd Vo by superposition.
Note that
V+ = O.
R,
+
,
V
R]..
-t
V
2-
T
V
R~
0
--N\f\
"'_'.I
v
,..
,
Fig. 5·74
Removing the voJtages V 2 and V3 by short-circuiting them we have
Similarly,
Hence,
5.77
Find Vo for the operational amplifier circuit shown
V+ = V_.
III
Fig. 5-75 by superposition.
Given
1+ = 1_ = 0
and
1<'11<,
+
VI
R., V. I.
-+
V2.
I
,
Sl
\t.
R. . .
-+
V
D
Fig. 5·75
Removing V2 and applying VI we have
V· ,,: - R2 V
o
Removing VI and applying V2 yields (with
1+ = I
RI
I
= 0 and V+ = V_)
\1'''== R2 V
o RI 2
Hence,
Vo = V ~
+ V;. =
R
(V2 - VI)
/
1
5.78
By superposition, calculate the current 1 in the circuit shown in Fig. 5·76a.
, First, we remove the 70-V source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 5-76b.
in parallel and then write the mesh equations as
(~~ + 4 )/; + 2/; - ~~ I' = ()
We combine the 2-0 and 20·0 resistors
(~~ + lO)I' - ~~
I; = 50 + 2/;
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
107
If
I
1oS"L-
+
1-----'v\'fV----.-<2.1
l.fl.-
I
IOf/...
(a..)
(h)
/o.n..
Fig. 5-76
(c)
Solving for ]' yields
]' = 4.575 A
Next, with the 50-V source removed, the mesh equations for the circuit of Fig. 5-76c become
22/2 - 21" -
20/~
= 70
2/~
121" - 2/2 =
24/~
- 20/2 =
-2/~
Solving for I" gives
I" = 3.425 A
1 = ]' + I" = 4.575 + 3.425 = 8.0 A
Hence,
5.79
Determine the Thevenin voltage at the terminals ab of the network shown in Fig. 5-77a by superposition.
{/2...
2A
/2{1-
4.f1-
w~
20~
+
/-z.v
1
b
(h)
(a..)
Fig. 5-77
, To obtain the Thevenin voltage VTh , we open-circuit ab, convert the delta-connected resistors to an
equivalent wye, and transform the 2-A current source to a voltage source. Hence we obtain the circuit shown
in Fig. 5-26a, which is redrawn in Fig. 5-77b.
Now, with the 12-V source removed, we have
I'
= 12
24
+2+2+4
=
2
1. A
108
D
CHAPTER 5
Similarly, with the 24-V source removed, we obtain
lr,
/" = ----:~-- = 0 6 A
12 + 2 +2 + 4
Hence,
] = ]' - /" = 1.2 -
0.6 = 0.6 A
.
VTh == 24 - 0.6(12 + 2)
and
= 15.6 V
Verification:
24 - 12
] = ]' - /" =
5.80
-I"
+2+2+4
L,
= 0.6 A
Find the Thevenin voltage VTh shown in the circuit 1)1 Fig. 5-27a by superposition.
Removing the lO-V source, converting the lO-U wye-connected resistors, and combining the series-parallel
resistors yields the circuit of Fig. 5-78a. See also Fig. 5-27 c and d.
7.sn
1
I"
I'
(b)
(a.)
,
Fig. 5-78
From Fig. 5-78a we obtain
,
(7.5
-1
4.286
)
] = 10 30 +-7-.'5 + 4.286 = 2.82 A
Next, we remove the lO-A source and insert the lO-V source in series with the 5-0 resistor to obtain the circuit
of Fig. 5-78b. Then,
[0
] = -5+---C-O{[--=30:-C(7=-.5=-+-----,----c30W(:1O + 7.5 + 30]} = 0.4615 A
And
130 n
VTh
5.81
= V,o n = -2.615
= /" - ]' = 0.205 -
2.82 = -2.615 A
x 30 = -78.45 V
Determine the Thevenin voltage shown in the circuit I)f Fig. 5-28a by superposition.
4.n.
-"',....-
-
•
vv
L'"
..
I,'
I,'
Ion
Ion..
(a.)
,
~2fl.-
1)2.. 1~'
2(L
I'
4-fl-
IDJ2.
(6)
(c)
Fig. 5-79
With the notation of Fig. 5-28a, we have
VTh
32 + V2
-
-
VI = 0
Therefore, to find VTh we must determine VI and V;, wilich requires the calculation of the currents in the 2-0 and
10-0 resistors.
We apply one source at a time as shown in Fig. 5-79a to c. From Fig. 5-79a,
]; =OA
From Fig. 5-79b,
]~
=9A
]" =_9(_4_) = -6 A
2
-
2 +4
NETWORK THEOREMS
D
From Fig. 5-79c,
1';' = 4A
Thus,
I I = I; + I'; +
12 = I~ + r~ + r~ = ~ - 6 + 0 = - ~ A
= 0 + 9 + 4 = 13 A
VTh = 32 + VI - V2 = 32 + 130 +
Hence,
5.82
I'~
I'~=OA
1= 163.33 V
Obtain the Th6venin voltage shown in the circuit of Fig. 5-29a by superposition.
4-11-
r"':'ro=',
J
~5-:;;'
5"11
(/1.)
,
1111
I
5,n
I,"
(6)
(c)
Fig. 5-80
From Fig. 5-29a,
32 + VTh + V2
where
VI
= Is 0(5)
and
-
VI = 0
V2
= 110 0(10)
From Fig. 5-80a,
I; = 0
I~ =
0
From Fig. 5-80b,
11
(10+4)
11 =9 10+4+5 =6.63A
From Fig. 5-80c,
I'; = 4( 10 +1~ + 4) = 2.11 A
Iso = 0+ 6.63 + 2.11 = 8.74A
VI = 8.74 x 5 = 43.7 V
Or
V2 = 4.26 x 10 = 42.6 V
or
Finally,
5-83
1 100 = 0 + 2.37 + 1.89 = 4.26A
VTh = V1 - V2 -32=43.7-42.6-32=-30.9 V
Determine the VTh of the circuit of Fig. 5-32a by superposition.
/fL
t
____-L(a.)
(b)
In.
(.0-
I:'
j"'
'+
(c)
Fig. 5-81
109
110
0
CHAPTER 5
,
From Fig. 5-32a,
VTh
-
Vs
n --
40
+ V6 n
-
V2 n = 0
To find the volt ages across various resistors we mu~.t determine the currents through them.
we draw the circuits of Figs. 5-81a to c each having one source, others being removed.
From Fig. 5-81a,
]' =, 40 A
From Fig. 5-81b,
1'; = 0
For superposition
7
1
From Fig. 5-81c,
]11'
1
= 10(_1_) = 10 A
1+6
7
] 6
n
,
= ]1
/I'
-
] 1
,=
]~
From Fig. 5-81a,
l~
From Fig. 5-81b,
From Fig. 5-81c,
1'; = 10 A
]sn
10 _ 30
40
-'7 - "7 - "7 A
=OA
=, -5 A
= ]; + 1';= --5 + 10 = 5 A
Vs n = ] s n(5) = 5 x 5 = 25 V
From Fig. 5-81a and b,
From Fig. 5-81c,
] 2
VTh
Hence,
5.84
~'2
n = 1'; = 10 A
-
25 - 40 +
1~0
-
n = ] 2 n(2) = 10 x 2 = 20 V
~:O =
0
or
VTh = 59.28 V
Determine the current through the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-38a by superposition.
(a.)
,
(~)
We remove the current source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 5-82a.
100 = 101' -- lOVx + 51'
Fig. 5-82
Thus,
Vx = 51'
],=_100 A
35
Next, from Fig. 5-82b, where we have removed the voltage source, we obtain
Thus,
100 = 101' - 501'
+ 51'
or
10 = Vx +]"
5
or
5.85
I" = 450 A
35
or
] = I" - I' ,=
~~~
+ 100
35
35
= 1571 A
.
(from right to left)
Find the current in the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-39a by superposition.
'~~~~Jt'6.f1-
I"
~---------------
ca.)
(6)
Fig. 5-83
NETWORK THEOREMS
,
Retaining one source at a time we obtain the circuits of Fig. 5-83a and b.
v, = or
0
111
From Fig. 5-83a,
(I) f
f= 2A
From Fig. 5-83b,
3 = Vx + Vx + 2Vx
1
6
Or
6
6
16 Cl = I' + I" = 2 + 1=3 A
Hence,
5.86
1"= Vx +2Vx =2+4=IA
Vx =2
Find the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-84a by superposition.
I
,./2...
SA
(a.)
..l' "-~l'r
/rL
Z;.n
41'
54.f'L
'_____--"- -- - J
~[t-
(b)
r
In
~
/~r
\. t ·;l->V--1
V
sA
I'fi
3JL.
4I"
...p-
'-----------!._~ __. L ____ ___ j
Fig. 5-84
Cc)
,
From Fig. 5-84b we have
or
And
I" = 15 A
Or
5.87
I' = 12 -13.5 = _ ~ A
1
2
8
5 + I" = 41" +
V= 13.5 V
~
3
1"= -
~
1
3
15) =15A
I 4Cl =4(I'+I")=4 ( --+2
8
.
Verify, by nodal analysis, that the current I is one-fourth the current in the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig.
5-84a.
,
From Fig. 5-84a,
12- V
1=-1
or
V= 12- I
112
0
CHAPTER 5
V
1+5 = 3
and
5.88
12 - I
+ 41 or I + 5 = - 3 - + 41
31 + 15 = 12 - I
JJ'
3
1
+ 121 or I = "8 A = 4 14 Cl
Find the current in the 3-0 resistor of Fig. 5-84a, by superposition.
,
From Fig. 5-84b,
I'
3 Cl
= I' - 4]' = - 3I'
= .- 3 (~ .- 2~) = ~2
A
(from Prob. 5.86)
From Fig. 5-84b,
I;Cl
5.89
= ]" + 5 -
41" = 5 - 31":= 5 -- 3( ¥) = - ~ A
(from Prob. 5.86)
Apply superposition to the network of Fig. 5-85a to find the current in the 1-0 resistor.
In.
20A
''''A
'~,~:rc~
1'1
5bA
(a.)
,
I; = 20(:. + ~ +
From Fig. 5-85b,
I"=16(
1
.
From Fig. 5-85c,
J
Fig. 5-85
= 10 A
3 + 21+2 ) =16/3A
11 = 11 Cl = I; - I~ = 10 - 16/3 =
Hence,
5.90
(c.)
(IJ)
.!!. A
3
Find the voltage across the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 5-85a by superposition.
,
From Fig. 5-85b,
(from Prob. 5.89)
"_
/1 1 + 3 ) _ 32
12 - 16 \ -I + 3 + 2 - 3' A
From Fig. 5-85c
or
5.91
12
~
~
= I~ + I; = 10 + 3' = 3'- A
V2fi
~
I~
= 12(2) = 3' (2) = 3' = 41.33 V
In a linear resistive circuit, whereas superpositior. of currents is valid, show that superposition of powers is not
valid.
, Let currents I' and]" flow through a resistanc:e R due to one source at a time in the network (with an other
sources removed). Then the total current I = I' +]" (assuming two sources only for simplicity). Power
dissipated in R is
5.92
Refer to the circuit of Fig. 4-5. Given R, = 20, R2 = 30, R3 = 20, R4 = 60, and R5 = 10.
If E= I V, calculate the current 15 . Then, apply superposition and reciprocity to calculate the current through
Eif a 2-V source is connected in series with R5 , with the negative polarity connected to b.
,
To calculate 15 we redraw the circuit in Fig. 5-86a.
For the three mesh currents we have
-21 1
-
612 + 813 = 1
NETWORK THEOREMS
0
113
Fig. 5-86
(0.)
Solving for I), 12 , and 13 yields
I) = 0.1757 A
15
=
and
I) - 12 = -0.0405
12 = 0.2162 A
13
=
0.331
=
current through E
Now, by reciprocity, if the I-V source is transferred to the branch bd as shown in Fig. 5-86b, then the current
15= -0.0405 A will flow through eta. By superposition, a 2-V source will produce -2 x 0.0405 = -O.OBl-A
current through eta.
Hence, the new current through eta with a 2-V source in the network is
I
5.93
Refer to Fig. 5-86b.
,
bd
= 0.331 - 0.081 = 0.25 A
By mesh analysis verify the result of Prob. 5.92.
For the three mesh currents we obtain
51) - 12 - 213 = 2
Solving for the three currents yields
13 = 0.25 A
I) = 0.5 A
5.94
For the circuit of Fig. 5-86b show by superposition that no current flows through the 3-0 resistor.
c
-'-"''''--
I"
~
o.Sn.
11.
(a.)
,fl-
c:t
-1
2V
,
0.40
IV
(b)
The circuits to which we apply superposition are shown in Fig. 5-87 a and b.
I =
I
2
_~
1 + [(2 x 6)/(2 + 6)] + [(2 x 3)/(2 + 3)] - 3.7 A
Fig. 5-87
From Fig. 5-87 a,
,
2 ( 2 )
I = 3.7 2+3 =0.2162A
In Fig. 5-87 b we show the abd delta-connected resistors (with the voltage source removed) transformed to an
equivalent wye. Then
I _
2 -
Hence,
1
_
0.8 + {[(3 + 0.4)(6 + 0.4))/[3 + 0.4 + 6 + 0.4))} - 0.331 A
6 + 0.4
I II = 033
. 11 3 + 0.4 + 6 + 0.4 = 0.2162 A
13 n = l' - ]" = 0.2162 - 0.2162 = 0
114
5.95
D
CHAPTER 5
By superposition, find the current in the 1-0 resIstor of the current-excited bridge circuit shown in Fig. 5-88.
,
With the 5-A current source removed,
1,=lOA
and
With the IO-A current source removed,
6+3
I'; = 5 6 + 3 + 1 = 4.5 A
1 = 1';
-
I;
= 4.5 - 6 = -1.5 A
b
~----~~r-----~
lOA
5.96
Fig. 5-88
Fig. 5-89
Calculate the current in the 3-0 resistor of the circUit of Fig. 5-89. From this result, by reciprocity theorem,
determine the current in the 2-0 resistor if the 24-V source is removed and a 6-V source is connected in series
with the 3-0 resistor, with the positive polarity connected to a.
,
From Fig. 5-89,
24
1= 2+[(3X6)/(3+6)[ =6A
6
1 30 =6 3 +6 =4A
Thus, a 24-V source in series with the 2-0 resistor produces a 4-A current in the 3-0 resistor. By reciprocity, a
24-V source in series with the 3-0 resistor will produce a 4-A current in the 2-0 resistor. By linearity, a 6-V
source will produce I-A current in the 2-0 resistor. Because of the specified polarity, the current will flow from
right to left.
5.97
Calculate the current 1 I in the circuit of Fig. 4-21 a by superposition.
4Q /
7
- -__
~'v'\
I,'·'·/~6n.
4~ \~{l-~
In
_____ _
2Q
Ca.)
(h)
(c)
Fig. 5-90
,
From Fig. 5-90a,
I' =
, 4+
20
= 25
4[(6 x 3)/(6+3)+(2 x 1)/(2+ I)]
7
4 + [(6 x 3)/ (6 + .3)] + [(2 x 1)/ (2 + I)]
= 3.571 A
NETWORK THEOREMS
0
115
From Fig. 5·90b,
30
255
I~ = 6 + [(8/3 x 3)/(8/3 + 3») = 63
I~ = ~
(4.0476 3 +38 /3)
= 4.0476 A
= 1.071 A
Finally from Fig. 5·90c,
I'" =
3
10
50 3 571 A
2+{[1(2+2»)/(1+2+2)} = 14 = .
1I
Hence,
5.98
= I; +
I';' = ~
[3.571( 1 +
~ + 2)] = 0.357 A
I'; + I';' = 3.571 + 1.071 + 0.357 = 5.0 A
Find the Thevenin voltage VTh shown in the circuit of Fig. 5·91 by superposition.
,
From Fig. 5-91,
With the 6-A source removed,
With the lO-A source removed,
I~ = 6C + ~ + J = 3 A
5.99
I~
1I =
or
- I; = 3 - 1.67 = 1.33 A
or
VTh = 1.33(2) = 2.67 V
Verify the result of Prob. 5.98 by nodal analysis.
,
For node 1,
v
V-V
I
Th
1
6 + 10 = .....! +
3
or
For node 2,
10 + VTh = VI - VTh
2
1
or
Solving for VTh yields
VTh = 2.67 V
f--:-+--V'VV_
'). . I,"
I,
2.n
1.'
GA
+
V
Tt<
Fig. 5-91
5.100
Fig. 5-92
Transform the current sources of the circuit of Fig. 5·91 to equivalent voltage sources, and hence obtain the
voltage VTh •
,
The new circuit is shown in Fig. 5-92 from which
18 -10
1= 3+1+2
8
=6
8
A
8
VTh = 1(2) = -6 x 2 = -3
= 2'67 V
CHAPTER
6\\
Capacitors ~
6.1
The circuit element C, measured in farads (F) ancl shown in Fig. 6-1, is called the capacitor for which the
voltage-current relationships are
+
v
~
v=
,
6.2
If the voltage across a 50-ILF capacitor is
i= C
.
!I
Lt idt=
o
1
6
100 x 10-
,
dq
= ---
what is the current through the capacitor?
A
6
X
l'
i dt
100 sin 200t = 5000 sin 200t
is switched through c. 100-ILF capacitor at
t = O.
Determine the rms voltage
Lt lOcos377tdt=-
10 sin 377t
.
6 = 265.25 sm 377t V
100 >:377 x 10-
0
V=
265.25
';-;:;2 =187.6V
VL.
Find the charge associated with the capacitor and the current of Prob. 6.3.
{t
q=
Jo
{t
10
i dt = 10 Jo cos 377t dt ,= 377 sin 377 t = 26.525 sin 377t
mC
Determine the instantaneous and average powers in the capacitor of Prob. 6.3.
26~2.5
p = vi = (265.25 sin 377t)(1O cos 377tl ,=
With
sin 2 x 377t = 1326.25 sin 754t W
T= (1/60) s the period of the current wave,
Pav ,=
- LT p dt = 0
~~
"'r
J
(0
Obtain an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor C (F) charged to voltage V (V).
,
In a time dt, energy dW is given by
dW = p dt = vi dt = vC
6.7
q=
cit
q = Cv = 50 >: 10
or
C
A current i = 10 cos 377t A
across the capacitor.
,
6.6
C -dv
dt
v= 101) sin 200t V,
1
v=
1
'v=-C
6.5
1=
= 50 x 10- 6 (100 x 200 cos 200t) = cos 200 t
Since
and
6.4
.
i dt + k
Since current is defined as the rate of change of charge, we may write i = dq/dt, where q is the charge in
coulombs (C). From the data of Prob. 6.1, find an expression for the charge on the capacitor.
,
6.3
~~
f
Fig. 6-1
~~
dt
or
W= C
v
1
Lo v dv = -2 CV
2
J
Determine the energy stored in the capacitor of Prc.b. 6.1.
,
Since
W= ~CV2,
we have, from Prob. 6.1,
wet) = ~ C[ v(tW = ~ x 50 x 1O- 6 ( 101) sin 200t)2 = ~ x 50 x 1O- 6 (loo? sin 2 200t
= 25 x 10- 2 x
6.8
116
i (1 -
cos 2 x 200t)
=
125(1 - cos 400t)
mJ
What are the time-average and peak values of the tnergy stored in the capacitor of Probs. 6.1 and 6.7?
CAPACITORS
,
D
From Prob. 6.7,
wet) = 125 - 125 cos 400t
The time-average value of the second term is zero.
ml
Hence
w(t)av = 125 ml
The peak energy occurs at
4OOt= TT.
Or, at
t=(TTI400)s,
we obtain
w(t)lmax = 125 + 125 = 250 ml
6.9
A voltage pulse given by
o
t~O
v(t)= 2tV
{4e-(t-2) V 20~t~2
~ t
,
is applied across a 10-JLF capacitor.
Sketch the voltage across and the current through the capacitor.
i= C dv = 0
t<O
dt
= 10 x 10- 6 (2) = 20 JLA
0<t<2
= 10 x 1O- 6 [ _4e-(t-2)] = -40 e-(t-2)
2<t
JLA
Hence the sketches shown in Fig. 6-2.
4
+---+---_~>--_---=+=~~f (s)
~
o,..,
)..CJ
+ ____--,
Iv
Fig. 6-2
6.10
,
Sketch the power and energy curves from the data of Prob. 6.9.
p= vi
t~O
=0
0~t<2
= 2t(20) = 40t
2<t
w= !Cv
=
!
2
x 10 X 10- 6
X
0= 0
t~0
=!xlOxlO- 6 (2t)2=20t 2
JLl
0~t~2
6
= ! x 10 x 1O- [4e-(t-2)j2 = 80e -2(t-2)
JLl
See Fig. 6-3.
2~ t
117
118
D
CHAPTER 6
2
6.11
Fig. 6-3
Obtain the equivalent capacitance for two capacitances C, and Cz connected
Generalize a and b to the case of n capacitances.
I
(a)
v=
~
es
f
i dt = v, + V z =
~
1
f
f
i dt + (~
2
i dt
(a) in series and
(b) in parallel.
whence
n capacitances in series:
.
(b)
1
=
C
ep
dv
.
.
C dv
dv
dt = I, + 12 = 1 dt + C2 dt
whence
n
n capacitances in parallel:
Cel' ,=
L
Ck
k'"1
6.12
A 40-JLF capacitor is charged to store 0.21 of energy An uncharged 60-JLF capacitor is then connected in
parallel with the first one through perfectly conducting leads. What is the final energy of the system?
I
The initial charge on the 40-JLF capacitor is obtained from
0.2 =
or
Q2
2(40 x 10 6)
W= Q2/2C
(Prob. 6.21); thus,
Q = 4 X 1O- 3C
When the capacitors are connected in parallel, the common voltage V is given by
V = total Q
total C
4 x 10 - 3
(40+60)10
= 40 V
== _
6
Then
Final energy in 40-JLF capacitor = H40x 10- 6 )(40)2,=0.0321
Final energy in 6O-JLF capacitor =
H60 x 10- 6 )(40)2 := 0.048 J
Final total energy = 0.032+ 0.048=0.081. The energy lost, 0.2-0.08=0.121,
the charges on one another in spreading out over the, two capacitors.
6.13
represents work done by
What is the equivalent capacitance between the terminals ab of the capacitive system shown in Fig. 6-4a?
I
Using the results of Prob. 6.11, we obtain Fig. 6-4b to d from which
C"q
=',
14 C
CAPACITORS
3C
a
10
IOC
C3"'H,)C~b~
b
119
c
~~I
C
D
1:1-6
12.(
l.1.;
IOC
--I \- ----I
fA..
~ --- [ ----11
----L b
bX/1.,\C,-:.-1C
(
6.14
(lO+4-)C ~ 14 C.
_r-----i{ r----~ j
(rh
-r:;I1. )
Fig. 6-4
A 40-JLF capacitor is connected in parallel with a 60-JLF capacitor and across a time-varying voltage source. At
a certain instant, the total current supplied by the source is 10 A. Determine the instantaneous currents
through the individual capacitors.
I
Since the capacitors are in parallel, the voltage v across them is related to the currents i l and i2 by
.
II
=
C dv
I dt
~
or
Cl
C2
i2
But
il
.
12
=
C dv
2 dt
40
60
+ i2 = 10 A
Hence,
6.15
A 50-JLF capacitor is charged to 300 JLc. An uncharged 1oo-JLF capacitor is then connected in parallel with the
first capacitor. Evaluate the charge transferred to the 1oo-JLF capacitor.
I
For two capacitors Cl and C2 , connected in parallel and charged to a voltage V, we have
CIV=QI
Cl
or
C2
C2 V=Q2
QI
Q2
From the data,
50
100
Hence,
6.16
and
A combination of four capacitors is shown in Fig. 6-5.
of 0.5 JLF.
(transferred to the 1oo-JLF capacitor)
Find the value of C to obtain an equivalent capacitance
Fig. 6-5
120
D
CHAPTER 6
I
Applying the rules for series-parallel capacitors to Fig. 6-5 we obtain
= (C + 0.6)(0.2 + 0.8>.
C
eq
= 0 5
C + 0.6 + 0.2 + 0 . 8 '
or
C + 0.6 = 0 5
C + 1.6
.
Hence
6.17
Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination of capacitors shown in Fig. 6-6a.
c
CC)
Fig. 6-6
I
The network reduction procedure is shown in Fig 6-6b to e from which
Ceg
6.18
=
2.85 p,F
A series combination of two capacitors Cl = 20 p,F and
100 V. How is this voltage divided across the capacirors?
Cz = 40 p,F
is connected across a dc source of
I
Since the capacitors are in series
CIVI
=
CzV,
VI
=
66.67 V
Hence,
6.19
or
Vz = 33.33 V
Express the two series-connected capacitors of Prob. 6.18 as an equivalent capacitor.
equivalent capacitor? Also, find the charges on Cl and Cz'
I
CI C2
C eq = Cl
QI
+ Cz
= CIVI =
=
20 x 40
20 + 40
20 x 66.67
X
=
13.33 p,F
10- 6
=
1333 p,C
What is the charge in the
Q = CV = 13.33 x 100 x 10- 6
=
1333 p,C
CAPACITORS
6.20
!
Wl = ~ Cl V~ =
Wz = ~ x 40
x 20
6
1O- (66.67)Z = 44.446 mJ
X
1O- 6 (33.33)z = 22.22 mJ
X
Wl + Wz = 44.44 + 22.22 = 66.66 m]
Q=CV
X
13.33(100)z
X
10-6 = 66.66 mJ
W=
2:
V=Q
C
or
1
Hence,
C
(Q)2
C
Q2
= 2C
An uncharged 50-JLF capacitor is connected to a 40-mA constant current source.
the capacitor after (a) 5 JLS and (b) 10 ms.
I
Since
Q=
f
Determine the voltage across
Q = It = CV
i = I (a constant)
and
i dt
I
V= - (
C
or
(a)
V=
(b)
V=
40 X 10- 3
6
50 x 10
40
X
5 x 10
X
lOx 1O- 3 =8V
10- 3
50 x 10
6
-6
X
=
4 mV
The voltage across a 50-JLF capacitor rises at a constant rate of 10 V/ms. Calculate the current through the
capacitor. What is the increase in the charge at the capacitor plates as the voltage increases by 60 V?
I
6.24
!
From Prob. 6.6,
But
6.23
We =
Obtain an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor C in terms of the charge Q on it.
I
6.22
121
What is the energy stored in each capacitor of Prob. 6.18? Verify that the total energy stored in the two
capacitors equals the energy stored in the equivalent capacitor of Prob. 6.19.
I
6.21
D
i=
C~~
6
=50xlO- x
1~~3
=500mA
ilQ = C ilV= 50 X 10- 6
X
A 200-JLF capacitor is charged to store 9O-mJ energy by a constant current of 0.1 A.
the capacitor?
I
60 = 3000 JLC
What is the voltage across
Since
1
2
W=- CV
2
=
V
~ 2W
C
= ( 2 x 90 x 10 - 3) 112 = 30 V
200 X 10- 6
6.25
How long does it take to charge the capacitor of Prob. 6.24, and what is the value of the charge on the
capacitor?
Q 6x 10- 3
(= - =
=60ms
and
I
0.1
6.26
A 30-JLF capacitor is charged by a voltage source having a saw tooth waveform shown in Fig. 6-7.
the charging current.
v
/0
--+-----~~----~------~------~·r ? 7nS
Fig. 6-7
Determine
122
D
CHAPTER 6
I
dv
10
,
= ---~- = 0.5 x 10- Vis
dt
20 x le 3
-
From Fig. 6-7,
dv
i = C dt = 30 >( 0.5 x 10- 6 x 10 3 = 15 mA
Thus,
which remains constant.
6.27
Refer to the data of Prob. 6.18. After the series·connected capacitors are fully charged, the dc source is
removed and the capacitors are then connected in parallel. Calculate the final charge on each capacitor.
I
From Prob. 6.19,
Q = 1333 f..tC. When connected in parallel,
Q
V= -
Thus
Hence,
6.28
C
QI = CIV= 20 x 22.217
X
10-
6
+ Cz = (20 + 40) x 10- 6 = 60
l333
60
22.217 V
/LC
Q2 = C2 V= 40 x 22.217
= ----- =
= 444.33
C = Cl
X
10-
6
=
f..tF.
888.66 f..tC
The voltages across two capacitors Cl and C2 conrlected in series are 4 V and 2 V, respectively, when the
combination is connected across a 6-V source. A 2-/LF capacitor is now connected across Cl and the voltage
now measured across C 2 is 3 V. Evaluate Cl and C2
+
4v
-
+
It!
+
Fig. 6-8
I
From Fig. 6-8a,
4C,
From Fig. 6-8b,
(Cl
=
2C2
+ 2)3 = 3C2
Solving for Cl and C 2 yields
6.29
A 100-f..tF capacitor is charged to 100 V. It is then connected to a 400-f..tF uncharged capacitor.
energy is dissipated in the connecting leads?
I
Wi = ~CIV2
Initially energy
=\
x 100 x 10- 6 (100)2 = 0.5 J
6
When connected in parallel, the initial charge Qi = Cl V= 100 X 10- X 100 = 10 mC
parallel combination C = Cl + Cz = (100 + 400) f..tF capacitor.
The common voltage then becomes
V=
Q. =
C
is redistributed to the
3
lOx 10-
500 x 10
=20V
6
W2 =
! C2V2 = !
Wf = WI
Final energy:
W. -
Energy dissipated:
6.30
How much
><
400
X
1O- 6 (20)z = 0.08 J
+ W2 =, 0.02 + 0.08 = 0.1 J
"'~ =
0.5 - 0.1 = 0.4 J
A 20-f..tF capacitor is connected in parallel with a 30-f..tF capacitor. At t = 0 the combination is connected
across a voltage source. At a certain instant the \'oltage begins to increase and the current drawn from the
source is 5 mA. Determine the current division be1:ween the capacitors. Also calculate the rate of change of
voltage across the capacitors.
I
.
1
I
dl'
= C -dv = 20 x 10 -6 --1
dt
dl
.
12
= C2
dv
dt
= 30 x 10
-6
dv
dt
CAPACITORS
i, =2mA
Hence
6.31
123
3 X 10- 3
30 x 10 6 = 100 Vis
2 X 10- 3
dt = 20 x 10 6
dv
and
i2 = 3mA
D
A 30-JLF capacitor is sequentially charged by a 12-V battery and then discharged through a resistor R by
switching between positions 1 and 2 (Fig. 6-9) at a rate of 100 operations per second. Determine the average
current through the resistor.
I ~v
Fig. 6-9
With the switch at position 1,
Q = CV = 30 X 10- 6 x 12 = 360 JLC
Provided R is small enough, essentially all this charge passes through the resistor during discharge. Thus, Q
through R in 100 operations = 360 x 10- 6 x 100 = 36 mC, which takes 1 s. Hence the average current
= 36 mCI 1 s = 36 mA.
6.32
How large can R be in Prob. 6.31 and still allow a 99% discharge of the capacitor in the time available (10- 2 s)?
, By KVL, the discharge process is governed by
Thus, the critical value of R satisfies
100 = e3331R
or
6.33
-R dqldt = qlC,
or
which integrates to
q = Q e- tlRC•
R=~""'72n
In 100
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6-10, determine the voltages v, and v 2 ' with S open .
.
L
-t
,
'\T ;
loo $;"'" (oaot
Fig. 6-10
With S open,
Ceq
(1 + 2)6
= 1 + 2 + 6 = 2 JLF
v2 = 6 x
VI
~o
=
i = i3 = Ceq
6
f
i3 dt = 6 x
V - V2
~~
= (2 x 10- 6 )(100)(1000 cos 1000t) = 0.2 cos 1000t
~O
6
f
0.2 cos 1000t dt = 33.33 sin 1000t
= (sin 1000t)( 100 - 33.33) = 66.67 sin 1000t
V
Fig. 6-11
V
A
124
6.34
D
CHAPTER 6
For the circuit of Prob. 6.33, with S closed, find C sllch that the current from the source has a peak value of
0.25A.
I
From Fig. 6-10, with S closed,
Ceq
.
I
6.35
dv
= Ceq dt
=
18+3C
-6
9 + C (100 x 1000 cos 1000t) x 10 = 0.25 cos 1000t
The capacitors may be combined as shown in Fig. 6-11.
VI
= Cl
I
v2 _
I
C
Note that
With
I
VI
2
f
f
i dt
=
1
3 x 10
i dt -- 15 x 110
6
6
f
f
VI
Since
A
or
C=9 p,F
and v, from Fig. 6-10.
i = 0.25 cos 1000t A
0.25 cos 1000t dt = 83.33 sin 1000t
V
0.25 cos 1000t dt = 16.67 sin 1000t
V
from Prob. 6.34,
+ v2 = V = 100 sin lOOOt V.
C = 9 p,F
and S closed, determine the curre:l1 lhrough each capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 6-10.
With the currents shown in Fig. 6-10 and the values
il
=
i2
VI
and v 2 calculated in Prob. 6.35, we have
2 X 10- 6
~ (83.33 sin 11)OOt) =
166.66 cos 1000t
mA
1 X 10- 6
~ (83.33 sin IOOOt) =
83.33 cos 1000t
mA
=
i,- = 6 X 10- 6 -ddt (16.67 sin WOOt) = 100 cos 1000t
mA
~ (16.67 sin WOOt) =
mA
i4
6.37
(1+2)(6+C)
18+3C
1 + 2+6+C = 9 + C
For the value of C determined in Prob. 6.34, with S closed, find
I
6.36
=
=
9 X 10-
6
150 cos 1000t
Find the capacitance at the terminals of the wye-connel;ted circuit shown in Fig. 6-12, taking any two terminals
at a time.
I
6.38
The capacitors of Prob. 6.37 are reconnected in del1a as shown in Fig. 6-13.
terminals taking any two terminals at a time.
I
Cab
=
C2
C I C3
+ C +C
I
C
3
Fig. 6-12
6.39
=
ca
Determine the capacitance al the
C
I
+ CC
2
3
C 2 + C3
.b _ _ _ _- - - . J
Fig. 6-13
Let three capacitors, each having a capacitance Cy , be connected in wye (Fig. 6-12). If three capacitors, each
having a capacitance Cd' are connected in delta (Fig. 6-13), determine the equivalent relationships between the
two connections.
CAPACITORS
I
D
125
From Prob. 6-37,
From Prob. 6.38,
For the two to be equivalent we must have
Cy =3Cd
or
6.40
and
Conductor-to-conductor and conductor-to-sheath capacitances of a three-core cable are shown in Fig. 6-14a.
Determine the per-phase capacitance (defined as the net capacitance between a conductor and sheath and
ground).
I Figure
6-14b shows all the capacitances and their interconnections. The delta-connected capacitances Cc
are then converted to an equivalent wye, shown in Fig. 6-14c, using the results of Prob. 6.39. Hence
Cn = Cs + 3Cc
shown in Fig. 6-14d.
\
C
b
S
c
c,
c:c+;.cC
h
~
Fig. 6-14
126
6.41
D
CHAPTER 6
In a test on a three-conductor cable, the three conductors are bunched together and the capacitance measured
between the bunched conductors and sheath is Cl' [n a second test, two conductors are bunched with the
sheath, and the capacitance measured between thes;: and the third conductor is C 2 • Determine C, and Cc,
shown in Fig. 6-14a.
I
C= 3Cs
From the first test we obtain
Cz = Cs + 2Cc
From the second test we get
Hence,
6.42
In a certain test, the capacitance C3 is measured betwel~n two conductors, with the third conductor connected to
the sheath. Determine Cn shown in Fig. 6-14d.
I
For the connection indicated we have
C 3 = C c + ~Cc+ ~Cs= H3C
C,
Hence,
6.43
+ C.)=
=
~Cn
from Prob. 6.40
2C3
Find the capacitance between the terminals ab of the circuit shown in Fig. 6-14b.
I
First the delta-connected capacitors are transformed to an equivalent wye, as shown in Fig. 6-14c, from
which
by symmetry
Hence,
6.44
Convert the wye-connected capacitors in Fig. 6-14b to an equivalent delta and verify the result of Prob. 6.43.
I
From wye-delta equivalence we have
and the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. 6-15 from which
Cab = Cc
+
~Cs
+ HCc + ~CJ =HCc + 2Cc +
~Cs
+
~C,)
=:
H3Cc
+ C,)
,--~~---
..!.C
~
6.45
s
Fig. 6-15
The capacitances per kilometer of a three-wire cable are 0.90 p,F between the three wires bunched and the
sheath and 0.40 p,F between one wire and the other two connected to the sheath. Determine the line-toground capacitance for a 20-km-long cable.
I
From Prob. 6.41
Cl = 0.9 p,F
and
C2
=
=:
3Cs
0.4 = Cs + 2Cc = 0.3 + 2C,
Cs = 0.3 p,F /km
or
Cc
=
HO.4 - 0.3)
=
0.05 p,F /km
From Prob. 6.40
Cn = C,
+ 3Cc
=
0.3 + 3 x 0.05 = 0.45 ,uP/km
(Cn )20km = 20 x 0.45 = 9.0 p,F
CAPACITORS
6.46
From Prob. 6.42,
Cn = 2 x 0.6 = 1.2 p,F Ikm
or
Find the capacitance between any two conductors of the cable of Prob. 6.45.
I
From Prob. 6.43,
Cab = H3Cc + C,) = H3 x 0.05 + 0.3)
6.48
X
20 = 4.5 p,F
In a three-conductor cable a short circuit occurs between the conductor a and the sheath. What is the
capacitance between the conductors a and b, if Cs = Cc = C? Compare the result with that of an unfaulted
cable.
Fig. 6-16
,
The circuit of Fig. 6-14b changes to that of Fig. 6-16 from which
C(C + C)
8
C (C + C )
C =C+C+ cc
s =C+C+
=-C
ab
c
s Cc + Cc + Cs
C+C+C 3
For the unfaulted cable, from Prob. 6.43,
Cab = H3Cc + CS> = H3C + C) = 2C
6.49
127
The capacitance between any two conductors of a three-core cable, with the third conductor grounded, is
0.6 p,F Ikm. Calculate the line-to-ground capacitance for a 25-km-long cable.
,
6.47
D
Find the capacitance at the terminals ab of the circuit shown in Fig. 6-17a.
(b)
I
Fig. 6-17
By series-parallel combination we obtain the circuit of Fig. 6-17b from which
Cab
3x9
= 9 + 3 + 9 = 11.25 p,F
128
6.50
D
CHAPTER 6
What is the equivalent capacitance at the terminals ah of the circuit shown in Fig. 6-18a?
(a..)
a. _-__....(
b----------+-~~ ---------~
(I»
ISy+
IS·tf
H~,I
J. "tf
----+-.-I~__ _
1
J:-
t;;)Nf
(c)
,
The circuit reduction steps are shown in Fig. 6-ISb and c, from which
Cab
15[(15 x 6)/(15 + 6) + 15]
= 15 + [(15 >: 6:1/(15 + 6) + 15] = 8.44 p,F
Fig. 6-18
/1CHAPTER 7
L/
7.1
Inductors
The circuit element shown in Fig. 7-1 is known as an inductor, and has the voltage-current relationship
±J
di
or
v=L i=
v dt+ k
dt
where L is the inductance in henries (H). A 50-mH inductor carries a 5-A current which reverses in 25 ms.
What is the average induced voltage across the inductor?
i. A
I
-2S'
I
Fig. 7-1
Fig. 7-2
, The induced voltage v is zero except at the instant of current reversal, when it is infinite.
interval T = 25 ms (Fig. 7-2) we have
i(to + T) - i(to) =
7.2
1 J,'O+T
T
L,o v dt = L vov
or
v =L
ov
i(t + T) - i(t )
0
0
T
= 50 X
10- 3
However, over an
5 - (-5)
25 x 10 3
= 20 V
Plot the voltage across an inductor L if the current through it is as shown in Fig. 7-3a.
,
Since
v = L dildt,
we obtain the voltage as shown in Fig. 7-3b.
(a)
v
I
Fig. 7-3
(b)
7.3
Determine the equivalent inductance of n inductors
,
Lp L 2 ,
••• ,
in series.
With common current i, we have
v = Les
di
di
di
di
dt = Ll dt + L2 dt + ... = (Ll + L2 + ...) dt
129
130
D
CHAPTER 7
n
Hence
7.4
Les
What is the equivalent inductance of n inductors
,
f
v dt
f
= -.l
LJ
v dt +
_L
J'
L2
Two inductors,
ductance?
L J = 30 mH
and
L z = 60 mH,
,
,
f
+ ... = (-.l + -.l + ... )
LJ
L2
v dt
2: -Lk1
b'J
art' connected in parallel.
What is the equivalent in-
2
The current through a 60-mH inductor is given by
v=L
~ = 60 X
1==
15 sin 377t A.
Determine the associated power.
= vi = (339.3 cos 377t)(15 sin 377t) = 2544.75 sin 754t
~
v
3
10- x 15 >< 377 cos 377t = 339.3 cos 377t
Determine the energy stored in an inductor L having
=L
.1
,
Find the energy stored in the inductor of Prob. 7.7.
3
wet) = ~ Li 2 = ~ x 60 X 10- (15)2 sin 2 377t
Energy = W =
=
W
current I.
~~
= vi = Li
Power = p
= 3.375(1 - cos 754t)
Determine the
= L J + L}= 20 + 10 = 30 mH
Les
Voltage = v
7.10
dt
The combination of inductors of Prob. 7.5 is connected in series with a lO-mH inductor.
equivalent inductance.
p
7.9
IJ
L J L2
(30)(60)
Lep = L + L- '" . 30 + 60 = 20 mH
J
7.8
in parallel?
L], L z , ... ,
L ..p
or
7.7
Lk
J
1
'~
- - ==
Hence,
7.6
2:
<=,
With common voltage v we have
i = _1_
Lep
7.5
==
~ x 60
X
10- 3
X
f:
p dt = L
225 x
f
i di
=
~U
2
HI - cos 2 x 377t)
J
What are the time-average and peak values of the energy stored in the inductor of Prob. 7.7?
,
From Prob. 7.9,
wet) = 3.375(1 -- cos 754t)
The time-average value of the second term is zero
w(t)I.,.
The peak energy occurs at 754t=
71.
Or,
J
Hence,
==
3.375 J
t== 71/754s,
w(t)lm.x = 3.375 + 3.375 = 6.75 J
7.11
Flux linkage A is defined by A = Ne/> = Li, where L is inductance, i is the current through the inductor, N is
the number of turns making the inductor, and e/> is the flux "linking" the N turns (see Fig. 7-1). Determine the
flux linking a lOO-turn coil having a 50 cos 377t voltage connected across it.
,
Since
A = Li = Ne/>
v=
then
Thus,
Note:
1
e/> = IV
f
dA
dt
=N
and
dq.
~li-
v = L r!!:.
dt
= (50 cos 377t)
1 ('
50 sin 377t
v dt = 100 Jo 50 cos 377t dt = 100 377 = 1.326 sin 377t
The unit of flux is the weber (Wb).
mWb
INDUCTORS
7.12
D
131
The voltage across a 50-mH inductor is given by
v(t) = 0
t~O
t~O
Sketch the voltage across and the current through the inductor.
v-,
V
+0
~.o
/
/
/
100
Fig. 7-4
,
The plot of vet) is shown in Fig. 7-4a .
3
X 10 [ - e -'(t
. 1 J v d t = 50 x 110 3JlOte- t dt= 10 50
I = L
= 200(1- e- I - te-I)
3
+ 1)]t0
=
lOX10
50
[
- e -I( t + 1) + 1]
A
which is sketched in Fig. 7-4b.
7.13
The current through a 200-mH inductor is given by
i = 2e- t - 2e- 2t
What is the energy stored after 1 s?
,
At
v
7.14
dt
t = 1 s,
Also determine the voltage across the inductor after 1 s.
10- 3
~
dt
(2e- ' - 2e- 2')
= 200 x
10- 3 x 2(-e- t + 2e- 2')
v=200xlO- 3 x2(-e- 1 +2e- z )=-38.87mV
t=1s,
Energy,
At
= L ~ = 200 X
A
W= !Li 2 =
!
x 200 x 1O-\2e -I - 2e- zl )z = ! x 200 X 10- 3 x 4(e- ZI + e- 41 - 2e -31)
W= ! x 200 X 10- 3 x 4(e- 2 + e- 4 - 2e- 3) = 21.63 mJ
Three inductors are connected as shown in Fig. 7-5.
equivalent inductance is 0.7 H.
Given
L1
=
2L z , find L1 and L z such that the
132
D
CHAPTER 7
Fig. 7-5
,
From Fig. 7-5,
or
L2
Hence
7.15
=
L1 =0.6H
0.3 H
Three inductances, 0.6 mH, 0.12 mH, and L mH, Ire connected in parallel. Find L for the equivalent
inductance to be maximum. What is the maximum value of the equivalent inductance?
,
The 0.6-mH and 0.12-mH inductances in parallel yield
L = Q.~-":~-~ 12 = 0.1 mH
P
0.6-rO.12
0.1
1 + (O.IIL) mH
Thus,
which is maximum as
7.16
L--HfJ.
and the maximum
Leq = 0.1 mHo
A current of the waveform shown in Fig. 7-6a passes through a 2-H inductor.
waveform.
Sketch the corresponding voltage
----/L'
/,
,
\
f----~-_4_---.-~---2.
'
:'45(;
'7
i
s
'
(a. )
tT,
V
+
_I
-::I---r.-,-r--_ t
7
l)
rb)
,
i=0
i
= ~t --
Fig. 7-6
di
v'=Ldt=O
0~t<2s
lj!
i= --5t+30
v
=<~( -- 5) =
-10 V
Hence the sketch shown in Fig. 7-6b.
7.17
,~
How much power is associated with the inductor of Prob. 7.16?
5< t < 6s
INDUCTORS
I
0~t~2s
= ~0t -
~)
= (~t -
I~n
2~ t < 5s
W
W
=-1O(-5t+30)=(50t-300)
5<t<6s
A 40-mH inductor is connected in parallel with a 60-mH inductor and across a time-varying voltage. At a
certain instant, the total current supplied by a source is 10 A. Determine the instantaneous currents through
the individual inductors.
I Since the inductors are in parallel, for the common voltage v we have
di l
di2
Tt = L2 Tt
v = LI
. = L1
Thus,
12
f
v dt
2
~ = L2 = 60
And
i2
Hence,
40
LI
+ i z = 10
il
Also
7.19
i 60mH = 4A
i40 mH = 6 A
Find the currents il' i z , and i3 shown in the circuit of Fig. 7-7 with the switch S open.
5
/2
'M
H
i,
,
-\+
/;
"IT~
+-
c.~
loCI
1000
. , = 11=1
3 Leq
I
Then,
f
6 x 12
Leq = 6 + 6 + 12 = 10 mH
where
..
1
1 = 13 = 10 x 10
3
f
100 cos lO00t dt =
10
t
Fig. 7·7
v dt
v = 100 cos lO00t
3
100 sin lO00t
.
10 x 1000
= 10 Sill lO00t
X
From Fig. 7-7,
il =
il
L2
~
I
f
VI
dt
6
~ = LI = 12 = 0.5
Or
i l = 3.33 sin lOOOt
7.20
133
p = vi
=0
7.18
D
A
i2 = 6.67 sin lOOOt
A
Determine the voltages
VI
and v 2 shown in Fig. 7-7, with S open.
I
VI
di,
-3 d
.
)
= Lld(=
12 x 10 dt (3.33 Sill lOOOt = 40 cos lOOOt
v2 = v Note that
v 2 = 6 X 10- 3 di3/ dt.
VI
= cos 1000t(100 - 40) = 60 cos lOOOt
v
V
A
134
7.21
D
CHAPTER 7
For the circuit of Fig. 7-7, with S closed, find L such that the current from the source has a peak value of 12.5 A.
,
From Fig. 7-7 with S closed, we have
6X12
6L)
24+lOL
Leq = ( 6 + 12 + 6~:-L mH = 6 + L mH
.
1=
L1
f
f
(6 + L)103
v dt = 24 + lOL
100 cos 1000t dt =
(
6 + L)
.
24 + lOL 100 Sill 1000t
eq
or
7.22
12.5 =
(6 + L)l00
24 + lOL
Since
i J +i 2 =12.5
i3
v J = 12 X 10- 3
i2
=
8.333 sin 1000t
A
~
(4.167 sin 1000t) = 50 cos 1000t V= v 2
Find the inductance at the terminals of the wye-connected circuit shown in Fig. 7-8, taking any two terminals at
a time.
,
From Fig. 7-8,
e..
c
b
!
~
r
L ...
-------c~~~
I
3
~----------------~
Fig. 7-8
The inductors of Prob. 7.24 are reconnected in deha as shown in Fig. 7-9.
terminals, taking any two terminals at a time.
,
7.26
=
Find v J and v 2 ' with S closed, with L obtained in Prob. 7.21.
,
7.25
12mH
i = 12.5 sin 1000t A
and
7.24
=
For the value of L determined in Prob. 7.21, with S closed, find ip i2, i 3, and i4 from Fig. 7-7.
,
7.23
L
from which
Fig. 7-9
Determine the inductance at the
From Fig. 7-9,
Let the three inductors, each having an inductance L y ' be connected in wye (Fig. 7-8). If three inductors, each
having an inductance L d , are connected in delta determine the equivalent relationship between the two
connections.
From Prob. 7.24,
From Prob. 7.25,
From equivalence we must have,
or
and
INDUCTORS
7.27
D
135
Find the equivalent inductance at the terminals ab for the circuit shown in Fig. 7-lOa by converting the I-H
wye-connected inductors to an equivalent delta.
a. ----,.---'
31+
I.ff
(a.)
(h)
1.1+
6---~----~
(eL)
(c)
,
FiR. 7-10
The steps in circuit reduction are shown in Fig. 7-lOb to d from which
2x4
Lab = 2 + 4 = 1.33 H
7.28
Verify that the result of Prob. 7.27 is correct by transforming the delta-connected inductors to an equivalent
wye.
(a..)
a.
h
(6)
Fig. 7-11
136
D
CHAPTER 7
,
In this case, the steps in circuit reduction are shown in Fig. 7-lla and b from which
Lab =
7.29
n + 0 = 1.33 H
A 40-mH inductor is charged to store 2 J of energy. An uncharged 60-mH inductor is then connected in
parallel to the first one through perfectly conducting leads. How much energy is transferred to the second
inductor?
,
In terms of the flux linkage A (which is conserved), we have
A2
2=---2x40xlO
or
W= A2/2L.
Thus,
A = 0.4 Wb
3
Since the voltage, or the flux linkage A, remains un,;hanged, we have
or
.
A
L 1 +L 2
1='·----=
0.4
(40+60)XIO
3
=4A
Hence,
7.30
How is a 300-mWb flux divided between a SO-mH and a lOO-mH inductor connected in series?
,
Let the series current be i.
Then
or
But
Hence
A] = lOOmWb
A2 = 200 mWb
CHAPTER 8
AC Sources, Waveforms,
and Circuit Relationships
8.1
A time-varying voltage is given by v = Vm sin wt. Sketch this waveform.
maximum values, the frequency, and the period of the voltage.
Identify the instantaneous and
, The instantaneous and maximum values are denoted by v and Vm , respectively, in Fig. 8-1.
defined by the condition vCt + T) = vCt) for all t; thus,
. d T = -27T s
peno
frequency
w
f
=
1
T=
The period Tis
w
27T Hz
L, A
-t--4---+:--\-:----f-:---_ i
Fig. 8-1
8.2
8.3
Fig. 8-2
,
T=
T = 2 ms = 2 x 10- 3
From Fig. 8-2,
1
f= -T
=
1
2x1Q3
S
= 500Hz
What is the angular frequency of a waveform having a period of 2 ms?
,
8.6
71 = 601 = 16.7ms
Find the frequency of the waveform shown in Fig. 8-2.
Thus,
8.5
m'S"
What is the period of a 6O-Hz voltage wave?
,
8.4
I
What is
,
T
27T
=-
w
(a) the maximum value and
or
w
27T
T
=- =
27T
2x10
3
= 3141.6 rad/s
Cb) the period of a waveform given by
(a) Vm = 100 V
v = 100 sin 377t V?
27T
27T
(b) T= ---;;; = 377 = 16.7 ms
A voltage wave and two current waves, shown in Fig. 8-3, have respective maximum values Vm
The waveforms are sinusoidal. Write mathematical expressions for these waves.
, Imp
and 1m2 ,
Fig. 8-3
137
138
D
CHAPTER 8
I
v(t) = Vrn sin wt
Note that i 1 lags behind v by cPl and i2 leads v by 42
8.7
These angles-cPl and cP2-are known as phase angles.
Find the period, frequency, and the amplitude of the current waveform shown in Fig. 8-4 .
.1.,/\
:
-!C---------'L..---7-~~~ t ~,
I
8.8
"?lo
20
/0
1
1
f= - = - - - - -3 = 100Hz
T
lC >( 10-
T= lOms
What is the period of a sinusoidal waveform having a 100-MHz frequency?
I
8.9
or 10 ns
Find the frequency in hertz and the angular frequency in rad/s of a waveform whose period is 5 ms.
1
1
f= - =
= 200Hz
T 5X103
I
8.10
Fig. 8-4
I
=
lJ)
2TTf= 2TT(200) = 1256.64 rad/s
v = 200 sin 377 t V?
What are the amplitude, frequency, and period of a voltage wave
I
v'" =
200 V
Since
w = 2TTf = 377 rad/s
8.11
A voltage wave is given by
cycle?
I
~
8.12
v = 100 sin 314t.
T = 2TT/W = 2TT/314 = 20 ms,
60Hz
T=
71 = 601 = 16.67ms
Ho'>' long does it take this waveform to complete one-fourth
which is the time for 1 cycle.
Thus, the time for one-quarter cycle =
x 20 = 5 ms.
(a)
v = 100 sin (wt + 30
)
i = 10 sin (wt + 60°)
(b)
v = 100 sin (wt + 30
)
i = 10 sin (wt - 30°)
(c)
v = 100 sin (wt - 60
)
i = 10 sin (wt - 90°)
C
C
(a)
(b)
(c)
C
i leads v by (60° - 30°) = 300.
i lags v by [30° - (- 30°)] = 60°.
i lags v by [-60°-(-90°)]=30°.
Sketch the waveforms of the voltages and currents of Prob. 8.12 and verify the results obtained in Prob. 8.7.
I The waveforms are shown in Fig.
8.14
=
What are the phase relationships between the following waveforms?
I
8.13
377
f= --.
271
8-5a to c.
Determine the average value of the current waveform
period.
I
(a) Since
I
avg
over
(a) a period and
(b) a half-
w = 2TT/T,
lavg
(b)
i = Irn sin wt
1 l'o+T
. 2TT
Irn
2TT ]'O+T
= T '0
Irn SIn -y t dt = - 2TT cos T t '0 = 0
21'0+TI2
. 2TT
Irn
2TT ~1'0+T/2
Irn (
2 TT to
2TTto) 2Irn
= I SIn - t dt = - - cos -- t
= - -cos - - - cos - - = cos wt
T '0
rn
T
TT' T ~ '0
TT
T
T
TT
0
Thus, the average value depends on the initial pont to"
For
to = 0,
lavg
= 2Irn/TT =0.6366Irn'
AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHIPS
D
139
VIt'
v
(c)
Fig. 8-5
8.15
Determine the instantaneous and average powers dissipated in a resistor R connected across an ac voltage
v = Vrn sin wt.
v 2 V2
V2
I
P = - = --'!!. sin 2 wt = --'!!. (1- cos 2wt)
R
R
2R
8.16
Determine the dc voltage that must be connected across a resistor R such that the power dissipated is the same
as the average power determined in Prob. 8.15.
= V~e = V~
p
I
de
R
from Prob. 8.15
2R
Or
This value is known as the effective, Or root-mean-square, value.
8.17
By rms we imply "the square root of the mean value of the square."
waveform shown in Fig. 8.6.
Determine the rms value of the current
I
i 4
I
10
T-:.g
~
I
'l..
- 4
l't
s
,
I
g
t,s
Fig. 8-6
140
8.18
0 CHAPTER 8
Find the ratio rms value/average value of an ac sinu_oidal voltage, where the average is taken over the first
half-cycle.
I From Prob. 8.16,
From Prob. 8.14,
This ratio is known as the form factor of the waveform.
8.19
Determine the rms value, average value, and form factor of the current waveform shown in Fig. 8-4.
I From Fig. 8-4,
rms=
llT
~ -T
2
i dt=
~
(J
1
10 x 10
average = 2 A
8.20
(0 < t < 10 ms)
i = 400t A
3
3
l'OO<'()
(400t)2dt=
°
(400)2
,
10 x 10 .
[t-3
JIOXIO-
_
-2.31A
(J
2.31
form factor = -2-
(linear function)
3
3
= 1.155
Determine the rms value, average value, and form factor of the current waveform shown in Fig. 8-7.
I The wave has period T = 3 s.
rns value
8.16
form factor = -------- = - - = l. 22
average value
6.67
1.-, A.
J-
(0 A,
I
8.21
2.
~
~
5
7
t,
I()
$
Fig. 8-7
v = Vm sin wt.
Obtain the voltage-current relationship for a resistor R connected across an ac voltage
I Since
v = Ri
and
i=
Or
V
J?'!2 5 in w t = I rn sin w t
where V and I are rms values.
Note from (1) anc 12) that the current and the voltage are in the same phase.
Obtain the voltage-current relationships for an
I Since
mdu~tor
L carrying a current
i = Irn sin wt.
di
dt
Im sin wt
l'='L -
and
Or
(2)
V=RI
and
we obtain
(1)
v = Vrn sin wt
Vm sm wt= Ri
Or
8.22
'J
i =
v= L
~ (Irn sin wt) = wLI", cos wt = Vrn cos wt = Vrn sin (wt + 90
and
(1)
0
(2)
)
V= wLI=XJ
where XI. = wL is defined as the inductive reactance, and is measured in ohms.
Note from (1) and (2) that the current through the inductor lags the voltage across the induct or by 90
0
•
0 141
AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHlPS
8.23
What are the various forms of voltage-current relationships for a capacitor C connected across a voltage source,
v = Vm sin wt?
I
Since
i = C dvldt
we obtain
and
i = wCVm cos wt = Im cos wt = Im sin (wt
Or
Xc = l/wC
+ 90
0
is defined as the capacitive reactance in ohms.
From (1) and (2) it follows that the current through the capacitor leads the voltage across it by 90
8.24
An inductor draws 5 A of current at 110 V 60 Hz.
cally.
I
(2)
)
I
V=--=-XI
wC
c
and
where
(1)
v = Vm sin wt
•
Express the instantaneous voltage and current mathemati-
First, we note that (unless stated otherwise) the values are all rms.
Im = V2(5) = 7.07 A
And
0
Thus,
w = 27Tf= 27T(60) = 377 rad/s
Vm = V2(110) = 155.56 V
i = 7.07 sin 377t A
0
Since the current lags the voltage by 90 in an inductive circuit (see Prob. 8.22), we have
v = 155.56 sin (wt
8.25
0
)
Determine the inductive reactance and the inductance from the data of Prob. 8.24.
V
I
X L =wL=337L
22
L = 377 = 58.36 mH
Hence,
A capacitor draws 2 A of current at 120 V 50 Hz.
cally.
I
110
X /, = -I = - 5 =220
Now
8.26
+ 90 = 155.56 cos wt V
Express the instantaneous voltage and current mathemati-
Proceeding as in Prob. 8.24,
Im = V2(2) = 2.828 A
w = 27T(50) = 314 rad/s
Vm = V2(120)
i = 2.828 sin 314t A
169.7 V
=
Since the current leads the voltage by 90 in a capacitive circuit (see Prob. 8.23), we have
0
v = 169.7 sin (wt - 90
8.27
= -169.7 cos wt V
V
120
X =-=-=600
c
I
2
1
Now,
I
Xc = wC = 314C
I
C= 314x60 =53.0JLF
Hence,
The voltage across a 0.5-H induct or is
I
v = 200 sin lOOt V.
What is the instantaneous current?
XL = wL = 100 x 0.5 = 500
Since i lags v by 90
0
,
we finally have
i = Im sin (wt - 90
8.29
)
Determine the capacitive reactance and the capacitance from the data of Prob. 8.26.
I
8.28
0
The current through a 50-/-tF capacitor is
0
)
= 4 sin (lOOt - 90
i = 2 sin 1000t A.
0
)
A
What is the instantaneous voltage?
142
D
CHAPTER 8
1
1
Xc = wC = 1000 x 50 x 10
I
6 =:
20 0
Since the voltage lags the current by 90°, we have
v = Vrn sin(wt - 90 C ) = 40 sin (lOOOt - 90°) V
8.30
The voltage and current through a circuit element are
70°) A. Identify the element and find its value.
v = 100 sin (377t + 20°) V
and
i = 4 sin (377t-
I The voltage leads the current by 20 - (-70) = 90°. Hence, the element is an inductor.
X = Vrn
L
Irn
Now,
8.31
=
100 = 25 0 =, wL
4
The voltage and current for a circuit element
= 377 L
L = 66.3mH
or
art~
v
v = 200 sin (314t - 10°)
i = 20 sin (314t - 10°)
A
Identify the element and find its value.
I
Since the voltage and the current are in the same phase, the element is a resistor, the ohmic value of which is
given by
8.32
The voltage and current for a circuit element are
v
v = 6 cos (lOOOt - 80°)
i = 3 cos (lOOOt
+ 10°)
A
Identify the element and find its value.
I Since the current is ahead of the voltage by 10- (-80) = 90°, the element is capacitive and
1
wC
Vrn
6
X =-=-=20
c
Irn
3
8.33
1
=
TiiOoc
or
1
C = 2 x 1000 = 500 /-t F
The voltage across and the current through an ac circuit are given by
v = Vrn sin wt
Find the instantaneous power.
I The instantaneous power is given by
p = vi = Vrn sin wtlrn sin (wt - c/J) =, V,Jrn1 cos [(wt - wt + c/J) - cos (wt
+ wt - c/J)]
= Wrnlrn[cos c/J - cos (2wt - c/J)]
8.34
Determine the average power for the circuit of Prob. 8.33, in terms of rms values of voltage and current.
I Since the time-average value of cos (2wt - c/J) is zero, from the result of Prob. 8.33 we have
Pay == p =, ~ Vrnlrn cos c/J
Now
8.35
V= Vrn1v2
and
1= Irn1v2.
Hence,
P ,= VI cos c/J,
where cos c/J is known as the power factor.
An ac circuit is purely resistive, having an equivaknt resistance of 15 n at the terminals. A 110-V 60-Hz ac
source is connected across the terminals. Determ:ne the input current, power, and power factor.
I
Hence,
1= .!:": = 110 = 733 A
R
15
.
P = 12R = (7.33)215 = 806.67W= VI cos c/J
806.67
cosc/J'= 110 x 7.33 =1.0
Otherwise, since the current through and the voltage across a resistor are in phase, its power factor is
cos 0° = 1.0.
8.36
How much power is dissipated in the circuit element of Prob. 8.32 and what is its power factor?
AC SOURCES, WAVEFORMS, AND CIRCUIT RELATIONSHIPS
D
143
I Power factor, cos cP = cos 90° = 0 (leading, since the current leads the voltage. This is a convention.)
Power = VI cos 90° = 0 W
8.37
Repeat Prob. 8.36 for the data of Prob. 8.30.
I
Power factor,
cos cP = cos 90° = 0
(lagging since the current lags the voltage):
Power = VI cos 90° = 0 W
8.38
An ac circuit draws 5-A current at 220 V and consumes 1000 W power.
I
Since
P = VI cos cP,
where P is the power in watts, we have
P
1000
cos cP = VI = 5 x 220
8.39
What is its power factor?
=0.91
The voltage and the current in an ac circuit are
v = 200 sin (377t + 30°)
i = 10 sin (377t
+ 60°)
Determine the average power.
I
From the data,
V=200/V2V,
1= lO/V2A,
Average power =
8.40
and
(~) (~) cos 30° = 866 W
The voltage and current in ac circuit are
v = 100 sin (377t - 30°)
8.41
cP =60°-30°=30°. Hence,
V
What is the power factor?
Is it leading or lagging?
I
cP = 30 - (- 30) = 60°
i = 6 sin (377t
+ 30°)
A
cos cP = cos 60° = 0.5 leading
A circuit draws 3 A current at 50 V and consumes 150 W power.
the circuit.
Determine the power factor and the nature of
P
150
cos cP = VI = (50)(3) = 1
I
The circuit is resistive.
8.42
A 5-0 resistor, a 100-/-tF capacitor, and a 100-mH inductor are connected in parallel across a 100-V 60-Hz
source. Determine the average power drawn by the circuit.
I Since the capacitor and the inductor do not draw any power (Probs 8.36 and 8.37), the power is dissipated
only in the resistor. Hence,
P= V2 = (100)2 =2kW
R
8.43
What is the reactance of 50-mH inductor at
I
(a)
(b)
At dc, XL = wL = (0)(50 x 10At 60Hz,
w = 27Tf= 27T
8.44
)
(a) dc and
= 0 O.
(b) 60 Hz ac?
Thus, an inductor acts as short circuit across dc.
60 = 377 rad/s
XL = wL = 377 x 50 x 10- 3 = 18.850
Determine the inductance of a coil having a 50-0 reactance at 60 Hz.
I
8.45
X
3
5
XL
XL
50
L = -;;; = 27Tf = 27T(60) = 132.63 mH
Determine the frequency at which a 50-mH inductor has a 50-0 reactance.
I
XL
50
=
L
50 x 10
= 1000 rad/s = 27Tf
w = -
3
144
0 CHAPTER 8
Thus,
8.46
f=
1000
2;- == 159.15 Hz
What is the reactance of a 500-/-tr capacitor at
I
(a)
(a) d,; and
(b) 100 Hz?
X =_1_=
1
=00[1
, wC
(O)(:iOO x 10 6)
At dc:
Thus, a capacitor acts as an open circuit across dc.
(b)
8.47
At 100 Hz:
Xc = 21T
X
Determine the capacitance of a capacitor having
Cl
50-0 reactance at 60 Hz.
1
1
w = - - = - - - - - . - - = 100 rad/s = 21Tf
CX,
100 x 10- (, x 100
101)
f= --- = 15.9Hz
Thus,
2'r
The power factor of a circuit is 0.866 lagging. If the inJ:·ut power is 600 W at a voltage v =
100) V, what is the instantaneous current?
I
cos cfJ = 0.866 lagging
Given:
or
p= VI cos cfJ
600
or
1 = 110(0.866) = 6.3 A
Now
8.50
n
= 3.18
At what frequency will a 100-/-tF capacitor have a 11)(1-[1 reactance?
I
8.49
6
111
C = wXc = 21TfX, = ::1T·-x----,6-=-0-x--=5:c:-0 = 53.05 /-t F
I
8.48
100 x 500 x 10
cl>
= 300
cfJ =
COS-I
Im = 6.3V2 = 8.9 A
and
lagging implies that i lags v by 300.
Power factor angle,
(0.866) = 300 lagging
600 = (110)/(0.866)
01
Determine the power factor and the input power for a ,;ircuit with v
I
.J2 x 110 sin (3771 +
cfJ = 20 - 10 == 100
Hence
i
= 8.9 sin (3771 -
20 0) A.
=50 sin (I + 10°) V and i = 2 sin (I + 20°) A.
cos cfJ
=
cos 100 = 0.9848 leading
50)( ~V2
2 ) cos 10° = 49.24 W
Power = ( V2.
CHAPTER 9
Complex Numbers
and Phasors
9.1
A complex number represents a point on a plane with reference to two perpendicular axes. The horizontal axis
is called the real axis and the vertical axis the imaginary axis. The symbol j is used to denote the unit along the
imaginary axis. Locate the following complex numbers in a complex plane:
A = 3+ j4
B= -j5
C = -6- j6
D=4 - j5
--
I The locations of these points are shown in Fig. 9-1. If we join these points to the origin, with arrowheads
directed toward the points, we obtain directed line segments such as OA, OB, etc., which are called phasors.
----
A-
....
-3+J
~
"'t
I
I
c
::r
- (, -j'
Fig. 9-1
9.2
Fig. 9-2
With the definition of a phasor just given, locate the following phasors:
A= 2/4SO
B = 1/120
0
C=3/-30°
I The locations of the phasors are shown in Fig. 9-2. This form of representation is known as polar form, in
contrast to the form shown in Fig. 9-1, which is known as the rectangular form.
9.3
Diagrams such as those of Figs. 9-1 and 9-2 are known as phasor diagrams. By means of a general phasor
diagram obtain the relationships to convert polar forms to rectangular forms, and vice versa.
o
I
-
Fig. 9-3
Consider the phasor DC (or C) shown in Fig. 9-3.
In rectangular form we may write
C = a + jb
Or
ICI = Va + b
2
2
(1)
145
146
D
CHAPTER 9
Also
tan
fi =
-J
b
a
(2)
Equations (1) and (2) give the conversion from rectangular to polar fom.
is given by
a = ICI cos ()
b
9.4
A = 2 + j2.
Given:
IAI = ',12 2 + 22 = VS
Icl sin ()
or
A =,/8 /4SO
A = -3 + j4,
what is the corresponding po,ar form?
IAI = \fI-3)2 + 4
I
(4)
tan () = ~ = 1
Hence,
Given
(3)
Express A in its polar form.
I
9.5
=
Polar to rectangular form conversion
2
=5
Referring to Fig. 9-4, we have
a = tan- J
1 = 53.13°
() = 180° - a = 126.87°
Of
Hence,
2o~
-J b
Fig. 9-5
Fig. 9-4
9.6
Convert
A = 4 / -30°
I Let A =
a
to its rectangular form.
+ jb. Then,
a = 4 cos (-30°)
A
Hence
9.7
Convert
A = 5 /200°
I Let A = -a -
jb
(see Fig. 9.5).
From Fig. 9 ..5,
a
= 200 -180 = 20°.
Then,
-b = -5 sin 20° = -1.71
A ,= -'4.7 - j1.71
The imaginary quantity j is defined by
may be drawn from this diagram?
Since
:,.464 - j2.0
= -5 cos 20° = -4.7
Hence
I
=
to its rectangular form.
-a
9.8
b = 4 sin (-30°)
and
j=
j = V-I.
Lucate /, /, and
t
on a phasor diagram.
What conclusion
V-I, we have
/= -1
t=(/)j=-/=1
These are shown as phasors in Fig. 9-6. We may conclude that j may be treated as an operator which when
applied to a phasor rotates it by 90° in the counterclockwise direction.
9.9
Find the reciprocals of the following phasors: (a)}; (b) 3 + j4; (c) 6 /30°.
and imaginary parts. For b plot the phasor and its complex conjugate.
I
(a)
Reciprocal of
In each case separate the real
D
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS
147
t ...
1.-.
J
__________~__~~------~~
R~
\.
Fig. 9-6
(b)
Fig. 9-7
.
Reciprocal of
3 + J4 = 3 + j4
Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by
(3 + j4)
(c)
IAI2.
9.10
(the complex conjugate of 3 + j4),
we obtain
and its complex conjugate are shown in Fig. 9-7.
From Fig. 9-7 we infer that the phasors
Thus,
6
3 - j4
3 - j4
3 - j4
1
.
(3 + j4)(3 - j4) = 9 + 16 = 25 (3 - J4)
1
3 + j4
The phasor
1
IAlil
and
IAI /-()
/~Oo = (6 ~~
L=lQ:) = ~ /-30° = ~ (cos 30° -
are complex conjugates, with product
j sin 30°) = 0.144 - jO.083
To add (or subtract) two or more phasors we add (or subtract) the respective real and imaginary parts.
According to this rule obtain C = A + B, where A = 4 + j2 and B = 2 + j4. Show A, B, and C graphically.
C = A + B = (4 + j2) + (2 + j4) = (4 + 2) + j(2 + 4) = 6 + j6
I
The phasors are plotted in Fig. 9-8.
1..
c = A+/3
4
/
/
= ID +A
Re.
Fig. 9-8
9.11
Subtract
I
A = 3 + j3
Fig. 9-9
from
B = 1 - j2.
Show the operation graphically.
C = B - A = (1- j2) - (3 + j3) = (1- 3) - j(2 + 3) = -2 - j5
which is shown in Fig. 9-9.
..
4
148
9.12
D
CHAPTER 9
Multiply two phasors A = 2 + j3
in rectangular and polar forms.
I
9.13
and
B = 1 + j2.
Separate real and imaginary parts.
Express the results
A· B = (2 + j3)(1 + j2) = 2 + j4 + j3 - 6 = -4 + j7 = 8.06/119.74°
Express A and B of Prob. 9.12 first in polar form.
mUltiplying the magnitudes and adding the angles.
I
A = 3.605 ili.31~
Verify that A· B in polar form may be obtained by
B = 2.236/63.43°
A· B = (3.605)(2.236) /(56.31 + 63.43) = 8.06/119.74°
which agrees with the result of Prob. 9.12.
9.14
The procedure for Prob. 9.13 can be extended to <iivision where we divide the magnitudes and subtract the
angles. Hence evaluate A/B, where A and Bare thl! same as in Prob. 9.12.
I
From Prob. 9.13,
A = 3.605 ili.31~
A 3.605 /
)
/
°
B
= 2.236 (56.~-= 63.43 = 1.612 -7.12
Hence,
9.15
B = 2.236/63.43°
Verify the result of Prob. 9.14 in rectangular form.
~ = 2 + j3 = (2 + j3)(1 - j2) = (2 - j4~~fI + 6) =
I
B
1 + j2
(1 + j2)(1 - j2)
5
!
5
(8 _ '1) = 1 6 _ '02= 1612/-712°
]
.
J..
.
which agrees with result of Prob. 9.14.
9.16
Calculate (a) 10/45°+10/-45°;
2/60° + (5 - j1.232).
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
10 /45° = lO(cos 45° + j sin 45°)
(6.8+J3.2}+(5-j1.2);
2/60°+3/-30°-4/45°;
(c)
and
(d)
10 L-4:~ = lO(cos 45° - j sin 45°) k = lO(cos 45° + cos 45°) = 14.14
(6.8 + j3.2) + (5 - j1.2) = (6.8 + 5) + j(3.2 - 1.2) = 11.8 + j2
2/60° = 2(cos 60 + j sin 60) = 1 + j1. 732
3/- 30° = 3(cos 30 - j sin 30) = 2.598 - j1.5
-4/45° = -4(cos 45 + j sin 45) = -2.828 - j2.828 k = 0.77 - j2.596
(d)
9.17
2/60° = 2(cos 60 + j sin 60) = 1 + j1.732
Perform the following calculations in polar form:
(5/45°)(4/-20°); and (d) (5!45°)(4!200)(3l-~~~).
I
3 + j3 = 4.243 Lt~
(a)
(a)
k = 6 + jO.5
(3 + j3)(5 + j8);
(b)
(5/45°)(4/20°);
(c)
5 + j8 = 9.434/58°
(3+j3)(5+j8)=' (4.243)(9.434) (45°+58°) =40/103°
9.18
(b)
(5/45°)(4/20°) = (5)(4) /(45° + 20°) = 20 /65°
(c)
(5/45°)(4/-20°) = (5)(4) /(45° - 20°) = 20 /25°
(d)
(5/45°)(4 /20°)(3/-75°) = (5)(4)(3) /(45° + 20° -75°) = 60 /-10°
Perform the following calculations in polar form:
(4/-20°); (d) (5/45°)(4/-20°)/(3/75°).
I
(a)
(b)
3 + j3 = 4.243/45°
(b) (5/45°)/(4/20°);
la) (3 + j3)/(5 + j8);
5 + j8 = 9.434 ,~i8°
(c) (5/45°)/
3 + j3 4.243
°
5 + j8 = 9.434/(45 - 58) = 0.45 L..=.rr
5 /45° _ 5 /.
)_
/" ..
4 /20° - 4 ' (45 - 20 - 1.25 L1i.
0
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS
5 /45°
(5 /45°)(4 / -20°\)
3 /75°
-----=---=-=~c=-= =
(d)
I
(a)
Thus 1=
°
(5)(4) /(45 - 20 -75) = 667 /-50°
3
.
1= 141.4 = 100
v'2
or
Im = 141.4
100~.
(b)
1=
~
/60° = 7.07 /60°
(c)
1=
~
/90° = 1.414 /90°
Express the following current phasors as instantaneous currents, all at a frequency w:
25/-30°; and (c) 6/-90°.
I
9.21
149
Phasors are used to denote sinusoidal alternating quantities. For instance, v = Vm sin (wt - 4» is written as
V = V 1- 4>, where V = Vm IV2 is the rms value. Similarly, i = I m sin (wt + 0) is written as I = I ~.
Express the following currents as phasors: (a) 141.4 sin wt, (b) 10 sin (wt+600), and (c) 2coswt.
9.19
9.20
5
4 1(45+ 20) = 1.25 M
4~ =
(c)
D
(a)
i = v'2(10) sin wt = 14.14 sin wt
(b)
i = v'2(25) sin (wt - 30°) = 35.35 sin (wt - 30°)
(c)
i = v'2(6) sin (wt - 90°) = -8.484 cos wt
(a) 1O~;
(b)
The instantaneous voltage and current for an ac circuit are
v
v = 155.6 sin 377t
i = 7.07 sin (377t - 30°)
A
i = 7.07 e i377t -(w/6)
A
Represent these as complex exponentials.
I
v = 155.6e i377t
v
and
Note that radian measure must be used in the argument of a complex exponential.
9.22
For the voltage and current given in Prob. 9.21, determine
seconds).
(a) the frequency (in hertz),
I
f=
w = 377 = 27Tf
(a)
(b)
9.23
T=
1
f
377 = 60Hz
27T
1
= 60 = 0.0167 s
The volt ages across two series-connected circuit elements are VI = 50 sin wt V and v 2 = 30 sin (wt - 30°) V.
What is the rms value of the applied voltage? Also determine the phase angle of this voltage with respect to v l'
I
In phasor notation,
VI =
V = VI
+ V2
~~=35.36+jO
= (35.36
Vz =
~
/ - 30° = 18.37 - jlO.6
+ 18.37) - jlO.6 = 53.73 - jlO.6 = 54.75 / -11. W
Ivl = 54.75 V
Hence
9.24
or
(b) the period (in
V
4> = -11.W
Two circuit elements are connected in parallel. The current through one of them is i 1 = 3 sin (wt - 60°) A
and the total line current drawn by the circuit is i = 10 sin (wt + 90°). Determine the rms value of the current
through the second element.
I
In phasor notation,
11 -=
Jz
(cos 60° - j sin 60°) = 1.06 - j1.832
1=
~
(cos 90° + j sin 90°) = 0 + j7.0n
150
D
CHAPTER 9
Since
I"" 11 + 12, we have
I z = I - I1 =- j7.0n - l.06 + j1.832 =, -1.06 + j8.904
9.25
A.. -
'I' -
8.904) -- 180 - 8273
tan -1 ( -l.06
. --
n~'
"7°
':11 .. _
iz = 12.68 sin (wt + 97.27°)
A
In a parallel circuit consisting of two elements, we haY!! I1 = 40 /20° A, 12 = 30 / -65° A, and V= 100 ~ V.
Determine the rms line current and the power factor.
I
1= I1 + 12 = 40 /20° + 30 / -65° = 4(1(l:os 20 + j sin 20) + 30(cos 65 - j sin 65)
And
= 37.588 + j13.681 + 12.678 - j27.1~;9 = 50.266 - j13.508
13.508
°
tan 4> = - 50.26(i
or
4> = -15
1I 1 = 52.05 A
And power factor
cos 4> = 0.966 lagging.
Determine the input power to the circuit of Prob. 9.26.
I
9.28
8.967 A
12m = v'2(8.967) = 12.68 A
From Prob. 9.23,
and
9.27
Ilzl =
What is the instantaneous current i z in Prob. 9.24'1
I
9.26
and
P = VI cos 4> = (100)( 52.05) cos 15° = 5027.6 W
Determine the input power to each circuit element of Prob. 9.26.
in Prob. 9.27 is the sum of the powers for the two elements.
I
Verify that the total input power calculated
PI = VII cos 4>1 = (100)(40) cos 20° = 3758.8 W
P z = VI2 cos
4>z = (100)(30) cos 6:5 = 1267.8 W
0
PI
+ P2 = 5026.6 W
which is approximately equal to the power calculated in Prob. 9.27.
9.29
If the current through the circuit of Prob. 9.23 is
1= 5 ~ A,
I
=
P
From Prob. 9.21,
9.30
calculate the input power.
III cos 4>
P = (54.76)(5) cos (-Il.16") = 268.62 W
Find the power dissipated in each element of the circuit of Prob. 9.23 for 1= 5 ~ (as in Prob. 9.29).
that the sum of the powers is the same as the total power calculated in Prob. 9.29.
I
Verify
From Prob. 9.23,
PI::::
VJ cos 4>1 = (35.36)(5) cos (0°) = 176.80 W
PI
+ P;
,= 268.67 W
which is the same as calculated in Prob. 9.29.
9.31
For the circuit shown in Fig. 9-10, we have
Find i3 at 60 Hz.
1~
-
t',
I,
+
tr
I
Fig. 9.10
I
Or, I, :::: I, - 12
= 6 /30° - 2 /20° = 6(cos 30° + j sin 3(1°) - 2(cos 20° + j sin 20°) = 5.196 + j3 - l.879 - jO.684
= 3.317 + j2.316 = 4.045 /34.9°
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS
Thus
13m
= 0(4.045) = 5.72 A
9.32
2
I=-A
and
Apparent power =
Hence,
v'2
150 2
v'2 v'2 = 150 VA.
Just as P = VI cos cf> denotes the true, or active, power in an ac circuit, the quantity VI sin cf> is defined as
the reactive power; it is measured in volt amperes reactive (var). Find the reactive power for the circuit of Prob.
9.32.
I
In this case
cf> = 30° - (- 30°) = 60°.
V=
Hence,
9.34
+ 34.9°)
In ac circuits the product of rms voltage and rms current is defined as apparent power, measured in voltamperes
(VA). If v = 150 sin (wt + 30°) V and i = 2 sin (wt - 30°) A, what is the apparent power?
I
9.33
151
w = 27Tf= 27T(60) = 377
i3 = 5.72 sin (377t
Hence,
D
150
v'2
2
I=-A
and
V
Reactive power = VI sin cf> =
v'2
(~)( ~) sin 60° = 129.9var
Given v = 200 sin 377t V and i = 8 sin (377t - 30°) A for an ac circuit, determine
(b) true power, (c) apparent power, and (d) reactive power.
I
(a)
(b)
The current lags the voltage by () = 30°.
From the data, V= (200/V2) V and 1= (8/V2) A.
True power = VI cos () =
(c)
(d)
v'2 v'2 (0.866) = 692.8 W
Apparent power = VI
Reactive power = VI
.
Therefore,
200 8
200 8
= v'2 v'2 = 800 VA
Sill () =
200 8
v'2 v'2 (0.5) = 400 var
(a) the power factor,
CHAPTER 10
\\
AC Circuits Under Steady State~
10.1
From Chap. 9 we know that the voltage across, and the current through, a resistor R are in the same phase.
Express this as a phasor relationship.
I
10.2
or
Draw a phasor diagram for a resistor showing the VI relationship.
waveforms in the time domain.
Also show the vi relationship between the
V'
RIR
f1.'
It?
(a.)
(b)
I
Fig. 10-1
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 1O-1a assuming the common phase angle to be 0°.
in the time domain is given in Fig. 1O-1h.
10.3
The vi relationship
Repeat Prob. 10.1 for an inductor L operating at angular frequency w.
In an inductor the current lags the voltage by 90°. Also IlL 1= IVLI IwL (see Chap. 9). Thus, if
VL = VL !.St., then I L = I L / - 90° = VL 1w L(B~J.::I= VL 1jw L, since 11 j corresponds to a rotation by 90° in
the clockwise direction (see Fig. 9-6).
I
10.4
Repeat Prob. 10.2 for the inductor of Prob. 10.3.
,/
VI..-_ jwLIL
~
I
/
I
/
I~
Ca.)
(b)
Fig. 10-2
I The phasor diagram and the vi relationship are shown in Fig. 1O-2a and h.
10.5
Repeat Prob. 10.1 for a capacitor C operating at angular frequency w.
I
In a capacitor the current leads the voltage by 90° and Ilel = Ivcl 1(1 IwC) (see Chap. 9). So, if
= le /90° = [Vcl(1 Iw C)lC~rQ:) = jw CVe, since j corresponds to a rotation by 90° in
the counterclockwise direction (see Fig. 9-6).
Vc = Ve!.St., then le
10.6
152
Repeat Prob. 10.2 for the capacitor of Prob. 10.5.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
153
~
V
c
Ca..)
(D)
I The phasor diagram and the
10.7
vi relationship are shown in Fig. 1O-3a and b.
From Probs. 10.1, 10.3, and 10.5, express resistance, and inductive and capacitive reactances, as complex
numbers in rectangular and polar forms.
R = R + jO = R !.St..
I
10.8
Fig. 10-3
= 0 + jwL = wL /90
XL
X
0
c
=0-
---.L
= _1_ /- 90
wC wC
0
Impedance Z of a circuit is defined as the ratio of the voltage V across the circuit to the current I through the
circuit. Find the impedance of a circuit having a resistance R in series with an inductance L operating at
angular frequency w.
I The circuit is drawn in Fig. 10-4, from which
V=VR + VI. = RI + jwLI = (R + jwL)1
V L = jwLI
Thus
Z=
~ = R + jwL = R + jX
L
R
j'-" L.
p-
I~
...
10.9
V
V
t
-
Fig. 10-5
Proceeding as in Prob. 10.8,
= (- ---.L)I
wC
Vc
Hence,
Z
= -VI = R -
What is the impedance of an LC series circuit?
I
V L = jwLI
V
c
For
Z=O,
wemusthave
wL=l/wC,
V=VR + Vc =
-
j
wC
=R -
.
JX
(R - ---.L)I
wC
c
At what frequencies will the impedance be zero or infinite?
=~I
wC
Z=~=j(WL-
or
10.11
f
Fig. 10-4
Find the impedance of the RC series circuit shown in Fig. 10-5, at angular frequency w.
I
10.10
~~
Ft
~
I
I
-
-j/wC
or
1
w c)=j(XL -Xc )
w=l/vTZ:
and
Z=oo
at
w=O.
Determine the impedance of an RLC series circuit (Fig. 1O-6a).
I
In this case, for the circuit current I, the terminal voltage V may be written as
1C)]1
V=[R+j(WL- w
or
Z=~=R+j(wL-
1
w C)=R+j(XL -Xc )
(1)
(2)
154
D
CHAPTER 10
-j
v-
1-
+ ~-
I
~ Vo -
L-
y
+
/wc-
11
jwl.-
R.
_
(a..)
VL
.,VA
.....
VL 1" VI:.
-
-
~
10.12
~
,
,
~V
(,5)
Fig. 10-6
At what frequency will the input current and the terminal votage of an RLC series circuit be in phase with each
other?
I
For V and I to be in phase, the circuit must act like a purely resistive circuit. Thus, the imaginary part of
the impedance must be zero. Hence, from Eq. (1) or (2) of Prob. 10.11, we must have wL = 1/wC or
w = 1/v'YC.
10.13
Draw a phasor diagram for the RLC series circuit (If Fig. 1O-6a.
I The phasor diagram is shown in Fig.
1O-6b, where
V=_-.L 1
V L = jwLI
V=VR+VL+Vc
c
wC
and cf> is power factor angle.
10.14
Admittance Y is defined as the reciprocal of imped.lI1ce Z; that is, Y = I/Z. Using this definition, find the
admittance of a parallel RL circuit, shown in Fig. 10.. 7, under sinusoidal steady state.
L
x..
R
4-
vl<-
V
I
Fig. 10-7
From Fig. 10-7,
and
where
10.15
Y = G - jB = admittance,
G = 1/ R = condu.;tance,
and
BL
= I I wL =1 I XL =inductive susceptance.
Find the admittance of an RC parallel circuit.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 10.14,
and
where
Y = G + jBc = admittance
and
I=IR+lc=
Bc = (oC
~ +jwCV=(G+jBJV=YV
= 1 /Xc = capacitive susceptance.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.16
D
155
Repeat Prob. 10.15 for the general RLC parallel circuit shown in Fig. 10-8.
I
In this case we have
Hence,
~~----~--------~~v
I
I
v
Fig. 10-8
10.17
Fig. 10-9
Draw a phasor diagram for the circuit of Fig. 10-8.
I The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 10-9 where
10.18
cf> is the power factor angle.
A 4-0 resistor in series with a 7.96-mH inductor is connected across a 11O-V 60-Hz source. Determine (a) the
impedance, (b) input current, and (c) the voJtages across the resistor and the inductor. (d) Draw a phasor
diagram showing the current and the voJtages.
XL = wL = 27TfL = 27T(60)(7.96 x 10- 3 ) = 3 0
I
(a)
Z = R + jXL = 4 + j3 = 5 /36.87° 0
(c)
V R = RI = 4(22)/-36.87° = 88 /-36.87°V
(b)
1=
V
Z
=
11O~
5/36.87° = 22/-36.87° A
V L = jXLI = j3(22) /-36.8r = 66/90° - 36.87° = 66 /53.13° V
(d)
See Fig. 10-10.
" .... .....
:1I0·L.E" V
"
~-7'-----------~
/
/
/
/
V :88L-3 6• S7
0
V
R
22
10-19
L:~t·gt A
Find the power factor and the power input to the circuit of Prob. 10.18.
dissipated in the resistor.
I
From Fig. 10-10,
cf> = -36.87°.
Fig. 10-10
Verify that the total input power is
Thus,
Power factor = cos (- 36.87°)
Input power Pin
=
VI
COS
cf>
=
0.8 lagging
= (110)(22)(0.8) = 1936 W
Power dissipated in R = 12R = (22?4 = 1936 W
156
10.20
D
CHAPTER 10
Given v = 200 sin 377t V and i = 8 sin (377t - 30°: A for an ac circuit.
(b) true power, (c) apparent power, and (d) reactive power.
I
10.21
(a)
The current lags the voltage by () = 30°.
(b)
From the data,
V= (200 1V2) V
(200/V2)(8/V2)(0.866) = 692.8 W.
(c)
(d)
Apparent power = VI = (200/V2)(8/V2) = E:OO VA.
Reactive power = VI sin () = (200 1Y2)(8 N2)( 0.5) = 400 var.
(a) the power factor,
Power factor = cos 30° = 0.866 lagging.
l = (8/V2) A.
and
true power = VI cos () =
Therefore,
A coil has a resistance of 10 n and draws a current of 5 A when connected across a 100-V 60-Hz source.
Determine (a) the inductance of the coil, (b) the power factor of the circuit, and (c) the reactive power.
I
(a)
Z= 100 =VR2+(wL)2= V'lO'+(377L)2
5
(b)
R
1
Z
2
or
L = 45.94mH
or
cos(}=-'=-~
Reactive power = VI sill ,9 = (100)(5)(sin 60°) = 433 var
(c)
10.22
Determine
A series RLC circuit is excited by a 100-V 79.6-Hz S'JUfCe and has the following data: R = 100 n,
C = 5 JLF. Calculate (a) the input current and Cb) the voltages across the elements.
I (a)
w = 27Tf= 27T(79.6) =500radls
L = 1 H,
XL = wL = (500)(1) = 500n
6
1
10
Xc = wC =, (:iOO)(5) = 400 n
Z = R + j(XI. - X(J = 100 + j(5()(I-- 400) = 100 + jlOO = 141.4 /45° n
V
100 ~)C
] =z= 141.421~ = 0.707 /-45° A
V R = RI = (100)(0.707 L.= 45°) = 70.7 / -45° V
(b)
VI.
=
jXLI = (500 L2Q~)(0.707 /-45°) = 353.5 /45° V
Vc = - jXcI = (400
L-9Q':)(0.707 / -45°) = 282.8 / -13SC V
......
" ...... ........
" I"
/
10 0
/
V\
I
I
12
1\
/
........
........
" ....../
/1
173.2/SX. V
200
-jl1.55
n
/
V = 173.2/SX.
V
/
0
1\
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10-11
10.23
For the circuit shown in Fig. lO-lla, evaluate the current through, and the voltage across, each element.
draw a phasor diagram showing all the volt ages and currents.
I
Applying nodal analysis at node 1, with VI = VH "
VI - 173.2
10
VI
VI
+ 20 + -jll.55~ =0
whence
Then
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
From this,
VID n =
173.2~
D
157
- VI = 100 !300V
VI
100 /-30°
0
11 =20=
20
=5/-30 A
It can be readily verified that
10.24
1 = I1
+ 12 , The phasor diagram of Fig.
lO-11b shows all voltages and currents.
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-12, calculate the current supplied by the voltage source and the voltage across
the current source.
2.83~
lOOL!r V
500
A
Fig. 10-12
I
At node 1 we have, with
VI = VlO = voltage across current source,
Current in = current out
from which
10.25
VI = 25 + j75 V.
Then the current from the voltage source is 1 = (100 -Vl)/50 = 1.5 - j1.5 A.
For the circuit of Fig. 10-12, by using the relationship P = Re (VI*), determine the power delivered by (a)
the voltage source and (b) the current source. (c) Verify that the sum of these two powers is the power
dissipated in the two resistances.
I
(a)
(b)
Since, from Prob. 10.24,
1 = 1.5 - j1.5 A,
Again, from Prob. 10.24,
VI = 25 + j75 V
PI = Re [(25
(c)
10.26
P v = Re [(100 + jO)(1.5
+ j1.5)] = 150 W.
2.83! 45° = 2 + j2 A.
and
+ j75)(2 -
j2)] = 50
Thus,
+ 150 = 200 W
Power dissipated in the two resistances,
A voltage source V ~ having an internal impedance Zs = Rs + jXs supplies a load having impedance
+ jXL · If RL and XL are individually variable, show that maximum power is transferred to the load
when
RL = Rs and XL = - Xs; that is, when
ZL = Z~. (This is known as the maximum power
transfer condition.) What is the power transferred to the load under this condition?
ZL = RL
I
Because Z sand Z L are in series, we have the load current
[
V
=
L
2
1. /
y(Rs+RL) +(XS+XL)
2
Power transferred to the load is
P=
R =
L L
(Rs
[2
V2R L
+ RL)2 + (Xs + X L )2
V2R L
~
= _V2 [ 1 _ (R S -R L
- (Rs + RL)2
4Rs
Rs + RL
Equality in the first line is attained for XL = - Xs;
absolute maximum, V 2/4R s , for ZL = Z~.
10.27
in the second, for
)2]
RL = Rs'
V2
~ _
- 4Rs
Hence, P attains its
A 20-n resistance is connected in series with a parallel combination of a capacitance e and a 15-mH pure
inductance. At angular frequency w = 1000 radl s, find C such that the line current is 45° out of phase with
the line voltage.
I
For V and 1 to be 45° out of phase, the net reactance of the parallel
R = 20 n. Hence,
1
±j20
j(1000)~0.015) + j1000 e
or
e=
For the smaller (larger) capacitance, 1 lags (leads) V by 45°.
1010 Us +
Le combination
must be ±20 n, since
fo) = 16.67 p,F, 116.7 p,F
158
10.28
D
CHAPTER 10
A 46-mH inductive coil has a resistance of 10 n. (a;' How much current will it draw if connected across a 100-V
6O-Hz source? (b) What is the power factor of the coil?
I
(a)
3
wL=(27Tx60)(46xlO- )=17.34n
and
ZL=1O+j17.34=20.0/60°.
Then,
_ (100 L.<o~ ) _
°
IL - (20.0 -i6a') - 5.0 /-60 A
L~L.
(b)
10.29
Power factor = cos 60° = 0.5 lagging.
A capacitor is connected across the coil of Prob.
Determine the value of the capacitance.
1(1.:~8
to make the power factor of the overall circuit unity.
I The admittance of the parallel combination will be
l/Z L +jwC=1/(1O+j17.34)+j377C=i..+
j(377C - 0.0434).
For unity power factor, the imaginary part must ,'anish, yielding
10.30
C=0.0434/377= 115 JLF.
A 20-n resistor is connected in parallel to a 26.52·mH inductor. The circuit operates at 60 Hz.
(a) the input impedance and (b) the input admittan';e of the circuit?
What is
I
(a)
1
(b)
10.31
Y=
Z=
1
8.95.z~~r =0.1117/-63AoS
Three circuit elements R = 2.5 n, XL = 4 n, and Xc = 10 n are connected in parallel, the reactances
being at 60 Hz. Determine the admittance of each element and, hence, obtain the input admittance.
I
YR = G =
~ = OA + jO
Y L = -jBL
= ._;
1
X
=0- jO.25
L
Hence,
10.32
Y=YR+Y L +Y c =OA-jO.15S
If the circuit of Prob. 10.31 is connected across
each branch and (b) the input current.
I
(a)
IR
=VY R = (10 L!r)(OA L!r) = 4 L!r A
le
(b)
10.33
lO-V 60-Hz ac source, determine
(a) the currents through
IL =VY L = (10 L!r)(0.25/-900) = 2.5/-90° A
=VY c = (10 lO° 1(0.10 /90°) = 1.0 /90° A
I=VY = (10 L!r)(OA - jO.15) =
(1O~r)(OA272/-20.56°)
= 4.272/-20.56° A
Verify that the power input to the circuit of Prob. 10 32 is all dissipated in the resistor.
I
10.34
Cl
Pin = VI
COS
cf> = (10)( 4.272)(cos w'56) = 40 W
At what frequency would the circuit of Prob. 10.31 be in resonance?
I The condition
w =
1/v'LC (Prob. 10.12) holds also for parallel resonance. Thus, from the given
reactances at 60 Hz,
w=
10.35
1
377\fIO
== - - - rad/s
\"(4/377)(1/377 x 10)
2
or about 95 Hz
A 6-n resistor is connected in parallel with a 300- /J.F capacitor, and the circuit is supplied by a lO-A 60-Hz
current source. Find the instantaneous currents through the resistor and the capacitor.
I
1
1
Xc = wC = 27T(60)(300 x 10 6) = 8.84 n
Voltage across the circuit,
"= R(-jXc) = (6)(8.84) ~ = 4965/-3417° n
...
R - jXc
6 - j8.84
.
.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
159
V= ZI = (4.965 / -34.17°)(1O~) = 49.65 /-34.17° V
V 4965
IR=R=-6-/-34.17°=8.275/-34.17°A
iR = IRm sin (wt
+ cfJR) = V2(8.275) sin (377t - 34.17°) = 11.7 sin (377t - 34.17°) A
ie = V2(5.617) sin (377t + 55.83°) = 9.42 sin (377t + 55.83°) A
Similarly,
10.36
V
49.65/-34.17°
le= -jXe = 8.84/-90° =5.617/55.83°A
For Prob. 10.35 verify that the input current I is the phasor sum of IR and le
I
From Prob. 10.35,
le = 5.617 /55.83° = 3.154 + j4.647
IR = 8.275/- 34.17° = 6.846 - j4.648
Hence,
10.37
IR
An inductive coil consumes 500 W of power at 10 A and 110 V and 60 Hz.
inductance of the coil.
I
Since
at
12R=500W
l=lOA,
or
377L=v'%
since
VR
2
+(wL) 2
W=27Tf=27T(60)=377.
Determine the resistance and the
Now,
R=500/(1O)2=5n.
V
110
Z=-=-=11!l=
I
10
10.38
+ le = 10 + jO = 10 L!r = I
or
Hence,
L=v'%/377=25.99mH.
A lossy capacitor dissipates 11 W of power while taking 0.3 A of current at 110 V and 60 Hz. Represent this
capacitor by a circuit having an ideal capacitor in parallel with a resistor and find the numerical values of the
circuit elements.
-t
V
If(
Ic
C
I/oon
,"g~F
Fig. 10-13
I
The circuit is shown in Fig. 10-13, for which we have to evaluate Rand C.
P=V 2IR,
R=
V2
P
(110)2
= -1-1- = 1100 n
1= 0.3 = V I~ + I~
An RL parallel circuit is shown in Fig. 1O-14a.
same current and power at a given voltage.
le = V(0.3)2 - (0.1)2 = 0.2828 A = wCV
Obtain its series equivalent such that the series circuit draws the
jX~L.~ j I. 9zn
Rs :./.44fl
t
J"3
"
.n...
I
V
+
(a.)
I
110
1100 = 0.1 A
R=
le
0.2828
C = w V = (377)(110) = 6.82 JLF
Hence,
10.39
V
IR =
From the data, since
(6)
The equivalent series circuit is shown in Fig. 1O-14h.
Fig. 10-14
From Fig. 1O-14a,
R(jXL)
(4 L!r)( 3 /90°)
12/90°
. .
Z= R+jX =
4+j3
= 5~ =2.4/53.13°= 1.44+J1.92=R s + JX Ls
L
10.40
Generalize the result of Prob. 10.39 to the circuit of Fig. 1O-15a.
160
D
CHAPTER 10
z. -...
+'x
-J
p
p
Fig. 10-15
I
Thus,
10.41
Solve Prob. 10.39 in reverse; that is, obtain the circuit of Fig. 1O-14a as the parallel equivalent of the circuit of
Fig. 1O-14b.
Zs = 1.44 + j1.92
I
1.44 - j1.92
1
or
(1.44 + i1.92)(1.44 - j1.92)
1.44 + j1.92
1
1
1
1
Rp = G = 025 = 4 n
Xp = 13 = 0 333 = 3 n
Thus,
p
10.42
Zs=Rs±jXs,
Since
Y
1
Zs
s=
=
+,
+,
1
R+X
Rs -'
Xs
s J s
G - 'B
R ± ,'Xs
= (R ± ,'X )(R += ,X ) = R2 + X2
R2
+ X2s = P
p
s
ss
Ss
ss
~
R~
1
+ X;'
R..
R =-=--_.
Thus,
p
Gp
Obtain the series equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 1O-16a.
(a.)
I
FromFig.1O-16a,
(6)
Rp=4n,
jXp =j3-j6=--j3.
4(3)2
36
(4)2 + (3)2 = 25
Hence
10.44
.
Generalize the result of Prob. 10.41; that is, given an RsXs series circuit, find its equivalent parallel circuit.
I
10.43
p
•
Z,
=
1.44 - j1.92
=
From the resultsofProb. 10.40,
1.44n
+
(4)23
48
..
(4)2 + (W = 25 = 1.92n (capaCitive)
shown in Fig. 1O-16b.
The equivalent circuit of a transformer is shown in Fig.
62.5/-36.8°. Calculate VI and 11 ,
I,
Fig. 10-16
10-17.
Given:
Ve = 2400 L!r and
O.2Sl
RI
V
I
Fig. 10-17
le =
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
161
I With the numerical values and the symbols shown in Fig. 10-17 we obtain:
le = 62.5/- 36.8° = 50 - j37.5 A
El = (2400 + jO) + (50 - j37.5)(0.2 + j0.45) = 2427 + j15 = 2427 /0.35° Y
0 _
•
2427 /0.35°
1550
= 1.56 /-89.65 - 0.0095 - } 1.56 A
m
Im =
I = 2427 + j15
e
Therefore,
10 = le
VI
10.45
+ Im = 0.25 =
10
"='
10 3
X
0.2427 + '0
]
A
11 = 10 + le = 50.25 - j39.06 = 63.65/-37.85° A
j1.56 A
(2427 + j15) + (50.25 - j39.06)(0.2 + j0.45) = 2455 + j30 = 2455/0.7°
Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit of Fig. 10-17 for the data of Prob. 10.44; also determine the input
power.
I
Power dissipated = (l1)2R I + (lyRe + (le)2R2
(63.65)\0.2) + (0.2427)\10 000) + (62.5)\0.2) = 2.18 kW
=
Input power = output power + dissipated power = (Ve1e cos cP)1O- 3 + 2.18 kW
= (2400)( 62.5)(cos 36.8)10-
10.46
3
+ 2.18 kW = 120.1 + 2.18 = 122.28 kW
Repeat Prob. 10.44 for the modified circuit shown in Fig. 10-18.
f>., S1-
I,
+
VI
Fig. 10-18
I From Fig. 10-18,
R
=
0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 n
From Prob. 10.44,
Hence,
le = 62.5/-36.8°
VI
= (2400 + jO) + (50 -
le =
I
+
V
R.
..
2453 iJlZ
°
Im = 1550 /90° = 1.58/-89.3 A
11 = 50.25 - j39.08 = 63.66/-37.9° A
XL = 12 n,
L..
and
Xc = 6 n.
If 1= 1O~,
find
VR
,
Vv
1
'V'(I'---~~--....,
'-\1_
R
+v/.
c.1"
_____----JT-~
I
jO.9 n
+ jO.9) = 2453 + j30 = 2453/0.7° Y
2453 /0.7°
10 X 10 3 = 0.2453/0.7° A
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-19, R = 8 n,
Vc, and V in rectangular and polar forms.
+ 0.45) =
Ve = 2400 ~
and
j37.5)(0.4
10 = 0.2453 - j1.58 A
10.47
jX = j(0.45
Fig. 10-19
= IR = (10 ~)8 = 80 ~ = 80 + jO° Y
V L = I(jXL ) = (10 ~)(12/900) = 120 /90° = 0 + j120 Y
Vc = 1(-jXc) = (1OL!L)(6/-900) = 60 /-90° = 0 - j60 Y
V=VR + V L + Vc = 80 + j60 = 100 /36.87°Y
VR
c
162
10.48
D
CHAPTER 10
In the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 10-20, calculate the current through the inductor, the capacitor, and the three
resistors.
Fig. 10-20
I
Choosing 0 as the reference node, writing the node ,equations for nodes 1 and 2 (after multiplying through by
10), we obtain:
V2 =Vk , = 10(3 - j1)
Thus
V
1.= -J-=I-j3A
'J
jlO
I ke =1+j3A
led = 1- jl A
10.49
le!
=
Igh
= j2A
1 + j1 A
Draw a phasor diagram showing all the voltages of the circuit of Fig. 10-20.
I
Choosing Vab as the reference phasor, the phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 10-21.
,-
- .....
-~
Vef
-..
.... ... '
........'
,
,,
,,
Fig. 10-22
Fig. 10-21
10.50
Draw a phasor diagram showing all the currents in the circuit of Fig. 10-20.
I
10.51
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 10-22.
How much power is supplied by the voltage source to the circuit of Fig. 1O-20?
dissipated entirely in the resistors.
Verify that this power is
Since Iba = led + le! we have, from the results of Prob. 10.48, Iba = (1 - j1) + (1 + j1) = 2 L!r A. Input
power = Vab lab cos cP = (40)(2) cos 0° = 80 W. Power dissipated in the resistors = 1O( 11 - jl2 + 11 + j112 +
Ij212) = 10(2 + 2 + 4) = 80 W (verified).
I
10.52
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-23, we have vab= 141.4 sin 4000t V
mine the currents through and the volt ages across ,~ach element.
and
if!
= 4 sin (4000t + 45°) A.
Deter-
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
e £;O{"L of
'l~
D
163
~
~
s-ofl-
~
IO/'F
f
~
t
1
-.
JL
J
Fig. 10-23
I Choosing node 1 as the reference node, we have:
j) =
1
1
V3 ( 50 + 50 + 25
Igh
.
or
V3 =Ve! =Vgh =Vij = 25(3 - jl) = 79/-18.4°V
= 1.5 - jO.5 = 1.58/-18.4° A
V,d = Vab
10-53
100
50 + (2 + J2)
-
le!
V3 = 25(1 + jl) = 35.3/45° V
= 1 + j3 = 3.16/71.6° A
led = 0.5 + jO.5 = 0.71/45° A
Draw a phasor diagram showing all voltages and currents in the circuit of Fig. 10-23.
I The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 10-24.
V<lb
Fig. 10-24
10.54
Determine the powers supplied by the voltage source and the current source in the circuit of Fig. 10-23.
I Power supplied by the voltage source:
iVab Il/bal cos CPu
=
iVabll/edl cos CPu
=
141.4
V2 (0.71) cos 45° = 50 W
Power supplied by the current source:
4
lV;jll/jil cos CPi = \V,II~il cos CPi = 79 V2 cos (45 + 18.4) = 100 W
10.55
Calculate the total power absorbed by the two resistors of the circuit of Fig. 10-23.
equals the sum of the powers supplied by the two sources.
Verify that this power
I Power absorbed by the resistors:
(led)250 + (lgS50 = (0.707)250 + (1.58)250 = 25 + 125 = 150 W
Sum of the powers from the two sources (from Prob. 10.54) is
10.56
50 + 100 = 150 W (verified).
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-25, find the power delivered by the source.
164
D
CHAPTER 10
0.1
Lolr
Fig. 10·25
I
By using nodal analysis (after multiplying through by 1500), we obtain
(8 + j6)V2 - 5V3 = 15(1
V2 = VOb = 25 /- 36.87° V.
Solving for V2 yields
-5V2
+ (5 -
j3.75) V,
=0
l-Ience, power supplied is
Voblba cos cjJ = (2S)(O.1) cos 36.87° = 2 W
10.57
How much power is dissipated in the 300-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-25?
V~
I
(25)2
500'= 500 = 1.25 W
p}OO l! == 2 - 1.25 = 0.75 W.
Otherwise,
P500 fl =
From Prob. 10.56,
Pin = 2 W.
Hence,
V}
20 L.[:
1
1300 n = j400= ~mo /90° = 20 /-90° A
where V3 is obtained from Prob. 10.56.
10.58
Hence,
1':100 n = (1/20)2300 = 0.75 W.
Calculate the total power delivered to the circuit of Fig. 10-26.
• J.o.n.
J
Fig. 10·26
I
The input impedance is
1
Zi = 20
Thus,
10.59
+ 1I(-j40) + j 140 + 11(20 + j20) = 400
200 L.[:
Vi
li = Zi = 40 L.[: = 5 L.[:A
A (15 + j20).0 impedance is supplied by a 125-'1 60-Hz source.
impedance during one cycle of the applied voltage~'
I
Let
V = 125 L.[:.
How much energy is delivered to the
Then
125 L.[:
1= 15 + j20 = 5/-53.1':
Energy
10.60
Pi = VJi cos cjJ = (200)(5)(cosOO) = 1 kW
and
=
P = (125)(5) cos (53.1°) = 375 W
power >~ time
=
(375 J Is)( io s) = 6.25 J
The terminal voltage and current for a series circuit are v = 141.4 sin 2000t V and i = 7.07 sin (2000t +
36.87°) A. Obtain the simplest two-element circuit which would have the above vi relationship.
I
In terms of phasors,
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
V=
1~~2.4
10° = 100 10° Y
v L. ~
~
1=
/36.87° = 5 /36.87° A
Since
Specify the
V= 100 Y and 1= 10 A,
\Z\ = 11~ = 100
P
600
cos () = VI = (100)(10) = 0.6
Hence, Z=1O(cos53.1°±jsin53.1°)=(6±j8)0 and
mH induct or or a 125-JLF capacitor.
10.62
Z = R + ,'X = 100 &' - 20 /-3687° - 16 ,'12
5 /36.87° .
-
A two-element series circuit draws 600 W of power and 10 A of current at 100 Y and 5OOI7T Hz.
values of these circuit elements.
I
165
1
1
C = wXc = (2000)(12) = 41.67 JLF
R= 160
Thus,
10.61
:'~27
V L.
D
R=60,
() = ±53.1°
or
X=±j80, which requires either an 8-
An inductive coil having a 30-0 resistance and unknown inductance is connected in parallel with a 100-0
resistor. The combination is connected across a 100-Y 5017T-Hz source. If the power delivered by the source
is 400 W, find the value of the inductance.
+
IOD.!').
L
Fig. 10-27
I
From Fig. 10-27,
(100)2
P IOO n = 10() = 100 W
2
P30 n = 400 - 100 = 300 W = (/30 n) 30
(300
or
130n ='-J30=3.162A
or
or
XL = 3.162 = 100
10
L = 27T(50/7T) = 100 mH
Hence,
10.63
31.62
or
The resistance R and the inductance L of a coil are to be determined experimentally. The available equipment
are a voltmeter and an 8-0 resistor. The 8-0 resistor is connected in series with the coil and the combination
across a 120-Y 60-Hz source. If the voltmeter reads 32 Y across the resistor and 104 Y across the coil,
determine Rand L.
I
+
?1-
V
v
-
R
+
R
Vc.<l
,
L
o
,
~"Z..II
,/,.V
'
~~--~------------~~a'
(h)
Fig. 10-28
166
D
CHAPTER 10
I
The circuit and the phasor diagram for the experiment are shown in Fig. 1O-28a and b respectively, from
which 32 ~ + 104 ~ = 1201.['. The law of cmines gives
cos 82 =
(104)2 + (120)2 - (3::)2
2(104)(120)- = 0.9692
81 = -53.1°
Similarly,
Icoil
Hence
VR
or
32 /
VR =32/-53.1°Y
= I = R = 8 - 53 . 10 = 4 /-5~r
R = 10 n,
or
_ Veoil
A
Zeoil-
Ieoil
_
-
104~ _ 0 '2
4/-53.10 -1 +] 4
L = 24/377 = 63.66 mHo
Fig. 10·29
10.64
In the circuit shown in Fig. 10-29, X is purely reactive. With the switch closed, the circuit draws 1 A of current
at 100 Y and consumes 80 W of power. With th,~ switch open, the current remains unchanged at 1 A.
Determine X and XcP
I
R = -/2
80
== - -
(1)2
= 80 n
With the switch closed:
X= ±60n
or
With the switch open:
Ix - xci = Ixl = 60
or
The unique solution with positive Xc is
10.65
Xc = 120 n and
X = +60 n.
A circuit draws 2 A at 120 Y and 60 Hz and conSUlles 120 W of power. A capacitor of unknown value is
connected in series with the given circuit and the combination put across the same voltage source. It is found
that the magnitude of the input current is increased. Determine the values of the original circuit elements.
li
I Let Z = Z
n. Now, since the current increases when a capacitor is connected in series, the original
circuit is inductive and cjJ is positive. Or,
cjJ =
Thus
COS-I.!.....
VI
= __
I~_- = 60°
COS-I
Z = 60 /60° = 30 + j51.96
wL = 51.96 n
10.66
Izl = ~ =
I
(12(')(2)
or
L=
120 = 60 n
2
R=30n
5~~~6
= 137.83 mH
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-30, calculate C such that the input current is 45° out of phase with the input
voltage at a frequency w = 2000 rad/s.
~D.n.
---'V\I'~
_ __
nT
:/~H
________'l~
C
Fig. 10·30
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
167
I For the input current to be 45° out of phase with the input voltage, the net reactance of the parallel portion
of the circuit must be ±20fl. Therefore, ±jI20= -jlwL + jwC, or
1 (1
1)
C = ~ wL ± 20
10.67
1
(
= 2000
1
2000 x 15
X
1)
10- 3 ± 20
=
10- 3
120 (2 ± 3) = 41.66 JLF
An inductive load takes 480 W of power at 0.8 lagging power factor while operating at 120 V and 60 Hz. It is
desired to make the power factor of the input current (with respect to the input voltage) unity by connecting a
capacitor in parallel with the load. What is the value of the capacitance?
I·,
Fig. 10·31
I
The circuit configuration is shown in Fig. 10-31.
480
IL = (120)(0.8)
Thus,
IL = 5 /-36.87° = 4 - j3.
Let
and
5A
Ic=jb.
Then
3
C = (377)(120)
Hence,
10.68
=
Then
cjJ
= cos- 1 0.8 = -36.87°
Ii=IL+lc=4+j(b-3)
= 66.3
or
Ic=j3=jwCV.
JLF
A variable capacitor C is connected in parallel with an inductive coil of inductance 0.2 H and resistance 10 n.
The combination is connected across a lO-V 50-Hz voltage source. Find the value of C which will result in a
minimum current from the source.
1
I ..
+
v
v
II
(a..)
(1,)
Fig. 10·32
I The circuit and the phasor diagram are shown in Fig. 1O-32a and b, where R = 10 n,
j62.8 n. The current I will be minimum when the circuit operates at unity power factor.
XL = Xc = 62.8 = l/wC. Hence,
jXL = j314(0.2) =
For this condition
1
C
10.69
= (314)(62.8) = 50.7 JLF
The circuit of Fig. 1O-33a shows an ac generator with internal impedance Rg + jXg delivering power to a
load. (a) Obtain an expression for the magnitude of the current in terms of the voltage source and the
elements of the circuit. (b) Use the expression for current to obtain an expression for the power dissipated in
Rx' (c) Show that, if Rx and Xx are considered as the variables (with P as a parameter), the relationship of part
2
(b) can be written in the form of the equation of a circle the center of which is at the point (V /2P - Rg, - Xg)
2
and the radius of which is (V2/2P)(1-4R gPIV )1/2. (d) Let V= 100 V and Rg and Xg be 10 and 20n,
respectively. Draw the circles for various convenient values of P between zero and the value at which the
radius of the circle is zero. Label each circle with the value of power to which it corresponds.
168
D
CHAPTER 10
Xx
Ge.rI.
,
Loa.d.
I
- ___ .J
(a..)
\
0)
I
(a)
1=
V
. V(R x + Rg)2 + (Xx
Fig. 10-33
(b)
+ Xg)2
(c) The relationship of part (b) may be rewritten m,:
[R
x
V2)]2 + (X + X )2 = -V42 (1 - -4Rg2P)
+ (Rg - -2P
x
g
4p
V
which is the equation of a circle as described.
10.70
An ac bridge circuit is shown in Fig. 10-34.
detector D.
(d) The circles are shown in Fig. 1O-33b.
Obtain the condition for balance when no current flows through the
1----4-2.
Fig. 10-34
I Since the current through D is zero, nodes 1 and 2 are at the same potential. Thus, I1 flows through ZI and
Z3 whereas 12 flows through Z2 and Z4' Under balance condition we have IIZI = 12Z 2 and II Z 3 = 12Z4·
Hence, the required condition is
10.71
Z I /Z 3 = Zzl Z 4'
As a special case for the bridge of Fig. 10-34, we have ZI = RI' Z2 = Rx + jwLx,
Z4 = R4 + l/jwC4· The bridge is balanced. Solve for the unknowns Rx and Lx'
I From Prob. 10.70 we have
Z3 = IljwC 3 ,
and
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
RI(R4 +
or
~C) = JW
~C3 (Rx + jwLJ
JW
0
169
or
4
Equating the real parts and solving for Lx yields
Lx = R I R 4 C3
(1)
Equating the imaginary parts and solving for R x gives
(2)
10.72
Verify that (a) the operation of the bridge of Prob. 10.71 is independent of frequency and
be balanced by adjusting resistances only.
(b) the bridge can
• (a) Since the frequency W does not enter in the balance conditions (1) and (2) of Prob. 10.71, the operation
is independent of frequency. (b) Condition (2) of Prob. 10.71 can be satisfied by adjusting R I only (for a given
C3 /C4 . Then condition (1) can be satisfied by adjusting R4 only.
10.73
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-35 determine the condition such that the input impedance is purely resistive at
all frequencies.
R
v
jwL
Fig. 10-35
• The voltage source "sees" the impedances
impedance is
R + jwL
and
(R + jwL)[R - j(l/wC)]
2R + j[wL - (l/wC)]
where
X
=
wL - l/wc.
10.74
Zin
R2 + LlC + jRX
2R+jX
(1)
_ R __ LlC- R2
2R+jX
(2)
= R for all w if LlC = R2.
L = 100 mH,
For the circuit of Fig. 10-35 we have
input power.
•
in parallel; hence, the input
Subtracting R from both sides of Eq. (1),
Zin
and Eq. (2) shows that
R - j(l/wC)
C = 10 ILF,
R = 100 n,
and
V = 100 V.
Calculate the
From the data we may verify that
3
L
100 x 10- = 104 = (100)2 = R2
C-lOx10 6
Thus, according to Prob. 10.73, the input impedance is purely resistive, or
Zin = R =
10.75
lOOn
Power = VI cos cjJ
= (100)(1)(1) = 100 W
The bridge of Fig. 10-34 is used to measure the resistance and inductance of a coil. The arms of the bridge are:
ZI = RI/(l + jwCR I ), Z2 = R 2, Z3 = R 3 , and Z4 = Rx + jwLx· For balanced conditions we have RI =
10 kn, C = 0.5 J.LF, R z = 400 n, and R3 = 600 n. (a) Derive the general conditions for balance. (b)
Determine Rx and Lx.
•
(a)
For balance we must have
or
or
Equating the real and imaginary parts, the conditions for balance are
170
D
CHAPTER 10
= R2 R 3
(1)
L, ,= CR 2 R 3
(2)
RIRX
(b) For the given numerical values, from Eqs. (1) and (2) we obtain
R = (400)(600) = 24 n
x
10,000
10.76
Lx = (0.5)10-\400)(600) = 120mH
Two impedances ZI = 10 / - 53.13° nand Z2 == 20 /36.87° n are connected in parallel. The combination
draws 2 + j1 A current from a voltage source. Delermine the complex power for each branch.
•
Total admittance is
Y -- Y 1 + Y 2 -- ~
Z
+~
Z --
1
L10
15'1 l4° + L20
J~"-_
/-3687°
•
2
= (0.06 + jO.08) + (0.04 - jO.031 = 0.1 + jO.05 = 0.1118 /26S S
hr..
,,0
1= 2 + j1 =2.236~A
11 = VY I = (20 L!L)( fa /53.13°) = 2 /53.13° A
,I
2.236 ~
!ro0
\ = Y = 0.1118 /26S = 20&' V
12 = VY 2 = (20 L!L)( 10
/ - 36.87°) = 1 / -
36.87° A
SI =VIr = (20L!L)(203.J~) = 40 /-53.13° = 24 - j32 VA
S2 = VI; = (20 L!L)(1 D6.!Q~) = 20 /36.87° = 16 + j12 VA
10.77
For the circuit of Prob. 10.76 verify that the total compilex power is the sum of the two complex powers obtained
in Prob. 10.76.
•
From Prob. 10.76,
SI = 24 - j32
Thus,
S = SI
S2 = 16 + j12
+ S2 = 40 - j20 VA. Otherwise,
S = VI* = (20 L!L)(2.236 / -22';~ 1'= 44.72 / -26S = 40 - j19.95 VA
The slight error is due to roundoff.
10.78
A parallel circuit consisting of two impedances is shown in Fig. 10-36.
and, hence, calculate the input current I.
•
Z = ~ = (8 + j6)(lC·- j5)
8 + j6 + 10 + j5
ZI + Z2
Since
Replace it by an equivalent series circuit
= 50 + jlOO = 53 /32° n
18 + jll
.
V= 200 L!L V,
V
200,L!lo
1= - = ---=. = 37 74/-32° A
Z
5.3il£:
.
I
Fig. 10·36
10.79
Determine the power factor of the circuit of Fig. 1(1-36 by calculating the power dissipated in the equivalent
resistor. Verify that the result is consistent with that of Prob. 10.78.
•
From Prob. 10.78,
Z = 5.3 /32° = (4.495 + j2.80B) n.
P = [2R = (37.74)2(4.495) = 6.402 kW
From Prob. 10.78,
Thus,
R = 4.495 n.
P
6402
cos cjJ = V[ = (200)(37.74) = 0.848 lagging
cos cjJ = cos (- 32°) = 0.848 Jagging.
D
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.80
A series-parallel circuit is shown in Fig. 10-37.
171
Determine the currents I, 11' and 12,
j SA
311.
1;
SA
V.: loo
Fig. 10-37
I The input impedance
Zi is given by
= 2 + '3 + (3 + j5)(5 - j6) = 2 + '3 + (5.82 M)(7.81/ -50.2°)
3+j5+5-j6
J
Z,
8.06/-7.120
J
= 2 + j3 + 5.65/15.92° = 7.43 + j4.55 = 8.71/31.48° n
_ V_lOO jJl
_
°
1- Zi - 8.71~ -11.48/-31.48 A
The voltage across the parallel branch is
V23 = IZ 23 = (11.48/-31.48°)(5.65/15.92°) = 64.86/-15.56° V
V23
64.86/-15.56°
/
11 = ~ =
5.83/59°
=11.12 -74.56° A
10.81
12 =
V23
Z; =
64.86/-15.56°
/'lA t:'l0
7.81/-50.19° = 8.3 Ll±&l.A
Draw a phasor diagram for the circuit of Fig. 10-37 showing V12' V23 , V, I, 11' and 12,
I
From Prob. 10.80,
V12 = 1(2 + j3) = (11.48 /-31.48°)(3.6/53.3°) = 41.39/24.83° V
V=100jJlV
1= l1.48/-31.48°A
V23 = 64.86/-15.56° V
I 1 =11.12/-74.56°A
12 = 8.3 /34.63° A
Hence we draw the phasor diagram of Fig. 10-38.
I
- -- ----- -- ,..
\
\
-
/"
,,/
- C
~
I
/'
/'
V::. IOo'f
,/
LD•
I,
I,
Fig. 10-38
10.82
Fig. 10-39
The circuit of Fig. 10-39 operates at a frequency of 50 Hz.
voltage V and the input current I are in the same phase.
Determine the value of C in order that the input
I Input impedance:
Z= -
i. +
wC
i.
i.
(6)(j12) = _
+ (j72)(6 - j12) = _
+ '24+ 48
6 + j12
wC
36 + 144
wC J.
.
For V and I to be in the same place, the imaginary part of Z must be zero.
Hence,
1
C = (2.4)(314) = 1326.9 J1. F
w = 27T(50) = 314.
Thus,
l/wC = 2.4.
At 50 Hz,
172
10.83
D
CHAPTER 10
For the C obtained in Prob. 10.82 calculate the power input to the circuit of Fig. 10-39 by: (a) VI cos cI>; (b)
I2R, where R is the resistive portion of Z (obtained in Prob. 10.82); and (c) (II?6, where 11 is the current
through the 6-0 resistor. Verify that the results are identical.,
• (a) Since Z = 4.80, 1= (100/4.8) L!r = 20.83 ,~!J~A. Hence,
(b) I2R = (20.83)2(4.8) = 2083 W. (c) By current division rule,
Z2
j12
I, = I ZI + Z2 = (20.83 L!r) 6 + rl2
VI cos cl> = (100)(20.83)(cosOO) = 2083 W
(20.83 L!r)(12/900)
13.42 ~
= 18.63/26.56° A
= -
I~R = (18.631\6) = 2083 W
10.84
V,= 10 L!r V.
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-40, we have
Find 11' 12, and 13,
_ 10+ jO _ _1~~~': __ 77/°
I1 - 3 + j2 - 3.60 L~,.690 - 2.
33.69 A
•
Z3
(
/
0) 9 - j6
(:~.77 /-33·n(10.82/-33.7°)
57/ 73 °
12 =IIZ +Z = 2.77-33.7 19+j2'=
19.1&
= 1 . - .4A
2
3
_
Z2
_
° 10 + j8_ (2.77 /-33.7°)(12.8 ~) _
°
13 - I1 Z2+ Z 3 - (2.77/-33.7) 19+}"219.1&
-1.86L.=.rA
~
j
III.n
an.
I I 3.f2 ;;&, j1Jl
+
..,. v.,-- IDU" -
'1ft
v
Fig. 10-40
10.85
Determine the terminal voltage V for the circuit of Fig. 10-40.
•
V = VI + V2. Since
V, = 10 L!r = 10 + jO V (given)
and, from Prob. 10.84,
V2 = 13Z3 = (1.86/-1°)(10.82 L-3:ht> = 20.13/-34.7° = 16.55 - jl1.46 V
V= (10 + jO) + (16.55 - j11.46) = 26.55 - jl1.46 = 28.9/-23.3° V
we obtain
10.86
Obtain the complex power in each of the three impedances of the circuit of Fig. 10-40.
the three complex powers is the same as the input complex power.
•
Verify that the sum of
SI = VII~ = (10 L!r)(2. 77 L11.n =, 27.7 /33.7° = 23.05 + j15.37 VA
S2 =V21; = (20.13/-34.7°)(1.57 L~'.4°) = 31.6/38.7° = 24.66 + j19.76 VA
S3 =V31; = (20.13/-34.7°)(1.86 LD
=
37.44/-33.7° = 31.15 - j20.77 VA
S = SI + S2 + S3 = 78.86 + j14.36 VA =VI~ = (28.9 /-23.3°)(2.77/33.7°) = 80 /10.4° = 78.68 + j14.44 VA
which are approximately equal.
10.87
Repeat Prob. 10.86 for the circuit of Fig. 10-37.
•
From Prob. 10.81,
SI =V'21* = (41.39/24.83°)(11.48 LU.AB~) = 475.16/56.31° = 263.57 + j395.36 VA
S2 = V231~ = (64.86/-15.56°)(11.12 L]~.56°) = 721.24/59° = 371.46 + j618.22 VA
S3 = V231; = (64.86/-15.56°)(8.3 84./~~) = 538.34/- 50.19° = 344.67 - j413.54 VA
S = S, + S2 + S3 = 979.7 + j600 =VI* = (100 L~)(11.48/31.48°) = 1148/31.48° = 979.04 + j599.49 VA
Hence
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.88
D
173
Three circuit elements R = 10 n, L = 0.1 H, and C = 600 /LF are connected in parallel and the combination is placed across a 11O-V 60-Hz source. Determine the input current and input power. Also calculate the
power factor angle.
•
YI=~=
1
j
Y 2 = jwL = 0 - (377)(0.1) = 0 - jO.0265
11 + jO =0.1+jO
0
1
6
Y 3 = ----;---/
C = jWC = j377(600 x 10- ) = 0 + jO.2262
-J w
Thus,
Y=Y +Y 2 +Y 3 =0.1+jO.1997=0.223/63.4°S.
Let
V=110L!L.
Input current
I=VY=
(110 L!L)(0.223/63.4°) = 24.57 /63.4° A = 11 + j21.97 A.
Input power = VI cos cjJ = (110)(24.57) cos 63.4° =
1210 W. Power factor angle cjJ = 63.4°.
j
10.89
10.90
Determine the power dissipated in the lO-n resistor of the circuit of Prob. 10.88.
found to be 63.4°, calculate the input current for the circuit.
If the power factor angle is
• PR = V2/ R = (110)2/10 = 1210 W.
10.88.
as
Hence
1= 1210/ (110 cos 63.4°) = 24.57 A
in
Prob.
We have two circuits: Circuit 1 draws no direct current whereas circuit 2 takes 5 A at 50 V dc. When
connected across 50-V 60-Hz ac, circuit 1 takes a 2-A current and circuit 2 draws 3 A. Identify the circuit
elements and obtain their numerical values.
• Since circuit 1 is an open circuit to dc, it is a capacitor.
takes a 2-A current. Thus,
Vc =50=ljwC=2/377C
Now, at 50-V dc, circuit 2 takes a 5-A current.
R = ~ = 10 n. At 50-V 60-Hz ac,
V
50
1=-=-=3
Z
wL
Hence
10.91
determined
=
V(16.67)2 -
Z
When connected across a 50-V 60-Hz source, it
or
Hence, the circuit is inductive and its resistive component is
or
(10)2 = 13.33 n
Z = lj! = 16.67 n
13.33
L = 377 = 35.37 mH
or
A 11O-V 60-Hz inductive load draws (500 - j500)-VA complex power. A capacitor C is connected across the
load to bring the overall power factor to 0.866 lagging. Determine the value of C, and new value of complex
power of the load/capacitor combination.
j &2,
VAN.
I
/.
VA
P,
W
j 50 0
-:
k..l/c .... ~
1C
VA "'-«..=
500 -
VA.k..t.
Fig. 10-41
• First, we show the complex power for the load in Fig. 10-41, which shows a lagging power factor angle of
45°. From Fig. 10-41, it follows that to change the power factor to 0.866, we have: Reactive power
supplied by Cis500tan300=211.3var or Ic=211.3/110==1.921A=wCV==(377)C(110). Hence, C=
46.325/LF.
New VA = (500)2 + (211.3)2 == 542.8 VA and the corresponding complex power S = P + jQ == 500 j211.3 VA.
V
174
10.92
D
CHAPTER 10
Determine the reading of a voltmeter connected between points 1 and 2 of the circuit of Fig. 10-42.
T
1...
IJl
o
'10
V1'1
I.!
Fig. 10-42
•
The impedances are:
Z2 = 1 + jl = 1.414 /45° n
ZI = 1- jl = 1.414 /-4~U
_ ~ _ (1.414 L45~)(1.414 ~) _ 2L!r - I L!r
Z - ZI + Z2 (I - jl) + (I + jl)
- 2 L!r 0 n
V
IlJL!r
1= - == - - - - =1 1OL!r A
Thus
IL!r
Z
By current division,
Similarly
The voltmeter reading Vl2 is given by
VI
n
+ VI2 - VI n
or
= 0
(77. P /45°)(1) + VI2 - (77.77 / -45°)(1) = 0
55 + j55 + V 12 -55 + j55 = 0
or
- V 12 = j55 + j55 = jllO V
O)r
Hence the voltmeter reading is 110 V.
10.93
Obtain the active and reactive powers of the circuit of Fig. 10-42.
•
S = VI' = (110 L!rXllOL!r) = 12100 + jO.
Taking the current from Prob. 10.92,
Hence
P = 12100 W,
Q = Ovar.
10.94
Check Prob. 10.93 by adding the complex powers in the two branches.
For ZI we have SI = VI~ = (110 L!r) (77.77 L:-4:~)= 6050 - j6050 VA. For Z2 we obtain
(110 L!r) (77.77 / +45°) = 6050 + j6050 VA. Hence SI + S2 = 12100 + jO S.
I
10.95
=
Find the current through the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 10-43.
v
I
-j 2.fl_
1
,
vt
~_
....
11..
I
~
I..{L.
511-
5 LoO;.,
z•
I '4 '
2.Sl
~j 111-
1
b
•
Fig. 10-43
Impedance presented between ab:
.
2.828~
.
h k C;:k O
.
2(1 + jl)
Z2 = -J2 + 2+ 1 + jl = -J2 f 3.162 /18.43° == -J2 + 0.894~
= - j2
+ 0.8 + jO.4
=
0.8 - jl 6 = 1.79 / -63.4° n
.
°
5L!r
°
12 = current through capacitor = 5 L!r 5 + 0.8 _ j1.6 = 4.16 ~ A
S2 = VI; =
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.96
D
175
Calculate the current in the 15-0 resistor of the circuit shown in Fig. 10-44.
.
"t-
I ...
T,
J~
5.n,
I.f
I
~? I.:'~o~
t
V
j SA
-5 '0
Isn
j ~.".n.
Fig. 10-44
•
First we determine the input admittance:
Y = YI + Y2+ Y3+ Y4=
or
Z=
1
Y=
1
1
1
0.221/-58° =4.53/58°0
13 = Y 3V =
10.97
1
jO.187 = 0.221/-58° S
V=ZI=(4.53/58°)(33/-13°)= 149.5/45°V
(is L!r)(149.5/45°) = 9.97 /45° A
Determine the complex power drawn from the current source of the circuit of Fig. 10-44.
•
From Prob. 10.96.
Z = 4.53/58°.
So the circuit is inductive.
+ jQ =VI* = (149.5)(33) /(45 + 13) = 4933.5/58° = 2614 + j4184 VA
S= P
10.98
1
J5 + 5 + j8.66 + 15 + -jlO = 0.117 -
Calculate the input active and reactive powers in the circuit elements of Fig. 10-44.
complex power. Verify that the result agrees with that of Prob. 10.97.
•
Now.
Hence determine the
V2
(149.5)2
Q = - =
= 4470var
I
XI
5
1
12 = Y 2V= 5 + j8.66 (149.5/45°)
and
1121 = 14.95 A
Q2 = (/2)2X2 = (14.95)28.66 = 1935.5 var
P3 = (/3)2 15 = (9.97)2 15 = 1490 W
S2 = Pz + jQ2 = 1117.5 + j1935.5 VA
S3 = 1490 + jO V A
Q3 = 0
2
Q4
:=
V = (149.5)2 = 2235
X
10
var
S4 = 0 - j2235 V A
4
S = SI
+ S2 + S3 + S4 =j4470 + 1117.5 + j1935.5 + 1490 - j2235 = 2607.5 + j4170.5
which is approximately the same as obtained in Prob. 10.97.
10.99
VA
The error of about 0.3 percent is due to roundoff.
Determine L in the circuit shown in Fig. 10-45.
o
T: II.f/S· I 2.
220
L!
<>
f40 H
•
-j
L
15.52.
i
Fig. 10-45
V
220 L!r
12 = Z2 = 15 - j15
220 L!r _
°_
.
21.2~ - 10.35 ~ -7.34 + J7.34 A
_
_
.
_
.
_
° _ V _ 220 L!r
I1 - I - 12 -11.81/ -7.12 - (7.34 + J7.34) - 4.38 - J8.8 - 9.83/-63.6 A - ZI - 10 + jX
L
from which
10.100
XL = 200 = wL = 377 L
Determine Zx in the circuit shown in Fig. 10-46.
or
L = 53.05 mH
176
0 CHAPTER 10
~0:J1.'L
J 3.n.
Fig. 10-46
--------~--------~
I
Y=
31.5 M
"0
•
I
1
50 /60° = 0.63 L::..:;,-Q_ ,= 0.51 - ,0.37 = Y x + 10 + 4 + j3
1
V=
or
Thus,
10.101
Zx
=
2 + j2 n
Find the voltage V AB in the circuit of Fig. 10-47.
y
-jsa.
•
).,0 L.?JiJ
So ~IfSD
S..Il..
I
Fig. 10-47
Notice that the inductor jXL is irrelevant became no current flows through it.
20m
,
11 = 10 + jlO = 1.414 L=.!i A
Now,
V AX = 11 (5) = (1.414/-15°)5 = 7.07 L=.l:r V
Hence
10.102
V AB =VAX
12
50~
=
5-j5
Thus,
V XY = O.
=7.07~A
V YR = -1 2 (5) = -(7.07 ~)5 = - 35.35 ~ Y
+ V XY + V YR = 7.07 /-15·: + 0 - 35.35 LiL = -28.6 -
j1.83 = 28.7 /183.7°Y
Determine V AB in the circuit of Fig. 10-48.
I
By current division we obtain
11 = 1 Z
1
~2 Z
= 18/45° 30
2
!
j
,·8
=
4.64/120. 1..:: A
Z1
_ 18 / A <:0
30
_ 7 0 /3()O 1 °
12 - 1 Zl + Z2 & 30 + j8 - 1 .4 ~ A
For the path AB we have
V AB = V AX
+ VXB
= 11 (20) - l!( j6) ,= (4.64/120.1°)20 - (17.40 /30.1 0)j6
= 92.8/120.1° + 104.4 1.=59.2~ = 11.6/-59.9° Y
t-
sS\.-
-1-.0..
V
A
VA8
-
8
.~ .~L, S19
-J .if.J2.
J
)<
Fig. 10-48
10.103
In the circuit of Fig. 10-49, we have
I
Fig. 10-49
V AB = 48.3 LK':.
Evaluate V.
By voltage division,
-j4
J
V AX = --4
·4 V= -1---:
V
,
-- I
j8.66
VBX
= 5 + j8.66 V
D
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
v
and
_
VBX
-
(_1_
_5 +j8.66
) _
1+j
j8.66 V -
V
-0.268 + j1
Determine Zx in the circuit of Fig. 10-50.
I
Y=
I
V=
27.9~
50 /30°
= 0.558 /27.8° S = 0.494 + jO.26 = Yx +
Y x = 0.174 + jO.1 = 0.2 /29.9° S
Thus
10.105
_
AX
V= (-0.268 + j1)VAB = (1.035 /105°)(48.3 /30°) = 50 /135° V
Hence,
10.104
=V
AB
177
or
1
1
5 + 3 _ j4
= Yx
+ 0.2 + 0.12 + jO.16
Zx = 5 /-29.9° 0
Calculate the current I in the circuit of Fig. 10-51.
Fig. 10-51
I First, we determine Y ab :
Y ab =
or
~+
k
+ 3! j4 = 0.2 Zab
=
0.~67
jO.5
+ 0.12 + jO.16 = 0.32 -
j0.34 = 0.467 /-46.7° S
/46.7° = 2.14 /46.7° = 1.47 + j1.56
Z = 2 + j5 + 1.47 + j1.56 = 3.47 + j6.56 = 7.42 /62°
100
/ _ {:'' 2 00 A
1= 7.42 /62° = 13.48 ~
Thus
10.106
How much reactive power is taken by the circuit of Fig. 1O-51?
I From Prob. 10.105 the complex power is given by S =VI* = (100 L!L) (13.48 /62°) = 1348 /62° = 633 +
}1190. Thus, reactive power is 1190 var.
10.107
Several impedances are connected in series. Given: Z, = 15 /30° 0
across Z, is V, = 60 /15° V, find Vs, the voltage across Zs'
I
10.108
V,
60 L..!1.::
°
I, = 12 = ... = Is = Z, = 15
= 4 L=.rrA
m
and
=
10 LQ: O.
If the voltage
Vs = IsZs = (4 /-15°)(10 L!L) = 40 /-15° V
Several impedances are connected in parallel. Given: Y, = 0.015 L!L Sand
rent through Y, is I, = 2.24 /31.16°, determine Is, the current through Ys'
I
Zs
Ys = 0.05 /30° S.
If the cur-
I,
2.24~
/'211{:.0
V, =V2 = ... =Vs = Y, = 0.015 L!L = 149.3 Ll!J.2.. V
Is =Vs Ys = (149.3 /31.16°)(0.05 /30°) = 7.465 /60.16° A
10.109
A 5-0 resistor is connected in series with a 3-0 capacitive reactance, and the combination across a 4-0 resistor.
Is the power factor dependent
on the input current (or voltage)?
If the total input current is 40 L!L A, determine the power factor of the circuit.
I From the data,
178
D
CHAPTER 10
(5-j3)4
Z = 5 _ j3 + 4
=
20-j12.
°
9 _ jf-= 2.4 - ,0.53 = 2.46 /-12.45 n
Power factor = cos (-12.45°) = 0.976 leading,
10.110
which is independent of the input.
Determine the complex power for the circuit of Prob. 10.109.
P=/ 2R=(40)22.4=3840W,
I
From Prob.1O.109, R=2.4n and X=0.53!l.
848 var. Hence, S = P - jQ = 3840 - j848 VA.
10.111
An impedance, (3 + j4) n, is connected in parallel with a lO-n resistor.
1100 W, what is the power in each resistor?
I
Let
Z\ = 3 + j4,
Z2 = 10 + jO.
Then
IjZ\
12Z 2 ,
=
Q=/ 2X=(40)20.53=
If the input power to this circuit is
or
l!J=l!~1=_
1121
P,
P
Also,
2
10.112
= 1I/JR,
= (2)2l\0
12R
12
10
=2
V3 2 + 4 2
Iz,1
= 1 ')
,,-
and
P, + P2 = 1100W
2
600 Wand
Hence,
PI
Two impedances, Zj = 2 + j4 and
factor of the circuit is 0.9 lagging.
Z2 = R + jO,
=
P 2 = 500 W
are connected in parallel.
Determine R so that the power
I
Equivalent admittance is given by Ye=1/(2+J4)+lIR=(1I1O+lIR)-j/5S.
factor, the angle of the admittance must be cos-' 0.9= - 25 .84°. Thus,
l/l~~lIR
10.113
= tan 25.84c 0,0.484
R=3.2n
A 250-VA 0.5-lagging-power-factor load is connected in parallel to a 180-W 0.8-leading-power-factor load, and
the combination to 300-VA 100-var inductive load. Determine the complex power for the combination of the
three loads.
I
S, = 250 /cos -, 0.5 = 250 /60° = 250(cos 60 + j sin 60) = 125 + j216.5 VA
S2 = 180 - j180 tan (cos -, 0.8) = 180 - j135.0 Vi\.
Thus,
10.114
or
For 0.9 lagging power
S3 =
y' (300)2 - (100)2 + jlOO = 282.8 + j100 VA
S = S1 + S2 + S,= 587.8 + j181.5 VA
Two impedances, Z, = (2 + j3) nand Z2 = (3 + j6) n, are connected in parallel.
for the second branch is 1490 VA. Determine the total complex power.
I Since IS21
= (/2)2IZ21,
The apparent power
we obtain
(I)
2
2
=
1490
--==2 = 222 A
+6
v:f
2
By current division,
or
S2 = (/2)2 Z2 = 222(3 + j6) = 666 + j1332,
10.115
S = S\ + S2 = 2202 + j3636
An impedance Z\ = (4 + j4) n is connected in parallel with an impedance
reactive power is 2500 var (lagging), what is the total active power?
I
Y 3 =Y,+Y 2 =
Then
10.116
and
4:j4+12~j6=0.2488/-39.57°S
P = 2500 cot 39.57° = 3025 W.
Find the power consumed in each branch of the circuit of Prob. 10.115.
I
From Prob. 10.115,
Z2 = (12 + j6) n.
If the input
D
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
1
Y I = 4+ j4 =0.177/-45°
But
10.117
PI
11
YI
12
Y2
+ P 2 = 3025 W; hence,
Y2
179
= 12 ~ j6 = 0.0745/-26.6°
0.177
0.0745
PI = 1975 Wand
A general two-loop network is shown in Fig. 10-52.
formally solve for the mesh currents.
I
P 2 = 1050 W.
Write the mesh equation in complex (or phasor) form and
ZIIII + Z12I2 =VI
By KVL we have, in general,
matrix form as
[ ZIl
Z21
Z21I1 + Z22I2 =V2,
and
which may be written in
ZI2] [11] = [VI]
Z22 12
0
where ZIl = ZA + ZB = self-impedance of mesh 1 through which 11 flows; Z22 = ZB + Zc is the self-impedance of mesh 2 through which 12 flows; and Z12 = Z21 = ZB which is common to 11 and 12,
Using Cramer's rule, the formal solutions are:
I =IVI ZI21
I
0 Z22
and
.:l
where
.:l = determinant of the Z matrix.
Fig. 10-52
10.118
Fig. 10-53
Using the procedure described in Prob. 10.117, solve for the current 11 in the circuit of Fig. 10-53.
I Identifying the various impedances we have
j15) + (10 + j20). Hence,
.:l =
Now, since
V = 220 LQ: V,
1
10 + j20
-(10 + j20)
10.119
=
ZI2 = Z21
= -(10 + j20),
and
Z22
= (15 -
-(10 + j20) 1 = 450 + ,'150 = 4743/184°
25 + j5
.
.
we obtain
220 + jO
11
ZII = 10 + j20,
1
o
-(10 + j20)
25 + j5
474.3/18.4°
1
=
Extend the result of Prob. 10.117 to a three-mesh circuit.
10-54.
220(25.5 ~)
474.3/18.4°
°
= 11.82 ~
In particular, solve for 13 shown in the circuit of Fig.
SI..2 'v
0
/0J1.
SI/..
10.12-
Fig. 10·54
180
D
CHAPTER 10
I
For the mesh currents shown, in matrix form the VI relationship is:
[
Il
7+
j5 j3
5
7 + j3
j5
5
1
=
-- (2 - [2)
=
17-,21 3
j5
12 + j3
-(2-j2)
10 L~
5 n~
5
0
13 = ----Il,-------'--7 + j3
j5
Thus,
j5
12 + j3
-2 + j2
1
10.120
5 J[II~ J [~0/3~:
L!L]
12 j5
+ j3
-(2-j2)
5
0
I
-(2 - j2) = 1534.5/25°
17-j2
I
For the network shown in Fig. 10-55, what V make:;
667.96/-169°
1534.5m =0.435/-194° A
=
12 = O?
Fig. 10·55
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 10.119,
5 + j5
-j5
12
Solving for V yields
10.121
1
o
30
L!L
0 I
6
10
0
V
= ----Il---- = 0
or
(5 + j5)(-6)V + 30 L!L(j5)1O = 0
V = 35.4/45° V.
Express the result of a nodal analysis of a general network in matrix form.
I
For an admittance Y across which we have a voltage V, the current I is given by YV = I. For a system of
currents and voltages, this result is generalized to [Y][V] = [I], where the [Y] is the admittance matrix and is
given by
In the symmetric [Y] matrix Y;; is the self-admittant:c of node i (the sum of all the admittances connected to
node i) and Y;j is the coupling admittance between nodes i and j.
10.122
Use Prob. 10.121 to solve Prob. 10.120.
I
Defining the node voltages as V1 and V2 (Fig.
For
12 = 0,
we must have
V1 = 0,
or
le-55), the matrix equation becomes
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
30
which yields
10.123
m:5
D 181
-0.2 + ]0.2
=0
V = 35.4 /45° V.
Find the current I in the circuit of Fig. 10-56 by nodal analysis.
Fig. 10-56
l
I
!+~+!
5
]2
4
1
4
.:l =
1
0.45 - jO.5
-0.25
-0.25 1
/
°
0.75 + jO.5 = 0.546-15.94
10
-0.25 1
j25 0.75 + jO.5
13.52/56.31 °
VI = 0.546/-15.94° = 0.546/-15.94° =24.76/72.25°Y
1
Hence,
10.124
1= (24.76/72.25°)/(2/90°) = 12.38/-17.75° A.
Determine the input impedance
Z;t = VII I
for the network shown in Fig. 10-57.
-
Vz.
3~J)
v
S'n...
I
:z..n.
JJ
-j'l..n...
Fig. 10-57
I The input impedance is given by Z;t = M.:l \ I ' where.:l is the determinant of the impedance matrix and
.:l11 is the cofactor of Zw
Hence,
8
Z;] =
1
j2
-3
-3
8 + j5
0
-5
8 + j5
1
10.125
-5
01
-5
7 - j2 = 315.5 ~ = 6.98/-8.7° 0
-5 I
45.2/24.9
7 - j2
For the circuit of Fig. 10-57, determine V, which results in a voltage 5
I
m: Y across the 5-0 resistor.
Notice that the voltage across the 5-0 resistor is the same as the node voltage V2 •
we obtain:
Thus, by nodal analysis
182
0
CHAPTER 10
1
5 - j2
l
1
V
+ j + J5 5 - j2
--1
j5
o
- - - - - =V(0.134/-61°)
-1
j5
-1
j5
1
1
1
J5 + "5 + 2 -
j2
Thus,
10.126
Determine I, in the circuit of Fig. 10-58 by mesh analysis.
I The mesh equations in matrix form may be written as
4 + j2
[
-4 ][1,]
I,
4 - ,1
-4
[2&:]
=
-6 L!r
Solving for I" we obtain
I
,=
1
2 + jO
-6+ jO
-4 1
4 - ;1
-4 1
4 + j2
1
-4
=
-16 - j2
°
2 + j4 = 3.6/123.7 A
4 - jl
Fig. 10-58
10.127
Find the power supplied (or absorbed) by each source of the circuit of Fig. 10-58.
I To find the power we must know I, and I,. From Prob. 10.126, I, = 3.6/123.7" A and
4 + j2
21
-4
-6
16 + j12
20 L-143.13°
°
°
12 =----_-4-1 =- 2+,·4 = 447/63.4° =4.47/-206.53 =4.47/153.47 A
4+ j2
-4
4 - jl
1
1
Thus
P, = VJ, cos <p,
= (2)(3.6) cos 123.7 = -4 W (absorbed)
P 2 = V2 I 2 cos
10.128
<P2
and
= (6)(4.47) cos (180 - 153.47) = 24 W (supplied)
Determine the power dissipated in the 4-D resistor of the circuit of Prob. 10.127.
Verify the power balance.
I
From Prob. 10.127
10.129
2: P,ou<Ce = -4 + 24 = 20 W.
which is the power absorbed by the resistor.
Write a set of nodal equations in matrix form for the ~ircuit of Fig. 10-59. Then evaluate VI from the following
data: Y I = 0.25 L!r S, Y 2 = 0.2/-90° S, Y 3 = o.s L90° S, 11 = 6 L!r A, and 12 = 4 &: A.
Y1
V,
Y,
I,
)
Il.
Fig. 10-59
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
183
I The general nodal equations may be written as
Substituting the numerical values and solving for VI yields:
VI
=
6 - JO.2 I
~
4
jO.3 I
I
-----'----'--------'-
0.25 - jO.2
1
10.130
jO.2
jO.21
jO.3
- jl.8 + jO.8
jO.075 + 0.06 + 0.04
-jl.O
0.1 + jO.075
1.0i=2!L
0.125 /36.87°
8.0/-126.87°Y
Convert the current source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-60a to a voltage source and find the current through the
capacitor by mesh analysis.
I
If the current through the capacitor is 12 , the mesh equations may be written as
8 + j4
[ -(3 + j4)
-(3+ j4)]
8 - j1
Solving for 12 yields
8+ j4
12
=
I
100
-43.3 - j25
-3- j4 1
8+ j4
I -3 - j4 8 - j1
I -3 -
j4
=
53.6 + j26.8 = 59.92 ~ = 080 /2656° A
75+jO
75!Sr.
..
-J &"Jt.
fi.fl~{L.
.:;fL
loo~·
j41l
V
(a.)
,
_j~.n..
Q.ft
,.n..
?J
sfl...
i)3
(b)
10.131
S0L.: V
Fig. 10-60
Convert the voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-60a to a current source and find the current through the
capacitor by nodal analysis.
V,
'5'[2.
Fig. 10-61
I The circuit is shown in Fig. 10-61. The current through the capacitor is (1/ - j5)(VI - V2 ). The node
equations may be written as
184
D
CHAPTER 10
[
0.32 + jO.04
-jO.2
.- ;0.2 ] [ Vj ]
0.2 + jl).2 V2 =
[
20
]
8.66 + jS
Solving for Vj and V2 yields:
20
=
V
j
I8.66 + jS
_10.32 + jO.04
Do-jO.2
where
I
1
V2 =
0.32 + jO.04
- jO.2
Do
20
8.66 + jS
I
+,
('>j ) I = 0.096 + jo.on = 0.12 /36.87°
- jO ....
O. 2
.~
+ jS.732 = ~~~1'62.37° = 48.66 + '23.2 V
0.12 /36.87°
0.12 /36.87°
]
= 3.0
Thus,
Vj
+ jS.9464 = 6.478 ~ = 4686 + '268 V
0.12 /36.87°
0.12 /36.87°
.
J.
= 2.S7
and
V2
Vj - V2 = 1.8- j 3.6 = 4.02 / -63.43° V
or
Capacitor current is
10.132
Do
-jO.2
0.2 + jO.2
(4.02 / -63.43°)/(S / -90°) = 0.3 /26.S7° A,
which agrees with the result of Prob. 10.130.
Solve for the current 12 in the network of Fig. 10-62.
Fig. 10-62
I
The mesh equations may be written as
14 + j1
-8
[ -j4
-8
9- j3
jS
Solving by Cramer's rule,
Do =
and
10.133
14 + j1
-8
1 -j4
12
=
14 + j1
-8
-j4
1
SO /30°
SO /-30°
0
From Prob. 10.132,
j4
-jS
7 - jl
--------'-Do---
Determine the complex power drawn by the
I
-·8
9 -- j':.
jS
12 = 2.88 A.
(l
j4
-jS 1 =676/-28.16°
7 - j1
1
=
19S0 /-148.S3°
676 / -28. W = 2.88 / -120.37° A
+ }2)-0 impedance of the circuit of Fig. 10-62.
Then,
S =VI; = Z121; = I~Z == (2 ..38)2 (I + j2) = 8.29 + j16.S8 VA
10.134
Find the current in the 2-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-63.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
1- -
j ~.f1.
-ro6' - - -
-
:
-j 2-
r~
~
- - - - - - ""',
2.
2fl--
0
185
I~
II_----tI---..-~
• j : :U\
fooL"6D V
-to
/00
.J 1·4
~
v
L90
-j
I.2,
."=_--::_-:_:-::_:-::_:--_-_-_...J.._-_-_-_---_....J~,
I
In Fig. 10-63 the loops are chosen such that the 2-ll resistor lies on only one of them.
-j2
[
12 =
1
-~j2
0
2 - j4
o
o
0
j4
- jl
j4
][11]
12
-oj2
0
2 - j4
j4
0
j4
- jl
=
13
(100 /90° - 100 /30°)
-100 /90°
lOOm
lo
10.135
Fig. 10-63
0
[lOOM-lOOm]
-100 /90°
100 /30°
I
j4
-jl
=
I
721.1 /-163.9°
24.3 /-99.5
=
°
29.7 /-64.4 A
Convert the voltage sources of the circuit of Fig. lO-64a to current sources and write a set of nodal equations in
matrix form for the new circuit.
I The circuit with current sources is shown in Fig.
lO-64b for which
50/30°
50m
I1 = ~ = 2/-90° = 25/120° A
12 =
75 /20°
]4 =
75 /20°
0
4/90° = 18.75/-70 A
Choosing node 5 as the reference node for nodes 1 through 4, we have
V
V-V
+ _ I_._2 +
3
-J2
......!.
V
5
.....2 +
v-v
_ 1 _ ._4
-J5
V
= -25/120°
.....2 +
2
V -V
V-V
+ _3_ _2 = -18 75/-70°
j4
j3
.
V-V
V-V
+ _2_._3
-J2
J3
_ 2 _ ._I
=
25 /120°
V
V-V
V-V
+ _4_ _3 + _ 4_ _1 = 18 75/-70°
4
j4
- j5
.
~
_3_ _
4
which may be written as
1
1
1
--+--j2
3 j5
1
1
1
1
2-72+13
1
j2
1
10.136
1
0
1
1
1
-+ - + 5
j3
j4
1
j3
1
0
j5
j5
j3
1
0
1
0
j2
j4
j4
n[
V2
V3 =
V4
-25~
25/120°
-18.75/-70°
18.75/-70°
1
1
1
4+]4-]5
Find the active power supplied by the current source to the circuit of Fig. 10-65.
I First we determine the input admittance:
1
1
1
10+]5+2
Y
1
I
= -
1
2
111
1
2
2 + 3 + j4 - jlO
= --------'--------'--- =
VIII
1
2 + 3 + j4 + - jlO
0.31/-50° S
j
186
0
CHAPTER 10
.~
J
So l}oo
V
S5L.
-j
+
SA
(a.)
(b)
2.n.
i
'IVy
+
VI
Fig. 10-64
lOA
j
5.r.~
2-t
2>{l.
V
2.
T-5
1
.SI.
Fig. 10-65
I
5 LO"
0
V, = Y = o.312~500 = 16.13/50 y
Thus,
i
Input power
or
10.137
P = VI cos cP = (16.13)(5) cos 50° = 51.84 W
Without solving for V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10-65, Iktermine the current through the 2-ll resistor.
I
Since
V, = 16.13/50° (from Prob. 10.136),
110 n =
16.13/50°
10 LQ:'
and
Thus,
= 1.613/50° = 1.037 + j1.236 A
Ij5 n =
16.13/50°
°
.
5
= 3.226/-40 = 2.471 - J2.074 A
m
1= 5 /.S}~ = S + jO A (given)
12 n = I - (I,D n + Ij5 {]) =, l.492 + jO.838 = 1. 71/29.3° A
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.138
D
187
Evaluate the voltage V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10-65.
I From Prob. 10.136, Vj = 16.13/50° V. From Prob. 10.137, 12 n = 1.71/29.3° A. Hence,
V2 =Vj - 12n2= 16.13/50°- (1.71/29.3°)2= 10.37 + jI2.36- 2.984- j1.676=7.386+ jlO.684
= 12.98 /55.34° V
10.139
Calculate the total power dissipated in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 10-65.
same as the input power obtained in Prob. 10.136.
Verify that this power is the
I From Prob. 10.138, V2 = 12.98 /55.34° V. Thus,
13 n =
12.98~
3 + j4
= 2.596/2.2° A
12 n = 1.71/29.3° A (from Prob. 10.137)
lIOn = 1.613/50° A (from Prob. 10.137)
2: Pdissipated = (2.596)23 + (1.71)22 + (1.613)210 = 52 W , which agrees with the power (51.84 W) calculated in
Prob. 10.136.
10.140
Determine the reactive power for each element of the circuit of Fig. 10-65. Sum these reactive powers and
obtain the complex power by using the result of Prob. 10.139. Verify that the complex power thus obtained is
the same as the power obtained from the relationship S = VI*.
I To find the reactive powers, we determine the currents through the reactive elements.
From Prob. 10.137,
I jsn =3.226/-40°A.
From Prob. 10.139,
V2
Lj1Q n = _ jlO =
12.98~
10 /-90°
L Q<eactive = (3.226)25 + (2.596)24 From Prob. 10.139,
P = 52 W.
Thus,
S =Vjl* =
and
= 1.298/145.34° A
(1.298)210 = 62.14 var
S = 52 + j62.14 VA.
(16.13/500)(5~)
I j4n =2.596/2.2°A,
Now, to verify:
= 51.85 + j61.78 VA
(The two are approximately equal.)
10.141
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at the terminals ab of the circuit shown in Fig. 10-66.
SA
a.
b
L -________- L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
I
10.142
.
ZTh
5(3+j4)
.
= J5 + 5 + 3 + j4 = 2.5 + J6.25 0
Fig. 10-66
1O~
VTh = 8 + j4 (3 + j4) = 5.59/26.56° V
Determine the current through the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-67 by Thevenin's theorem.
r
I,
I J?.
b
Fig. 10-67
188
0
CHAPTER 10
•
From Fig. 10-67,
. _
°
_
(10 - j2.65)j7.65 _
ZTh - 10 + 10 _ j2.65 + j7.S4 - 14.59 + J5.3 -15.52 /19.56 0
100 LP'.
VTh = -1O---j2-.-65=+ j7.54 J7.54
°
67.74'&£ V
5".74.&£
°
14.59 + j5.3 + 1 = 4.11 MA
Thus,
10.143
=
Knowing the current in the 1-0 resistor, without writing mesh equations, find the output complex power from
the voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 10-67.
•
Since
11 n
=
4.11 /45° = 2.905 + j2.905 A
12
1= 11
0
=
'"2
J7.54 =
45.21 /45°
7.54/..2S!..
=
.
6 / -45° = 4.242 - J4.242 A
+ 12 = (2.905 + j2.905) + (4.242 - J4.242) A = 7.147 - j1.337 = 7.27 / -10.6° A
S =VI* = (100 iJ!..)(7.27 LE)i~) 0= 727 /10.6° = 714.6 + j133.7 VA
10.144
By calculating the sum of the powers dissipated in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 10-67, verify that the result
is consistent with that obtained from Re S in Prob. 11).143.
•
10.145
Obtain the Norton equivalent (phasor version) of tbe circuit of Fig. 10-66.
•
To find IN we short-circuit the terminals ab.
Thus, by current division,
10 LQ:
3 + j4
°
IN = 5 + [j5(3 + j4)]/(3 + j9) 3 + j9 = 0.83 Ljl&A
10.146
YN
=
1
1
ZTh = 2.5 + j6.25 = 0.148 / -68.2° S
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent (phasor version) at t he terminals ab of the network shown in Fig. 10-68.
50fL
t
Q.
V -0;----+
Th I>
i-
Fig. 10·68
c
•
By voltage division,
Vac
V
Th
=V
=V
ab
ac
= 12 + j24 ~ . )'
33 + j24 LO L1_
-
Vbc
10.147
_ 30 + j60
0
80 + j60 20 ~
-
=(Q~J~~_30+j60)
°
33 + J24
80 + j60 20 L!r - 0.326 /169.4
_ 21(12 + j24)
33 + j24
ZTh -
V bc
0_
5 )(30 + j60)
80 + j60 = 47.35 /26.8° 0
1
+
-
Replace the network of Fig. 10-69 at the terminals ,,ob by its Thevenin equivalent.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
0
189
_iron....
loA
~~N.---~----~r--~
()
(o!.! 1/
'---___~_____ b
•
By voltage division,
VTh
10.148
Fig. 10-69
=
(3 + j4)(1O LQ::)
13 + j4
= 3.68 /36.03 V
.
1O(3+j4)
ZTh=-'lO+ 1O+3+j4 =8.38/-69.23
Obtain the Norton equivalent of the network of Fig. 10-69 at the terminals.
•
Verify that
°
n
IN = VTh/ ZTh.
By current division,
1OLQ::
3+"4
IN= 10+ [(-jlO)(3+j4)]/(3-j6) 3-;6 =0.44/105.26°A
Z~h = 8.38 / ~69.230 = 0.119 /69.23° S
YN =
Verification:
From Prob. 10.147,
VTh
ZTh
3.68~ _
°
8.38 /-69.23° - 0.44 /105.26 A
which agrees with IN calculated otherwise.
10.149
Three impedances, Zl' Z2' and Z3' are connected in wye, whereas three other impedances, ZA' ZB' and Zco are
connected in delta, as shown in Fig. 1O-70a and b, respectively. Obtain the conditions for their equivalence.
(b)
b
Fig. 10-70
• For equivalence we must have the same impedance at a given pair of terminals in both connections
Therefore,
Similarly, the delta-to-wye transformation is
10.150
(D == ZA
+ ZB + Ze):
If the three impedances in a delta connection are equal to one another, obtain the ratio Z/>/Zy.
•
Let
ZA = ZB
=
Ze = Z/>.
Then
Zl = Z2 = Z3
=
(Z/»2/ 3Z/> = Zy.
Thus,
Z/>/Zy
=
3.
190
0
10.151
CHAPTER 10
Given: Zl = 5 0, Z2 = jlO 0,
equivalent delta impedances.
•
=
ZA
and
ZB
Given: ZA = (3 - j2) 0,
impedances.
10 0
=
eonnected in wye, as shown in Fig. 1O-70a.
15 - j5 n
ZB = (2 + j3) 0,
•
and
=
5
Find the
'150
+]
Zc = 10+ j300
Zc = (2
+ j16) 0
in Fig. 1O-70b.
Find the equivalent wye
_
ZAZB
= (3-j2)(2+j3) =05- '050
Zl - ZA + ZB + Zc
7 + ]'17
.
J.
Z2
Similarly,
10.153
=
Z l Z2 + ZZ Z 3 + Z3 Z 1 = 5(j1O) + 5(10) + (j1O)1O
Z3
10
Similarly,
10.152
Z3
=
3 - j1 0
and
Z3
=
1 + j30
Find the input impedance of the network of Fig. 10·71.
sJt
b-------
Fig. 10-71
• First convert the delta-connected reactances to an equivalent wye as shown by dashed lines in Fig. 10-71.
Thus,
= '1 670
Z 1 = (j5)(j1O)
j30
] .
Z2
=
L~)(j15) = '2 50
j30
] .
Z
=
3
(j1O)(j15)
j30
=
'50
]
Notice that Z3 and the 5-0 resistor are in series. Similarly, Z2 and the capacitor are in series, and the two
series combinations are in parallel. Therefore,
Z2 - j22.5 = j2.5 - j22.5 = -j20
Z3 + 5 = 5 + j5
Zi=ZI +
Finally,
10.154
(5 + j5)( - j20)
.,
..
°
5+j5-j20 ='JI.h7+8+J4=8+J5.67=9.8/35.20
In the circuit of Fig. 10-71, if 100 L!r V is applied a'; ab, what is the input power?
same as that absorbed by the 5-0 resistor.
•
Since
Zi = 9.8/35.2° 0,
from Prob. 10.153,
V
1= Zi
Input power
vision,
10.155
=
100~
°
9.8L~,.20 =10.2/-35.2 A
P=Vlcos q,=(100)(1O.2)cos(-35.2°)=833.8W.
Iso:::: (10.2/-35.2°) 5 +
or
Verify that this power is the
g~ j~:::~22.5
0=
Now,
P 5n =(/5n)2 5. By current di-
(10.2/-35.2°)(1.256/18.43°) = 12.91/-16.77° A
P5 n = (12.91)25 = 833.3 W
Find the input impedance at the terminals ab of the network shown in Fig. 10-72.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
191
"ii
b
Fig. 10-72
• Converting the lower delta-connected impedances into an equivalent wye, as shown by dashed lines, we
obtain
(5/20°)( 10 /90°)
Zl
°
= 5 flQ~+ 10 m + 8 L!r = 2.9/67.32 n
Z3
=
Z2
=
(10 /90°)(8 L!r)
17.27 ~ = 4.63/47.32° n
(8 L!r)(5 /20°)
°
17.27 ~ = 2.32/-22.68 n
Zl + 6/-45° = (1.12 - J2.67) + (4.24 - j4.24)
=
5.59/-16.34° n
Z2 + 2 L!r = 5.14 + j3.4 = 6.16/33.48° n
Hence,
.
Zi = 2.14 - ,0.89
=
10.156
(5.59/-16.34°)(6.16~)
+ (5.59/-16.34°) + (6.16/33.48°)
.
.
= 2.14 - ,0.89
+ 3.2 + ,0.41
5.34 - j0.48 = 5.36/-5.14° n
By converting the wye-connected impedances of the circuit of Fig. 10-73 to an equivalent delta (shown by
dashed lines) obtain the input impedance at the terminals ab.
Fig. 10-73
•
ZB
=
33.62/117.49°
°
6/90°
= 5.6/27.49 n
Zc
=
33.62/117.49°
2/30°
=
16.81/87.49
Now the parallel combinations (Zc and 10 /-60° n) and (Z A and 7 /50° n) are in series.
be Zse. Then
(16.81/87.49°)(10 /-60°)
(11.21/77.49°)(7 /50°)
Zse = (16.81~) + (10 ~) + (11.21~) + (7 M)
= 17.19 - j3.9
Finally,
10.157
°
n
Let this impedance
°
°
16.89/-27.32 + 4.43/60.51
=
= 17.62/-12.7JD n
(5.6 ~)(17.62/-12.7n
(5.6/27.49°) + (17.62! -12.770)
=
4.45/18.1° n
Determine the voltage Vx in the circuit of Fig. 1O-74a. Then transpose the current source, as shown in Fig.
lO-72b, and determine Vx • Hence verify the reciprocity theorem.
192
0
CHAPTER 10
;-
v
x
(b)
•
Fig. 10-74
From Fig. 1O-74a,
I=
Thus,
5 -- ;5
7---:-,3
°
5~
V = 5 + ~5 (5 L90')( --,'2) = 9.53/21.8° V
7+ ,3
x
-
,
From Fig. 1O-74b,
(- '2)5/90°
Vx = (5 + j5)1 = (5 + j5) - '7 + j3
10.158
=
9.53/21.8° V
Verify the reciprocity theorem by determining Ix in the circuit of Fig. 1O-75a. Then insert the voltage source in
the branch where Ix flowed and find the current in .he branch which formerly contained the source (see Fig.
10-75 b)
III
--jzn
_j.. n...
(6)
•
Fig. 10-75
From Fig. 1O-75a,
Z = 2 + (3
,
Thus,
+ 1~~_~- j2)
=
5 -- /2
24 + j6
5 + j2
n
50 /90° 3 +)4
50 ~(3 + j4)
Ix = -Z-;- 5:t~2 =
24 + j6
A
From Fig. 1O-75b,
Z
=
,
(2 _ '2) + ~j3 + j4)
,
5 + j4
=
24 + j6
5 + j4
n
Thus,
10.159
A (6 + jlO)-n coil is supplied by a (30 sin lOt)-V ac source connected in series with a 12-V battery, as shown in
Fig. 10-76. The internal impedance of the generator is (0.1 + j2) n and that of the battery is negligible.
Determine the current i by superposition.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
•
0
193
With the battery replaced by its internal impedance,
v
(30/\f2)~
°
1= ZT = (0.1+j2)+(6+jlO) =1.58/-63 A
iac = 1.58 v'2 sin (lOt - 63°) = 2.23 sin (lOt - 63°) A
or
With the generator now replaced by its internal impedance,
12
Idc = RT
i = iac + Idc
Hence,
10.160
Determine the current in the
4-n
12
6 + 0.1
=
=
1.97 A
2.23 sin (lOt - 63°) + 1.97 A
=
inductor of the circuit of Fig. 10-77 by superposition.
Fig. 10-77
•
First remove V2 and replace it by a short circuit.
Then, owing to V, alone,
,_ 5/60° _
°
1 - -:---4
·6 -2.5~A
J -J
Next, remove V, and replace it by a short circuit.
1"=
Thus,
10.161
Ij4
n
Then, owing to V2 alone,
~O /3?0
= 5/120° A
J4 - J6
=1' + 1"= 2.5/150° + 5/120° = 7.27 /130° A
Repeat Prob. 10.160 by solving mesh equations.
•
We define the mesh currents as shown in Fig. 10-77.
[
10
-10
o
Then
M]
12-10
- j2
-2
- 0][1,]
2 12 = [5 0
2 13
10 /30°
Solving for 12 yields
1
2
=
10 5/600
-10
0
0 10 /30°
0
-2
2
-10
12 - j2
-2
-2
2
10
1-10
0
01 ~
~
290.9 /40°
4D / -90' ~ 7.27
A
130
which agrees with the previous result.
10.162
In the circuit of Fig. 10-78 we have
Z5 = 6/25° n, and Z6 = 15/40° n.
• (a)
(b)
I, = 20 /60° A,
12 == 50 /30° A,
13 = 10 /210° A, 14 = 70 /100° A,
Determine (a) the current through Z3 and (b) the voltage across Z5.
13 - 12 = 10 /210° - 50 /30° = (-8.66 - j5) - (43.3 + j25)
12Z 5 = (50 /30°)(6
/25
0
)
=
-51.96 - j30
= 300 /55° V
=
60 /210 0 A
194
0 CHAPTER 10
-;s\---
!J
~
t,
!;)
tl
~
G;'
z"
t-J
10.163
Calculate the apparent power, true power, and reactive power taken by Z5 of Prob. 10.162.
•
s=
Thus,
10.164
Fig. 10-78
P =, l::'.S94 kW
IS.000 kVA
Q = 6.339 kvar
Solve for the currents I) and 12 in the circuit of Fig. 0-79a.
O.O"J...J1..
~:;~
loo
Doe V
(a)
sOoo/.2° A
t~~~· s_L30 A
O.O:l.JL
J:~'11..
D
a02.
J?
&------'----
(b)
•
Fig. 10-79
The mesh equations may be written as
1.02 + j3
[ 1 + j3
.l =
1+j3
1.02
I 1.02 + j3
1 + j3
+ j3
][11]
I,
[100~]
=
100 /30°
J + j3 I
1.1)2 + j3 = 0.127 /71.4°
100~
1 100 m
1 =
Thus
1
12 =
10.165
1+/l I
1.02 + j3
16S.7 ~
- = 0.127/71.4°
0.127/71.4°
=
°
130S.S/-74.S A
1.02 + j3
100 ~
I +j3
100 flQ~,
162.0 /176.2°
°
0.127 L11£
- =, -0.127 L11£ = 1279.9/104.S A
Determine the true power supplied by each source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-79a.
powers supplied equals the sum of the powers dissipated in the resistors.
• Owing to 100 ~-V source we have PI = 100(U()S.S) cos 74.So = 34.31S kW.
have P2 = 100(1279.9) cos (104.S - 30°) = 33.SSR kW, or
P , + P2
2:
PdiSSipated
=
Verify that the sum of the
Owing to 100 /30° source we
67.S73 kW
=
(130S.S)2(0.02) + (127 9.9:\0.02) + 1(1308.8/-74.So + 1279.9/104.8)12 1
=
(34.26 + 32.76 + 0.916) =, 67.93 kW
D
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.166
195
In the circuit of Fig. 10-80, determine the complex power supplied by the 40 i!r-V source.
j
3J1..
IlL
l. .12..
'----..,---"IV\
-j /./1..
~-H-:­
'i
c
4cL! v
Fig. 10-80
•
The mesh equations may be written as
40i!r + 60 /90°= 40+ j60 = (8 + j8)11 + (-5 - j6)12
_I -58 -+ j6j8
a1
Thus
I1
and SI = VI~
10.167
=
=
40+j60 -5-j61
80 - j60
6 + j5
33.84/55.840
(40 i!r)(30.1/9.24°)
- 5 - j6/_
°
6 + j5 - 33.84/55.84
=
1018.63 ~
33.84/55.840 = 30.1/-9.24° A
1204/9.24° = 1188.38 + j193.33 VA
=
What is the voltage aross the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-80?
•
Vc = (-jl)1 2 .
The voltage across the capacitor is
8 + j8
/ -5 - j6
a
12 =
Hence
10.168
80i!r - 60 /90° = 80- j60= (-5 - j6)11 + (6+ j5)12
40 + j60 /
80 - j60
12 is found from the mesh equations of Prob. 10.166:
1188.1 ~
= 33.84/55.840 = 35.1/-19.74° A
Vc = (1/-90°)(35.1/-19.74°)
=
35.1/-109.74° V
Determine the sum of the complex powers supplied by the three sources of the circuit of Fig. 10-80.
From Probs. 10.166 and 10.167 we have
•
SI
=
1188.38 + j193.33 VA
I1
Thus
=
12 = 35.1/-19.74° = 33.04 - j11.85 A
30.1/-9.24° = 29.71- j4.83 A
13 = I1 - 12 = -3.33 + j7.02 = 7.77 /115.44° A
S2 =V21i = (80i!r)(35.1/19.74°) = 2808/19.74° = 2643 + j948.4 VA
and
Hence,
10.169
S3 =V31; = (60 /90°)(7.77/-115.44°) = 466.2/-25.44° = 421- j200.3 VA
2: S = SI + S2 + S3 = (1188.38 + jI93.33) + (2643 + j948.4) + (421 -
j200.3)
=
4252.38 + j941.43 VA
Find the sum of the complex powers drawn by all the passive elements of the circuit of Fig. 10-80.
the result is the same as that obtained in Prob. 10.168.
•
For the nomenclature of Fig. 10-80 and by using the results of the preceding problems, we obtain
Vx
Thus,
Similarly,
=
(3 + j2)11
=
(3.6/33.7°)(30.1/-9.24°)
=
108.36/24.46° V
Sx = V)~ = (108.36/24.46°)(30.1 /9.24°) == 3261.64 /33.7°
Vy
=
=2713.5 +j1809.7 VA
(1 - jl)12 = (1.414/-45°)(35.1/-19.74°) = 49.63/-64.74° V
Sy =Vyli = (49.63/-64.74°)(35.1/19.74°) = 1742/-45° = 1231.78 - j1231.78 VA
and
Verify that
Vz = (5
+ j6)13
=
(7.81/50.2°)(7.77 /115.44°)
=
60.69/165.63° V
Sz =V); = (60.69/165.63°)(7.77/-115.44°) = 471.56/50.19° = 301.91 + j362.24 VA
196
0
CHAPTER 10
2: S = Sx + Sy + Sz = (2713.53 + j1S09. 7) + (1231. 7B- j1231.7S) + (301. 91 + j362.24) = 4247.22 + j940.16 VA
which is very close to the result of Prob. 10.169.
10.170
A circuit having a voltage source and a current wurce is shown in Fig. 1O-S1a. Combine the current source
with a lO-n inductor, convert it to a voltage source, and draw the resulting circuit.
,
V2 = (100 LQ::)(j10) = 1000 /90 V.
0
Hence the circuit of Fig. 1O-S1b.
j S'.IL
2ft..
.I
+.Jl
J'OJl};'
4oJl.
1
(a.)
2-.n. j SA
,
'OOO/:!, V
j/'J'Z.
~
Fig. 10-81
10.171
In the circuit of Fig. 1O-S1b calculate the current in the
4-n resistor.
, To determine the desired current we choose th,! mesh currents 11,12' and 13 as shown, so that we have to
solve for
only.
The mesh equations may be written as
11
S.7 + j1.71
4.7 + j1.71
[
o
a=
S.7 + j 1.71
4.7 + j1.71
I
0
40 /30
40 /30 0
1000 /90 0
Thus,
10.172
Determine
11 = 14 n =
4.7 + j1.7t
46.7 + j6.i1
-40
o
0
-40
40 + jlO
4.7+j1.71
46.7 -" ;6.71
-40
4.7 + j1.71
46.7 + j6.71
-40
------a--
][11]
[40 /30
12 = 40 /30
0
-40
0
1000 /90
13
1
0
0
I
= 590S/91.1°
40+jlO
0
--40
40 + jlO
=
175,453 L=.Z.r
590S/91.1
=29.7/-162.1°A
0
11 in the circuit of Fig. 1O-S2.
o
'o~
v
~
2/1-
'-----'_ _ _ _ _..J
j "'I-/l..
Fig. 10-82
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
,
0
197
The mesh equations may be written as
= [~O/~] = [;.~: j~]
[104 -~j2j2 6-~3j6 94~l2l[~:l
+ j2 13
0
0
a=
Thus,
10
+ jO
5.2 + j3
0
1
and
10.173
11 =
10 - j2
0
1 4 - j2
0
6-j6
-3
4 - j21
-3
9+j2
0
6 - j6
-3
4 - j21
-3 =627.7/-35.67°
9 + j2
-----a-----'-- =
648.2/-40.95"
°
627.7/-35.67° = 1.03/-5.27 A
,
How much complex power is supplied by each voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-82?
To determine S2 we must know 12, which is obtained from Prob. 10.172 as
10 -0 j2
1
12
4 - j2
4 - j21
-3
9 + j2 _ 472.6 ill..:J.Z _
°
- 627.7/-35.67° - 0.75 /93.4 A
S2 = V2 1i = (6/30°)(0.75/-93.4°) = 4.5/-63.4° VA.
Evaluate the voltage Vx in the circuit of Fig. 10-82.
,
Vx = (2 + j4)13'
where
10 0- j2
1
4 - j2
13 =
0
6 - j6
-3
10
5.2 + j3
0
1
a
422.3 /82.66°
°
= 627.7/-35.67° = 0.67/188.33 A
Vx = (2 + j4)(O.67 /118.33°) = (4.472 /63.43°)(0.67 /118.33°) = 3/181.76° V
Hence,
10.175
0
a
=
Thus,
10.174
10
5.2+}3
How much total power is dissipated in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 1O-82?
same as the sum of true powers supplied by the two sources.
,
2:
Verify that the result is the
2
2
(11 11) 6 + 111 + 13124 + 112 - 131 23 + (11 21) 3
= (\.03)26 + 10.363 - }0.1921 2 4 + 10.619 + }0.8461 23 + (0.75)23 = 12.02 W
Pd;,,;pated =
From Prob. 10.173,
2:
PsuppHed
= 4.5 cos 63.4° + 10.3 cos 5.27° = 12.27 W
The results are close and the error of (12.27 - 12.02)/12.27 = 2.0 percent is due to round off.
10.176
Determine the current 11 in the circuit of Fig. 10-83.
o
10 ~;ZV V
Fig. 10-83
198
0
CHAPTER 10
, As shown in Fig. 10-83, we choose the mesh currmts so that we have to solve for only one current.
the mesh equations become
-jl
21
1- jl -j2
o
-j22
77.96/-7.37°
12
-jl
21
=,
2~
=38.98/-7.37°A
-jl 1 - jl -j2
2
-j2
2
10
10 /120°
1
11 =
10.177
Calculate the power drawn by the 12-D resistor of tilt circuit of Fig. 10-84.
Fig. 10-84
,
For the meshes shown we have
[
20 + j4
-2- j4
-2- j4
-6
j5
2-.i1
~6l[lll-[60~l
J5
Iz 0
9 - j5
13
0
Solving for 11 yields:
-2 - j4
-6 1
2 - jl
j5
10
j5
9 - .is
2549.1/-26.57°
1 20 + j4
-2-j4
-61= 617.2/-26.57"
-2-j4
2-jl
j:i
-6
j5
I) - j5
60
o
1
I
Hence,
10.178
=
=4.13~A
P IZll = (4.13)212 = 204.7 W.
What is the voltage across the 2-D resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-85?
Fig. 10-85
Thus,
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
,
We choose the mesh currents so that we have to solve for 11 only.
15 + j6
10.
[ - 3 - J6
17.32+jlO
-27.68 - j67.94
I
o
15 + j6
10
10
18 - j6
1 -3-j63-j6
1[
- 3 - j61
3 - j6
6+j6
12,395/86.7°
1414 ~
17.32 + jlO
-27.68 - j67.94
0
=
1
8.77 /25.8° A
V2fi = 2(8.77/25.8°) = 17.54/25.8°Y.
and
10.179
-3- j6 1
3 - j6
6 + j6
10
18 - j6
3 - j6
199
Thus, the mesh equations are:
-3 - j6][I1] [
20 flQ:
3 - ~6 12 = 20 /30° - 90 /60° =
6 + J6 13
0
10
18 - ~6
3 - J6
D
The detector of the bridge circuit of Fig. 10-86 has 5-0 resistance.
conditions shown.
Determine the current through it for the
Fig. 10-86
,
Again, we choose the mesh currents so that we have to solve for 11 only.
7 + j3
-j3
-j3
7 + j3
2
6
0
-j3
100 7 + j3
I100 6
2
6
8 - j4
[
Hence
10.180
11
13
100
I
2 I
6
8 - j4
-j3
7 + j3
6
2 ][11]
12 = [0
100 1
6
8 - j4
= ---------
7 + j3
-j3
1 2
The mesh equations become
1000 &:
°
284.78/-10.5" =3.51LI0.5 A
What is the current in the 3-D resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-87?
".,11-
-)2./L
--\~---,-----4
So[}:V
+
~
4-.n..
Fig. 10-87
200
0
CHAPTER 10
,
With the mesh currents shown, we have
5 - j2
-2
[
o
-2
7 + j3
-5
43.3 + j25
I70.48 ~ j25.65
7
[I,] [
o
·-5
12
9 + j'l. I,
~~3 ~5
43.3+j25
0
70.48 + j25.65
=
1
I
- 5
I) + j 4
3319.4 ~
I, = --15---j2----2---0-1 -- = 290.6/45.4° = 11.42/36.7° A
-2
o
10.181
7 + j3
-5
-5
9+j4
Determine the complex power supplied by each sourx of the circuit of Fig. 10-87.
,
Since
I, = 11.42/36.7° A,
from Prob. 10.180.
S, = V,Ii = (50/30°)( 11. L·2 L-36.7°) = 571 /-6.7° YA
To determine S2 we must solve the mesh equation; of Prob. 10.180 for 13:
5 - j2
-2
1 o
13 =
°
11.26/-22.6 A
Determine the sum of active and reactive powers abso rbed by the passive circuit elements of the circuit of Fig.
10-87. Check the sum against S, + S2 of Prob. 1 J 181.
,
First, we obtain 12 from Prob. 10.180:
5 - j2
43.3 + j25
~2
~
()
~~4
I
70.48 j25.65 9
1
12 = ------:2=-=9-=-0.-:-6---;/-,.,45=-.4=0- ---IZll
or
I2l!
Thus,
=
P
11.46 A
and
S=P
=
12 - I, = 9.29/--22.~~ - 11.2/36.7° = -1.08 - j11.41
ISll = 12 - I,
=
(8.07 --
;~·.6)
SI
- (10.39 - j4.32)
or
I,"
=
2.34 A
+ (I2)z3 + (I,)2 4 = (11.42 )2( -2) + (9.29)23 + (11.26)24 = 505.23 var
+ jQ = 1188.44 + j505.23 YA. From Prcb. 10.181,
S, = 571/-6.7° = 567.1 - j66.62
Thus,
~
2700
°
290.6/45.4° = 9.29/-29.6 A
=
= (I,)23 + (I2ll)2 2 + (Is n)25 + (I,) '4 .= (11.42)23 + (11.46)22 + (2.34)2 5 + (11.26)24 = 1188.44 W
Q = (I, )2( -2)
10.183
=
S2 =V2I~ = (75 /20°)(11.26/22.6°) = 844.5/42.6°YA
Hence,
10.182
-2
43.3 + }25 I
7+j3
0
-5
70.48 + j25.6~
3271.5 /22.8°
290.6 ill.£
.- = 290.6 ill.£
+ S2
=
1188.40 + j504.66 YA,
S2 = 844/42.6° = 621.3 + j571.28
in agree1l1enl with S above.
By nodal analysis, determine the voltage V2 of the cilcuit of Fig. 10-88,
:In
j
5J?
r----.-------~r---~~A
4Jl.
-
V..
-jIOJ/.
Fig. 10-88
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
I
D
201
For node 1:
For node 2:
°
1
(1
1
1)
-100 ~ = - 2 + j5 VI + 2 + j5 + -jlO + 20 Vz
7.88 + j1.39 = (0.5069 - jO.2408)VI - (0.0690 - jO.I724)Vz
or
-100 + jO = (0.0690 - jO.I724)V1 + (0.1190 - jO.0724)Vz
Solving by determinants, we find
54.88/155.42°
°
Vz = 0.0796/- 31.490 = 689.5/186.91 Y
10.184
By nodal analysis, determine the current through the 1-11 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-79a.
I
First, we convert the voltage sources to current sources and obtain the circuit of Fig. 1O-79b, from which we
obtain:
5000
~ + 5000 /30° = (0.~2 + 1: j3 + 0.~2) V
V
or
V=96.5/15.17°Y
96.5 /15.17°
II n = 1 + j3 = 3.16!J..12:.. = 30.52/-56.4° A
jSfl-
1
Fig. 10-89
10.185
Convert the voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-81a to a current source, write a set of node equations, and
determine the voltage across the 4-11 resistor.
I
From the equivalent circuit, Fig. 10-89, we have:
For node 1:
For node 2:
1)
1
1
1
8 /10° = ( 5/20° + 4 + 2 + j5 VI - 2 + j5 Vz
o
1
(1
1
1)
-100 ~ = - 2 + j5 VI + 2 + j5 + jlO + 40 Vz
7.88 + j1.39 =
or
(0.5069 - jO.2408)VI + (-0.0690 + jO.I724)Vz
-100 + jO = (-0.0690 + jO.I724)VI + (0.0940 - jO.2724)Vz
Solving by determinants,
16.285/110.79°
VI = 0.1371/-87.07" = 118.78/197.86° V
10.186
For the circuit of Fig. 10-89, determine the current through the (2 + j5)-11 impedance.
I
From the node equations of Prob. 10.185,
54.875/155.43°
Vz = 0.1371/-87.07° = 400.26/242.50° Y
The voltage across the (2 + j5)-11 impedance is
V = VI - Vz = 118.2/197.86 - 400.26/242.50 == (-113.05 - j36.43) - (-184.83 - j355.02) = 326.85 /77.28° Y
and
202
0
10.187
CHAPTER 10
Convert the voltage sources of the circuit of Fig. 10-82 to current sources and determine the current through the
resistor by nodal analysis.
4-n
Fig. 10-90
I The new circuit is shown in Fig. 10-90 for which the nodal equations become
° (1
1
1)
1
-1.6667 LQ:: = (; +4-=,2 + 2 + j4 VI - 2 + j4 V2
1
(1
1
1)
-0.894/93.43° = - 2 +74 '\ + 2 + j4 + :3 + 3 - j6 V2
-1.6667 + jO =
or
0.0535 - jO.8924
(0.4667- jO.l000)V1 + (-0.1000 + jO.2000)V2
= (-O.1OOel + fO.2000)VI + (0.5000 -
jO.0667)V2
Solving by determinants,
1.0067 /179.36°
°
VI = 0.260 /-9.1040 = 3.87 /188.46 V
10.188
Determine the voltage Vx shown in Fig. 10-90.
I
From the node equations of Prob. 10.187,
0.2473 L-1~1.05°
V2= 0.260L-91040
and
10.189
3.87 /188.46° _
°
4.47 /-26.56° - 0.865 /215.02 A
whence
095/
=
.-1
4995° V
.
V x = VI - V2 = (-3.83 - jO.57) - (-0.82 - j0.48) = 3.01/-178.22° V
How much complex power is supplied by each of the two current sources of the circuit of Fig. 1O-90?
I SI = VI I~ = (3.87 D88~6°)(1.667 LQ::) = 6.45 /188.46° VA
S2 =V2I~ = (0.95/-149.95~)(O.894/-93.43°)
10.190
=
0.8493/-243.38° VA
By using nodal analysis, find the voltage across tt'.e I-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-83.
Fig. 10-91
I First we convert the voltage sources to current sources to obtain the circuit of Fig. 10-91. The nodal
equations may then be written as:
For node 1:
5 LQ:: - 5/210° =
(!2 + .!.jl + _1_)V
- (_l_)v - ! V
- j2
j2
2
I
For node 2:
-
2
3
;')v - .!.
V
j2
5/210° - 5/-210° = -. _..!:-. VI + (_1_. +! +
-,2
- J2
1 J2
2
3
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
For node 3:
5/-2100-5~=-~V,-kV2+G+ -~1
D
203
+k)V3
9.33 + j2.5 = (0.5 - jO.5)V, + (0 - jO.5)V2 + (-0.5 + jO)V3
0- j5 = (0 - jO.5)V,
+ (1 + jO)V2 + (0 + jO.5)V3
-9.33 + j2.5 = (-0.5 + jO)V, + (0 + jO.5)V2 + (0.5 + jO.5)V3
Solving by determinants,
2.5~
V2 = 0.25 ~ = 10.0 /-90° V
10.191
and
Determine the currents through the 1-0 inductive reactance and the 1-0 capacitive reactance of the wyeconnected impedances in Fig. 10-91. Verify that the sum of the currents reaching node 0 is zero.
I
From the node equations of Prob. 10.190 we obtain
9.33 + j2.5
-j5
1-9.33 + j2.5
- jO.5
1
-0.5 1
jO.5
0.5 + jO.5
jO.5
9.745 ~
V, = -----o-.2-5~~-00---- =
0.25 ~
= 39/97.36 V
0
0.5 - jO.5 - jO.5 9.33 + j2.51
-jO.5
1
-j5
1 _-_0_.5_ _J_·0_.5~---9-.3-3-+-j2-.-5- = 9.745 mM = 39/ 2640V
V = _
3
0.25~
0.25~
8 .
The three currents are
V,
39~
/'7 ,l.t~o
.
I, = 1/90° = 1/90° = 39 ~ = 38.68 + J5
12 = 10 /-90° = - jlO A (from Prob. 10.190)
V3
39mM
°
.
13 = 1 ~ = 1/-90° = 39/172.64 = -38.68 + J5 A
Thus,
10.192
1\ + 12 + 13 = (38.68 + j5) - jlO + (- 38.68 + j5) = 0 (verified)
Calculate the current through the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-84 by nodal analysis.
1'-.12-
VI
1 - - - - - - / -+-~-----I ~
6.12.
-j S.Jl.
3Jl.
Fig. 10-92
I
First, we convert the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 10-92 for which the node
equations are:
Node 1:
1)
(1
1)
1
1
1
-50~= ( 12+2+j4+ -jS+3 V1 - 12+3 V2
Node 2:
or (currents and admittances being real here)
-50 = 0.5166V\ - 0.4166V2
Solving,
V2=39.13=39.13~V,
and
50 = -0.4166V\ + 0.5833V2
I=V)R=39.13~/6~=6.52~A.
204
D
10.193
CHAPTER 10
The circuit of Fig. 10-93 has a voltage source and a dependent current source.
the 25-0 resistor.
I
Determine the current through
'ut.
Fig. 10-93
I
By KCL,
1 10° - V
iI~l=- j100
11 = 501 = 50
Solving,
10.194
11 = 1/(27 - j2) = 36.94/4.2° mA.
What is the voltage across the l-kO resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-93?
I
By using the results of Prob. 10.193, we have
Vx = (-491)(1000)
10.195
1 - 251 1
= 2 _ j2
= ( -
~~
11
)(1000)
--%0/1 = (980 /180°)(0.03694/4.2°) = 36.2/184.2° V
=
How much complex power is delivered by the 5 LlQ':-A current source to the circuit of Fig. 1O-94?
I SI =V1(5/-300)VA. To solve for VI' we use nodal analysis:
V
~
J2
V-V
+ _1_._2 =5 D!f
-Jl
.-
which may be written as
~ VI From these,
VI
-- (2 + jl)Vl
jV2 = 5/30°
+ 0 + jl)V2 = 0
= 3.07 /167.48° V and SI = (3.07 D67.48°)(5/-300) = 15.35/137.48° VA.
Fig. 10-94
10.196
Determine the complex power supplied by the dependent current source of the circuit of Fig. 10-94.
I
In this case,
S2 =V22Vi.
From Prob. 10.195,
Vi = 3.07/-167.48°V,
and the node equations give
11.82 jj6.57~
6 5/13062° V
V2 = 1.82 L=.74.1~~ =.1
.
Hence,
10.197
S2 = (6.15/130.62°)2(3.07 L:_167.48°) = 37.78/-36.86° VA.
From the results of Probs. 10.195 and 10.196, verif) the complex-power balance for the circuit of Fig. 10-94.
I
Complex power supplied by the two sources:
SI
+ S2 = 15.35/137.48° + 31. 7 8/-36.86° = 18.91 - j12.29 VA
Complex power absorbed:
p = p
Thus,
2n
= (V2)2
2
S= P
=
+ jQ
(6.15)2 = 18 91 W
2'
=
18.91 - j12.29 VA,
Q= Q
j2
n
__ Q
-jl
n
= (Vl)2 _ (1V1 - V21)2 = (3.07)2 _ 17 = -12 29
2
1
2
1
. var
which is the same as the total power supplied.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.198
The circuit of Fig. 10-95 contains an independent voltage source and a dependent voltage source.
power is delivered by the dependent source?
D
How much
Fig. 10-95
I
Since
Ix
=
11 ,
the mesh equations become
[~2-!:1 /~ jJ[~:J [~J
=
12
I =
1
Hence,
I
j1
-2+j1
Vx
10.199
= 21x = 5.46 /7.66° V
Re Sx
or
=
48 + j12
18 + j2
I=
49.48 M
°
= 18.11 /6.34° = 2.73 /7.66 A = Ix
4+j
12 - 11 = 1.48 / -32.9° - 2.73 /7.66° = -1.463 - j1.168
= 1.872 / -141.4° A
Re [Vx(12 - 11)*) = Re [(5.46 /7.66°)(1.872 /141.4°») = -8.77W (absorbed)
Verify the active-power balance in the circuit of Fig. 10-95.
I
From the mesh equations of Prob. 10.198,
Pabsorbed
12
=
1.48 /-32.9° A.
= 4(12)2 + 2(11)2 + 8.77 (from Prob. 10.198) = 4(1.48)2 + 2(2.73)2 + 8.77 = 32.44 W
Psupplied
10.200
1
0
4+j
4 - j1
j1
1
= Re [(12 ~)In = Re [(12 ~)(2.73 / -7.66°») = 32.46 W (verified)
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 10-96 at the terminals ab .
.)"t..fl-
I. '7J2
~--~--~A---~~
VT-
j2S1
Solil V
'-------'-------b
I
VTh = (-j2)1= (2/-90°) 3
_
ZTh -
10.201
1.67 +
50~
"4
+J
Fig. 10-96
'2 =(2/-90°)(13.85/-33.69°)=27.7 /-123.69° V
- J
(-j2)(3+j4) _
.
_
.
_
°
_ j2 + 3 + j4 - 1.67 + 0.92 - J2.61 - 2.59 - J2.61 - 3.68 / -45.2 n
Represent the circuit of Fig. 10-97 at the terminals ab by its Thevenin equivalent.
I
Thus,
j5(-j4).
Zp = j5 _ j4 = - J20 n
VTh
= 1(10) = 50 ~ V
100 ~
1= 10 + j20 _ j20 + 10 = 5 ~
10(10 + j20 - j20)
ZTh
= 7 + 10 + 10 + j20 _ j20 = 12 n
205
206
D
CHAPTER 10
11
loo '-0 V
IOJL
~
r
10.202
Fig. 10-97
If the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 10-97 are 5t.ort-circuited, determine the current through the capacitor.
I
By the Thevenin equivalent circuit developed in Prob. 10.201, the current delivered by the generator is
VTh
~O LQ::
Ig = ZT~= 12LQ:: = 4.167 .&: A
This current is divided in Le-parallel circuit.
Hfllce, by current division,
_
j5
_
1(10 j5 _
In o
le - I, -:---5'4- - 4.l67 & -:-1 - 20.83 &A
'J - J
]
10.203
Determine the load impedance Z/ across ab of the circuit of Fig. 10-97 which will draw maximum power from
the source. Also calculate the maximum power.
I For maximum power, using the Thevenin eqUIvalent, we must have
Z/.
10.204
=
ZTh = 12.&:
VIh
ZTh+ Z /.
50"
and
= 12+L~=·:·()8A
P max
= (Ij12 = (2.08)212 = 51. 92 W
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at the terminals al. of the circuit shown in Fig. 10-98.
I
Yp,,<alICI =
~ + ~ + ~ = 0.589/-25.1° S
or
Zpa<aIlel = 0.589)-25.1° = 1.698/25.1°
ZTh = 1.698 fl2.J~ + (- j3)
Thus,
To determine VTh we combine the 3-0 and 5-n
Hence,
re~.i,.tors
=
n
2.75/-56° n
in parallel to obtain
Rp = [(5)(3)1/ (5 + 3)
=
1.875 O.
1 ''75 ')
VTh = 50 /30° ( :--8'7':':<~-;-4 = 21.22/- 34.9° V
L
. +]
.
·~3J1..
rF
J 1-11-
":oJ/-
~ ~.
2'
10.205
--T-lI-'
----'tt
S-fl-
')OL.?;~_Vl
_______
_
b
Fig. 10-98
If a (6 + j9) 0 load is connected at ab of the cirCUit of Fig. 10-98, determine the complex power drawn by the
load.
I
Using the Thevenin equivalent developed in PTb. 10.204, we determine the load current, 1/., as given by
21.22/-34.9°
°
1/. = 2.75/-56° + (6 + j9) = 2.1 L.=:]§J?.. A
VI. = 1/(6 + j9) = 22.7 /-20.3° V
Hence,
10.206
Determine by Thevenin's theorem the load that must be connected across the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig.
10-99 to draw the maximum power from the source Also find the maximum power.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
.----r--------.
D
207
~
Fig. 10-99
I For the Thevenin equivalent, we must have
=450~ 3:6 = 150~Y
VTh
For maximum power transfer,
ZL = Z~h = 5.66 /- 45° = 4 - j4.
I ==
L
and maximum power is
10.207
6x3
ZTh=(2+j4)+ 6+3 =5.66/45°0
ZL
VTh
+ ZTh
=
1508~
Thus
=18.75 L.T: A
Pmax = (IL)2 RL = (18.75)2 (4) = 1406 W.
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit to the left of the terminals ab in Fig. 10-100.
currents through the 14-0 resistor and the jlO 0 reactor.
Determine the
3Jl..
J• Ion
I
;'
1ft
I From Fig. 10-100, with
Th
Fig. 10-100
I
ab open,
VTh = 30 /20° (1 + j3) +
Z
I
(~~ ~~) + (6 _ j5)
= 23.43 /-19.81°Y
= [(3 + j2) + (1 + j3)](6 - j5) = 5 /11 55° = 49 + '10
3 + j2 + 1 + j3 + 6 - j5
.
.
]
14(+jlO)
'6 62 = 8.1 4 /54 .5°.0.
ZL = 14
jlO = 4.73 + J.
VTh
IL=ZTh+ZL
23.43/-19.81°
1 91 /
(4.9+j1) + (4.73 +j6.62) = . -
58
°
.17 A
V L = ILZ L = (1.91 /-58.17°)(8.14 /54.5") = 15.55/-3.67° Y
Hence,
10.208
I 14n =
15.55/-3.67°
14
= 1.11/-3.67° A
I j10 n =
The Thevenin equivalent values of a section of a circuit are
mine the parameters of the Norton equivalent circuit.
15.55/-3.69°
°
10 /90°
= 1.55 / -93.69 A
ZTh
= 5/20° 11 and VTh = 100 /60° V.
I
10.209
By Thevenin's theorem, determine the current through the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-95.
Deter-
208
D
CHAPTER 10
(a.)
I
(6)
Fig. 10-101
First, we determine VTh from Fig. 1O-101a from which
or
and
VTh = Ix( - jl)
+ 21x = Ix(2 -
12~
Ix = 4 _ jl = 2.91 /14° A
jl) =, (::.91 /14")(2.24 / -26.56°) = 6.51 / -12.56° V
From Fig. 1O-101b,
which may also be written as
(4 - jl)lx
12~
_ VTh
and
ZTh -
Hence,
10.210
+ (jl)lsc =
_
""C" -
(-2 + jl)I,
6.51/-12.56°
4.24/-98.13°
==
+ (jl)lsc = 0
or
Isc = 4.24 / -98.13°
°
.
1.53 /85.57 0 = 0.118 + J1.52 0
VTh
6.51L-12.56° 148/3282°A
14 n = ZTh + 4 = -4.39 /20.26° = .
- .
What is the voltage across the 3-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-102?
Fig. 10-102
I
By mesh analysis we obtain
61 1 - j3(11 - 12) = 9 ~
and
The above equations may be combined to yield
j311 + (1- j3)12 = 0
or
-j9
12
=
2 - j7
Hence,
10.211
An impedance ZL = 2.47 /16° is connected at the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 10-102.
current through ZL by Thevenin's theorem.
I
Determine the
Notice that we have already determined VTh in Prob. 10.210. Thus, VTh = VJ n = 2.78 / -16° V. To
determine ZTh' we short-circuit the 9 ~-V voltage source and apply a voltage V at ab such that a current I
flows, as shown by dashed lines in Fig. 10-102. Then, ZTh =V/I: Now, from Fig. 10-202 (as modified by the
dashed lines), we have
or
Hence
Thus,
ZTh =
VTh
I L = ZTh + Z L
~ = 7 ~8j2
and
V
I
VI
VI
7 + j2
= "3 + 6" + - j3 = V 1:"8
,= 2.47 / - 16" 0 = 2.377 - jO.679 0
2.78 L--16°
2.78 /-16°
2.47 / -16° + ::.47 /16° = 2.377 + 2.377 = 0.584 / -16 A
0
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.212
Find the Norton equivalent at the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 1O-103a.
(b)
~j
4
±-j~n
,fl
h
(c)
I
First, we find IN from Fig. 1O-103b.
Fig. 10-103
Thus,
0
6(l00
1~(l0 12 /30
111") AO
IN = 21 d - /1 = 2L2Q. - -j-l- = 13.1 L..!!bi.A
Next, we obtain
ZTh
from Fig. 1O-103c, from which
Z Th
10.213
= (jl)(-j2) = '2n
]'1'2
-]
or
]
YN =
f-
=
Th
~ =0.5 /-900S
]
Calculate the current in the 5-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-104a.
j
"ft-.
,o.I2..
yo..n..
.
_j S"1l.
loo /!.Iy
5.52..
b
(CoL)
ID J1--
_j'ClJ2.
-\\
I
V,
a.
loo ,=,80'
b
(6)
Fig. 10-104
D
209
210
D
CHAPTER 10
I First, we replace the circuit to the left of ab by its Thevenin equivalent to obtain the circuit of Fig. 1O-104b,
for which
VTh = 100& j1~~j5 = 100B80' V
=
ZTh
(- j5)(j1O)
'5
-)
'10
+)
.
+ 10 = 10 - JlO
By using nodal analysis at node a, we obtain:
-100 -VI
10 - jlO + 2Ix
Solving for VI yields
VI
=
Ix
-100 - VI
10 - jlO
or
2V I
-]5
VI
VI
= - j5 + 5
VI = 24.27 / -104.04° V.
Is n =
Hence,
10.214
and
+5
~I
=
24~27
L=..!!.11.04° = 4.85 / -104.04° A
Determine the true power supplied by each source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-104b.
I To find the power Pv supplied by the voltage source, we must know
I.
Thus,
-100 - VI
-100 - 24.27 / -104.04°
°
1= 10 _ jlO =
10 __ jlO
= 6.86 /210.95 A
Pv = Re VI* = Re [(100 L-1~r)(6.86 /-210.95°)] = 588.28 W
Similarly,
10.215
PI = Re VI 21; = 2 Re [(24.27/-104.04°)(
24 27
5
/14.04°)] = 0 W
Verify that in the circuit of Fig. 10-104, the power dissipated in the resistors is entirely supplied by the voltage
source.
I
Pdi"ipated
2
(VI)2
= I 10 + -5-
)2
(24.27)2
(6.86 10 +
5
= 588.4 W
=
which is the true power supplied by the voltage sour;;e, the power supplied from the current source being zero
(from Prob. 10.214).
10.216
Verify the reactive-power balance for the circuit of Fig. 10-104.
I
Total reactive power absorbed = -(10)(1)2 _. (5)(IJ2 = -[(6.86)210 + (4.85)25] = -588.2 var
From Prob. 10.214,
Qv
=
Im (VI*) = Im [(100.1 -
!J~00)(6.86
/210.95°)] = - 352.8 var
Qv
10.217
+ QI = -588.4var
Solve for the current I in the circuit of Fig. 1O-105a by superposition.
6JL
Ca..)
"'SI..
[----"W\)v~·
o
IOOL.!
(h)
I Since the impedances (5 + j8) nand (4 1O-105b and c.
Hence,
(c)
j3>
n
Fig. 10-105
have no effect on I, we use only the circuits of Fig.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
Similarly,
,100~
°
I, = 6+3 = 11.11 L!LA
and
I' =
25/30°
I", = 6+3
and
1"=
211
= 5.56 L!L A
2.78/30°
2
= 1.39/30° A
I = I' + I" = 5.56 ~ + 1.39/30° = 6.8/5.87" A
Hence,
10.218
= 2.78/30° A
11.1~ ~
D
By superposition, find the current in the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. lO-l06a.
'l.f'L
(lL)
(h)
(c)
Fig. 10-106
I The circuits with one source at a time are shown in Fig. 1O-106b and c. From Fig. 1O-106b it follows that
I~ = 100 ~ / - jlO = 10 /90° A. From Fig. 1O-106c it is clear that I~ = 0 A. Hence, le = I~ + I~ = 10 /90° A.
10.219
Determine the current in the induct or of the circuit of Fig. 1O-106a by superposition.
Again, from Fig. 1O-106b we have I~ = 0 A,
2.5 /-90° A. Hence, IL = I~ + I~ = 2.5 /-90° A.
I
10.220
and from Fig. 1O-106c we obtain
I~ = 25 ~/jlO =
By superposition determine the current in the 3-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-106a.
I Figure 1O-106b yields I~ = 100 ~/(3 + 2) = 20 ~ A.
Hence, IR = I~ - I~ = 20~- 5 ~= 15~A.
Figure 1O-106c gives I~ = 25 ~/(3 + 2) = 5 ~ A.
_j'll
4-5"
L(,t V
+
~
~ n. CD
lo.fL
{
'-----...........~ rn"'
~Sn.
I
'00
J 90" V
L!!.
I
(4.)
_j'ft.
_j bJ'1.
foo/..ioV
jSJl
(c)
Fig. 10-107
212
10.221
D
CHAPTER 10
Find the current in the inductor of the circuit of Fig. 10-107 a by superposition.
I The component circuits, Fig. 1O-107b and c, give
[ ' = 45 M = 45 /150° A
L
-j6+ j5
Thus,
10.222
mr
I" = 100
= 100 /170° A
L
-j6 + j5
~.nd
IL = I~ - I~ = 45 /150° - 100 /170° = 59.73 ~.J13° A.
Using superposition, determine the steady-state current through the 12-V battery of the circuit of Fig. 1O-108a in
the time domain.
h .. \I
(a.)
• 11
t.
2..n.
.
-J
/.'19Jl..
+ 30fjV
/lV
(b)
(e)
Fig. 10-108
I For superposition, we use the circuits of Fig. lO-]08b and c. In Fig. 1O-108b the capacitor acts as an open
circuit and the inductor as a short circuit under steady state. Hence, i' = ¥ = 6 A.
In Fig. 1O-108c we have shown the ohmic valLles of inductance and capacitance at 1 Hz, since
27T(1)(0.1)=0.630 and Xc = !7TJ(1)(0.08)=' 1.990. Thus,
XL =
3°iJr
- - - = 20.96 /82.78° A
- }1.99 + [2(j0.63)(2 + }0.63)]
Ic =
and, by current division,
I" = (20.96 /82.7[:) ') jO .. ~363 = 6.3 /155.29° A
~
which, in the time domain, becomes
155.29°) A.
10.223
+] .
i" = V2(6.3) sin (27Tt + 155.29°).
Thus
i = i' - i" = 6 - 8.91 sin (6.28t +
A 6-V dc generator has a 0.5-V 7200-Hz ripple in the generated voltage. A load having a 2-mH inductance and
a 100-0 resistance is connected across the generator terminals. If the internal resistance and inductance of the
generator are 30 and 1 mH respectively, determin(! the steady-state time-domain current.
I The generator may be represented by two voltag'~ sources in series and the circuit for the generator and load
becomes as shown in Fig. 1O-109a. We may then apply superposition by using the circuits of Fig. 1O-109b and
c. From Fig. 1O-109b, under steady state, j' =,61103 = 58.3 mA. From Fig. 1O-109c we obtain
0.5iJr
I" = -103'1-3<;-:-5 = 2.9 / - 52.8° mA
+ ] . ~.b
Hence,
i = 58.3 + V2(2.9) sin (27T7200t - 52.8°) = SR.3 + 4.1 sin (45,239t - 52.8°) mA.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
f.-
0
213
).- ~ ~
G~-.\
,---------,
100ft
{).S
!JV
,_J
./'
(a.)
t
if
6v
(6)
10.224
(e)
Fig. 10-109
Using superposition determine the current through the 4-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-110a.
I
4Jl
, l.L/v
I'
4.(t..
"'f.n..
(l»
r'/
Fig. 10-110
(c)
I
In applying superposition, using Fig. 1O-110b and e, it is clear that the inductive and capacitive branches
have no effect on I' and 1". Hence, from Fig. lO-110b, 1'=-0 12&/4=3&A, and from Fig. lO-110e,
I" = 30 &/4 = 7.5 & A. Thus, 1 = I' - I" = 3 & -7.5 & = 4.5 /180° A.
10.225
What complex power is absorbed by the inductive branch of the circuit of Fig. lO-110a?
12&
I
Thus,
10.226
SL = VL
VL = 12 & (given)
I1 = (12 &)(5.72 /17.44°) = 68.69 /17.44° = 65.53 + j20.59 VA
Determine the value of C in the circuit of Fig. 1O-110a if C takes 5 var.
is 60Hz.
I
Hence,
10.227
°
IL= 2+jO.628 =5.72/-17.44 A
The operating frequency of the circuit
or
C = 14.74 p.F.
What are the total active and reactive powers supplied by the two sources of the circuit of Fig. lO-110a?
value of C is that found in Prob. 10.226.
The
214
0
CHAPTER 10
I
From Probs. 10.225 and 10.226, the active power supplied by the sources is the same as the powers absorbed
by the resistors:
p
10.228
Q = 20.59 - 5.0 = 15.59 var
= (4.5)24 + 65.53 = 146.53 W
Determine the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 10-111.
sL!°.{L
Fig. 10-111
_
I
°
0
(5 LQ::)(6 /20°) __
')
°
120 LQ::
°
1= 8.32 M = 14.42 /-30 A
Zin - 2L2Q::+4 M+ 5LQ::+6flQ: --D-MO
By current division,
5LQ::
o
le!
°
= (14.42 /-30 ) 5L:Q~+ 6 /20° = 6.67 /-41 A
Ammeter reading is 6.67 A.
10.229
Find the transfer impedance between branch abe and branch ef of the circuit of Fig. 10-111.
10.230
= Vin
Z
I
transfer
lout
~E.£
I,I
120 LQ::
6.67 L..=.1L = 17.9 ffi.:: 0
0
Calculate the current in branch abe (Fig. 10-111) if tre generator is replaced with an ammeter and the ammeter
in branch ef is replaced with an 80 /200-V general or. as shown in Fig. 10-112.
I
V
~
Z"an'fc, = ~ = I
out
e
0
= 17.9 /41 (from Prcb. 10.229)
or
labe
~m
= 17.9 ill = 4.47 /-21° A
abe
I
•
lojJ.oA
3S2
Fig. 10·112
10.231
Solve for I in the circuit of Fig. 10-112 by superposition.
I
Owing to the current source only (by current di"bion),
'4
I' = (20 /60°) 3 ~ j4
=
16 ~~6.8T A = -1.91 + j15.88 A
Owing to the voltage source only,
1-2'\ 13°A-276- '118A
1"- 15/30°
3 + j4 -3
- ,---'-'-.
J.
Thus,
10.232
I = I' + I" = 0.85 + j14.7 = 14.72 /86.7° A.
Convert the current source to a voltage source in the circuit of Fig. 10-112 and solve for I.
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
D
215
Fig. 10-113
I The modified circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 10-113, from which
I
10.233
= 80 ~ +]5
3 + j4
M
= -56.29 + j47.5 = 14 73/86 7° A
3 + j4
.
.
The circuit of Fig. 1O-114a is excited by sources of different frequencies.
I We solve the problem by superposition. Thus, from Fig.
2/30°
_
°
1'= 4 + ]'6 + 1 - ]'1 -0.28~A
or
Determine the current i(t).
1O-114b, in terms of maximum values,
i'(t)
=
0.28 sin (3t - 15°) A
and from Fig. 1O-114c,
I" = -(3/10°) 4 +
Hence,
i(t)
=
jl~ :jll~ j3/5
= -3.03/16.21° A
or
i"(t) = -3.03 cos (5t + 16.21°) A
i'(t) + i"(t) = 0.28 sin (3t - 15°) - 3.03 cos (5t + 16.21°) A.
i (,..e)
J-fL
.LF
"">;,
(a)
j6.n..
~
l'-~/A
T -J
(h)
fA
.
J 10J1.
Cc)
10.234
Fig. 10·114
Determine the average power delivered to the 1-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 1O-114a.
I From the results of Prob. 10.233, the power due to the voltage source is P' = HO.28)2 1 = 39.3 mW. The
power due to the current source is P" = H3.03)2] = 4.59 W. Thus, PI n = P' + P" = 0.0393 + 4.59 = 4.63 W.
216
10.235
0
CHAPTER 10
In the circuit of Fig. 1O-114a, if the current source has the same frequency
source, show that we cannot use superposition of average power.
I From Prob. 10.233,
I' = 0.28 / -15° A.
(w
=
3 rad/s)
as the voltage
Owing to the current source,
4 + j<i
I" = -3 /10° 4 + j6+1-=- jl
=
-3.06 /21.31° A
i'(t) = 0.28 sin (3t - 15°) A
Thus,
i"(t) = - 3.06 cos (3t + 21.31°) = -3.06 sin (:It + 90° + 21.31 0) = -3.06 sin (3t + 111.31°) A
Now we have both currents due to sinusoidal excitations, and
I = I' + 1"(1 /90°) = 0.28
Thus,
PI n
c.li':- 3.06 /111.31° = 3.23 / -64.69° A
=
! (3.23)2 1 = 5.23 W
By superposition,
P
10.236
= P' + PI' = 0.0393 + ~ (3.06)2 1 = 4.72 W "'" PI n
If a current through a resistor R is composed by superposition of two parts owing to sinusoidal sources of
different frequencies such that i(t) = Ilm sin W I t + 12m sin w2 t, find its rms value and show that the rms value
is not the sum of the rms values of the two compon~nts.
I
Average power dissipated in R is
P = H~mR + ;!I~mR = (I~ + I~)R
(1)
If 1 is the rms value of i(t) then
where I1 and 12 are rms values of the two components.
2
P='/ R
1=
Comparing Eq. (1) with Eq. (2), we observe that
values.
10.237
(2)
VI~ + I~,
which is obviously not the sum of rms
Solve for i(t) for the circuit of Fig. 1O-115a by appl.ying Thevenin's theorem.
values.
Base phasors on maximum
iF
r,r
~___JtH
Ul
i
et.)
2.H
----_--1
_)1..11-
lA
\---11-----1 I",
v,"" :?
Lt;
0•
Fj'
Y
~-
j" .n.
{L.
_ _ _ _ L ________- - - -
Fig. 10-U5
I At
w = 3 rad/s,
for the given voltage, the circuit of Fig. 1O-115a is redrawn as that of Fig. 1O-115b from
which
'1
VTh = 1 ~ jl 3 /50° = 2.12 /95' V
1=
Thus,
i(t) = 0.38 cos (3t + 10.19°) A.
2.12L95"
.
0.5 - jO.S + j6
ZTh
= 0.71 /45° - jl = 0.5 - jO.5
= 0.38 /10.19° A
n
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.238
Determine i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 1O-116a.
I In terms of maximum values from Fig.
I'
D
217
Notice that the sources are of different frequencies.
1O-116b and 1O-116c, we obtain, by superposition,
= 3/50° = 1.34 /- 13.43° A
1 + j2
I" = _1_ 2 /100°
I+jl
i' = 1.34 sin (2t -13.43°) A
= 1.41 /55° A
i" = 1.41 cos (t + 55°) A
i = i' + i" = 1.34 sin (2t - 13.43°) + 1.41 cos (t + 55°) A
IJl.
r
~---'t-tiH-(t-)-~-.
1
3""('t+~\~
a co<
(f+'''')
A
(a.)
I JL.
Ul
• 2.Jl
J
w:'-
(,.0:;1
(D)
10.239
Fig. 10-116
(c)
Change the frequency of the voltage source in Fig. 1O-116a from 2 rad/s to 1 rad/s and repeat Prob. 10.238.
Obtain your solution (a) by using superposition, and (b) with both sources acting simultaneously. (c)
Would method (b) be valid for the original circuit of Fig. 1O-116a?
I
(a) In terms of maximum values,
3 /50°
I' = - - = 2 12 /5° A
1 + j1
. L:!..
Thus,
i'(t) = 2.12 sin (t + 5°) A
i" = 1.41 cos (t + 55°) A
i(t) = 2.12 sin (t + SO) + 1.41 cos (t + 55°) = 2. 12(sin t cos 5° + cos t sin 5°)
+ 1.41(cos t cos 55° - sin t sin 55°) = 0.95 sin t + 0.99 cos t A
(b)
1= 3 /5~10 + - 11
'1 (-2 /10°)
I+}·
which, together with
(c)
10.240
w
+]
=
2.12 ~ -1.41 / -35° = 0.95 + jO.99
= 1 rad/ s, implies that i(t) = 0.95 sin t + 0.99 cos t.
No, because the sources are of different frequencies.
In the circuit of Fig. 10-117 determine the power delivered by the sources.
dissipated in the resistor.
_ If)
Cos
Verify that this is the average power
2. t V
Fig. 10-117
I
_ 10 ~ - 5 /45° _ 7.37 / -28.68° _
°
12 + j2 _ j
- 2.24 /26.57° - 3.30 / - 55.24 A
where 3.30 A represents a maximum value.
218
D
CHAPTER 10
Ps v = - ~ Re [(5 /45°)(3.3 /55.24°)] = 1.47 W
Thus,
10.241
PlO V
= ~ Re [(10 L!r)(3.3 /55.24°)] = 9.41 W
1.47 W + 9.41 W = 10.88 W.
In the circuit of Fig. 10-118, determine the avera:se power and complex power delivered by the source at
w = 1 rad/s.
I H
Fig. 10-118
I 1=
10.242
2~
2L!r
j1+[(j2)(-j1)]/(j2-j1) = -j1
=2~~A
S = ~ [(2 L!r)(2 / -90°)] = 2/ -90° VA
P= ReS =0
w = 2 rad/s. (b) Could this circuit be
li so, give the values of these elements.
(a) Determine the power factor of the circuit shown in Fig. 10-119 at
replaced by a resistor in series with an inductor"
Fig. 10-119
I
(j2)(2 - j 2 1 .
°
= 4 + J2 = 4.41 /26.57 n
Zeq = 2 + - - 2 ___
(a)
n
Power factor = cos 26.57° = 0.89 lagging.
(b) Yes; from (a),
Zeq=R+jwL,
2.
Cos
with
R=4!1,
wL=2!1
or
L=lH.
z.t.v
Fig. 10-120
10.243
In the circuit of Fig. 10-120, find Z L such that maximum average power is delivered to it.
average power.
I Basing phasors on maximum values, we have
~
VTh = 2: j2 2 = 1.41 /45° V
ZL = Z;h = 1 + jO n
10.244
IL =
1.412~?':
ZTh = - j1
= 0.705 /45° A
Determine the voltage v(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10·121.
~
+ 2: j2 = = 1 + jO n
P=
~(IL)21 = 0.25 W
Calculate this
D
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
219
j Ifl-
~I.n.
2si",ztv
Fig. 10-121
I From Fig. 10-121, V =V I - V2 • To solve by nodal analysis we replace the 2 cos 2t voltage source by j2 and
the 2 sin 2t source by 2.
Hence, for the two nodes we have
- jV2 =-2
V = 2.83 /135°
and
R
-jVI = j2
v(t) = 2.83 sin (2t + 135°) V
or
_j
ID..fl-
+
If'
i"
+
1-
~
-
i"
1rN
Fig. 10-122
10.245
For the circuit of Fig. 10-122 we have
I
VI
= 10 sin (lOOOt + 60°) V
and
v2
= 5 sin (1000t -
45°) V.
Find Zn'
In the frequency domain we have
Thus,
10.246
The circuit of Fig. 1O-123a operates at 1 MHz.
Solve for v(t).
(a.)
_3/
,oS!-.
r-~~~~--~~----~
0
.n,
( IJ)
Fig. 10-123
I First, we convert the current source to a voltage source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 1O-123b in which
Zp = [5(-jlO)]/(5 - jlO).
Then writing the node equation for node 1 we have
220
D
CHAPTER 10
(IO - V)(5 - jllll
V
'v - )100
-~,=-+--- j50
j5
IO - jIO
Solving for V yields
V=
10.247
-5+)4.8
0.25 - jO.05
6.93 /136.2°
0.255/-11.30 = 27.2
6
or
U:!LX'V
Determine the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 10-124.
V(t) = 27.2 sin (27T x 10 t + 147.so) V
The meter reads rms values.
Fig. 10-124
I
In terms of its maximum value
become
V = 2 LQ:: Y
Zp
and
(2.8 - )0.1 )1, - (I - )0.5)1, = 2 UI'-
= j2 /(1 + j2) = 0.8 + jO.4 n. The mesh equations
- (I -
0.67 - )0.5)1, + (2 - )0.5)1, = 0
Solving for 12 yields
0.66 - )1.0
4 9° A
5.47-)0.935 =0.216/- 6.
I 2-
10.248
or
.
0.216
Ammeter readmg =
7- = 152.8 mA
Draw a phasor diagram showing the voltages and currents indicated in Fig. 1O-125a.
+
V
+
1ft
I
--~IL -- :; ~/0"
Fig. 10-125
I
II = If. + IR2 = 5 + jIO A
Vc
'VIII
= 1(5 + jIO) = 11.18 /63.4° Y
= (-jl)(5 + jlll) ,= 10 - j5 = 11.18 /-26.6°Y
VI =V2 + VIII + Vc = jlO + 5 -1 /10 + 10 - j5
Hence the phasor diagram of Fig. 1O-125b.
10.249
Find vl(t) in the circuit of Fig. 10-126 if
v2=sin(l.~tV.
= 15 + j15 = 21.2 /45 0
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
I
If'
r
D
221
2 H
~..t"L
t
I
Fig. 10-126
I
In terms of maximum value, V2 = 1 L[: Y. The admittance of the RC-parallel branch is
1 + jO.25 S. The series impedance is ZI = 3 + jO.5(2) = 3 + jl.O D.
I L[:
.
12 = -1- = 1 +JO
VI =V2
I} = (1 L[:)(j0.25) = 0 + jO.25
+ II (3 + j1.0) = (1 + jO) + (1 + jO.25)(3 + j1.0) = 3.75 + j1.75 = 4.14 /25° Y
or
10.250
Y 2 = 1 + jO.5! =
VI (t)
For the circuit of Fig. 10-127,
v 2 =2sin2tY.
I,
Ifl
= 4.14 sin (0.5t
+ 25") Y
Find vl(t) and v}(t).
'.J1..
1~
~
v;.l-~ j 1.rL ~.l. _j I.f<'
Fig. 10-127
I
In terms of maximum values,
or
II = 12
VI = 1(1
10.251
V2
2L[:
2L[:.
+ j3) + V2 = 1 + j3 + 2=3 + j3 =4.24/45°Y
In the bridge circuit of Fig. 10-128,
V2 •
I
V2
+ 13 = -·1
+ --J
1
·1 = - - . + - 1
·1
-J
-J
-J
R I Cl = R2 C 2 == T,
= J2
v}(t) = 1.414 sin (2t - 45°) Y
.
.
+ 1 + J1 = 1 + J3 A
or
VI = VI L[: Y,
vl(t) =4.24 sin (2t+ 45°) Y
and
/
cp.
jwRICI
)
V2 = V2
By current and voltage division we obtain
1 + jwRIC I
Thus
or
VI
Ivll
-=-=
V2
11 + jwTI
Iv 1 11- jwTI
2
Fig. 10-128
=1
Show that
VI =
222
D
10.252
CHAPTER 10
Determine the phase angle 4> for the circuit of Prob. 10.251.
I
From Prob. 10.251 we have
(VI LQ::)(1-jwT)=(V2 li)(1+jwT).
Hence,
tan'l(wT) or -tan-\wT)=4>+tan- l (wT). J'h!nce 4>=-2tan- l (wT).
10.253
In the circuit of Fig. 10-129,
RI = R2 =
tan-I (-wT)= 4>+
vi LlC. Show that Vi. =VR2 at all frequencies.
L
RI
IIR •
+
72
\:
~
R. ...
..-
VR•
Vc
v)=
+
VL = RI
since
RI =
vi LI C.
Vi.
=
VR2
V
1 + (l/jwVLC)
V
R2
Thus,
+ jwL ;~)L =
Similarly,
V
10.254
Fig. 10-129
V
I
-
V
= ------ R = - - - - , = =
R2 + 1/ju.C 2
1 + l/jwVLC
at all frequencies.
For the data of Prob. 10.253, determine I1 and 12 ,
I
From Fig. 10-129 and Prob. 10.253,
VRI =V-VL =V(1 -
Consequently,
I1 =
:-t-l/j~VLC) =
IT
VRI
If; = VT V
RI
1 + j:VLC
VCTL
= 1 + jwVLC V
Similarly,
10.255
Ammeters are connected in the two branches of the circuit of Fig. 10-129.
the frequency at which the ammeters will show equal readings.
For
RI = R2 =
vi LlC, determine
I For the ammeters to show equal readings we mu,;t have 1I11 = 1121, which holds if and only if
11 + jwVLCI =
10.256
1
1 - j wJrc
1
01
1
wVLC= wVLC
or
1
w=vrc
Find the total power dissipated in the resistors of the circuit of Fig. 10-130.
j lo.llV,
SA
_j'ofL
'ofL
Fig. 10-130
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
I
D
223
By nodal analysis we obtain:
Vj
5 +
Vj
-j10
Vj - V2
Vj - V2 _ 1
V2 -Vj
- j5
+~ +ji(J-
+
+ V2
V2 -Vj
jlO
j5
V2 = -(-'05)
] .
+ 10
which simplify to
(0.2 + jO.2)V1 - jO.1 V2
=
-jO.1Vj
1
+ (0.1- jO.1)V2
= jO.5
Using Cramer's rule and solving for Vj and V2 yields
=
V1
0.1 - jO.1 - 0.05
= 1 _ '2 = 2.24 / -63.4° V
0.02 - jO.02 + jO.02 + 0.02 + 0.01
]
~~-
V =
-0.1 + jO.1 + jO.1
= -2 + j4
2 0.02 - jO.02 + jO.02 + 0.02 + 0.01
P
5
10.257
n
= (V1)2 = (2.24)2 =1 OW
5
5
.
Total power loss
=
3.0 W
How much active power is supplied by each of the two sources of the circuit of Fig. 1O-130?
I
P j A = VI, cos ct>j = (2.24)(1) cos (-63.4°) = 1 W
P 05
10.258
4.47 /116.6° V
=
A
= V 2 I 2 cos ct>2 = (4.47)( -0.5) cos (116.6° + 90°) = 2 W
What is the total reactive power absorbed by all the elements of the circuit of Fig. 1O-130?
I Total reactive power absorbed equals total reactive power supplied. Complex power supplied,
S = Sj + S2 =Vjl~ + V21; = (2.24 / -63.4°)(1 LQ::) + (4.47 /116.6°)(-0.5 /90°)
=
(2.24 / -63.4°) - (2.235 /206.6°) = 3 - j1
or, reactive power absorbed = 1 var.
10.259
In the circuit of Fig. 10-131, calculate the complex power supplied by each source.
_j~..n.
'?Jt
,
:l-
j+JL
LfJ V
yI -- 10
-
11-
I-I
,
':t
I _
I
-
y~
Fig. 10·131
I To solve for the power, we must know the currents I and 12 , Writing the mesh equations yields
j
or
and
j4(12 - I j) - j212
14 + j8
I j = -1-3-
Hence,
Thus,
=
+ 21 j = 0
or
°
1.24 /29.7 A
12 =
= V,l~= (10 LQ::)(1.24 / -29.7°) =
S,
(3 + j4)lj - j412 = 10
(2 - j4)lj
20 + j30
13
=
+ j212 = 0
°
2.77 /56.3 A
12.4/ -29.7° = 10.77 - j6.14 VA
S, = - V,I; = -21 j I; = -(2)( 1.24 /29.5)(2.77 / - 56.3°) = ~6.87 / -26.6° = -6.14 + j3.08 VA
10.260
Calculate the total complex power absorbed by the elements of the circuit of Fig. 10-131.
result of Prob. 10.259 is correct.
I
Hence verify that the
P3 n = (lj)23 = (1.24)23 = 4.61 W
Qj4fl
=jl
(I, - 12f4 =jl (1.24 /29.7°) - (2.77 /56.3°W4 = j( 1. 75)24 = j12.27 var
or
From Prob. 10.259,
above result.
S = Sj
+ S2 = 10.77 -
j6.14 - 6.14
S = 4.61
+ j12.27 -
+ j3.08 = 4.63 -
j15.35 = 4.61 - j3.08 VA
j3.06 VA,
which agrees with the
224
0
10.261
CHAPTER 10
Determine VI of the circuit of Fig. 10-130 by using superposition .
.
V.
~----~1-4-;:~~~~~'~~----~
-J
V
L -_ _
IO~
~j4fL
~_ _ _ _ _ _~r
_____~
Fig. 10·132
I
First we reduce the circuit of Fig. 10-130 to lhat shown in Fig. 10-132 (by combining all the parallel
elements), from which:
4
V, = 1 10° ( - j2)( _. j10 + 2 + j4) = 2 - '2 V
1
~ 4-j2.-jlO+2+j4
J
Due to 11 :
V~=(-0.5/-900)4
'2
'102
+
'4=-lV
+J
V = V; + V'; = 2 - j2 - 1 = 1 - j2 V
Hence
10.262
(2 + j4)(4 - j2)
-] -J
Rework Prob. 10.261 by using Thevenin's theorem.
ZTh
a.
c:::r--;-1L"'b
I
T-
j, 0.11.
' - -_ _ __iO_
b
Fig. 10·133
I For this problem also we use the reduced circui: of Fig.
shown in Fig. 10-133.
10-132 and obtain the Thevenin equivalent at ab,
Thus,
ZTh = 4 - j2 + j4 + 2 = 6 + j2 n
VTh = (1 LQ:)( 4 - j2) + (0.5 /-90°)(2 + ;4) = 6 - j3 V
6- j3
and
Hence,
Finally,
10.263
.
6 + J'2 - J'10 = 0.6 + JO.3
1= 1 LQ: - lab = 1 -·1).6 - jO.3 = 0.4 - jO.3 A
VI
= I( 4 -
j2)
= (0.4·- jO.3)(4 - j2)
=1-
j2 V
Draw a phasor diagram for the currents shown in the circuit of Fig. 1O-134a.
I The phasor diagram is shown in Fig.
1O-134b.
-
.-c
4
-- '~
r-
- . - ~-
-1
,ok.
-
~
'-
-j I2.SJ2.
L
..
IT .
.~
: - -.
((1,)
: Ji.
~- J..
- 1 - c~
r.\ r-
f--- . -f--- ~
(~)
Fig. 10·134
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.264
If 13 = 2 L!L A
0
225
in the circuit of Fig. 1O-135a, find all other currents and voltages and draw a phasor diagram.
.
v
-+- ~-
- - --l'Ws
-[- il tv,.
V
t--
V
~
~
.',
I1
1-,]ILV
t-
v,
t-j,
I-
r
(a. )
-
:--..
,-c-
.,
~~
-- I- t-r-
'- -f-r-
1/
.~~
"~
_.-
-t-
I~
-
~
-
--
. -+ t.
.Y'1"
.....
t-.
~---
t--
hA.
t
Fig. 10-135
(h)
I
12 =- 2 + jl
I) = jl A
VI = 6+ j8 V
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 1O-135b.
10.265
In Fig. 1O-136a
I
V = 1 L!L v.
Draw a phasor diagram showing all currents.
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 1O-136b.
_.
, .7
~
-- iLJ-
- 1': 1: c :, .J
'-J
~ ~ ..~ ~-
1/
J
-j 'SA
I - t-
[~I d'
1'- I- ~,l'.
1/
-I~ r--. t;:r-
t- t-
.
c-
1- - t - 1-
I"'/
I : 0'
/
3.7
-~
t--
(a.)
-
-~7, r-I- -r-- 0·lA.
,-
(6)
10.266
Fig. 10-136
Two impedances Z) = 9.8 / -78° nand Z2 = 18.5 /21.8° n are connected in parallel and the combination
in series with an impedance Z3 = 5 /53.1 ° n. If this circuit is connected across a 100-V source, how much true
power will be supplied by the source?
I
1
Yp = Y I
1
+ Y 2 = 9.8 /-78° + 18.5 /21.8°
=
0.107 /48.14" S
or
Zp =
Y1
.
= 6.236 - J6.961 n
p
= 5 /53.1° + Zp
(3
+ j4) + (6.236 -
100 L!L
°
1 = 9.7/ -17.780 = 10.3 /17.78 A
P = VI cos
Zin
=
j6.961)
(J
= 9.7 / -17.78° n
= (100)(1O.3)(cos 17.78°) = 980 W
226
0
10.267
CHAPTER 10
The circuit of Prob. 10.266 operates at 60 Hz. Determine the value of inductance which must be connected in
series with the circuit so that the power factor becom;:s unity.
I
From Prob. 10.266, Zin = 9.236 - j2.961. With the inductor in series we have Z;n = 9.236 - j2.961 +
For the unity power factor, Xl. = wL = 2.961 or L = 2.961/21T60 = 7.85 mHo
jXl..
10.268
Find the current 1\ through the 6 /40°-0 impedance of the circuit of Fig. 10-137.
Fig. 10-137
I
For the parallel branch we have
Yp = 6 /~Oo + 5 ~; +;;:/20 = 0.8585 / -26.14° S
0
By current division, the required current is
1\ = I
~\
= 20 /30° (6
p
10.269
/40C)((1.l~5~5 /-26.14°)
How much complex power is absorbed by the 6 L§!.t:-H impedance of the circuit of Fig. 1O-137?
I
The voltage across the given impedance is
(120 /90°)(20 / - 30°) = 2400 /60° VA.
10.270
= 3.88 /16.14° A
V = ZI = (6 /60°)(20 /30°)
= 120 /90° V.
Thus
S = VI* =
If the circuit of Fig. 10-137 operates at 60 Hz, find the current 12 in the time domain.
I
As in Prob. 10.268,
12=1~: =20/30° (5/300)«(1.~5185/-26.140) =4.66/26.14°A
Hence
10.271
i2 = v2( 4.66) sin (21T60t
-+ 26. J40) = 6.59 sin (377t + 26.14°) A
From the results of Probs. 10.268 and 10.270, solve 'or the current 13 shown in the circuit of Fig. 10.137.
I
By KCL,
13 = I - (1\ + 12)'
Now,
1= 20 /30° = 17.32 + jlO (given)
1\ '=3.88/16.14°=3.73+j1.08 (from Prob. 10.268)
12 = 4.66 /26.14° = 4.18 + ;2.05 (from Prob. 10.270)
Thus,
10.272
Determine the voltage V, across the current source of the circuit of Fig. 10-137.
I
10.273
13 = 9.41 + j6.87 = 11.65 /36.13° A
Vs = I( 4 /50° + 6 /60°) + 1\ (6 /40°)
= (20 L2.!r)(9.96 /56°) + 23.3 /56.14° = 218.52 /83° V
How much total power is absorbed by all the resistive components of the impedances of the circuit of Fig.
1O-137?
I
PR = Re V,I* = Re [(218.52 /83°)(21) / - 30°) 1= Re (4370.4 /53°) = 2630 W
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
10.274
0
227
A certain series-parallel circuit contains an impedance Zl = 1 - jl 0 in series with a parallel combination of
Z2 = 1 + jl 0 and Z3 = 1 - jl n. The sinusoidal driving voltage is 240 /30° V. Sketch the circuit and
determine (a) the driving-point impedance and (b) the driving-point admittance.
I
The circuit is shown in Fig. 10-138, from which
Z = (1 + jl)(l- jl) = 1.00
P
(1 + jl) + (I - jl)
Zin = Zl + Zp = (1- jl) + 1.0 = 2 - jl = 2.2359/-26.57° 0
(a)
(b)
10.275
Yin =
L
= 2.236/
~26.57° = 0.4472/26.57° S
Find the voltage across Z 1 in the circuit of Fig. 10-138.
I
1= VY = (240 /30°)(0.4472/26.57°) = 107.34/56.57° A
VZ1 = IZ 1 = (107.34/56.57°)(1 - jl) = 151.78/11.57° A
1
1~
Fig. 10-139
Fig. 10-138
10.276
Determine the current supplied by the voltage source of the circuit of Fig. 10-139, where
Zl = (3 + j2) = 3.606/33.69° 0
Z4
= (3 + j6) = 6.708/63.435° 0
I
Zp(I.2) = 1.952/24.53° 0
Zp(3,4)
Z2 = (4 + jl) = 4.123/14.036° 0
Zs
= (4 + j7) = 8.062/60.255° 0
Zp(3.4)
= 7.0827 /-16.06° 0
Z3 = (2 - j5) = 5.385/-68.199° 0
Z6
= (2 + j3) = 3.606/56.310° 0
Zp(5,6)
= 2.4932/57.53° 0
+ Zp(5,6) = ZA = 7.0827 /-16.06° + 2.4932/57.53° = (8.1448 + jO.1441) = 8.1460 /1.0133° 0
Zin
=
(1.952~)(8.1460 /1.0133°)
°
(1.7758 + jO.81041) + (8.1448 + jO.1441) = 1.5957 /20.04 0
V
240 L!r
°
1= Zin = 1.5957 /20.040 = 150.41/-20.04 A
10.277
Find the current through Z3 of the circuit of Fig. 10-139.
I
The current 13 is determined by the division of the current Ix'
240 L!r
°
8.146~ =29.46/-1.01 A
Hence,
10.278
IJ
0.1857 /68.2°
0.1412~
= 38.74/51.13° A
How much total reactive power is absorbed by the impedances of the circuit of Fig. 10-139.
Q =ImS =lm VI*
10.279
= 29.46/-1.01°
=Im [(240 L!r)(150.41/20.04°)] = Im (36,098.4/20.04°) = 12.37 kvar
The voltage across a certain parallel section of a series-parallel circuit is 120 /60° V. The parallel section
consists of a (2.0 + j3.0)-0 branch in parallel with a (4.0 - j8.0)-0 branch. Determine (a) the current in each
branch and (b) the total current to the parallel section.
228
0
CHAPTER 10
I
Let the branches be labeled A and B. Then ZA~' 2 + j3 = 3.61/56.31° 0, ZB = 4 - j8 = 8.94/-63.43° O.
120i.§!r
lA = 3.61/56.31° = 33.24 /3.69° A
(a)
(b)
10.280
I = lA
120 /60°
IB = 8.94 /-63.43° = 13.42 /123.43° A
+ IB = (33.17 + j2.14) + (-7.39 + jl1.2) = 29.02 /27.36° A
(a) the input impedance and
For the circuit shown in Fig. 10-140, determine
j
(b) the input current.
(.{L
-
+ ,\It...
- j?>SL.
lb;l (I..
.1\1\"..--\
V:.4-50VLo~
S
V
-t
!}
25'H,?
Fig. 10-140
I
ZA = 4 + j3 = 5 /36.87° 0
(a)
Z =
p
ZAZB =3.00/-19.44°
ZA+ZB
1=
Zin= (2.83-jI.00)
-z.- =, 2];3
on
10.281
+j1.0=2.83~0
j·50~
V
(b)
ZB = 2 - j3 = 3.61 /-56.31° 0
100
~
= 159.01 A
Solve for IB and VA in the circuit of Fig. 10-140.
YB
0.277 /56.31°
IB = I Y p = 159.01 0.333-/19.44;;- = 132.5 /36.87° A
I
VA = IZp = (159.01)(3.00 / -19.44°) = 477 / -19.44° V
10.282
Determine the current lA in the circuit of Fig. 10-140 in the time domain.
YA
0.20 .I - 36.87°
/
°
lA ~ I Y p = 159.01 -0.333 /19.44° = 95.53 -56.31 A
I
i A = 95.53 Y2 Slll (501Tt - 56.31°) A
10.283
Draw the phasor diagram showing all the voltages and currents of the circuit of Fig. 10-140.
I
See Fig. 10-141.
.........
10.284
V,.,.. V"
Fig. 10-141
If 450-V dc is applied across the circuit of Fig. 10-140, determine I, lA' and I B under steady state.
Since C acts as an open circuit and L as a short circuit to dc (under steady state), we have
I = lA = 4~O = 112.5 A.
10.285
What is the voltage across the 10-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 10-142?
,
Since
1=5 /20° A,
VI = RI
=
10(5 /20°)
=
50 DO° V.
IB = 0 and
AC CIRCUITS UNDER STEADY STATE
lOSt-
1
+
-
VI
+
V
r-------I-. J - - - - - - - '
5" l...J.oo A
Fig. 10-142
Solve for the current 12 in the circuit of Fig. 10-142.
10.286
I
The admittance of the parallel branch is
Yp
1
1
= 3 + j4 + 4 -
j6
°
1
+ J3 = 0.4262 /-62.48 S
By current division,
Y2
°
1I(4-j6)
°
12 = 1 Yp = 5 flQ: 0.4262/-62.48° = 1.63/138.8 A
10.287
Determine V2 , the voltage across the parallel branch, in the circuit of Fig. 10-142.
I
10.288
Find V, the voltage across the source in Fig. 10-142, from the results of Probs. 10.285 and 10.287.
I
10.289
V = VI + V2 = 50 /20° + 11.75 /82.5" = 48.52 + j28.75 = 56.4/30.65" V
What is the input impedance of the circuit of Fig. 1O-142?
I
10.290
10 + Zp = 10 + 0.4262 )-62.48° = 11.08 + j2.08 = 11.27 /10.64° n
V = Zinl = (11.27 /10.64°)(5/20°) = 56.35/30.64° V,
S =VI* = (56.4/30.64°)(5 /-20°) = 282/10.64° VA
Solve for the currents I1 and 13 in the circuit of Fig. 10-142.
I
I1 = 5/20° (3 +
13 = 5 /20°
10.293
which agrees with the result of Prob. 10.288.
How much complex power is delivered by the source of the circuit of Fig. 1O-142?
I
10.292
=
Recalculate V (Prob. 10.288) from the result of Prob. 10.289.
I
10.291
Zin
j4)(0.42~2/-62.480)
(j3)(0.426~ /-62.48°)
= 2.35/29.35° A
= 3.91/-7.52° V
Find the voltages across the various elements of the circuit of Fig. 10-142.
I
Vj3 n =V2 = 11.75/82.5"V
V_ j6n = (1.63/138.8°)(6/-90°) = 9.78/48.8°V
Vj4 Il = (2.35/29.35°)(4/90°) = 9.4/119.35" V
V3 n
=
3(2.35/29.35°) = 7.05 /29.35° V
V4 n = (1.63/138.8°)4 = 6.52/138.8° V
10.294
Draw a phasor diagram showing all the currents and volt ages in the circuit of Fig. 10-142.
I
See Fig. 10-143.
0 229
230
0
CHAPTER 10
Fig. 10-143
10.295
Verify that the true power supplied by the source
powers dissipated in the resistors.
Pwu<Ce
Pdissipated
= 3(11)2
or
the circuit of Fig. 10-142 is the same as the sum of the
= Re S = Rc, (282/10.64°) = 277.15 W
+ 4(12)2 + 10(1)2 = 3(2.35)2 + 4(1.63)2 + 10(5)2 = 277.19 W
CHAPTER 11
L/ Magnetically Coupled Circuits
~
11.1
Figure 11-1 illustrates magnetic coupling of two circuits, which is measured by the mutual inductance M. Like
L, M carries the units H. Including coupling, write the equation of either circuit in terms of instantaneous
values and in terms of sinusoidal steady-state values (phasors).
M
RI
L'2)
C
LI
VI
N,
V2
<D
Fig. 11-1
The required equations are:
.
RIll
.
Rh
11.2
+
(1/,.
([)
I
R2
di l
+ LI Tt ±
di2
+ L2 Tt
di2
M
Tt
± M
Ttl
di
=
VI
= v2
or
(1)
or
(2)
The mutual coupling between the circuits of Fig. 11-1 is shown in more detail in Fig. 11-2, where the two coils
are shown on a common core which channels the magnetic flux <p. To determine the proper signs on the
voltages of mutual inductance, apply the right-hand rule to each coil: If the fingers wrap around in the
direction of the assumed current, the thumb points in the direction of the flux. Resulting positive directions for
<PI and <P2 are shown on the figure. If fluxes <PI and <P2 aid one another, then the signs on the volt ages of mutual
inductance are the same as the signs on the voltages of self-inductance. Apply this rule to find the sign for M in
Eqs. (1) of Prob. 11.1.
Fig. 11-2
I
11.3
In Fig. 11-2, <PI and <P2 oppose each other; consequently, Eqs. (1) would be written with the minus sign.
The circuit of Fig. 11-3(a) represents a transformer in which source VI drives a current i 1 , with a corresponding
flux <PI as shown. Now, Lenz's law implies that the polarity of the induced voltage in the second circuit is such
that, if the circuit is completed, a current will pass through the second coil in such a direction as to create a flux
opposing the main flux established by i l . The right-hand rule, with the thumb pointing in the direction of <P2'
provides the direction of the natural current i 2 • The induced voltage is the driving voltage for the second
circuit, as suggested in Fig. 11-3b. This voltage is present whether or not the circuit is closed. When the
switch is closed, current i2 is established, with a positive direction as shown. Suppose the switch in the passive
loop is closed at t = 0 when i I = O. Write the KVL equations for the two loops.
231
232
0
CHAPTER 11
VI
dil
dl
M
(b)
I
Fig. 11-3
The equation of the passive loop is
R
.
I
2 2
di
di
z - M - l =0
+ L 2 --dr
dt
whereas that of the active loop is
11.4
Write the KVL equations for the magnetically coui='led circuits of Fig. 11-4 operating under steady-state ac.
The circuit also shows the dot convention stated as follows: (a) When the assumed currents both enter or both
leave a pair of coupled coils by the dotted terminals, the signs on the M terms will be the same as the signs on
the L terms; but (b) if one current enters by a dctted terminal while the other leaves by a dotted terminal,
the signs on the M terms will be opposite to the Sigls on the L terms.
I
The KVL equations in matrix form may be written as
[
R,
-iwM
R; + jwL 2
][1,]
[VI]
12
0
=
R,
R2
0J
~.
V,
RI +jwLI
-jwM
jwL,
V,
jwL 2
J
R2
J J
Fig. 11-4
11.5
jw(L,- M) jw(L 1 - M)
jwM
Fig. 11-5
Represent the circuit of Fig. 11-4 by a conductively coupled circuit.
I
Let the desired circuit be as shown in Fig. 11-5, wnere an inductive reactance X M = wM, carries the two
mesh currents in opposite directions, whence Z'2 =, Z21 = - jwM in the Z matrix. If now an inductance
LI - M be placed in the first loop, the mesh current equation for this loop will be (RI + jwL,)I, - jwMI 2 =
Similarly, L2 - M in the second loop result~. in the same mesh current equation as for the coupled-coil
circuit. Thus, the circuit of Fig. 11-5 is equivalent 10 that of Fig. 11-4.
VI'
11.6
In Fig. 11-1, we have shown two fluxes-<I>lI linking with coil 1, and <1>\2 linking with coils 1 and 2 both. This
latter flux gives rise to the mutual coupling between the two coils and is known as the mutual flux. The flux <1>'1
is known as the leakage flux. With the use of the definition of inductance as flux linkage per ampere (see Prob.
7.11) and defining coupling coefficient k = <1>12/<1>1 = <1>21/<1>2' obtain an expression for k in terms of self- and
mutual inductances. Coils 1 and 2 in Fig. 11-1 have NI and N2 turns, respectively.
I
From Prob. 7.11, since
A = N<I> = Li,
L
di
di
we haw
= N
d<l>
dt
.
.= e (mduced
voltage)
From Fig. 11-1, induced voltage e 2 in coil 2 is given by
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
e2 = M
di ,
di
0
233
d
= N2 di <P12
or
(1)
Similarly, e I in coil 1 is given by
M = N d<P21
or
I
(2)
di2
Multiplying Eqs. (1) and (2) yields
(3)
(4)
Now
(5)
(6)
and
Substituting Eqs. (4) through (6) into (3) gives
M
yL I L 2
k=--
Hence,
11.7
The device shown in Fig. 11-6 is a transformer.
parameters.
Represent this by an equivalent circuit.
Identify all the circuit
Fig. 11-6
, Referring to Fig. 11-6, the primary winding of NI turns is connected to the source voltage VI and the
secondary winding of N2 turns is connected to the load impedance ZL. The coil resistances are shown by
lumped parameters R I and R 2 • Current 12 produces flux <P2 = <P21 + <P22 and II produces <PI = <P12 + <Pll"
In terms of the coupling coefficient k,
From these flux relationships, leakage inductances Lll and L22 can be related to the self-inductances LI and L2
by
= (1- k)LI
LII
The corresponding leakage reactances are
XII
= (1- k)X I
The flux common to both windings in Fig. 11-6 is the mutual flux
emfs by Faraday's law.
<Pm = <P12 - <P21.
This flux induces the coil
234
0
CHAPTER 11
dcP,"
e = N ---I
I
dt
Defining the turns ratio, a = N I /N2 , we obtain from these the basic equation of the transformer, e l /e 2 = a.
In terms of rms values, E/E2 = a.
The relationship between the mutual inductance can be developed by analysis of the secondary induced emf,
as follows:
d<P m
d<P12
d<P 21
d<P 12
d(k<p2)
e 2 = N2 Tt = N2 Tt- N2 Tt = N2 Tt - N2 --;{f
Using the results of Prob. 11.6, we have
e2 = M
di l
Tt -
di2
kL2
df
di l
M di2
Tt - -;; Tt
= M
Now, defining the magnetizing current i.p by the equation
or
di q•
e =M-2
dt
we have
or
Hence, in terms of the coil emfs and various reactances and resistances, we obtain the equivalent circuits of
Fig. 11-7a and b.
R,
jX22
jX"
R,
R2
a
+
V,
~
E,
+
~
~
E2
V,
ZL
R2
jXM
+
~
jX ,
V,
(a)
jX2
ZL
V2
(b)
I'ig. 11-7
11.8
From the circuit of Fig. 11-7b determine the input impedance of the transformer.
I The governing equations are
Eliminating 12 gives
or
11.9
An ideal transformer is represented by Fig. 11-8. [t is characterized by the fact that it is lossless (RI = R2 =
0), has no leakages (XII = X 22 = 0), and has an infinitely permeable core (XM = 00). Under these conditions determine its input impedance for a load Z L'
+
-
I,
V,
a
+
E,
+
11
E2
-
+
12
ZL
v2
Fig. 11-8
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
I From Fig. 11-8,
VI = El = aE2 = aV2 •
0
235
Since the transformer is lossless,
or
Hence,
11.10
For an ideal transformer the ampere-turn dot rule states that the algebraic sum of the ampere turns for a
transformer is zero. Now refer to the three-winding transformer shown in Fig. 11-9. It has turns NI = 20,
N2 = N3 = 10. Find II given that 12 = 10.0 /-53.13° A, 13 = 10.0 /-45° A.
Fig. 11·9
I With the dots and current directions as shown,
10(10.0 /-53.13°) + 10(10.0 /-45°)
11.11
When one coil of a magnetically coupled pair has a current 5.0 A, the resulting fluxes <PII and <P12 are 0.2 and
0.4 mWb, respectively. If the turns are NI = 500 and N2 = 1500, find Lp L 2, M, and the coefficient of
coupling k.
I
+ <P12 = 0.6 mWb. From Prob. 11.6,
<PI = <P11
L = NI <PI = 500(0.6) = 60 mH
I
Then, from
11.12
from which
NIII - N 212 - N313 = 0,
or II = 6.54 - j7.54 = 9.98/-49.06° A.
II
M= N2<p12 = 1500(0.4) = 120mH
II
5.0
5.0
M=kyL I L 2,
k=
;12= 0.667
L 2 =540mH.
Two coupled coils have self-inductances L, = 50 mR and L2 = 200 mH, and a coefficient of coupling
k = 0.50. If coil 2 has 1000 turns, and i l = 5.0 sin 400t A, find the voltage at coil 2 and the flux <PI'
I
M =
hI LI L2 = 0.50Y (50)(200) = 50 mH
di
v 2 = M d:
d
= 0.05 dt
.
(5.0 Sill 400t)
= 100 cos 400t
Assuming a linear magnetic circuit,
M = N2<p12 = N 2(k<Pl )
iI
iI
11.13
or
M
4
<PI = N k i l = 5.0 X 10- sin 400t Wb
2
Write the mesh equations in terms of instantaneous values for the circuit of Fig. 11-10.
R
v
M
Co
Fig. 11·10
I Examination of the winding sense shows that the signs on the M terms are opposite to the signs on the
terms.
.
di
di
1
RI + L - - M - + I dt
dt
C
I. +
I
dt
di
di
L - - M - =
2 dt
dt
V
L
(1)
236
0
CHAPTER 11
di + -1
Ri + L' -dt
C
or
where
11.14
L' = L1
+ L2 -
2M.
Because
i dt = v
M;;;,. 'ILIL~;;;" (L, + L 2 )/2,
(2)
L' is nonnegative.
Rewrite the mesh equations of the circuit of Fig. 1l-lO for sinusoidal steady condition.
,
These equations follow directly from Eqs. (1) and (2) of Prob. 11.13.
(R + jwLI - jwM + j~C + jwL
where
11.15
I
L' = L,
+ L2 -
2 --
;lJJI'I1) 1 =V
or
Thus,
(R + jwL' + j~C)1 =V
2M.
In a series aiding connection, two coupled coil~ have an equivalent inductance LA; in a series opposing
connection, LB' Obtain an expression for M in te:-ms of LA and LB'
, As in Prob. 11.13, LI + L2 + 2M = LA and LI + L2 - 2M = L B, which give
This problem suggests a method by which M can be determined experimentally.
11.16
M = HLA - L B ).
Write the mesh current equations for the coupled coils with currents i, and i2 shown in Fig. 11-11.
v
Fig. 11-11
,
The winding sense and selected current directiom, result in signs on the M terms as follows:
11.17
,
11.18
Obtain the dotted equivalent circuit for the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-12a, and use it to find the voltage V
across the 10-0 capacitive reactance.
Repeat Prob. 11.16 if i2 is given by the dashed line in Fig. 11-11.
, To place the dots on the circuit, consider only tne coils and their winding sense. Drive a current into the
top of the left coil and place a dot at this terminal. The corresponding flux is upward. By Lenz's law, the flux
at the right coil must be upward-directed to oppose the first flux. Then the natural current leaves this winding
by the upper terminal, which is marked with a dot. See Fig. 11-12b for the complete dotted equivalent circuit,
with currents 11 and 12 chosen for calculation of V.
5 - j5
[ 5 + j3
and
5 + j3 ] [11] [10 L!r -I
10 + j6 12 = 10 - jlO _
V= 1,(-jlO) = 10.15 /23.96° V
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
0 237
so
IOM'
v
+
+
v
IO~
V
-jlO 0
(Cl.)
SO. jS 0
IOM'
~
jS 0 •
S0
-jIO 0
v
IO~
V
(h)
Fig. 11·12
11.19
Obtain the dotted equivalent for the circuit shown in Fig. l1·13a and use the equivalent to find the equivalent
inductive reactance.
j40
(£~
jS O • • j60
• j30
Ch)
Fig. 11·13
I Drive a current into the first coil and place a dot where this current enters. The natural current in both of
the other windings establishes an opposing flux to that set up by the driven current. Place dots where the
natural current leaves the windings. (Some confusion is eliminated if the series connections are ignored while
determining the locations of the dots.) The result is shown in Fig. l1·13b.
Z
= j3 + j5 + j6 -
+ 2(j4) - 2(j3) = j12 il
2(j2)
Le., an inductive reactance of 12 il.
11.20
Compute the voltage V for the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11·14.
·S 0
.'
SOM' V
J
k
=
0.8
'10 0
~'
.
30\
12
SO
+
V
-j40J
Fig. 11·14
238
0
CHAPTER 11
I
X M = (0.8y5(1O)= 5.66!1,
and so the Z matnx is
3 + jl
[ -3 - j1.66
_
12 -
Then
50
o
~z
1
=8.62/-24.79 A
0
Repeat Prob. 11.20 with the polarity of one coil reversed.
I
In this case, the Z matrix is as follows:
3 + '1
Z= [
]
-3 + j9.66
and
11.22
3 + jl
-3 - j1.66
V= 12(5) = (8.62i--:~.79°)(5) = 43.1/-24.79°Y
and
11.21
1
--: -- j1.66]
8 + j6
-3 + j9.66]
(2
8+ j6
3 + jl
50 I
-3 + j9.66
0
I-_-'---c~-z--=; 3.82/-112.12° A
=
V= 12 (5) = 19.1/-112.12° Y.
Obtain the equivalent inductance of the parallel-connected, coupled coils shown in Fig. 11-15.
I
Currents I1 and 12 are selected as shown; then
jwO.3
Z = [ jwO.043
or
Leq
jwO.043 ]
jw0.414
Zin =V,II,.
(jwO.3)(jw0.414) - (jwO.043)2 _. 02 6
jw0.414
- JW . 9
and
= 0.296 H.
+~
12
)
0.8 H
0.3 H
VI
50~
k
=
20
50
~
~
Y
j50
0.7
Fig. 11-16
Fig. 11-15
11.23
jIO 0
For the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-16, show that dots are not needed so long as the second loop is passive.
I
Currents I, and 12 are selected as shown.
5~
± j4 I
11 = ---,_ _ _
5 _+...!..j_lO---,-_
1
2 + j5
± j4
1
± j4
5 + jlO
2 + j5
250 + j500 _
1.°
-24 + j45 - 10.96 L...::.:~·64 A
501
12 = _±--,,-j_4_ _0_ = 3.92/-118.07 + 90° A
~z
1
The value of ~z is unaffected by the sign on M. Since the numerator determinant for I, does not involve the
coupling impedance, I, is also unaffected. The expression for 12 shows that a change in the coupling polarity
results in a 180° phase shift. With no other phasor voltage present in the second loop, this change in phase is of
no consequence.
11.24
For the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-17, find the ratio V2 /V, which results in zero current 11,
V,
I = 0=
I
Then
,
VI (2 + j2) - V2 ( j2) = 0,
from which
lV
2
j2
2 + j2
~z
V21VI ,= 1 - jl.
I
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
2a
sa
j4
Ja
J c
•
:;o~
v
+
a
jS
I,
-j8
a
Fig. 11-18
Fig. 11-17
11.25
239
a
jJ{~
e
0
In the circuit of Fig. 11-18, find the voltage across the 5-0 reactance with the polarity shown.
I For the indicated choice of mesh currents,
50 /0450
1
-;3 _150~
'81
_
°
11 = ------'J'-.8-1- 109 -J'9 -1.37 /-40.28 A
3 + j15
j8
-j3
1
Similarly, 12 = 3.66 / -40.28° A.
The voltage across the j5 is partly conductive, from the currents 11 and 12 , and partly mutual, from current 11
in the 4-0 reactance: V = (1 1 + I 2 )j5 + 11 (j3) = 29.97 /49.12° v. Of course, the same voltage must exist
across the capacitor: V= -I2(-j8) =29.27 /49.12° V.
11.26
Obtain Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at terminals ab for the coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-19a.
40
lOll!'
jlO 0
30
(;\
v
jS 0
40
a
J
\ \ I'
I
/
I
b
(a.)
8.62/48.79" 0
,.....-£=::J--oQ a
4.82/- 34.60°
V
,.....----,----------0
O.559! - 83.39° A
_
------Ob
8.62/48.79"
a
0
-----......--------ob
(b)
(c)
Fig. 11-19
I In open circuit, a single clockwise loop current I is driven by the voltage source: 1= (10 L!r)/(8 + j3) =
1.17 /-20.56° A. Then VTh = I(j5 + 4) - I(j6) = 4.82 /-34.60° V.
To find the short-circuit current 1', two clockwise mesh currents are assumed, with
I
1'=
I
8 + j3
-4+ j1
8 + j3
-4 + j1
1~ I
= 0.559 / -83.39° A
and
-4 + j11
7 + j5
The equivalent circuits are shown in Fig. 11-19b and c.
ZTh
=
VTh
I' =
12 = 1'.
4.82/-34.60°
0.559 /-83.39° = 8.62 /48.79° 0
240
11.27
0
CHAPTER 11
Obtain a conductively coupled equivalent circuit for the magnetically coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-20a.
• jsn
SOL![
V
j6 n
~jIOn.
3nJ
J
I,
12
-j4
z"
so
SOL\L
V
n
Fig. 11-20
I
Select mesh currents I, and 12 as shown, and write the KVL equations in matrix form.
3 + jl
[ -3 - j2
The impedances in Fig. 11-20b are chosen to give l;he identical Z matrix. Thus, since I, and 12 pass through
the common impedance Zh in opposite directions, Z'1 in the matrix is -Zb. Then, Zb = 3 + j2 o. Since ZII
is to include all impedances through which I, p.u,ses, 3 + jl = Z" + (3 + j2), from which Z" = - jl o.
Similarly, Z22 = 8 + j6 = Zb + Zc and Zc = 5 +)4 o.
11.28
For the transformer circuit of Fig. 11-7b, k"O.96, R,=1.20, R2=0.30, Xl=200, X2=50,
ZL = 5.0 /36.87° n, and V2 = 100 ~ V. Obtain th,~ coil emfs E, and E 2, and the magnetizing current I</>.
I
X'I =(1-k)X, =(1-0.96)(20) =0.80
a=~=2
X
X 22
= (1-
k)X2
= 0.2 0
X M = kyX IX 2 =9.60
2
Now a circuit of the form Fig. 11-7a can be constructed, starting from the phasor voltage-current relationship
at the load and working back through E2 to E,.
12 =
ZV
2
L
100 L'!r
°
= 5.0-i)687"
L __ = 20 /-36.87 A
E2 = I 2(R 2 + jX22 ) + V2 = (20 b19..:..::E~)(0.3 + jO.2) + 100 ~ = 107.2 - jO.4 V
E, = aE 2 = 214.4 - jO.8 V
11.29
E2
.
I</> = .X = -0.042 - Jl1.17 A
J M
For the linear transformer of Prob. 11.28, calculate the input impedance at the terminals where V, is applied.
I
Completing the construction begun in Prob. 11.28,
1
I, = I</> + - 12 = (-0.042 - j11.l7) + 10 /-36.87° = 18.93/-65.13° A
a
V, = I,(R, + jXII ) + E, = (18.93/-65 . .L~)(1.2 + jO.8) + (214.4 - jO.8) = 238.2/-3.62° V
Therefore,
11.30
In Fig. 11-21 three identical transformers are primary wye-connected and secondary delta-connected. A single
load impedance carries current IL=30~A. G,ven Ih2=20~A and I"2=I c2 = iO~A, with
N, = lON2 = 100, find the primary currents I"" I b " (cl.
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
0
241
•
Iul-
NI
11
IL
=i)
•
I bl -
ZL
NI
I
11
"
Fig. 11-21
The ampere-turn dot rule is applied to each transformer.
+ N21a2 = 0
or
NIlbl - N21b2 = 0
or
= -l~(lO~) = -1 ~A
Ibl = l~ (20 ~) = 2 ~ A
+ N21e2 = 0
or
lel = - II~ (10 ~) = -1 ~) = -1 ~ A
NIlal
l
NI c1
lal
The sum of the primary currents provides a check:
11.31
lal + Ihl + lel = O.
A pair of coupled coils is shown in Fig. 11-22a. Redraw the figure by eliminating the geometrical information
and replacing it by the dot notation. If the, coil resistances are negligible, write the voltage equations for the
circuit.
IH
r-h
c
'\'l.H
tI
-
f--- 511
Fig. 11·22
I The required circuit is shown in Fig.
11.32
In the circuit of Fig. 11-22b
I
Vab
11-22b for which
diab
1 Tt
- 2 Tt
died
(1)
di
dt
di
dt
(2)
Vab
=
V
= -2 --""- +5 ~
cd
= 100 sin 1000t Vand iab
= 5 sin(lOOOt
+ 30°) A. Determine v ed .
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 11.31,
died = ! (di ab _ V )
2
dt
ab
dt
Thus
Vcd
= -
2
diab
5 (diab
Tt
+ 2" Tt -
Substituting the given expressions for Vab and iab yields
Vab
)
ved = 2385 sin (1000t + 114.8°) V.
242
11.33
0 CHAPTER 11
Terminals band c of the coils of Fig. 11-22a are CI)nnected and a voltage
across a and d. Determine vab and v cd'
vad = 400 cos lOOOt V is applied
I The circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 11-23, which gives
Vab
diad
diad
diad
= 1 Tt - 2 Tt = -1 Tt
Hence,
diad
.
,diad
-dt
= 5 Tt -- ,~
giving
diadldt=200coslOOOtA/s,
.
diad
= 3 Tt
Vad
vab= -200coslOOOtV
~
diad
= 400 cos lOOOt = Vab + Vcd = 2 Tt
and
vcd=600coslOOOtY.
L~c..
i"b -:. Ltu!.
a..
:)
IH
5H
Fig. 11-24
Fig. 11-23
cl.
11.34
v cd
vac = 400 cos lOOOt Y.
Repeat Prob. 11.33, assuming that band d are now connected and
I The circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 11-24, frem which
di clc
vab = 1 --dl
Thus,
11.35
di
d;c = 40 cos lOOOt A/s
so that
diac
dt
+2 -
Vab = 120 cos lOOOt V
and
Vcd = -280 cos lOOOt V
Obtain expressions for currents iab and ied in Prob. [1.31.
I Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) and integrating yields
11.36
Three coupled coils are wound on a core as shown in Fig. 11-25a. Redraw it by using the dot notation. Use
circles to relate coil 1 to the other coils and squares to relate coils 2 and 3. Neglecting coil resistances write the
voltage equations.
~
'-,
'1. _ _+--4.
(J)
T---+---f
I....-;"--P--l
Fig. 11·25
I The required circuit is shown in Fig. 11-25b. The voltage equations are
Vab
diab
= L1 Tt + M12
died _ M ~i!...1
dt
13 d'
Vej = -M13
11.37
diab
-di- -
Vcd
M 23
diab
= M12 Tt + L2
died
Tt + L3
died - M ~
dt
23 dt
~
dt
For the coupled coils shown in Fig. 11-26, Lp L 2 , and M are equal to 9, 16, and 12 mH, respectively.
currents iab and ied are identical and equal to 3 sin WOOt A. Find the voltages Vab and vcd'
The
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
0------.
I
11.38
Vab
diab
•
L,
L2
L..----_d
died
= Lt Tt + M Tt = 63 cos lOool V
Vcd = M
Fig. 11-26
diab
died
Tt + L2 Tt
= 84 cos WOOl V
Find the total instantaneous power absorbed by the magnetic field of the coils of Fig. 11-26 (Prob. 11.37).
What is the maximum energy stored in the magnetic field?
I
P = Vabiab
At
1=0,
+ Ve)cd = 220.5 sin 20001 W
stored energy W is zero because both iab and ied are zero.
w =
11.39
r-----... c
•
IJ-------'
0 243
Thus,
J: P dr = 220.5 J: sin 2000r dr = 0.11(1 - cos 20001) J
W max
=0.22J
The current iab in the coupled coils of Prob. 11.31 is held constant at 1 A. The current ied has the form shown
in Fig. 11-27. Plot the voltages vab and ved for one period (8 time units).
10 - f
10
4
Fig. 11-27
_of
Fig. 11-28
I
Vab
= 1 d~;b
- 2
d~;d = -2 d~;d
Thus,
and
The plots are shown in Fig. 11-28.
11.40
Sketch the power absorbed by each winding over 0 $; 1$;8,
I
Pt = vabiab = 1vab
Fig. 11-29.
(see Fig. 11-28) and
P2 = ve)ed
using the data of Prob. 11.39.
(see Figs. 11-28 and 11-27).
/0
-+t
The plots are shown in
244
11.41
0
CHAPTER 11
Sketch the total energy absorbed in the magnetic field of the coils of Prob. 11.39, over 0:::;
t:::;
8.
w = !Lli~b + !L2i~d - Miabied' Inserting the known numerical values gives w = ~ + ~i~d
~(iCd - ~)2 J. Referring to Fig. 11-27, we see that the w curve will be flat between t = 1 and
- 2ied = fa +
t = 3, and
between t = 5 and t = 7; it will be parabolic over the rest of the cycle. We shall always have w ~0.1 J,
with equality at certain times only if Im ~ 0.4 A. Figure 11-30 graphs w in the representative cases Im = 0.2,
0.4, and 0.8 A.
I
0.8
{WIw,y, .i
'cil
CI{ •
O. if A
w::O./ J
_ _ 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
o.t
0.2
0
"1.0
r- ---,
,
I
I
1...-
I"", '" O.iA
3.0
IP2.d
I.~
0./
2
3
of
~
~
7
8
'i
t
11.42
10
Fig. 11.30
An electronic amplifier is modeled by the circuit shown in Fig. 11-3l. Determine the turns ratio of the ideal
coupling transformer for maximum power transfer to the load resistor R.
I Power absorbed by R is
Combining the above four equations,
The expression above is a maximum when
J
N,
~
1"1-' ,4.v~~
of
• •
NI/N2 ='YrpIR.
r-
;J
e
R
RJ;!
...
la
d
"1Z:jL':;b
Fig. 11-31
I
jwC
Fig. 11-32
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.43
Figure 11-32 shows the equivalent circuit of an amplifier.
G =VcdIVab .
I
0 245
Obtain an expression for the voltage gain
Establishing mesh currents counterclockwise and clockwise in the left and right meshes respectively,
[(rp + RI) + jWL 11 ]1 1 +
jwMI 2 = jJ.V ah
jwMl 1 + [ R2 + j( wL 22
1
w
c) ]12 = 0
-
Solve for 12 and then obtain
G= IhwC =
Vab
11.44
-f-LMIC
[(rp + RI) + jWL ll ][ R2 + j( wL 22
In the amplifier of Prob. 11.43, if
amplifier.
I
rp "pY(Rl)2 + (WLlI)2,
-
1
w C)] + w 2M2
obtain a simplified expression for the gain of the
We may write
(rp
+ RI) + jwL l l
= rp ( 1 +
(
(R2+ 2L2 )1/2
R +. L )
1
:w 11 = rp 1 +
1
W r 11
p
for the given condition.
11.45
li] =
rp
p
Therefore
An equivalent circuit of a transformer-coupled amplifier is shown in Fig. 11-33.
G=VcdIVab , assuming that rp "p1/wC 1.
Determine the voltage gain
c
I,2.
R,
Rz
LII
Lzz
C,
I,
Cz
It.
d
_ fLVcb _
I, z- --;;;- - gm Vc/}
I
Fig. 11-33
Choosing mesh currents upward through both of the inductances,
jwMl 1 + [ R2 + j(WL 22 -
w~) ]12 = 0
12
=
jwC2V cd
Elimination of 11 and 12 between the three equations yields
G= VCd =
Vab
(RI
11.46
-jgm(MlwC1C2)
+ j(wL l l -1/wC1)][R 2 + j(WL 22 -1/wC2)] + w 2M2
In a two-winding unloaded transformer, the flux linking the primary and the mutual flux are 10 mWb and
8 mWb, respectively. What is (a) the primary leakage flux, and (b) the coefficient of coupling?
I
(a) Leakage flux = 10 - 8 = 2 mWb.
(b) Coefficient of coupling,
k =
fa
= 0.8.
246
11.47
0 CHAPTER 11
If the fluxes in the transformer of Prob. 11.46 are produced by a 2.4-A primary current, and
and
N2 = 160 turns,
I
LI = N,
Hence,
11.48
4>1
I;
0.01
= 100 2.4 = 0.417 H
L2 = 1.064 H.
NI = 250,
N2 = 300, k = 0.S2. The reluctance seen by the two
What is the mutual inductance between the two windings?
For a certain two-winding transformer,
windings is 420 ampere-turns per weber.
M = k NIN2 = 082
~
.
I
11.49
NI = 100 turns
determine the self- and mutual inductances of the two windings.
!250 )(300)
420
= 146 H
A transformer has a coefficient of coupling of 0.7 and primary and secondary turns of 270 and 540, respectively.
The primary has a resistance of 10 n and draws 2 A at 120 V 60 Hz. What is the no-load secondary voltage?
I
Representing the transformer by the circuit of Fig. 11-7b (with
v, = (R, + jX,)I,
or
flRI = 2(10) = 20 V
(V,)2
ZL = 00),
we have
= (J,RY + (J,X,)2
VI = 120 V (given)
Thus,
Thus,
11.50
E2 =
A 60-Hz 240-V generator connected to the primar) 01 a transformer causes 20 /10° A in a load connected to the
secondary. The coefficient of coupling is 0.75, and th,~ parameters of the transformer (measured at 60 Hz) are
RI = 2.3 n, XI = SO n, R2 = 4.S n, X 2 = 100 n. Determine (a) the magnitude and phase angle of the
primary current and (b) the primary current if the load is removed.
I Magnetizing reactance is
(b) With
Xm = kyX I X 2 = 0.75\'(SO)(100) =67.1
n.
_ Egen + j X m l 2 _ 240 LQ': + ;67.1(20 M) _
/1 '10
I1 R
'X
~I 3 ·SO
-16.5 Ll,lA
I+J I
•... +J
(a)
11.51
O·n*" 118.32 = 165.65 V
12 = 0,
I, = (240 L!t) 1(2.3 + JSO) = 3 L.:J~~~ A.
The equivalent resistance and equivalent reactance (Ieferred to the high-voltage side) for a certain 25-kVA
2400/600-V 60-Hz transformer are 2.S and 6.0 n, rt:sp,~ctively. If a load impedance of 10 /20° n is connected to
the low side, determine (a) the equivalent input impedance of the combined transformer and load; (b) the
primary current if 2400 V is applied to the high-voltc.ge side.
(a) Using the procedure of Prob. 11.9,
.
Zin
= (R e • Hs + JXe ,lls) + Z'oad,HS
"
.
0(2400)2
(2.S + J6.0) + 10 fl!r 600
=, (2.S + j6.0) + (150.35 + j54.72)
=, (153.15 + j60.72) = 164.75/21.63° n
(b) From Ohm's law,
I p . HS =
11.52
V HS
Z
-=
,".HS
2400 L!t
/
°
164:]"5-2l.63
L_ _ = 14.57 -21.63 A
0
A 50-kVA 4160/600-V 60-Hz transformer has an equivalent impedance referred to the high side of 9.5 /50° n.
Determine the input impedance of the combined transf,)rmer and load if the secondary is supplying rated kVA at
600 V to an O.SO-pf lagging load.
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
I The power factor angle is
(J = COS-I
0.80 = 36.86° lagging.
The phasor power supplied by the secondary is
S2 = 50,000 /36.86° VA
50,000 /36.86 = (600 L!r)I;
0 247
S2 =V21;
I; = 83.33 /36.86°
12 = 83.33 / -36.86° A
From Ohm's law,
Z'oad
=
V2
I2
Zin.HS
11.53
600 L!r
83.33/-36.86° = 7.20 /36.86° 0
Z,oad.HS
= 7.20 /36.86°(~ )2 = 346.11 /36.86° 0
= R e . HS + jXe • HS + Z'oad.HS = 9.50 /50° + 346.11 /36.86°
Zin.HS
= 355.37 /37.21° 0
Determine the required turns ratio for an impedance-matching transformer that will provide maximum power
transfer to a 6-0 loudspeaker from an amplifier with an output impedance of 50 kO resistive. The circuit is
shown in Fig. 11-34a.
Amplifier
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11-34
I The output impedance of an amplifier is its Thevenin impedance. Thus the amplifier acts as a generator
whose Thevenin impedance (resistance, in this case) is 50 kO, as shown in Fig. 11-34b. For maximum power
transfer, the amplifier must "see" a load the resistance of which is equal to its own resistance. Placing a
transformer between the load and the amplifier causes the amplifier to "see" a resistance equal to Zin =
(N I IN2 )2Z!Oad' Thus, for maximum power transfer, Zin must equal 500000.
NI
-N =913
.
2
11.54
An impedance-matching transformer is used to couple a 20-0 resistive load to an amplifier whose Thevenin
equivalent is given in Fig. 11-35a. Determine (a) the turns ratio required for maximum power transfer; (b)
the primary current; (c) the secondary current; and (d) the secondary voltage.
Vn"
(h)
(e)
Fig. 11-35
248
0
CHAPTER 11
I (a) For a perfect match the
Zin of the combined transformer and load must equal Z;h'
Thus,
N,
N = 7.07
2
(b) The equivalent circuit for perfect matching is shown in Fig. 11-35b.
VTh
1, = ZTh + Zin
25 L!r
=, 1"':)("10 + 1000 = 0.012
_ _1_2 __ . = 7.07
0.0125 LQ:
1
(c)
Applying Ohm's law,
5 L!r
A
12 = 0.0884L!r A
(d) Referring to Fig. 11-35a,
V2
11.55
"
201 2 = 20(0.0884) L!r = 1.768 V
For the circuit and data of Prob. 11.54, calculate (a) the power delivered to the load if the transformer is not
used and (b) the percent increase in delivered pow,~r when the transformer is used.
I
(a) The circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 11-.35/".
1=
25 iQ:
_
1000 + 20 = 0.0245 A
VTh
ZTh
+ 20
P = l~oadR'oad = (0.0245)2(20) = 12 mW
(b) From Prob. 11.54, P = (0.0884)2(20) = 156.3 mW (with the transformer). Percent increase is [(0.15630.0120)/0.0120](100%) = 1202.5%. The addition cof an impedance-matching transformer resulted in a twelvefold increase in power delivered to the load.
11.56
Two coupled coils, having a coefficient of couplillg 0.9, have a IO-H mutual inductance. Other data are
NI = 100 and N2 = 300. Determine the primary current to produce 0.8-Wb flux to link with the secondary
coil.
I
or
0.8
300 = 100 -11
Thus,
11.57
11 = 24 A.
From the data of Prob. 11.56, find the self-inductances of the coils.
I
eP12 = keP,
0.8= 0.9ePl
or
Ll = NI eP 1 = 100 0.89 = 3.7 H
I,
24
Thus
11.58
eP, = 0.89Wb
or
M" = ky L1L2
10 = 0.9'113.7 L2
or
L2 = 33.37 H.
A 30-A current in the primary of a transformer res1jlts in a primary flux of 0.5 Wb.
and k = 0.9. Find Lp L 2 , and M.
I
M = N eP'2 = N.
2
L, = N,
eP,
T
= 200
I,
0.5
NI = 2N2 = 200
~,~. = 100 0.9 x 0.5 = 15 H
'1 ,
30 = 3.33 H
Given:
30'
M= kyL ,L 2
or
1.5 = 0.9Y3.33L2
I
Thus,
11.59
L2 = 0.83 H.
A 120-V primary voltage produces a 15 /- 60'~ A secondary current in a transformer. Other data are:
k = 0.86, RI = 1.8 n, R2 = 4.6 n, X, = 57 n, and X 2 = 150 n. Calculate the primary current.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 11.50, we have
Xm = h/X1 X 2 =,0.86'11(57)(150) = 79.5 n
Thus,
11
= 120iQ:+(15i=60,:)(79.5L2Q::) =228/-60
1.8 + ]57
.
0
.8 A
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.60
0 and
=
120L.Q':+(:~8~i?9.5~)
Other data are:
R1
=
19.1/58.7°A
= 3.90,
X1
= 65 0,
XM =
In this case, we have
4/25° = 60 LQ:: + 12 (j48)
3.9+j65
Hence,
11.62
(b) 11 =
A transformer draws a 4/25°-A primary current of 60 V.
48 O. Determine the secondary current.
I
249
(b) 12 = 15/60° A.
120 L.Q':
(a) 11 = 1.8 + j57 = 2.1/ -88.7° A
I
11.61
(a) 12
Repeat Prob. 11.59 for
0
60 LQ:: + 12 (j48)
65.11/86.6°
=
or
12 = 6/32.7° A.
A 4160/208-V transformer has a load impedance of 0.01/30° 0 connected to the low-voltage side. The
equivalent impedance referred to the high-voltage side is 2/70° O. What is the input impedance of the
transformer and the load?
I
Referred to the high-voltage side,
_ (4160)2
° _
0_
.
208 (0.01 M) - 4 M - 3.46 + J2 0
Zload -
Thus,
11.63
Z;n
= 4/30° + 2/70° = 3.46 + j2 + 0.68 + j1.88 = 4.14 + j3.88 =
A 2300/120-V transformer is connected to a 0.04/10°-0 load on the low-voltage side.
impedance referred to the high-voltage side is 4/70° 0, calculate the primary current.
I
=
(2:~00)
2
(0.04/10°) = 14.69/10° 0
2300
_
/_ 21 76° A
11 = 17.02/21.76° - 135.14
.
Thus,
The primary and secondary impedances of a 2.2-kV /600 - V transformer are ZI = (1.4 + j3.2) 0 and Zz =
(0.11 + jO.25) O. If the secondary current is 41.67 /- 36.87° A at 600 LQ:: V, determine the magnitude of
the primary input voltage.
I
Zload
Z2
=
41.6~0~ ~.870 = 14.4/36.87° =
) (14.64/37.39°)
2~gg
z
Z;n
=
=
196.81/37.39° 0 (referred to high-voltage side)
(1.4 + j3.2) + 196.81/37.39° = 199.87 /37.88° 0
or
Hence,
11.52 + j8.64 0
+ Ztoad = (0.11 + jO.25) + (11.52 + j8.64) = 14.64/37.39° 0 (referred to low-voltage side)
=(
11.65
If the equivalent
Referred to the high-voltage side
Zload
11.64
5.68/43.1° 0
600
It = 2200 41.67 = 11.36 A
VI = 11 (Z;n) = (11.36)(199.87) = 2271.4 V.
Find the input current to the two magnetically coupled coils of Fig. 11-36.
j
+
IOn.
j 301l.
SA
+
loo Ll V
Fig. 11-36
250
0
CHAPTER 11
I The circuit equations may be written as:
(2+)IO+)147)l j +)14.71 2 =100&:
) 14.71, + (5 + )3') + )14.7)1 2
20 /90°
=
Solving for I, yields I, = 5.03 /-86.44° A
11.66
For the coupled circuit of Fig. 11-37, we have R ,= 70 n,
IxM I = 94.25 n. Determine 1 if VT = 120 &: V.
I
Xj = 62.83 n,
R2 = 80 n,
X 2 = 251.33 n,
and
•
T
V -= 12Q~·v''--------Fig. 11-37
I The dots show that
X M is negative (see Prob. L.4).
V T = 1[(R j + R 2 : + f(Xj + X 2
-
21xMI)]
120 &: = 1{(70 + 80) + j[62.83 + 251.33 - 2(94.25)]}
120 L~
°
1 = 195.68 L12~~~ = 0.61 /-39.95 A
11.67
Repeat Prob. 11.66 if the connections to coil 2 are interchanged.
I Now
X M is positive.
V T = 1[(R j + R z ) - j(X; + X 2 + 21xMI)]
i20 &: = 1{(70 + 80) + j[62.83 + 251.33 + 2(94.25)]} = 1(524.56 /73.38°)
1 = \}.23/-73.38° A
11.68
For each sketch in Fig. 11-38, determine the equivalent inductance of the series-connected coupled coils, if Ll
and L2 are 2 and 8 H, respectively, and k = 1.
IMI = ky L j L 2 = 1'11(2)(8) = 4 H. For Fig. 11-3:~a and c an assumed direction of current through the series
connection will show current entering one dot and leaving the other dot. Hence M is negative, and
Leq = Ll + L2 - 21MI = 2 + 8 - 2(4) = 2 H. For Fig. 11-38b and d an assumed direction of current through the
series connection will show the current entering both dots or leaving both dots. Hence M is positive, and
Leq = L + L2 + 21 MI = 2 + 8 + 2( 4) = 18 H .
I
j
•
T
•
~
(a)
(h)
I
*
(d
11.69
•
•
(d)
Fig. 11·38
For the coupled coils shown in Fig. 11-39, determine
I
k - 0.7
•
(3 + j2)
(a) IxMI;
(b) Rcq;
•
(5 + j4)
(c) Xeq;
Fig. 11-39
(d) Zeq.
(a) IXMI= kyX X 2 = 0.7'11(2)(4) = 1.98n
(b) R eq ==3+5=8n
(c) From Fig. 11-39 we see thatXM is negative. Thus, Xeq=Xj +X2 -2IxM I=2+4-2(1.98)=2.04n.
(d) Zeq = Req + jXeq == 8 + j2.04 = 8.26 /14.31': n
j
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.70
0
251
In the coupled circuit of Fig. 11-40 determine the ammeter reading.
k
=,
4SL
P" +
/ov
0
LE..
Fig. 11-40
V
I The ammeter reads 1111, to solve for which we use mesh analysis. First, however, the mutual reactances
between the coils AB and CD must be determined:
X MAB
= ky XAXB = 1y(1)(9) = 3 n
X MCD
= ky XCXD = 1Y(2)(8) = 4 n
Now the mesh equations become
(5 + j1)11 - j312
=0
- j31, + (7 + jll)/2 - j413
Solving for 1\ yields
11.71
1\ = 4.23/32.87° A.
= lOO M
+ (11 + j8)13 = 0
-j41 2
Ammeter reads 4.23 A.
Three coils (A, B, and C), with k = 1, are wound on a common core so that they are mutually coupled and
may be represented by the circuit of Fig. 11-41. Determine 1\.
loo L!/V
•:J-of(Z~j+)A ~C
Fig. 11-41
LA_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.-Lh_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _....l c
I The mutual reactances are
X MAB
= 1y(1)(4)=2n
X MBC
= 1y(4)(9) = 6 n
X MCA
= 1y(9)(1) = 3 n
The mesh equations may now be written as
[(1 + j1) + (2 + j4) + 2(j2)]11 + [(2 + j4) + j2 + j3 - j6]12
= 100 M
[(2 + j4) + j2 + j3 - j6]11 + [(2 + j4) + (3 + j9) - 2(j6)]12 = 100 /90°
or
Solving for 1\ yields
11. 72
= 100 M
(2 + j3)1\ + (5 + j1 )12
= lOO /90°
1\ = 21.42/- 80.16 A.
Repeat Prob. 11.71 assuming that coils are wound on separate cores.
I In this case all
XM's
= 0,
[(1
Solving for 1\ yields
11.73
(3 + j9)11 + (2 + j3)12
and the mesh equations become
= lOO LQ::
+ j1) + (2 + j4)]11 + (2 + j4)12
(2 + j4)1\ + [(2 + j4) + (3 + j9)]12 = lOO /90°
1\ = 23.22/-77.65° A.
Determine the complex power supplied by each generator of the circuit of Prob. 11.72.
I Solving for 12 in Prob. 11.72 yields 12 = 11.55/-300.25° A. Thus,
SI =V\I~ = (lOO LQ::)(23.22/77.65°) = 496.6 + j2268.3 VA
S2 =V21; = (100 /90°)(11.55/300.25°) = 997.7
+ j581.9 VA
252
11.74
0
CHAPTER 11
The coupled circuit of Fig. 11-42a is to be represented by an equivalent T circuit shown in Fig. 11-42b.
Determine the parameters of the T circuit.
Aa I
••
JI.lL.
3
f" -2~ ~
Xl
-j2.fl-
4
2
-j3
(a)
In-
j
r-----1-.-vv.-.--1 Z} _
'--_~I(---..... _---_+_---__4.__.-------J
n
- 13
2
4
X M = kVJ[;.r;
I
Fig. 11-42
(iI)
=
1y(4)(2) = 2.83 n
For the magnetically coupled circuit, the mesh equations are
100 LQ:: = (j1
0=
+ 4 + j4 -- (3 + 0)1\ +
(0 - j2.83)1 2
(0 - j283)I J + (2 + j2 + 10 /30° + 0)12
100 = (4 + j2)I J
or
+ (- j2.83)1 2
+ (2 + j2 + 10 /30°)1 2
0= (-j2.83)1,
For the conductively coupled circuit, the mesh equajons are
100 LQ:: = (j1
+ ZA
-+ Zc - j3)I J + (-ZC)12
0= (-Zc)IJ + (Zc
+ ZB + 10 /30°)1 2
For the two circuits to be equivalent, we must have
4 + j2 = Z A
+ Zc -
- j2.83 = --Zc
j2
Solving the three simultaneous equations yields
ZlI= 2 - jO.83
ZA=4+j1.17n
lOO
k - 1
4
3
A
(3 + j9)
118
Zc = j2.83 n
Ler \'
k - I
• •
(I+jl)
.!1-.
n
•
;~~1
~
n..
C
•
(6;L8)
~
512...
/)
(a)
100 ~v
4
.n..
(h)
Fig. 11-43
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.75
0
253
Replace the transformers in Fig. 11-43a by equivalent T sections.
I
Figure 11-43b represents the circuit with the equivalent T sections whose parameters are to be determined.
The mesh equations for the magnetically coupled circuit of Fig. 11-43a were obtained in Prob. 11.70 as
0= (5 + jl)ll + (- j3)12
100= (-j3)11
0=(0)1 1
+ (0)13
+ (7 + jll)I 2+ (- j4)I3
+ (-j4)12
+ (11 + j8)13
The mesh equations for the conductively coupled equivalent circuit in Fig. 11-43b are
0= (4 + ZA + Zc)I, + (- ZJI2
lOO = (- Zc)I, + (Z8 + Zc + ZD + ZF)
0=(- ZF)1 2 + (ZF+ ZE+ 5) I J
=12 + (- ZF)I
J
Equating the respective coefficients,
-j3 = -Zc
5 + jl = 4 + ZA + Zc
7 + j11 = Zc + ZB + ZD + ZF
-j4=-ZF
Solving the five simultaneous equations yields
ZA = 1- j2n
Referring to Fig. 11-34b, ZB is in series with ZD and is, therefore, represented as one impedance
11. 76
(ZB
+ ZD)'
Assign polarity markings to the coils of Fig. 11-44a .
~\
.
.
•
A
(a.)
Fig. 11-44
I
The markings are shown in Fig. 11-44b where the dots are for coils 1 and 2, triangles for coils 1 and 3, and
squares for coils 2 and 3.
11.77
Determine the input impedance for the circuit in Fig. 11-45.
ZI=(5+j9)n and Z2=(3+j4)n.
I
The impedances of the respective coils are
Zin = 3 + j4 + 3 + j4 = 6 + j8 = 10 /53.13° n.
Fig. 11-45
11.78
Determine the input impedance for the circuit shown in Fig. 11-46.
ZI=(5+j9)n and Z2=(3+j4)n.
I
11.79
Fig. 11-46
The impedances of the respective coils are
Zin = 5 + j9 + 3 + j4 - 2(j6) = 8 + jl = 8.06/7.13° n
For each connection shown in Fig. 11-47, determine the overall inductance of the coupled coils in series if
L2 = 5 H, k = 0.60.
LI = 3 H,
I
(a)
(c)
M = 0.6Y(3)(5) = 2.32 H.
L = 3 + 5 - 2(2.32) = 3.36 H
L = 3 + 5 + 2(2.32) = 12.64 H
(b)
L=3+5-2(2.32)=3.36H
(d)
L = 3 + 5 + 2(2.32) = 12.64 H
254
0
CHAPTER 11
Fig. 11-48
Fig. 11-47
11.80
The coil impedances in Fig. 11-48 are ZI = (3 + j8) n, Z2 = (1 + j2) V,
If k = 1.0, determine the impedance measured at rerminals TI T 2 .
I
11.81
MI2
=
l"y!(8)(2) = 4 n
Z = (3
Z3
= (5 + jl) n,
Z4 = (6 + j3) n.
-+ j8) + (1 + j2) - 2(j4) + (6 + j3) = (10 + j5) n
For the circuit of Fig. 11-49 calculate the mutual rea·;tance and mutual inductance.
k - I
Fig. 11-49
I
Thus,
11.82
M = 5 127T( 60) = 13.26 mHo
In the circuit of Fig. 11-49 determine the ammeter reading.
I
The mesh equations become
[(1
+ j2.5) + (5 + j2)]11 + (j5)12
(j5)11
Solving for 12 yields
11.83
12 = 1.12 / -128.61 ° A.
= 50 /30°
+ [(2 + j5) + (3 + jlO)]12 = 20 /60°
Amrnder reads 1.12 A.
Determine the ammeter readings in the circuit of Fig. 11-50.
X,.,.A -
4/L
x,.,.- 2SL
xolle - 3.11-
Fig. 11-50
I
The mesh equations are
[(2 + j3)
+ j2]I J + (j2 + jJ)12
=30iQ::
(j2 + j3)I, + [j4 +";5 + (5 + j7) + 2(j4)]12 = 50 /30°
Solving these equations yields
A2 reads 1. 09 A.
11.84
I1 = 5.12 /-78.0£/\
Determine the complex power drawn by the (5
I
S = VI*.
12 = 1.09 /-31.16° A.
Thus, Al reads 5.12 A and
-+ )7)-n impedance of the circuit of Fig. 11-50.
From Prob. 11.83,
1*
Hence,
and
=
I; = 1.09 /31.16° A
S = (9.37 /23.36°)(1.09 /31.16°)
and
V= (5
= 5.94 + j8.31
+ j7)(1.09 / -31.16°) = 9.37 /23.36° V
VA.
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.85
0
255
Determine the ammeter readings in the coupled circuit of Fig. 11-51.
loo ~'V
....
(011
Gen I
•
LP~V
....
Gen 2
•
x., ... -/3J:1...
x.,. -i6 J'l-
•
x.,. -i2.tL
8
Fig. 11·51
I The mesh equations may be written as:
[1 + jl + 5 + j4 + 2(j2)]lj + [-(5 + j4) + (j6 - )3 - j2)]12 = 100 LQ::
[-(5 + j4) + (j6 - j3 - j2)]11 + [5 + j4 + 7 + j9 - 2(j6)]12
Hence, 11=7.56/-76.72°A and 12 =6.32/-160.23°A.
17.56/-76.72° - 6.32/-160.23"1, or 9.29 A.
11.86
Al reads 7.56A; A3 reads 6.32A; A2 reads
Determine the complex power supplied by each source of the circuit of Fig. 11-51.
I
SI = Vjlr = (100 LQ::)(7.56/76.72°) = 173.7 + j735.8 VA
S2 = - V22
1*
11.87
= -100 LQ::
=(- 100 LQ::)(6.32/160.23°) = 594.8 -
j213.77 VA
What is the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 11-52?
(2 +j4)
r::;
£1..
(3+j5).a.
•....
x.,. -i4 {L
x.,. f1.,
x.,. -i2 f2-.
....• A
/"A
(4 + j6
.. 0.)
-j3
-/3
/1...
Fig. 11-52
I The mesh equations are
[(2+ j4) + (4+ j6) + 2(j2)]ll + [-(4 + j6) - j2- j4- j3]12
= 100 LQ::
[-(4 + j6) - j2 - j4 - j3]ll + [(4 + j6) + (3 + j5) - j3 + 2(j3)]12 = 0
Hence 11 = 18.89/15.01° A.
11.88
Calculate the coefficient of coupling between coils A and B of the circuit of Fig. 11-52.
I
11.89
The ammeter reading is 18.89 A.
X A =5n
and
X B =6n.
Also
X M =3n
(given).
k=X M IYX A X B =3;y'(5)(6)=0.548.
Determine the number of turns of coil B of the circuit of Fig. 11-52 if coil A has 300 turns.
I
Thus,
11.90
Hence,
or
NB
= 329 turns.
Find the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 11-53.
256
0
CHAPTER 11
(3
•
~j
l).f'L.
A
....
--j 3
60llz
1I
r:'-
.~
100 ~ V
~j4).fl-
(2
+
f::\
C
•
....
-+___
L -_ _ _ _ _
150 ~V
"01-\1
(6 +j8)f"L
X., .. ~j2n.
A/--_--'
X",.· j5..n..
X",e· j1
I
Jl
Fig. 11-53
The mesh equations are
[- j3 + (3 + jl) + (6 + j8) + 2(j2)]11 + [-j3 + (6 + j8) + j2 - j5 + j1]12
= 100 &:
[-j3 + (6+ j8) + j2- j5 + j1]11 + [-j3 + (6+ j8) + (2+ j4) - 2(j5)]12 = 150&:
Solving for 12 we obtain
11.91
12 = 21.71/25.53° A,
c.nd the ammeter reads 21.71 A.
Determine the voltage across the capacitance of the circuit of Fig. 11-53.
I
Xc
=
3 0 (from Fig. 11-53)
12 = 21.71/25.53° A (from Prob. 11.90)
The mesh equations of Prob. 11.90 may be solved to yield
Vc
11.92
What is the inductance of coil B of the circuit of Fig. 11-53?
4
LB = 2'7T(60) = 10.61 mH
Determine the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 11-54.
,,-.---
•
(
(3 +jl)
I
..fl..
(
K= .1
(2 +j4)
(
• -.1L
\
I
,
11,
I
I
..
l'
_.- --
(
lOO ~ V '"'v
+t
\
'-
I
,
--+~
i)
I
We choose the mesh currents as shown in Fig. 11.-54.
+
'"'v 150 !!J§:. V
--- ,..
--~
(
'/
[-(2 + j4) + (-j2)]11 + [(2 + j4) - j1]12
which give
=
100 &: -150 /90°
=
150 /90°
Thus, the ammeter reads 61.7 A.
Determine the polarity markings for the coupled coils of Fig. 11-55a and draw the corresponding circuit.
I
11.95
12 = 61.7 /74.42° A.
Fig. 11-54
Then we have to solve for 12 only.
[(3 + j1) + (2 + j4) + 2(j2)]lj + [-(2 + j4) + (-j2)]12
11.94
Hence,
= - j3(8.57 /-132.77° + 21.71/25.53°:, .= (3/-90°)(14.11/12.53°) = 42.33/-77 .47° V
I
11.93
I1 = 8.57 /-132.77° A.
See Fig. 11-55b.
For the polarities determined in Prob. 11.94, find the mutual reactances between the coils if
I
Referring to Fig. 11-55b,
X Me = 1y(1)(4) = 20
X MD = 1\/(4)(9) =60
k = 1.
D
257
From the mesh equations of Prob. 11.96, we obtain
IJ =
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
0
lOO /-110 0 V
lOO /70 V
(3 + il)
(2 + i4)'I--_+-
.fL.
.fZ..
(5 + i9)
Jl.
Lz
(b)
(a.)
Fig. 11-55
11.96
Determine the reading of the ammeter A3 in the circuit of Fig. 11-55a.
I
The mesh equations are
[(2 + j4) + (3 + j1) + 2(j2)]IJ + [(2 + j4) + j2 - j6 + j3]12
= 100 /70
0
[(2 + j4) + j2 - j6 + j3]I J + [(2 + j4) + (5 + j9) - 2(j6)]12 = -100 / -110
Solving for 12 yields
11.97
12 = 10.48 /72.4 0 A.
0
Hence, A3 reads 10.48 A.
How much power is dissipated in the resistor of the coil L2 of the circuit of Fig. 11-55a?
I
Power dissipated, P = 111 + 1212(2) W.
Thus,
8.41 /-12.83 0 A.
I J + 12 = 8.41 /-12.83 + 10.48 /72.4
Hence,
0
=
8.2 - j1.87 + 3.17 + j9.99
=
13.98 /35.37 A
P = (13.98)2(2) = 390.88 W.
50
L1!r V
lOO~V
Fig. 11-56
11.98
Find the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 11-56, assuming
I
First, we determine the mutual reactances:
The mesh equations may now be written as
k = 1.
0
258
D
CHAPTER 11
[j2 + (2 + j8)]I\
-j2.451\
+ (--/2.45)12 + (-j2.83)1 3 = 100 LQ:
+ [j3 + (5
11.99
13 = 6.13 /49.44° A.
Hence the ammeter reads 6.13 A.
How much reactive power is taken by loop 3 of the ;;ircuit of Fig. 11-56?
Q = 1~(XL - Xc)
I
11.100
+ j3.4613 = 50 /20°
+ j3.461 2 + (j4 - j5)13 = 0
-j2.831)
Solving for 13 yields
t j7)]12
=, (6.13)\4 - 5) = -37.58 var
Calculate the complex power supplied by the voltage :;ource in the circuit of Fig. 11-57, given
k = 1.
(5+jlO).lL
o
j6
l~- .~
(2+12)~ ~
'---------+-.-
I
XM=1V(2)(8)=4n.
[(5
4.n.
Fig. 11-57
Themeshequationsare
+ j10) - j6 + (2 + j2)]I) + [-( - j6) - j4]K2
[-( - j6) - j4]1\
[-(2 + j2)
Solving for I] yields
(7+j8)
+ [-(2 + j2) + j4]13
=
100 LQ:
+ [- j6 + (7 + j8)J1 2 + [-(7 + j8) + j4]13
=
0
+ j4]IJ + [-(7 + j8) + j4JI 2 + [(2 + j2) + (7 + j8) + 4 - 2(j4)]13 = 0
1\ = 8.71 /-50.79° A.
Hen,x,
S =VI; = (100 LQ:)(8.71 /50.79°) = 871 /50.79° = 550.73 + j674.78 VA
11.101
If the lOO-Vac source in the circuit of Fig. 11-57 is rtplaced by a 100-V battery, what will the ammeter read?
I
The steady-state circuit for dc source is as shown in Fig. 11-58.
+G-_~·A
-
'
==.rOOV
Fig. 11-58
4(2 + 7)
Zp = 4 + (2 + 7) = 2.77 n
11.102
Find the voltage across the capacitor and the
I
Zi"= 5 + 2.77 = 7.77 n
ener~,y
100
IT = 7.77 = 12.87 A
stored in the capacitor, from the data of Prob. 11.101.
The voltage across the capacitor may be obtained by describing the path shown with the dotted line in Fig.
11-58:
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
VAB =
L
driving volts -
Ik = IT
L
volt drops = 100 - [2/2
1
Yk
Y
YT =
Z
T
0.1111
IK = 12.87 0.3611
D
259
+ S(12.87)]
1
= 277 = 0.3611 S
p'
1
Y K = 7 + 2 = 0.1111 S
= 3.96 A = 12
V AB = 100 - [2(3.96) + S(12.87)] = 27.73 V
1
Now
Xc = 27TfC
Thus
1
6 = 27T(2SC)
or
2
W = (1 12)CV = (1/2)(1061 x 10- 6 )(27.73)2
C= 1061 J.LF
20
= 408 mJ
~v
(3 + i9)
11-
""
Fig. 11-59
11.103
What is the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 11-S9?
I
Using the outer loop for 13 reduces the number of impedance terms.
The mutual reactances are
0= [(1 + j3) + (S + j7) + (2 + j4) - 2j4.S8]lt + [-(1 + j3) + j4.S8 + j6]12
0= [-(1 + j3) + j4.S8 + j6]lt
20 LQ: = [(S + j7) - j4.S8]lt
Solving for 13 yields
11.104
13 = 1.6 /19° A.
+ [(S + j7) - j4.S8]13
+ [(1 + j3) + (3 + j9) - j10]12 + (- j10 + j4.S8)13
+[-jlO+(S+j7)]13
+ (- j10 + j4.S8)12
Hence the ammeter reads 1.6 A.
How much total complex power is drawn by all the passive circuit elements of the circuit of Fig. 11-S9?
I
The complex power drawn by the passive element equals complex power supplied by the source:
S = VI* = (20 LQ:)(1.6 / -19°) = 32 / -19° = 30.26 - jlO.42 VA
11.105
Determine the parameters of the equivalent Tsection that can be used to replace the transformer in Fig. 11-60a.
-i4 IL
V
N
2..1t.
_j 4-..(/.•.
i6.t1..
~
i5(2.~
• •
k -
0.52
;LiL
(a..)
Fig. 11-60
(b)
260
D
CHAPTER 11
I
The T equivalent is shown in Fig. 11-60b.
For Fig. 11-60a we have
v = (-j4 + j3 + 2)1, + (- j2.01)1 2
X M = 0.52v'3X5 = 2.01 0
0= (-j2.01)1 1 + (j5 + j6 + Zload)1 2
For the T section of Fig. 11-60b the mesh equations are
V= (-j4 + ZA
0= (-ZC)ll
Zc
-I-
+ 2)11 + (-ZC)12
+ (Zli + Zc + j6 + Zload)1 2
Equating coefficients of II and 12 ,
ZA + Zc + 2 - j4 = 2 - j1
=
Z A = jO.99 0.
Solving,
11.106
Zc
Zc + ZB + j6 + Zload = j11 + Zload
j2.01
Z" :: j2.99 0.
Zc = j2.0 I 0.
Determine the parameters of an equivalent T sectioll that can be used to replace the transformer in Fig. 11-61.
it .Cl.-
I:)
,<
·~l{:·j2)0
I
I
Fig. 11-61
k- 1
-i3 fL
Mutualreactanceis X M =l'V(4)(2)=2.83n.
Mesh equations for the circuit of Fig. 11-61 are
100 L!r = [j1- j3 + (4 + 4j111, + j2.8312
+ [(2 + j2) + 10 /30°112
0= j2.831 1
Mesh equations for the T section are:
100 L!r = U I - j3 + Z4 + Z, )1, + (-ZC)12
+ (Zc + ZB + 10 /30°)1 2
0= -Zcll
Thus,
4 + j2 = j1 - j3 + Z A + Zc
2 + j2 + 10 /30° = Zc + ZB + 10 /30°
-Zc:= l2.83
Solving for the impedances,
ZB :: (2 + j4.83) 0
11.107
Obtain the T equivalent for the coupled circuit
(2 + i
~hown
Zc = - j2.83 0.
in Fig. 11-62.
1)..n.
Fig. 11-62
• - 0.75
I
The mutual reactance is
X M = 0.75v'2X8 = 3.00.
100 L!r = (2 + j1
For the coupled circuit,
+ : + j2)1, + (- j3)12
+ (5 + j8 + Z,oad)1 2
0= (-j3)1,
For the T equivalent,
Solving for the impedances,
l.B = (5
+ j5) 0
Zc = j30
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.108
D
261
Determine the Thevenin equivalent to the left of the terminals T1 and T2 in Fig. 11-62.
Fig. 11-63
I
To determine the Thevenin equivalent we use the T equivalent obtained in Prob. 11.107 and shown in Fig.
11-63. Thus,
VTh = 100 is!.. (2 + j1) +
(2+ j1 +5 - j1)(j3) = 276/668°= (1086+,·2535)0
Z p = (2+j1+5-j1)+(j3)
.
.
.
.
Now,
ZTh
11.109
{~_ j1) + j3 = 39.39/66.8° V
=
(1.086 + j2.535) + (5 + j5) = (6.086 + j7.535) = 9.69/ 51.07° 0
Determine the Zload in Fig. 11-62 for maximum power transfer and calculate the corresponding active and
reactive powers.
I For this problem, we may use the Thevenin equivalent of Prob. 11.108.
transfer, Zload = Z~h = 9.69 /- 5107° fl. Now,
Thus, for maximum power
39. 39 ~
h.t:. QO
9.69/-51.07° + 9.69/51.07° == 3.24 ~ A
11.110
Q=
p = [2R = (3.24)2(6.086) = 63.89 W
Thus,
[2Xc
= (3.24)\7.535)
=
79.10 var leading
Repeat Prob. 11.107 for the circuit of Fig. 11-64a.
/oo/./
V
•
'11
(.6)
Fig. 11·64
I
For Fig. 11-64a we have
X M = 1Y(7)(7) = 7 O.
-100 is!.. == [(6 + j7) + (3 + j6)]I1 + [-(3 + j6) + j7]I2
0== [-(3 + j6) + j7]Il
+ [(6 + j7) + (8 - j4) + (3 + j6)]I2
For the T equivalent of Fig. 11-64b the mesh equations are
-100 is!.. = [ZA + Zc + (3 + j6)]I1 + [-Zc - (3 + j6)]I2
0= [-Zc - (3 + j6)]I1
Comparing coefficients yields:
+ [ZB + Zc + (3 + j6) + (8 - j4)]I2
262
D
CHAPTER 11
ZA -\- Zc -\- (3 -\- j6) = (6 -\- j7) -\- (3 -- ;6)
Z" -\- Zc -\- (3 -\- j6) -\- (8 -- j4:'
11.111
(6 -\- j7) -\- (8 - j4) -\- (3 -\- j6)
Z,,~'(6-\-j14)fl
ZA = (6 -\- j14) fl
Hence,
==
-Zc - (3 -\- j6) = -(3 -\- j6) -\- j7
Repeat Prob. 11.108 for the circuit of Fig. 11-64a.
I
Proceeding as before we have
i1
3 _.
VTh = 100 (6 -\- j1~) + (3 _ j1) = 19.99 j-73.73°Y
(6-\-j14)(3-jl)
.
Zp = (6 ·14) (' ·--:---1) = (3.03 - J.37) fl
and
-\- J
+
~'-1
ZTh = (3.03 - j.37) -t- (5 + j14) = (9.03 -\- j13.63) fl
11.112
Find the current in the (8 - j4)-fl impedance of the circuit of Fig. 11-64a.
I
By using the Thevenin equivalent obtained in Pro:J. 11.111, we obtain
_
19.991..::.:]).73'
_
°
1 - (9.03 -\- j13.63) -\- (8 _ j4) - 1.02 j -103.36 A
11.113
Repeat Prob. 11.107 for the circuit of Fig. 11.65a.
k -0.41
Tf
• •
(1 + j3)
!.:)n
(3+j2)(L
-j6J1-
4.Q.
Fig . 11-65
I
For Fig. 11-65a we have
X M = 0.41Y(3)(2)
1.0 fl.
=
-60 LQ: = [(1 -\- j3) t 4]1\ -\- (-4 - j1)12
0=(-4-jl)1
-\-(3-\-j2-j6-\-4)lz
For the T network shown in Fig. 11-65b we have:
-60 LQ: = (ZA -\- Zc + 4)1\ -\- (-Zc - 4)12
0= (-Zc - 4)1\
Hence
and
11.114
ZA -\- Zc -\- 4 = (1 -\- j3) -\- 4
-\- (Z" -\- Zc - j6-\- 4)l z
-Zc - 4 = --4 - j1
ZA=(1-\-j2)fl
ZB -\- Zc - j6 -\- 4 = (3 -\- j2) - j6 -\- 4
ZB=(3-\-j1)fl
Repeat Prob. 11.108 for the circuit of Fig. 11-65a.
Zc=j1fl
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
D
263
(b)
ca.)
Fig. 11-66
I
From Fig. 11-66a we obtain
VTh
°
4 + j1
= 60 LQ: (1 + j2) + (4 + j1) = 42.39 /-16.92° Y
and from Fig. 11-66b we get
(1 + j2)(4 + j1)
.
Zp= (1+j2)+(4+jl) = (1.09 +J1.15) 0
ZTh
11.115
= (1.09
Determine the current through and the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 11-65a.
I
Using the Thevenin equivalent of Prob. 11.114, we have
I z = le
=
(7.55 /26.35°)(6 /-90°) = 45.3 /-63.65°Y
What is the maximum energy stored in the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 11-65a?
1
I
1
C = 27rfX c
or
=
27r(60)(6)
=
Vc = 45.3 Y (from Prob. 11.115)
442.1p,F
Vmax = V2Vc = V2( 45.3) = 64.06 Y
Hence,
11.117
42.39 /-16.92°
(4.09 + j2.15) _ j6 = 7.55 /26.3SO A
=
Vc =lc(-jXc)
11.116
+ j1.15) + (3 + j1) = 4.62 /27.73° 0
Wmax
=
!(442.1
X
1O- 6 )(64.06)z = 907 mJ.
Find the voltage ve(t) across the capacitor of the circuit shown in Fig. 11-67.
11-/ /M'O.Z, I H
l.vr(.o~
t V
.~ ~~--:~
\
I
V = 2 LQ:,
and since
w = 1 radls,
.J
Fig. 11-67
we have
XI = X z = 10
X M =0.250
and
The mesh equations become
j1.251 2
and
Thus,
V,
11.118
=- 1,(-jX) =-(-jI.6)(-jl) = 1.6 V
or
=
2
j1.251 1 = 0
I z = -j1.6A
(Ve)max
= 1.6(V2)
and
Ve(t) = 2.26 cos t Y
The mutually coupled circuit shown in Fig. 11-68 is that of an autotransformer. For an ideal autotransformer
the ratio of the voltages VIIVz = (NI + Nz) I Nz = a + 1, where a = NI I Nz (as may be inferred from Fig.
11-68). Determine the current transformation ratio ILl lab'
264
0
CHAPTER 11
--
<p,
I,
+
a
---
+
(
N,
1-1-)
N, ( 1-1-)
(
V,
(
......-
-
I- -)
N2 ( I-)
CI-
+
V2
In
-
-
V,
+
V2
N2
-It
ZL
C
<1>2
(a)
I From Fig.
(b)
Fig. 11-68
11-68a and b the apparent-power balanc~ is expressed by
or
11.119
Obtain an expression for the output complex power orm ideal autotransformer (Fig. 11-68) in terms of the
current through the winding having NI turns.
I
S2
=V2 1r =V2 (I:h + I:b ) =V2 1:b + V2 1:b
(b
-
But
(1 )
N,
=a
lV,
= ---
lab
(2)
or
From Eqs. (1) and (2), S2 = V2 1:b + a(V2 1:b ) = Se + Si where the first term corresponds to power transferred
by conduction and the second term represents that by induction or by transformer action.
11.120
For the ideal autotransformer shown in Fig. 11-69, find V2 , leb' and the input current 11 .
I,
a
+
llob
NI "'40
VI
= 150Lft
V
--It
b
t
N 2 ", 80
Icb
ZL
= 10&r
Cl
V2
Fig. 11-69
C
I
V =
2
v
_1_
a
+1
= 100~V
lab =
11.121
a;
1 = 6.67 / -60° A
In Prob. 11.120, find the apparent power delivered to the load by transformer action and that supplied by
conduction.
I
Scond
= V2 1:b
=
(100 ~)(6.67 /60°) == 667 /60° VA
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.122
0 265
A lO-kVA 440/110-V two-winding transformer is reconnected as a stepdown 550/440-V autotransformer.
Compare the voltampere rating of the autotransformer with that of the original two-winding transformer and
calculate Si and Se·
I
Refer to Fig. 11-68b.
The rated current in the 11O-V winding (or in ab) is
10,000
1\ = ~ =90.91 A
Current in the 440-V winding (or in be) is
10,000
---:t4O =
(b = IL - 1\ =
which is the rated current of the winding be.
IL
Check:
For the autotransformer
=
The load current is
1\ + (b = 90.91 + 22.73 = 113.64 A
a = ~g = 1.25
IL = al\
which agrees with IL calculated above.
22.73 A
and
1.25
=
10,000
---uo== 113.64 A
Hence the rating of the autotransformer is
Sauto
=
VJ\
=
550
10,000
---uo= 50 kVA
Inductively supplied apparent power is
Si
a-I
=
VZ(IL - 1\) = -a- S=
1.25 - 1
1.25 50= lOkVA
which is the voltampere rating of the two-winding transformer.
Se
11.123
The conductively supplied power is
S
=
50
~ = 1.25 =40kVA
Repeat Prob. 11.122 for a 440/550-V step-up connection.
+
+
Fig. 11-70
I The step-up connection is shown in Fig. 11-70. The rating of winding ab is 110 V and the load current I L
flows through ab.
Hence
I = 10,000 = 90 91 A
L
110
.
The output voltage is
Vz = 550 V.
Thus the voltampere rating of the autotransformer is
VZI L =
550(10,000/110) = 50 kVA, which is the same as in Prob. 11.122. Power transferred inductively = 50 - 40 =
10 kVA. Consequently, a two-winding transformer connected as an autotransformer will have a voltampere
rating a/(a - 1) times its rating as a two-winding transformer.
11.124
A lO-kVA 4160/450-V 25-Hz ideal autotransformer is used for step-down operation and is delivering rated kVA
at rated voltage and 0.85 pf lagging. Determine (a) the current to the load and (b) the current supplied by
the generator.
I
(a)
Refer to Fig. 11-68b.
(} =
cos-\ 0.85 == 31.79°
10,000 /31.79° = (450 L!r)I~
82
=
10,000 /31.79° VA
I; = 22.22/31.79°
I/- =22.22/-31.79° A
266
D
CHAPTER 11
(b) IL/I\=NI/N2 where
N\/Nz =4160/450=a.
22.22/-31.79° = ~!!~I
1\
450
11.125
In an ideal step-up autotransformer (Fig. 11-70)
primary, what is the voltage across the load?
I
and
Nz
=
400.
If 100 V is applied across the
600
200
Vz
100
Vz = 300 V.
For the autotransformer of Prob. 11.125, determine the input current if a 30-0 resistor is connected as a load on
the secondary.
V
300
I = - 2 = _ . ,= 10 A
L
Z2
30
I
1\
Thus,
11.127
NI = 200
NI + Nz = 200 + 400 = 600
Thus,
11.126
1\ = 2.4/- 31.79° A
= ~~ (10) =
30 A.
A 280-turn ideal autotransformer has a secondary lapped at 14 turns. If the input voltage is 240 V and the
secondary load is a 6-mO resistor, find the current in the section of the winding supplying the load.
I Since Vz/V\ = Nz/Ni'
14
Vz = 280 240 = 12 V
or
11.128
1\ = z~o(2000) = 100 A.
From Fig. 11-68b, Icb = IL - 1\
=
2000 - 100 ,= 1900 A.
The input apparent power to an ideal step-down aU':otransformer is 20 kVA at 400 V.
11-68) = 30 A, determine the load voltage.
I
1\ = 20,000/400= 50 A.
11.130
=
VzI L = 80Vz
V ~~ ~Q:0OO = 250 V
2
80
Thus,
In the autotransformer of Prob. 11.128, how much power is transferred to the load by
induction?
I
(b (Fig.
IL ~~50+30=80A,
From Fig. 11-68a,
S\ = 20,000 = Sz
11.129
If the current
(a)
Pc
=
VzI\
=
(250)(50) = 12.5 kVA
(b)
(a) conduction and
(b)
Pi = V2(b = (250)(30) = 7.5 kVA
An ideal transformer is used to couple a 50-n resistor load to a generator whose internal impedance is
400 L!r O. If the coil connected to the generator has 100 turns, determine the required number of secondary
turns so that maximum power will be transferred to the load.
I
Zgen
Zin
=
= 400 L!r O.
400 L!r 0,
For maximum power transfer, the generator must "see" a 400 L!r-O load.
400
=(~)Z50
Thus,
Nz = 35.4 turns
z
11.131
The primary and secondary turns of an impedan~e-matching transformer are 200 and 600, respectively.
Determine (a) the input impedance at the primary terminals if a 20 /30°-0 load is connected to the 600-turn
secondary, and (b) the rms primary current if thl! source voltage is 50 sin 300t V.
Zin
(b)
V\ =
50
v'2
=
35.36 V
=
(~~)2(20 DO') = 2.22/30° 0
_ 35.36 L!r _
< (
_
°
1, - 2.22LJ!L - L.13 L=l!rA
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
11.132
For the operating condition stated in Prob. 11.131, calculate (a) the secondary current (rms),
secondary voltage (rms), and (c) the active power drawn by the load.
200(15.93) = 600/2
35.36
T
Thus
(c)
D
267
(b) the
I z = 5.31 A
or
200
= 600
Vz = 106.08 Y.
For an ideal transformer, the active power drawn by the load is equal to the power input to the
transformer. Thus,
SI =VII; = (35.36 L!r)(15.93 /30°)
=
563.28 /30° = 487.81 + j281.64 VA
PI =487.81 W
11.133
A l00-Hz generator supplies a 2.0-0 resistor through an ideal transformer whose primary to secondary turns
ratio is 200/600. The rms voltage across the load is 120Y. Determine (a) the primary current and (b) the
input impedance of the circuit.
11.134
Find the input impedance of the circuit shown in Fig. 11-71.
Fig. 11-71
I
Writing the mesh equations we have
(6 + j5)11 - jlz
=60L!r
- jl, + (10 - ) 2 + } 3 + } 4)12 = 0
Hence,
11.135
60 L!r
Z =--=6+j5+
'I
j2
1O-}2+}3+}4
=6+j5+
I
1O+J·5
=6.1+j50
A 200-p,F capacitor is connected in series with the primary winding of a 60-Hz ideal transformer. The primary
winding impedance is (2 + jlO) 0 and the secondary circuit impedance is (0.4 + jO.2) O. If the turns ratio
is 2, determine the input impedance.
1
1
X = =
= 13.260
c
wC
(377)(200)10- 6
I
Zseconda,y <et. to pdma,y
Zp,;ma,y
= 2z(0.4 + jO.2) = 1.6 + jO.8 0
= 2 + jlO - j13.26 = 2 - j3.26 0
Z, = 1.6 + jO.8 + 2 - j3.26 = 3.6 - j2.46 0
CHAPTER 12~
Resonance ~
12.1
Resonance is the condition that exists in ac circuits und:r steady state when the input current is in phase with the
input voltage. Using this definition, find the frequency at which a series RLC circuit will be in resonance.
I
For resonance, we must have
Z=R
+ j(X[
- Xc) = R
+ jO
er
or
1
wrL= -C
Wr
Hence
12.2
Wr =
1
vrc
or
fr =
l
2-:;;~rtc =
resonance frequency (Hz)
Draw a phasor diagram showing the current and all the voltages in a series resonant circuit.
I
The circuit and the phasor diagram are shown in Fig. 12-l.
Notice that
VL + Vc = 0
I----~~--..
and
V=VR = RI.
I
VI(= RL
I
Fig. 12-1
12.3
Plot XL' X 0
graphically.
and R as functions of frequency
I See Fig. 12-2, which shows that, at f= fr'
-6
12.4
268
Thus show how the resonance frequency can be obtained
XL
=
Xc
t
Fig. 12-2
IIz
IIz
For a series RLC circuit, plot impedance and current as functions of frequency.
frequency.
I
12.5
f
See Fig. 12-3, from which
Z= R
and
I = Im
at
Fig. 12-3
Hence obtain the resonance
f = fr.
Show graphically how the power-factor angle of a stones RLC circuit varies with frequency.
the resonance frequency.
Hence determine
RESONANCE
<;b
-
'xt
Y-.
~
0 269
\
-I
Hz
0 t------\:-------~
Lauingpf
-900
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Fig. 12-4
I See Fig. 12-4, which shows that at fr' (} = O.
12.6
A coil with inductance and resistance of 1.0 mH and 2.00, respectively, is connected in series with a capacitor
and a 120-V 5-kHz supply. Determine the value of capacitance that will cause the system to be in resonance.
I The circuit is similar to that shown in Fig.
12-1a, for which
1
Solving,
12.7
C = 1.01
X
1
27TV 0.001 C
10- 6 F = 1.01 p,F.
From the data of Prob. 12.6 determine (a) the current at the resonance frequency and (b) the maximum
instantaneous energy stored in the magnetic field of the inductance at the resonance frequency.
I
(a)
At series resonance,
Z;n = R.
~
1=
(b)
12.8
5000 =
or
t,. = 27TVLC
Wmax =
! Ll~ax =
=
R
120~ =60~A
2
Ll~ms = (1.0 x 10- )(60)2 = 3.6 J
3
The quality factor Q of an ac circuit is defined by
Q=
27T (maximum energy stored per cycle)
energy dissipated per cycle
(1)
Using this definition, obtain Q in various forms for a resonant series RLC circuit.
I From Eq. (1),
(2)
where 1= rms current at resonance and
and Tr = lit,. = 27T/Wr in Eq. (2) yields
Tr = period at resonance frequency.
wrL
Wr
= I/VLC,
Eq. (3) may also be written as
1
Qs = wrRC =
12.9
Im = V21
(3)
QS=R
Since
Substituting
1
[I
R VC
(4)
A series RLC circuit has a variCl.ble resistance. If the frequency of the input voltage is varied, sketch the
currents as functions of frequency for two arbitrary values of the resistance.
I See Fig. 12-5.
270
0
CHAPTER 12
1
1,
R, L..Ra.
0.1011,
Y!.!.'~
___ ___ _
I
•
12.10
I
=
L
=
25.4 mH,
1
1
27rvTC
fr =
Q,
12.11
R = 2.42 n,
In the circuit of Fig. 12-1a,
(4) of Prob. 12.8.
---r======;= =
27rYO.0254(52 x 10 -6)
1
1
wrRC = 27r(138.6)(2.42)(52
I
I;
li
X
For the circuit shown in Fig. 12-6, Rp R 2 , and R,
C = 52 p,F.
and
133.6 Hz
10- 6 )
=
ar,~
= wrL
Qs
Qs
9.13
Fig. 12-5
=
R
=
Evaluate Q, as given by (3) and
27r(138.6)(0.0254) = 9 3
2.42
.1
1 ILl
I 0.0254
R 'VC = 2.42 'V 52 x 10 6
=9.13
0.51, 1.3, and 0.24 n, respectively; Cl and C z are 25 and
Determine the resonance frequency.
62 p,F, respectively; LI and L2 are 32 and 15 mH, rl~spectively.
I Before the resonance frequency formula may be used, the circuit must be reduced to the form shown in Fig.
12-1a.
Req = RI + R2 + R3
=
Leq = LI + L2 = 0.032 + 0.015 = 0.047 H
Ceq = 17.8
12.12
X
=
S
(c)
_1_
Req
&
Ceq
= wrL Z
Qeoil2
R2
1
1
= Ceq
Cl
-
= _1_
2.05
~
(a) Qs'
0.047
="'i
17.8 x 10- 6 ~.
(b)
Qeoil l '
( b)
""'"
1
+ 25 x 10
6
and
(c)
Qeoil 2'
Q . = wrL I = 27r(174)(0.032)
eo.11
RI
0.51
=
686
.
= 27r(174)(0.015) = 26
1.3
1 .
0.1011 A,
R3
1
1
= -----;;6
Cz
62 x 10
+-
10- 6 F
For the resonant circuit of Prob. 12.11 find
I (a) Q
+ 1.3 + 0.24 = 2.05 n
0.51
:
LI,R I
C2
Fig. 12-6
- --.- --
Cl
:J
L 2 .R 2
Coil 2
0
1.1
I,
12
"Bandwidth"
Fig. 12-7
f
RESONANCE
12.13
0
271
Fig. 12.7 shows a general form of resonance curve. The range of frequencies within which the variable does
not drop below I/V2 times its maximum value is called the passband or bandwidth. Thus, the bandwidth is
(1)
Determine the powers dissipated at the frequencies fl and f2 in a series RLC circuit and compare the results
with the power dissipated at resonance frequency.
,
At
f=F
},I ,
PI=I2IR=«~I)2R=H2R
v2
At
f= f2'
P =I2R=(_I_I)2R=!I2R
At
f= fr'
Because
12.14
r
2
PI = P 2 =
! Pr'
v2
2
r
2
r
r
the frequencies fl and f2 are known as half-power frequencies.
Obtain a relationship between the resonance frequency
fr
and the half-power frequencies fl and f2 for a series
RLC circuit.
, From Fig. 12-7, the current at fl and f2 drops to I/V2 of its resonant value. Thus the impedance must be
equal to v2 times the resonant value, which is R; i.e., YR 2 +(XL -Xc)2=v2R, which implies that
XL-Xc=±R, or
1
wL- wC=±R
For
XL < Xc
which corresponds to f, or wp Eq. (1) yields
W
Similarly, for
(1)
XL> Xc
,
= -
R + 2:1 VI(R)2
4
L + LC
(2)
2L
corresponding to f2 or
W
2' Eq. (1) gives
(3)
Multiplying Eqs. (2) and (3) yields
1 [(R)2
wI W 2 =4
L +
4]
LC
-41 (R)2
L =
fr =
Hence,
12.15
1
2
or
LC=(wr)
Wr
=
y'W I W 2
(4)
VfJ2
Find the bandwidth BW of a series RLC circuit in terms of its parameters.
,
From Eqs. (2) and (3) of Prob. 12.14, we have
(1)
12.16
Express the bandwdith of a series RLC circuit in terms of Q s and
, From Eq. (3) of Prob. 12.8 we have
Prob. 12.15 yields
12.17
RI L
= w)Qs and
fr.
1/27T
= f)w r . Substituting these into Eq. (1) of
With reference to Figs. 12-5 and 12-7, comment on the relationship among f;, f2'
fr,
and BW.
, As indicated in the figures, the resonance frequency is not centrally located with respect to the two
half-power frequencies, especially when BW is large (Qs is small). Indeed, as the geometric mean of fl and f2
(Prob. 12.14), fr must always be below their arithmetic mean. However, if Q ~ 10, the resonance frequency
is sufficiently centered with respect to the half-power frequencies to allow us to write
(1)
272
12.18
D
CHAPTER 12
A series circuit has a resonance frequency of 150 kHz and a bandwidth of 75 kHz.
frequencies.
Determine the half-power
I Since
Qs = 150175 = 2 < 10 approximations (J) of Prob. 12.17 cannot be used. The exact relations are
BW = f2 - f1 and f, = Vf1 f2' and we may work in kilohertz. Thus, we eliminate f2 between 75 = f2 - fl
and 150 = vr:Tz to obtain f~ + 75f1 - 22,500= O. Solving, fl = 117.1 kHz and f2 = 75 + f1 = 192.1 kHz.
12.19
Determine the parameters of a series RLC circuit that will resonate at 10 kHz, have a bandwidth of 1 kHz, and
draw 15.3 W from a 200-V generator operating at th,~ resonance frequency of the circuit.
I For a series circuit operating at resonance,
P =
V R = V= 200 V
V'
Q =~=1O=1O
BW
1
Qs =
s
15.3 =
-~,
R
R
2'Ti"IL
--8.--
10=
(2~0)2
2'Ti"(1O,000)L
2610
1
A series RLC circuit has a Q s of 5.1 at its resonance frequency of 100 kHz. Assuming the power dissipation of
the circuit is 100 W when drawing a current of 0.8(1 A, determine the circuit parameters.
I
R
5 1 = 2'Ti"(100,000)L
.
156
=
L = 1.26mH
1
f..=
1
2'Ti"vTC
C = 2.01 nF
What is the bandwidth of the circuit of Prob. 12.20?
f..
Qs= BW
I
12.22
_ 2'Ti"f,L
QS--R-
1560
100 000 = - - = = = =
,
2'Ti"W.2f) >( lO-')C
12.21
L=416mH
C =61OpF
10,00(1 ,= 2'Ti"V 0.416C
12.20
R = 2.61 kO
BW= 19.6 kHz
Determine the half-power frequencies of the circuil of Prob. 12.20.
I Proceed as in Prob. 12.18.
19.6= f2 -
fl
Substituting,
f~
and
12.23
+ 19.6f1 - 10 4
=
0
f1 =
-19.6 + Y (19.6)2 + 4(10 4 )
2
= 90.7 kHz
f2 = 19.6 + f1 = 110.3 kHz.
A 125-V ac source supplies a series circuit conslstillg of a 20.5-p,F capacitor and a coil whose resistance and
inductance are 1.060 and 25.4 mH, respectively. The generator frequency is the resonance frequency of the
circuit. Determine (a) the resonance frequency and (b) the current.
1
I (a)
(b)
2'Ti"YO.0254(20.5 x 10 '")
At resonance,
Z, = R;
,= 220.6 Hz
hence
V
125 L!r
1= -Z,
= ----= 117 .9 L!rA
1.06
RESONANCE
12.24
From the data of Prob. 12.23, calculate the voltage across
I (a)
(a) the capacitor and
0 273
(b) the coil.
Xc = XL = 27rfrL = 27r(220.6)(0.0254) = 35.21 0
Vc = 1Xc = (117.9)(35.21) = 4151 V
(b)
Vco ;! = IR + IjX L = 117.9 ~(1.06 + j35.21)
= (117.9 ~)(35.23 /88.3°)
12.25
=
4154 /88.3° V
or
For Prob. 12.23, determine the resistance that must be connected in series with the circuit to limit the capacitor
voltage to 300 V.
I
1=
300 = 1(35.21)
*
=8.52=
1~5
1= 8.520A
R = 14.670
Hence the required additional series resistance is
14.67 = 1.06 + Rx
12.26
Rx = 13.610
In a series RLC circuit under resonance, express the voltages across the capacitor and the inductor in terms of
Q s and the applied voltage.
I
12.27
A coil with resistance and inductance of 400 and 50 mH, respectively, is connected in series with a 450-pF
capacitor and a generator. Determine (a) the resonance frequency and (b) the circuit impedance at the
resonance frequency.
1
1
27rV (0.050)( 450 x 10
I (a) fr = 27rvTC
(b)
12.28
A 60-V source having an internal resistance of 10 0 is connected to the circuit of Prob. 12.27.
the circuit current and (b) the voltage across the capacitor.
1
= -- =
C
(b)
27rfC
1
27r(33,553)(450 x 10- 12 )
=
Determine
(a)
1O.54kO
V= 1Xc = (1.2 A)(1O.54 kO) = 12.65 kV
A 25-J.LF capacitor is connected in series with a coil whose inductance is 5.0 mHo Determine (a) the
resonance frequency; (b) the resistance of the coil if a 40-V source operating at the resonance frequency causes
a circuit current of 3.6 mA; and (c) the Q of the coil.
1
27rV (0.005)(25 x 10 6)
12.30
= 33,553 Hz = 33.553 kHz
Zr=R=400
X
12.29
12)
~
~
fr =
(b)
1=
(c)
. = wrL = 27r( 450.2)(0.005) = 1.28 x 10-3
Qco.\
R
11.1 X 10 3
0.0036=
R
R
=
450.2 Hz
11.1 kO
A coil with inductance and resistance of 3.0 mH and 200, respectively, is connected in series with a capacitor
and a 12-V 5.0-kHz source. Determine (a) the value of capacitance that will cause the system to be in
resonance and (b) the circuit current at the resonance frequency.
1
I (a) fr = 27rvTC
(b)
Zr =200
5000 =
or
27ry'~.003C
V
12
Ir = Zr = 20 = 0.6 A
C=338nF
274
12.31
0
CHAPTER 12
What is the maximum stored energy in the capacitor of Prob. 12.30?
I
12.32
12.33
.
VC(max)
= 56.5v2 = 79.9 V
A coil having a 2-0 resistance is connected in series with a 50-p,F capacitor.
What is the inductance of the coil?
The circuit resonates at 100 Hz.
I
L = 50.66mH.
At resonance,
XL = Xc
or
27T(100)L = 1I27T(lOO)50(1O- 6 ).
Thus,
If the circuit of Prob. 12.32 is connected across a 100- v 100-Hz ac source, determine the power dissipated in the
coil.
I
12.34
1
9) =, 56.5 V
. . 27T(5000)(338 x 10
Vc = 1Xc = 06
At resonance,
[=
VIR = I~ = 50 A
and
P'dl
= [2R = (50)22 = 5 kW.
Calculate the voltages across the capacitor and the cOli of Prob. 12.33.
I
XL
12.35
wL
=
27T(100)(50.66 x 10- 3) = 3U3 0
VcOil
=
50Y(2)2 + (31.83)2
=
1594.6 V
A 120-V 20-Hz source supplies a series circuit consisting of a 5.0-0 capacitive reactance, a 1.6-0 resistor, and a
coil with resistance and inductive reactance of 3.0 and l.20, respectively. Determine (a) the input
impedance and (b) the circuit current.
I
(a)
Zin =
-
(a)
_
Zin -
=
120 LQ::
5.97/-39.56°
5.97 /-39.56': 0
1= 20.11 m-=-~~ A
(a) the voltage across the coil and
Calculate
I
(3 + j1.2) + 1.6 - j5
~
(b). I _
12.36
=
Vcoil =
IcoilZcoil =
(20.11/39.56°)(3 + jl.2) ,= 64.98/61.36° V
Xc
L
9.5mH
=
(b) the resonance frequency in the circuit of Prob. 12.35.
=
1
27TfC
1.2 = 27T(20IL
1
5 = 27T(20)C
C= 1592p,F
1
- = 40.93 Hz
27TY (9.5 x 10- 3)( 1592 x 10 -")
12.37
Determine the Q of a coil whose resistance and inductance are 10 0 and 0.04 H, respectively, if the coil is at
resonance at 2 kHz.
. = wrL = ~~T(2000)(0.04) = 50 2
Qcool
RIO· 7
I
12.38
A coil whose resistance and inductance are 5.00 and 32 mH, respectively, is connected in series with a 796-pF
capacitor. Determine (a) the resonance frequent:} of the circuit; (b) the quality factor; and (c) the
bandwidth.
I
(a)
fr
(b)
Qs
Thus,
=
=
1
27TY (32 x 10- 3)(796 x 10- 12)
W~L
=
f.. ==.31.53 kHz
27T(3l.53 x 1~3)(32 x 10 -3)= 1268
BW= 24.9 Hz.
(c)
Qs
=
!w
or
1268 = 31,530
BW
RESONANCE
12.39
The circuit of Prob. 12.38 is connected to a 120·Y source and operates at resonance frequency.
the input current and (b) the voltage across the capacitor.
I
(a)
D 275
Calculate
(a)
VT
120
I=-=-=24A
Zr
5
27T(31.53 x 10 3 )(796 x 10 12) = 6341 n
12.40
A 400-Y 200-Hz ac source is connected in series with a capacitor and a coil whose resistance and inductance are
20 mn and 6 mH, respectively. If the circuit is in resonance at 200 Hz, determine (a) the capacitance of the
capacitor and (b) the circuit current.
I
12.41
1
200= 27TVO.006C
!,. = 27TvT:C
(a)
3
1
Vc = IXc = (20 x 10 ) 27T(200)(105.54 x 10 6) = 151 kY
(b)
Wmax = ~ LI~ax = HO.006)(20,000v2)2 = 2.4 MJ
Q = w~L = 27T(2~~6;~·006) = 377
Since
Q> 10,
BW
(b) the maximum
and
BW=
!,.
Q=
200
377 = 0.53 Hz
= 200 + 0.265 = 200.265 Hz
BW
11 = Ir - 2
= 200 - 0.265 = 199.74 Hz
A series resonant circuit has a resistance of 1 kn and half-power frequencies of 20 and 100 kHz.
(a) the bandwidth and (b) the resonance frequency.
I
(a)
(b)
BW=/,-f, =100-20=80kHz
!,. =
Vh/1 = V( 100)(20) = 44.72 kHz
Calculate the inductance and the capacitance of the circuit of Prob. 12.43.
Q = ~ = 44.72 = 0 56
I
BW
L=2.0mH
12.45
V
400
Ir = Zr = 0.020 = 20 kA
Prob. 12.17 gives
12 = !,. + 2
12.44
(b)
Calculate the half-power frequencies for the circuit of Prob. 12.40.
,
12.43
C= 105.54 J-tF
(a) the voltage across the capacitor and
In the circuit of Prob. 12.40, determine
instantaneous energy stored in the coil.
I
12.42
1
(a)
80
.
1
wrL= -C
wr
Q= wrL
R
O. 56
= 27T(44,720)(L)
1000
1
27T( 44,720)(0.002) = 27T( 44,720)C
C=6.3nF
For the circuit of Fig. 12-1a sketch the current and the various voltages as functions of frequency.
I
See Fig. 12-8.
I, V
Fig. 12-8
Determine
276
12.46
0
CHAPTER 12
Evaluate the frequencies
I
Wc
and
WL
of Fig. 12-8.
From Fig. 12-1a,
V
1--- -Z
and
V~
Squaring both sides,
=
V2X~/Z2
V~
and
=
V;X~/Z2.
Expressing
Xc, XL' and Z in terms of w,
To find the frequency Wc for which Vc is largest, we lllillimize the denominator of the expression for V~.
differentiating with respect to w, equating the result to zero, and solving, we find
Wc
=
Thus,
~ L1C ~~~~: = w,~l- 2~~
By a similar procedure,
W
Observe the interesting relation
12.47
L
WCWI_
;-2--w,
= 'J 2LC -"~R2Ci = VI - 1 12Q;
=
w; =
(cf. Prob. 12.14).
W1W"
From Fig. 12-9, determine (a) the resonance frequency,
width, and (d) the quality factor.
(b) the cutoff half-power frequencies,
(c) band-
A
50
Fig. 12-9
I
f, = l.0 kHz. (b) At A = 100/V2 =71
(d) Q = f,lBW = l.010.9 = 1.1.
(a)
0.9 kHz.
12.48
A resonant series RLC circuit having
half-power frequency.
V
R
I
12.49
h
= 1.6 kHz.
::>perates from a 20-V source.
(c)
20
5
Qs
L
=
15.91 mH;
and, from
=
~
BW
=
1O(~~
=
100
Q, = l/w,RC,
0 = w,L
1
R
=
Since
Qs > 10,
fl = f, -
27T(1000)L
10
Q, = 60
and
f, = 12 kHz.
we have (Prob. 12.17),
f..
BW
2
If the circuit
C = 1I27T(1000)(1O) (10) = 1.59 J-LF.
Find the half-power frequencies of a series RLC circuit having
I
BW = f2 - fl =
Determine the power at
The bandwidth of a series resonance circuit is 100 Hz and the resonance frequency is 1000 Hz.
resistance is 10 ,0" determine Land C.
Thus,
12.51
and
I=-=-=4A
I
12.50
R = 5 ,0,
fl = 0.7 kHz
=
f, - 2Qs = 12,000 -
12,00)
2(60'1 =
11,900 Hz
f2 = 12,000 + 1000 = 12,100 Hz
If we define wlw, == a (a dimensionless relative frequency), obtain an expression for the admittance of a
series RLC circuit in terms of R, Q" and a.
I
y =
1
=
_1_1R
_ _ _-,-R + j(wL - 1/wC)
1 + ,(alu,LlR - 1Iaw,CR)
R[1 + jQs(a - 1 la)]
RESONANCE
12.52
Express the half-power frequencies in terms of a == w/wr and Qs' and show that, for
values of a at half-power points are approximately given by a = 1 ± l!(2Q,}.
I
For
12.54
Qs
=
= V(wj + (RI2L)2 ± :L
10,
the radical becomes
v'1.0025
~1 + (2:Lr ± 2:L = VI +(1/2 Q,)2 ± 2~s
a=
= 1.
Plot the magnitude of the admittance of the circuit
Also indicate the corresponding values of Q.
See Fig. 12-10.
From the graph of Fig. 12-10 find the bandwidths.
Wr
I
BW = - - =
27TQ
l/VLC
1000 Hz
= --::--27TQ
27TQ
10 n
15.9 Hz
for
R
= 39.7 Hz
= 159 Hz
for
R = 25 n
for
R
=
12.55
:r =
or
In a series RLC circuit, L = 100 mH and C = 10 j.tF.
as a function of a == w/wr for R = 10, 25, and 100 n.
I
the two
From Prob. 12.14, half-power frequencies are given by
W
12.53
Qs> 10,
D 277
=
=
lOOn
Show that the condition for resonance in a parallel RLC circuit (Fig. 12-11) is the same as that in a series RLC
circuit.
I
For resonance, the circuit impedance (or admittance) must be purely resistive.
y =
.!. + j(wc __1_)
R
wL
Resonance occurs when
1
wC--=O
wL
which is the same as that of Prob. 12.1.
or
1
w=
vrc
or
f=
1
27TVLC
For Fig. 12-11 we have
278
D
CHAPTER 12
v
1------.--- V
I
Fig. 12-11
12.56
Draw a phasor diagram showing the voltage and all the currents in a parallel resonant circuit.
I
12.57
Fig. 12-12
See Fig. 12-12.
Notice that
IL +lc=O
and
I'=IR=VIR.
Using the definition of Q given by Eq. (1) of Prob 12.8, obtain an expression for Qp for a parallel resonant
circuit.
I
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.8,
+ wC)max
P T
2,T(W L
Qp = -
We let
i = Im cos wrt.
where we have used
Then
R
v = Ri = RIm cos w/.
_
1
WL -
2
w; = 1 I Le.
Thus,
2: .IoL V d)t 2 -_
L·2 _ 1 ((' 1
IL -
(1)
r
1
'2
12 R2c .
2
Sill
m
(2)
WJ
Furthermore,
Wc
=
!Cv 2
= H~R2Ccos2
(3)
wrt
From Eqs. (2) and (3),
(conservation of energy)
1
Tr = 1,
(4)
(5)
(6)
and
Substituting Eqs. (4) through (6) into Eq. (1) yields
Qp
12.58
=
27Tf.RC,
r
R ~C
L
=
R = w RC
wrL
r
(7)
= -
A coil having resistance Reoil and inductance Leoil is ,;onnected in parallel with a capacitor C and across a voltage
source V (Fig. 12-13). Determine the equivalent conductance and susceptance of the circuit at angular
frequency w.
Rc«.L
C<><'l
To-n1e
I
-t
c~
{:.
V,-
-----
Fig. 12-13
~
I
The input admittance for the circuit in Fig. 12·13 is
y=
1
R eoil
+ jXL
__
+ ---coil
--jXc
=
1
Reoil
+ jwLeoil
1
+ ----j(lIwC)
0
RESONANCE
279
Rationalizing the respective denominators, and then separating the real and imaginary terms,
y = Reoil - jwLeo;\ +. C _
R2coil
+ w 2 L coil
2
'W
R e2o,.\
-
i
i
B
G
12.59
Find the resonance frequency for the circuit of Prob. 12.58.
,
The condition for resonance is
B =0
w ~ 0); this gives
(and
w = 27TJ: =
r
r
12.60
1_1_ _ R~oil
If
R~o;\
> LeojC,
Wr
as given by Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.59 is imaginary, and so resonance cannot occur.
For the circuit of Prob. 12.58 if
,
If
R eo ;\ = 0,
R eo ;\ = 0,
show that the circuit will draw no current at resonance.
then
y=_._l_++=~
but, at resonance,
XL
coil
= Xc;
,Xc,
In the circuit of Prob. 12.58 (Fig. 12-13), L eo ;\ = 2 mH,
cally, the variation in the resonance frequency.
,
(_1___1)
Xc
so Y = 0 and no current is drawn.
,XL coil
12.62
(1)
L~o;\
\j LeoilC
When is resonance impossible in the circuit of Prob. 12.58?
,
12.61
R eo ;\
+ w2Le2o,.\
XL
coil
C = 7.75 /-LF,
and Reoil is variable.
Show, graphi-
See Fig. 12-14.
0.13
0.12
0.11
<Il
- 0.09
~J 008
t
.
~ 0.07
·s
0.06
"i 0.05
·3 0.04
l:
0.03
0.02
(:i
0.01
o
owu~~wu~~~-.
3 5 7 9 11 1315
Coil ,.liItanc., n
12.63
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
W)t.
Fig. 12-14
If Reo;\ = 10 n, L eo ;\ = 2 mH, and
nitude as a function of frequency.
F,equency,
C = 7.75 /-LF
Fig. 12-15
in the circuit of Prob. 12.58, plot the admittance mag-
, See Fig. 12-15. Note that the frequency at which resonance occurs and the frequency at which Y is a
minimum are not the same; coincidence can occur only for the ideal condition Reoil = 0 (by Prob. 12.61).
The equation relating admittance magnitude to radian frequency is
280
12.64
0
CHAPTER 12
For the data of Prob. 12.63 plot the input impedance and the input current as functions of frequency.
,
See Fig. 12-16.
I
I
IL >Ie
:
le >IL
90· - - - , - - - - - - - - - -
I
I
I
Le.din.
pr
Or------+----------------Frequency, Hz
o
2
4
10
6
12
W,-.
14
16
18
20
-90
A&tI/~
hequency,
0
Fig. 12-17
Fig. 12-16
12.65
Sketch the phase angle of the circuit of Prob. 12.63 as a function of frequency.
,
12.66
See Fig. 12-17.
A 60-V source supplies a parallel circuit consisting of a 2.5-/-LF capacitor and a coil whose resistance and
inductance are 260 mH and 15 n, respectively. Determine the resonance frequency.
,
By Prob. 12.59,
f.
1
r = 27T
12.67
~
r-
2
2
1
Reoil
1 J
1
_ (15)
=197Hz
LeoilC - L~O'l = 27T ~ (0260)(2.5 x 10 6)
(0.260)2
The circuit of Fig. 12-13 is modified to that ShOWl in Fig. 12-18.
independent of R and is still given by Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.59.
Show that the resonance frequency is
R
I
v
,
From Fig. 12-18, we have
1
. C
Y= R
+ JW
Setting
12.68
Fig. 12-18
+
1
ReoB + jwLeoil
Im (Y) = 0 and solving for
Wr
1
-_ R
+-
2
Rcoil
R
2
2
+ W Leoil
. (
+ JW
C-
again gives Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.59.
Find the Q p at resonance for the circuit shown in Fig. 12-18.
Leo'l)
2
2 2
Rcoil + W Lcoil
RESONANCE
lC)
, The given circuit is reduced to that of Fig. 12-19c by the steps indicated in Fig. 12-19.
and the resistor R, shown in Fig. 12-19b, we have:
Similarly,
Xp
R2 + X
= sX
2
s
R2 X
S
S
s
s
= X X + Xs = Xs
s
0
281
Fig. 12-19
Combining the coil
(1
)
1 + Q2
s
Now, we combine Rp and R of Fig. 12-19b to obtain Re of Fig. 12-19c such that
Hence,
Re = RpR/(Rp
+ R).
(1)
(2)
as in Prob. 12.16.
12.69
Simplify the results of Prob. 12.59 when
,
Qeoil
~
10.
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.59,
R~Oil
1
2
wr=LC-Ucoil
coil
Rearranging terms,
(1)
Q
but
=
wrL coil
(2)
Reoil
coil
Solving Eq. (2) for R eoiP substituting into Eq. (1), and solving for Wr yields
or
2(
1)
cOil
If
1
cOil
Q ~ 10,
and
1
w=~~=
r
12.70
or
Wr 1+-Q2 =LC
VLeoilC
A parallel circuit consisting of a 65-pF capacitor and a coil whose inductance and resistance are 56 /-LH and 600,
respectively, is connected to the output of a transistor, as shown in Fig. 12-20a. The transistor acting as a
current source has a source resistance of 37 kO. Determine (a) the resonance frequency and (b) Qeoil at the
resonance frequency.
282
0
CHAPTER 12
-,
rI
I
(0.)
h61'1I
60n
I
I
U.our~
I
y-
":R
65 pF
.J
Transistor
~--..
~
37 kn
(b)
Xp
Rp
:: ::: 65 pF
::r 65 pF
(c)
Fig. 12-20
12.71
What is the Q p of the circuit of Fig. 12-20a at resonance?
,
Reduce the given circuit to that of Fig. 12-20c: thus, as in Prob. 12.68,
Re = R
12.72
RRp
37,000 x 14,300
+ R p = 37000
= 10.3 kfl
,
+ 14300
,
Determine the bandwidth of the circuit of Fig. 12-20a.
,
From Prob. 12.71 we have
BW=239kHz
12.73
Determine the capacitance of the circuit of Fig. 12-21a so that it will resonate at 22.3 kHz and have a bandwidth
of 4.05 kHz, when including a coil whose resistance and inductance are 56 fl and 3.2 mH respectively; assume
the circuit is supplied by a current source whose source resistance is 8081 fl.
8081 (}
56 (}
3.2mH
15.7 nF
c
(hI
}'ig. ]2-21
I
From Fig. 12-21,
Q coil
=
3
wrLcoil
R.
= 27"(22.3 x 10 )(0.0032) =
56
8
COIl
Qcoil < 10;
hence high-Q formulas cannot be used.
Instead, as in Prob. 12.68,
RESONANCE
fr
R = RsaurceRp
8081 x 3640
e R R = 8081 + 3640 = 2509.58 fl
source
p
Qp = wrCR e (Prob. 12.68). Thus, 5.51 = 27T(22.3
Also
12.74
+
X
10 3)( C)2509.58
X
X
and
283
10 3
103 = 5.51
C = 15.7 nF.
How much additional parallel resistance is required to change the bandwdith of the circuit of Fig. 12-21a to
6kHz?
,
From Fig. 12-21b,
f,
Qp = BW
=
22.3 X 10 3
6 X 103 = 3.72 = w,CR e
1
Re
1
1
1691 = 8081
1
1
Rp
1
Rx
-=--+-+-
Re = 1691 fl
12.75
22.3
Qp = BW = 4.05
0
1
Rsaurce
1
+ 3640 + R x
A circuit consisting of a capacitor in parallel with a coil whose inductance and resistance are 1.05 mH and 100 fl,
respectively, is driven at its resonance frequency of 600 kHz from a constant-current source. The source
consists of a 2.30-mA 600-kHz constant-current generator in parallel with a 60-kfl source resistance. Determine (a) Qcail and (b) capacitance.
I
(a)
The circuit is similar to that shown in Fig. 12-20a.
3
= W,L cail = 27T( 600 X 10 )(0.00105) = 9
Qcail
R.
100
3 .58
COIl
(b)
Since
Qcail
> 10,
03
1
600 xl = 27TVO.00105C
12.76
Determine
,
(a)
(a) Qp and
Rp = R cail (l
+
C=67pF
(b) the bandwidth of the circuit of Prob.12.75.
Q~a.J = 100[1
+ (39.58)2] = 156.8 kfl
R = RpRsaurce = (156.8)(60) = 43.39 kfl
e Rp + Rsaurce
156.8 + 60
11.0=
12.77
600 X 103
BW
BW=54.5kHz
What is the maximum energy stored in the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 12.75? Also determine the power
dissipated in the resistor.
, The voltage across the capacitor is the voltage across the parallel circuit.
resonance, Zin = Re. Therefore,
V= IRe = 0.0023(43,390) = 99.8 V
P = I2Re
12.78
=
12
Wc max = H67 x 1O- )(99.8v'2Y = 667 nl
(0.0023)\43,390) = 230 mW
Determine all currents in the circuit shown in Fig. 12-22.
,
Since
XL = Xc,
the circuit is in resonance.
120 lJt.
I R = -10- = 12 D!....
lo° A
Referring to Fig. 12-20c, at
Thus,
_ 120 lJt. _
°
IL - 4/90° -30/-90 A
284
0
CHAPTER 12
1,
I
+
Ion
Fig. 12·23
Fig. 12·22
12.79
Determine I and 1\ in the circuit of Fig. 12-23.
,
Notice that the circuit is in resonance.
120~
1= - - = 12 ~ A
10
12.80
1\ = le
+ IR = 30 /90° + 12 ~ = 32.31 /68.2° A
A parallel RLC circuit has R = 0.5 0, L = 10 mH,
and the corresponding input currents at 24 V.
,
fr
and
C = 2.5 mF.
1
1
= 27TVLC = 27TY(iJ.0=1=)(=2=.5=X=I=0=3;=)
=
31.83 Hz
A 0.5-/-LF capacitor is connected in parallel with a coil whose resistance and inductance are 1.00 and 2.0 H,
respectively. The parallel circuit is supplied by a 100-V sinusoidal generator that is operating at the resonance
frequency of the circuit. Determine (a) the resonance frequency; (b) the input impedance; and (c) the
current.
,
(a)
By Prob. 12.59,
f, =
~
~_1_ - LR~o;/ = -~
J 1
27T Lca;/C
2'TI· 2(0.5 x 10
(2~
6) -
co;/
(b)
At the resonance frequency,
Y;n = G
+ jC·,
1= -
V
Z;n
=
1
Z;n = G = 0.25 X 10-6 =4MO
= 0.25 /-LS
100
= 25 /-LA
4 x 10
--6
A parallel section consisting of a 5.4-/-LF capacitor in parallel with a coil whose resistance and inductance are
18.80 and 8.0 mH, respectively, is driven at it:; resonance frequency by a 240-V sinusoidal generator.
Determine the resonance frequency.
~-R~2
( 18. 8 )2 6
,
1
1
caH
1 , II
106
fr
12.83
= 159.15 Hz
1
1
(c)
f
where
I +(27TX 159.(5)2(2)2
12.82
Determine the resonance frequency
I=VIR =24/0.5 =48A.
At resonance,
12.81
Hence,
= 27T
~ Lca;/C -
L~a;/ = 2-:;'~
V (0.008)(5.4) -
= 68 Hz
0.008
A 480-V 60-Hz source supplies energy to a parallel circuit consisting of a 25 /30°-0 branch and a 12 /-40°-0
branch (Fig. 12-24). Determine the impedance of .1 circuit element that, if connected in series with the source,
will cause the system to be in resonance.
,
Fig. 12·24
(25m)(12~)
.
°
Zp = 25 /30° + 12 / -400 = 9.61 L=18.82 0
Z;n = Zp
+Z =
For the system to be in resonance, Z;n must have no imaginary term.
XL = 27TfL, 3.1 = 1207TL or L = 8.23 mHo
(9.10 - j3.1)
Hence
+Z
Z=+j3.1=jXL
•
Since
RESONANCE
12.84
D
285
Find the input current and input power for the circuit of Prob. 12.83.
I
From Prob.12.83, at resonance,
480
1= 9.10 = 52.75 A
12.85
P = (480)(52.75) = 25.32 kW
A series-parallel circuit consisting of a (5 - j3)-fl impedance in series with a parallel section consisting of
(4 + j2)-fl and (2 + j3)-fl impedances is supplied by a 490-V 30-Hz generator. Sketch the circuit and
determine (a) the input impedance and (b) the input current.
,
The circuit is shown in Fig. 12-25.
Z = (4+j2)(2+j3) =206/4307°fl
p
4 + j2 + 2 + j3
.
.
(a)
Z;n = Zp + (5 - j3) = (1.51 + j1.41) + (5 - j3) = 6.70 /-13.73° fl
(b)
V
490 LQ::
°
1= Z;n = 6.70/-13.73° = 73.12 /13.73 A
I
+
Fig. 12-25
12.86
(a) For the circuit of Prob. 12.85 determine the current in the
parallel circuit operating at its resonance frequency? Explain.
,
(a)
(4+ j2)-fl
impedance.
(b) Is the series-
The voltage across the parallel branch is
Vp = IZp = (73.12 /13.73°)(2.06 /43.0r) = 150.63 /56.80° V
Vp
150.63 /56.8°
°
11 = Z1 =
4+ j2
=33.7 /30.23 A
(b)
12.87
If the circuit were at resonance the phase angle between V and I would be zero.
No:
A tank circuit is supplied by a current source whose source resistance is 56 kfl. The tank circuit is composed of
a 56-nF capacitor in parallel with a coil whose inductance and resistance are 35 mH and 80 fl, respectively.
Determine (a) fr and (b) QCOB"
,
(a)
By Prob. 12.59,
1
fr = 27T
(b)
Qcoil
~
I
Looi'C -
R~OH
L~oil
1
= 27T
~
80
1
(0.035)(56 x 10 9) - ( 0.035
= wrL coB = 27T(3578)(0.035) =
R.
80
9.83
COIl
12.88
Determine
,
(a)
(a) Zin and
(b)
Qp of the circuit of Prob. 12.87.
Rp = Rco;l(l + Q~Oil) = 80[1 + (9.83)2] = 7.81 kfl
Z = R = RpRs = (7.81)(56) _
;n
e Rp + Rs
7.81 + 56 - 6.854 kfl
(b)
Qp = wrCR e = 27T(3578)(56 x 10- 9 )(6.854 x 10 3 ) = 8.62
)2 = 3578 Hz
286
12.89
0
CHAPTER 12
Find
,
(a) the bandwidth and
(b) the half-power frequencies of the circuit of Prob. 12.87.
(a)
Qp
(b)
From Prob. 12.87(b),
fr
862
. = 3578
BW
or
= BW
< 10.
Qca;l
fr = vr;t;
BW= f~
- fl
3578 =
f2 = 415 + fl
f~
12.90
BW = 415
or
vr;t;
12.80
6
+ 415f1 - 12.8 X 10 = O. Hence f1
= 33'16 Hz,
415 = f2 - f1
10" = (415 + fJf1
X
f2 = 3791 Hz.
Determine the capacitance required for a tank circuit that uses a 35-/-LH 60-!l coil and resonates at 1.65 MHz.
The tank circuit is to be fed from a 1.65-MHz 2.0-mA constant-current generator whose source resistance is
6Ok!l.
,
The circuit is shown in Fig. 12-26.
6
= w,L = 27T( 1.65 x 10 )(35 x 10-
QcaH
R
6
0
6< 1
=
)
60
so we use Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.59:
1.65
10 6 =
X
~~
27T
1_____ (
35
X
60
35 x 10
to-'e
c= 259pF
r~. ~
S<>-.&.
- - - - r -...
Fig. 12-27
Fig. 12-26
12.91
Calculate the current through the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 12.90.
,
The circuit of Fig. 12-26 is modified to that shown in Fig. 12-27 from which (cf. Prob. 12.68)
Rp = R ca ;/(l + Q~OH) = 60[1 + (6)2J
R = R = RsRp = (60)(2.22) ,= 2 141 kfl
e
on
Rs + Rp
60 + 2.22
.
2.22 k!l
=
V= IR;n
(0.002)(2141) = 4.28 V
=
V
le
12.92
Repeat Prob. 12.90 if the coil is replaced by one having
,
373 = 11.5 mA
LcaH =:
350 /-LH.
)
_
- 90.7
we may write
1
27T
fr =
12.93
4.28
=
6
40
R
Xe
and
= w,L = 27T(1.65 x 10 )(350 x 10-
caH
QcaH> 10,
40 fl
6
Q
Since
RcaH =:
=:
I 1
'J L7;
C=26.6pF
COil
Repeat Prob. 12.91 for the data of Prob. 12.92.
,
Rp
Re = R;n
=:
R~R~
R
s
=:
p
=
R ;l(l + Q;:a;/I= 40[1 + (90.7)2J = 329.1 kfl
Ca
~g~~~~) =, 5(1,75 kfl
V= IR;n
=
(0.002)(50,750) = 101.5 V
le
= Xe
•
Xc = 3626fl
V
101.5
= 3626
= 28 mA
RESONANCE
12.94
0
287
A tank circuit consisting of a coil whose resistance and inductance are 40.6 fl and 21.5 mH, respectively, is
connected in parallel with a capacitor and supplied by a 1000-Hz 125-V generator of negligible impedance.
Assuming the circuit is at resonance, determine its bandwidth.
I
=
Qcoil
W,L eoil
R.
coll
= 271'(1000)(0.0215) = 3
40 6
3. 3 < 10
•
Then, from Prob. 12.68,
12.95
A current source consisting of a sinusoidal 2.6-mA constant-current generator in parallel with a 60-kfl resistor
supplies a tank circuit whose parameters are C = 105 nF, Leoil = 10.5 mH, and Reoil = 106 fl. Determine
(a) f, and (b) QeOil at the resonance frequency.
I
(a)
(
b)
-
fr Q
~ 1_1__ R~Oil
271'
'V CL COil
L~oil
~ I
271'
'V (105 x
1
10 9)(0.0105)
_(~)2 -41
0.0105
R.
106
- 2.81
Using a circuit similar to that of Fig. 12-27,
R = RsRp
e Rs + Rp
Qp =
w,CR e
= 271'(4518)(105 x
277 = 4518
.
BW
(60,000)(943) = 928 4 fl
60,000 + 943
.
1O~9)(928.4) = 2.77 =
:w
BW= 1631 Hz
V= IZ in = (0.0026 LQ:)(928.4 LQ:) = 2.41 LQ: V
XC"il
Zeoil
= 2rrJ,Lcoil = 2rr(45 18)(0.0105) = 298
= R + jXL = (106 + j298)
2.41LQ:
316.29 L1.QA£:
=
=
n
316.29 /70.42° fl
7.63 / -70.42 mA
For the amplifier represented by the circuit of Fig. 11-32, find the gain at the resonance frequency of the
secondary.
I
12.99
=
Under resonance, determine the voltage across the capacitor and the current through the coil of the circuit of
Prob. 12.95.
I
12.98
z
5 8H
What is the bandwidth of the circuit of Prob. 12.957
I
12.97
-
= w,L eoil = 271'(4518)(0.0105) _
coil
coli
12.96
_
-
Substituting
W
= W,= l/y L 22 C
in the result of Prob. 11.43, we obtain
In the amplifier circuit of Fig. 11-33, if the primary and the secondary have the same resonance frequency,
obtain an expression for the gain in terms of Q, a SE wlw, and the coefficient of coupling k.
I
From Prob. 11.45, we have
Letting
M
W;LllL22'
= ky LII L22 and
w,
= l/y LII Cl
= l/y L22 C 2 ,
and dividing numerator and denominator by
288
D
CHAPTER 12
Letting
Q = w,LI R
= lIw,RC
a = wlwr ,
and
- j(g,)u.,;..jC I C2)(kla)
22
[1IQ I + j(a - lIa)1I1IQ2 + j(a - 1Ia)] + k a
G=--------=-~
-j( gm Iw,...;c;c;)(k la)
[lIQ\Q2 + ea 2 -- (a -- 1Ia)2] + j(a -lla)(l/Q\ + 1IQ2)
-=--~--~
12.100
Define 0 = a-I
terms of o.
I
Substitute
a = 1).
(with
Q\ = Q2 =, Q
If
in the amplifier of Prob. 12.99, express the gain in
a = 1 and
1
a- a
in Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.99 (with
G=
12.101
(1)
a2
--
a+1
(a - 1) = 20
a
1
= - - - ,,= - -
a
Q\ = Q 2 = Q):
- j( gmlw;V Cl C2)(k/1)
- j( gm/w,Y Cl C2)kQ2
--- = ::--------=---7--'-"----'--'-------'c~------"-(11 Q2 + k 2 - 4( 2) + j20(21 Q)
[\ +(kQ)2 - (2Qo )2] + j( 4Qo)
For the amplifier of Prob. 12.99, we have w, ,= 11)6 rad/s, gm = 1500 p,S, C\ = C 2 = 1 nF, and QI =
Q2 = 40. Plot IGI (obtained in Prob. 12.100) as a function of Qo, with -2 < Qo < 2, for k = 2/Q, lIQ,
and 1/2Q.
I
For the given values we have
G=---
l.5kQ2
[1 + (kQ)2 -- (2QO)2] + j(4Qo)
Letting
y = Qo,
80
(5 - 4/) + j4y
G=
40
(2 - 4/) + j4y
20
[1.25 - 4/ + j4y
-::-----
for
k =2/Q
for
1
k=Q
for
1
k = 2Q
the magnitudes of which are plotted in Fig. 12-28.
I~I
20
\
/0
o
~--+--+---
-l
-/
0
~
_)
' F i g . 12-28
RESONANCE
12.102
1JJI V
I
V=[R+j(wL- w
Thus
12.103
Q = wLl R
For a series RLC circuit, obtain an expression for V c/V in terms of
Vc
V
=~ =
lIR[l
+ jQ(a
Ye
289
a = w/w,.
~~
c =-
1
-lIa)]
j(alQ)[l
jwC
+ jQ(a
- (a 2 - I) + j(a/ Q)
-lIa)]
Q = 1,4, and 10.
Plot IVc/vl, as obtained in Prob. 12.102, as a function of a for
I
and
D
See Fig. 12-29.
lYe/vi
-j/2W
.2i.
+
.j ....
o·s
'·0
~
Z....
2.0
J
Fig. 12-30
Fig. 12-29
12.104
Vc
Determine the frequency at which the circuit of Fig. 12-30 will be in resonance.
I
For resonance, we must have
Im (Z;n) = O.
Now,
Z ='w + - jl2w ='w _ _,_._ = 'w _ j(2w + j}
1 - jl2w'
2w - j '
1 + 4w 2
on'
Im (Z;n) = w 12.105
2w
1 +4w
=0
or
w
=
0.5 rad/s
If the capacitor and the inductor of the circuit of Fig. 12-30 are interchanged, what is the resonance frequency?
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 12.104,
- j
jw
j
Z =-+--=--+
m
2w
1 + jw
2w
Im (Z ) =
-
m
12.106
2
-
1
2w
jw( 1 - jw)
1 + w2
w
+ - -2
1+ w
=
0
20 IS!..
-,
°
= -'1- = 20 flQ: A
IL = 20 /90° + 20 IS!.. = 20V2 /45° A
W 2
Vc = 20V1" sin O.St V. Find the instantaneous
Solving the problem in the frequency domain we have (since
le
jw
w = 1 rad/s
or
The voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 12-30 is
current through the inductor.
I
- j
=-+-+ - -2
2w
1 + w2
1+ w
w = w,
=
0.5 rad/s
and Vc = 20 IS!.. V),
20 IS!..
IR = 1 IS!.. = 20 IS!.. A
or
iL
= 40 sin (0.5t + 45°) A
290
12.107
D
CHAPTER 12
What are the instantaneous energies stored in the capadtor and inductor of the circuit of Fig. 12-30 for the data
of Prob. 12.106?
I Since
w = 0.5 rad/s,
L = 1.0 Hand
we have
C = 2 F.
Thus,
WL = ~ L(iL)2 = Hl)[40 sin (O.St + 45°)]2 = 800 sin 2 (0.5t + 45°)J
2
Wc = !C(V(J2 = H2)(20V'2sinO.5t)2 = 800sin 0.5tJ
12.108
Determine the Q of the circuit of Fig. 12-30.
I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.57,
Q = ~J~'L + WC)max
PR
From Prob. 12.107 and standard trigonometrical idemities,
_ 80C ( . sin LOt - cos LOt)
11-+
2
J
WL+W C -
Maximizing by calculus, we find
(WL
Hence
12.109
+
WC)max
( 2V2) J
= 800 1+
PR=I 2 R=(20) 2 1=400W
w, = 0.5 rad/s
V2 _
07
_ (0.5)(800)(1 + V2/2) _
Q400
- 1 + 2 - 1.7
If the resistor and the inductor of the circuit are interchanged, what is the resonance frequency?
I The resistor has no effect on the frequency. Since L = 1.0 Hand
f,
=
1
21TvTC
1
27TY (1)(2)
---;== = 0.1125 Hz
C = 2 F,
CHAPTER 13
uFrequency Response and Filters
~
13.1
For the RC circuit of Fig. 13-1a, sketch Vou • as a function of frequency and show the cutoff frequency fe'
I
By KVL we have
(1)
which is qualitatively plotted in Fig. 13-1h, where
Vou • = 0.707 V;n
f= fe'
at
0.707 V..
,,", " , ,
R
0
"""-
Vil"'l
0
0
er
Passband-+l
V out
"
I
O"l.
8",,""~
0
"
I
I
c.l
,
,I
o
le
Frequency. Hz
(bl
13.2
Relate R, C and !c for the circuit of Fig. 13-1a.
I
At
f=!C,
VOU1 = 0.707V;n'
Substituting in Eq. (1) of Prob. 13.1 yields
2
X~
(0.707) = R2 + X~
13.3
The circuit of Fig. 13-1a is a low-pass filter.
I
13.4
Let
R = SOO fl.
Then
C = 1I21T!cR = 1/21T(SOO)(SOO) = 636.7 nF.
A low-pass RC filter has a 800-Hz cutoff frequency.
If
R = 2 kO,
1
800 = 21T(2000)C
In a low-pass RC filter, having a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz,
I
13.6
1
R = Xc = 21Tfc C
or
Design one having a cutoff frequency of SOO Hz.
I
13.5
Fig. 13-1
2000=
21TR(80 x \0 9)
The RL circuit of Fig. 13-2 is also a low-pass filter.
what is the value of C?
C=99.S nF
C = 80 nF.
Determine R.
R =99S 0
Determine its cutoff frequency fe'
I
Thus,
R2
2
(0.707) =
Hence,
2
2
R +XL
or
fe = RI21TL Hz.
291
292
D
CHAPTER 13
R
V out
Fig. 13-2
0-----13.7
Repeat Prob. 13.3 for an RL circuit.
I
Let
R = 500 fl.
Then
R
500
L = 21Tlc = ~;i500) = 159.15 mH
13.8
For the circuit of Prob. 13.7, determine
v
I
VOU!
= 100
out
at
(I
Hz, 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, and 100 kHz for a 100-V input.
500
Y(500)2 +=(==2=1TI===x=1=59=.=15=X=1O~37";)2
The following table gives the desired result.
f,Hz
o
100.0
98.0
70.7
44.7
0.5
100
500
1000
100,000
13.9
13.10
Find L in a low-pass RL filter having
R = 1.5 kfl
I
R
f.
c
A low-pass RL filter has
L
=
Determine R.
and a cutoff frequency of 4 kHz.
The circuit of Fig. 13-3a acts as a high-pass filter.
frequency.
I
L = 149 mH
R
4000 = 21T(0.025)
I
13.11
1600 == 1500
21TL
= 21TL
25 mH
and a cutoff frequency of 1600 Hz.
Plot
R = 628fl
VOU!
as a function of frequency and determine the cutoff
From KVL,
at cutoff
VOU!
= O. 707V;n'
Thus,
2
(0.707)
Hence,
le
=
R2
=
or
-2R,,;T
+."c
R
=
Xc
=
2
1
f. C
1Tc
1I21TRC Hz.
Vin
i
c
>
=o~o~~~
/
I
/
o~-----;II~--~~--~
I
(a)
Vout
/
o
/
R
I
I
I
I
,.I.----Puaband----..
I
.-..I
oK
I
IJhl/~
I
I
f,
Frequency, Bz
(h)
Fig. 13-3
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
13.12
The RL circuit of Fig. 13-4 also acts as a high-pass filter.
0 293
Determine its cutoff frequency.
I
At cutoff,
Thus,
fe = RI21TL Hz.
Fig. 13-4
13.13
Design an RL high-pass filter having a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz.
I
13.14
Let
R = 2 kO,
Then,
For the circuit of Prob. 13.13, determine VOUI at 0 Hz, 100 Hz, 500 Hz, 2 kHz, and 100 kHz for a 100-V input.
I
V
= 100
oul
3
21Tf(159.15 x 10- )
V(200W + (21Tf159.15 x 10
3)2
The desired result is given below:
13.15
A high-pass RC filter has
13.16
A high-pass RC filter has
Vou " V
0
100
500
2000
100,000
0.00
5.00
24.25
70.70
99.98
R = 12500 and a cutoff frequency of 1600 Hz.
1
1
fe = 21TRC
I
f,Hz
1600 = 21T(1.25
C= 0.65 nF
X
10 3 )C
13.17
An RL high-pass filter has
R = 1.6 kO
and a cutoff frequency of 10 kHz.
R
1600
fe = 21TL
10,000 = 21TL
The circuit of Fig. 13-5a may be used as a bandpass filter.
show its frequency response.
The circuit of Fig. 13-5a shows the load on the filter.
resistance, we obtain the circuit of Fig. 13-5b from which
VOUI
=V
m
,/
RT
V R~
RT = ROUIRLI(RoUI + RL)'
+ (XL - XC)2
=V
m
Find L.
L = 25.5 mH
Obtain an expression for its output voltage, and
I
where
Determine R.
R=27.2kO
I
13.18
C= 79.6nF
and a cutoff frequency of 9 kHz.
I
Determine C.
,/
Combining the load resistance with the filter
V R~
RT
+ [21TfL - 1I(21TfCW
A typical frequency response plot is shown in Fig. 13-5c.
294
0
CHAPTER 13
-_-
O>----~'-----ll{-[
';.
_r;- - -
!
"0.'
R_.
0---------
R •••
- - - _IL 0___
_
(a)
----V In
]~.:b.nd
o2°2-vln -, ,--
:J
__
1
~
,g
I ,
I \
\
I \
,
...
I
.,,"/
I
/
\,
" ' .... ..... _--
Frequency. Hz
(h)
(e)
Fig. 13-5
13.19
State quantitatively the criteria which may be used t·) characterize a bandpass filter.
I
13.20
The criteria are
Ir = 1I27TVLC; selectivity
Q, = wrLlR; bandwidth BW= I)Qs'
A parallel circuit yielding a bandpass characteristic similar to that of Fig. 13-5e is shown in Fig. 13-6.
that the load draws negligible current, obtain an expfl~ssion for Vout '
V
I
=V
out
in
z
where
ab
R 1 + Z ab
Z
ab
Assuming
= (RCOil+jXcoil)(-jXC)
(Rcoil + jXcoiJ + (-jXC)
9-- - -
0
a
R 10ad
c
0----
13.21
Assuming the circuit parameters in Fig. 13-5a are L,o;1 = 50 mH,
determine (a) the resonance frequency and (b) the bandwidth.
I
(a)
(b)
1
!,. = 27TVLC
Fig. 13-6
C = 127 nF,
Rout = 63 n,
11 = 2000
BW
BW= 182
1
=2kHz
27TY(0.05)(127 x 10 9)
~-r==========~
R = RoutRload = 63(600) =57n
TRout + R 10ad
63 + 600
Qs
13.22
0
= wrL = 27T(2000)(0.05) _
RT
5 7 - 11
Ir
Qs= BW
For the circuit of Prob. 13.21 determine the cutoff frequencies.
I
Since
Qs > 10,
BW
182
12 = Ir + -2- = 2000 + T
= 2091 Hz
BW
182
II = Ir - -2- = 2000 - T = 1909 Hz
R 10ad = 600 n,
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
13.23
0 295
If the input voltage to the circuit of Prob. 13.21 is 30 V, calculate the output voltage at f,; fi' f2' and lOf,.
v
I
=V
out
At the resonance frequency
XL = XC'
on
RT
YR~
+ (XL - XC)2
Hence,
f1 = 1909 Hz,
At
XL = 21TfL = 21T(1909)(0.05) = 6000
1
1
Xc= 21TfC = 21T(1909)(127 x 10-9) =6560
V
=
30
out
At
57
Y(57)2 + (600 - 656)2
21.4 V
f2 = 2091 Hz,
V
XL =6560,
57
=21.4V
Y(57)2+(656-600)2
=30
out
At
='
f
='
lOf, = 10(2000) = 20,000,
XL = 21T(20,OOO)(0.05) = 6.28 x 103 0
1
Xc= 21T(20,000)(127 x 10-9) =62.70
V
= 30
out
13.24
57
= 0.28 V
Y (57)2 + (6280 - 62.7)2
For the filter circuit of Fig. 13-5a we have R L = 50 kO,
filter having cutoff frequencies of 25 and 23 kHz.
I
Leoi' = 45 mH,
fr
1
+ 2~
21TYO.045C
Q = ~ = 24,000 = 12 = w,L
s
BW
12 = 21T(24,000)(0.045)
RT
RT
2000
RT = 565 0
1
1
1
-=-+-565
Rout
50,000
~ = _1_ + _1_
RT Rout
R 10ad
Rout = 571 0
Design a series-resonance-type bandpass filter that has cutoff frequencies of 15 and 35 kHz.
resistance is 60 kO, and the coil has an inductance of 50 mH and negligible resistance.
35
X
3
10 =
1
Hence
The load
BW = (35 - 15)10 3 = 20 kHz
I
13.26
f,
Design a bandpass
1
= 24,000 Hz = 21TvTC
C = 978 pF
Reoil = O.
25,000 =
BW = f2 - f1 = 25,000 - 23,000 = 2 kHz
or
13.25
and
f, +
20
X
2
10 3
or
f, =
25 kHz
1
25000 = 21TVO.050C
C= 811 pF.
Assume the circuit parameters for the series-resonance bandpass filter in Fig. 13-5a are C =' 1.8 pF, Leoi' =
25 mH, Rout = 52 0, and R 10ad = 9000 O. Determine (a) the resonance frequency and (b) the bandwidth.
296
0
CHAPTER 13
I
1
1
(a)
f, = 2 1 T V I T = 750,644 Hz
(b)
Rau,Rlaad = 52(9000) = 51 7 n
RT - R out + RI oa d 52 + 9000
.
21TV (0.025)(1.8 x 10 12)
_L_
_ w,L _ 21T(750,644)(0.025) = 2280 0=
Qs - RT 51.67
BW
Thus,
13.27
BW = 329 Hz.
f2
BW
329
= f, + -2- = 750,644 + T
= 750,809 Hl
f1
=
BW
329
f, - -2- = 750,644 - T = 750,480 Hz
Obtain an expression for the output voltage as a function of frequency from the circuit of Prob. 13.26, for a 60-V
input voltage.
I
v
= V
au,
13.29
BW
For the filter of Prob. 13.26, determine the cutoff frequencies.
I
13.28
2280 = 750,644
or
m
= 60
RT
VR~ + (XL -
xcf
51.7
r-
V (5l.7)2 + [6.28f(0.025) -1I(6.28f1.8 x
V
10 12)]
From the result of Prob. 13.28, determine the output voltage at resonance frequency, cutoff frequencies, and at
lOf,·
I The result is tabulated below:
13.30
f
Vout
750,644
750,834
750,49:;
750,440
60.00
39.31
44.47
0.00266
The circuit of Fig. 13-7 acts as a bandstop filter. Its resonance frequency and bandwidth are shown in Fig. 13-8.
Obtain a relationship between the input and output voltages.
I
v
out =:
V
Zab
~
10
cue
Hence
Stop band
IJ
C>----JVlI'v-----Q- -
-
-
~
- - - -
0
I I
V out
r______ _
o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
c
13.31
o
o
11 12
b
Frequency. H.
Fig. 13-7
Fig. 13-8
Sketch the frequency of the circuit of Fig. 13-7.
I See Fig'.
13.32
I I
I I
13-8.
The parallel circuit of Fig. 13-9 also acts as a bandstop filter.
Relate its output voltage to the input voltage.
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
V
I
out
Z
where
=
ab
Reoih
=Vin R
0 297
Rout
+ Z ab
out
(Reail+jXLeail)(-jXc)
(Reail+jXLeail)+(-jXc)
Lcon
IJ
c
0-----------_ - - - - 13.33
RI = 10000,
In the circuit of Fig. 13-7,
bandwidth.
I
Thus,
13.34
1
= 21TVLC
Ir
Qs
Leoil
Reail = 2 0,
= 160 mH,
and
C = 396 pF.
Determine its
1
12 = 20kHz
21TVO.160(396 x 10 )
= wrL = 21T(20,000)(0.160) = 2 = ~
Rs
2 + 1000
0 BW
or
20 = 20,000
BW
BW = 1000 Hz.
Since
Q > 10,
BW
1000
12 = Ir + -2- = 20,000 + -2- = 20,SOO Hz
1
I
= Jrf
-
1000
BW
2 = 20 ' 000 - - 2 = 19 ' SOO Hz
-
Find the output voltage of the circuit of Prob. 13.33 as a fraction of the input voltage at resonance frequency and
at cutoff frequencies.
I
At resonance,
XL = Xc;
hence,
=V
V
out
At
m
~
'f(R . + R )2 =
V
coli
V
in
2
0002V
1002 =.
in
1
I1 = 19,5OO Hz,
1
Xc = 21T(19,SOO)(396
XL = 21T(19,SOO)(0.160) = 19.6 kO
XL - Xc = -10000
V
12 = 20,SOO Hz
Xc=
=V
out
10 12) = 20.6 kO
on
V (2 + 1000)2 + (-1000)2
= 0.706V
on
XL = 21T(20,SOO)(0.160) = 20.6 kO
1
21T(20,SOO)(396
V
X
V(2)2 + (-1000)2
=V
out
13.36
Fig. 13-9
What are the cutoff frequencies of the circuit of Prob. 13.33?
I
13.35
0
m
X
10
12 =19.6kO
)
XL-XC=10000
V(2)2 + (1000?
= 0.706V
y(1000)2 + (100W
m
Determine the capacitance required for a series resonance bandstop filter that will block 8S kHz. The
inductance and resistance of the coil are 60mH and ISO, respectively, RI =20000, and R laad = 1.4 MO.
I
Referring to Fig. 13-7,
Ir =
1
21TVLC
1
8S,000 = 21Tv'D.06C
c= S8pF
298
13.37
0
CHAPTER 13
What is the bandwidth of the circuit of Prob. 13.36?
= wrL = 27T(85,000)(0.06)= 15 9 = ~
Q,
Thus,
13.38
15 + 2000
R
.
159= 85,000
.
BW
or
BW
BW = 5.34 kHz.
The circuit of Fig. 13-10 is a double-resonant filter. The two resonance frequencies are for the tank (parallel)
circuit and for the series circuit. If Cl = 3.5 nF. jetermine the remaining parameters required in order that
the filter will reject a 100-kHz signal but accept 50 kHz.
I The resonance frequency of the stopband is determined by the tank circuit. Assuming Qeoil ~ 10,
f. =
r
1
27TVLC
1
100 000 = --- c=====:;=
'
L J (3.5 x 10 '9)
L J = 724 ILH
2,T'!
The impedance of the tank circuit at 50 kHz is
1
XCI = 27T(50,000)(3.5 x 10 9) = 910 n
Ztaok
X L1 X C1
- X Cl )
LI
= J'(X
(227)(910) =' 02 n
j(227 - 910)
J3
Thus, at 50 kHz the tank circuit behaves as a pure il1ductive reactance of 302 n.
50 kHz, capacitor C2 must have a capacitive reactance of 302 n.
OI
Thus,
To cause series resonance at
1
302 = 27T(50,000)C
C = 10.5 nF.
C2
~\I---'"
~----
- . .,
vnul.
------------_.( ----
C>--------------() - - --
Fig. 13-11
Fig. 13-10
13.39
The circuit of Fig. 13-11 is also a double-resonant filter.
ters to reject 150 kHz and accept 200 kHz.
If
LI = 2.5 mH,
determine the remaining parame-
I The resonance frequency of the passband is determined by LI and Cl:
f.
r
1
27TY L I C 1
= --==
1
200,00J = 27TYO.025C
I
Cl = 25pF
At 150 kHz, the impedance of the series LC branch is
XL ,= 27T(150,000)(0.025) = 23.6 kn
1
XCI = 27T(150,000)(25 x 10 12) = 42.5 tn
Z,er = j23,600 - j42,500 = -jI8,900 n
Thus the series branch is in effect a capacitive react,mce of 18,900 n at 150 kHz.
the parallel branch must have an inductive reactance of 18,900 n.
18,900 = 27T(150,000)L2
13.40
For tank resonance to occur
L2 = 20mH
Assume the circuit parameters for the bandstop filter shown in Fig. 13-7 are RI = 1500 n,
Reoi' = 1.5 n, and C = 300 pF. Determine (a) f, and (b) the bandwidth.
Leoil = 140 mH,
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
I
1
21TvTC
1
== 24,558 Hz
21TY(0.14)(300 x 10 12)
-=--r======~
(a)
fr =
(b)
Assuming the load draws insignificant current,
Q = wrL = 21T(24,558)(0.140) = 14 39
R
s
Hence,
13.41
1500 + 1.5
fl
1707
= 24,558 - -2- = 23,705 Hz
12W
21Tf
What is the output voltage for a 30-V input at resonance frequency in the circuit of Prob. 13.40?
Vou• = 30
II!;:II
where
Zab
Hence, at
=
~(1.5)2 + [21Tf(0.14) -
fr = 24.558 kHz,
21Tf(300IX 10 12)
r
0
Vou • = 0.444 V.
Determine the required capacitance for a series resonance bandstop filter that will block 65 kHz. The load
resistance is 50 kO, RI is 30000, and the coil inductance and resistance are 55 mH and 10 0, respectively.
1
I
or
fr = 21TvTC
Hence,
65 000 = _-=1==
,
21TVO.055C
C = 109 pF.
What is the voltage across the load in Prob. 13.44 at resonance frequency?
I
At resonance
Zab
= 10 0
Given:
10
VOU!
= 80 10 + 3000 = 0.27 V
Assume capacitance Cl for the double-resonant filter shown in Fig. 13-11 is 2.1 nF.
parameters that will block 90 kHz and accept 100 kHz.
J:
I
V;n = 80 V.
resistive,
10 x 50,000 _
R T = 10+50,000 =100
13.46
1707
f2 = 24,558 + -2- = 25,412 Hz
Z;n = y(1501.5)2 + [21Tf(0.14) - _1_ (300 x 10
and Z;n is found in Prob. 13.42.
13.45
2~~8
For the circuit of Prob. 13.40, determine the input impedance as a function of frequency.
I
13.44
14.39 =
For the circuit of Prob. 13.40, find the cutoff frequencies.
I
13.43
or
.
BW = 1707 Hz.
I
13.42
0 299
r
=
1
21TV LIC I
Determine the remaining
or
Thus, Ll = 1.207 mHo
At 90kHz,
XL! = 21T(90,000)(1.207 x 10- 3 ) = 682.20
Z,", = jXL1
-
XC! =
1
9) = 842.520
21T90,000(2.1 x 10
jXcl = j(682.2 - 842.52) = - j160.32 0
For parallel resonance to occur at 90 kHz,
jXL2 == + j160.32
Hence,
13.47
21T(90,000)L2 = 160.32
L2 = 284 ILH.
Assume capacitor Cl in Fig. 13-10 has a capacitance of 6.5 nF.
block 75 kHz and accept 20 kHz.
I
Determine the remaining parameters that will
For stopband,
75000=
1
,
21TY LI (6.5 x 10 9)
At 20kHz,
300
0
CHAPTER 13
XLI
= 27T(20,000)(693 X 10- 6 ) = 87.00
X
Cl -
1
27T(20,000)(6.5
X
10- 9 )
-122490
-
•
The impedance of the parallel section at 20 kHz is
87/90° X 1224.9/-90°
.
'87 _ '1 ';;-4-9-- = J93.65 0
Zp =
J
J .-•..
For series resonance to occur at 20 kHz,
XC2
Hence
13.48
=
I
27T(20,OOO) C2
or
93.65
93.65
C2 = 85 nF
For the circuit shown in Fig. 13-12, determine the ratio V2 /VI •
I
By mesh analysis we have
141.411 + jlO0I 2 = 100 iQ~
is!.. A
(0.471)(141.4) = 33.4 is!.. V
I1 = 0.471
Thus,
V, = 100 -
+ 141.412 = 0
jlOOI,
12 = 0.333/-900 A
0
V, = (0.333/-90°)(141.4) =47.\0 /-90 y
V
47.10 ",-=90°
.
- 2 = - - - - . - - = -]141
V,
33.4 LQ~
.
fooL!!"
jJ··~~~·v~
f~l.
V
4.rt
L-------OL
13.49
In the circuit of Fig. 13-12 let L = 100 mH and
frequency) and plot IV/VII as a function of a.
I
Fig. 13-12
C = 10 /-tF.
Define
a = wlwr (w r being the resonance
Using nodal analysis, after some manipulation it may be shown that
V2!
1
!VI 0= ,r[=.=_=4=a72=+=4=a"7
(1)
6
where
a = wlwr and
wr = v21 LC = 10 3 \12.
Hen:e Eq. (1) is plotted as shown in Fig. 13-13.
u
13.50
Fig. 13-13
A filter circuit using an operational amplifier is sho"n in Fig. 13-14a. It may be represented by its equivalent
circuit shown in Fig. 13-14b. If Z, = RI and Z2 corresponds to an RC parallel circuit with elements R2 and
C, obtain the ratio Vo/Vi •
I
From Fig. 13-14b we have
V)Vi=-Z2/ZI''NOW,
ZI=RI
and
R2(1/j.'j)C)
R2
Z = - - - - - = ----''--=2 R2 + l.'jl'j)C
1 + jwCR 2
Thus,
Vo =- R2/ RI
Vi
1+ jwCR 2
(1)
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
+
+
'v.t
\;.
t
VD
We may substitute R = - R2! RI
and
Vo =
in Eq. (1) of Prob. 13.50 to obtain
CR 2 = L
R
Vi
l+jwL
which is identical to the result of Prob. 13.6.
R
V" = Vi
or
YR2+X~
Hence the circuit acts as a low-pass filter.
What is the cutoff frequency of the filter of Prob. 13.50?
I
From Prob. 13.6,
le = R/27TL.
R = R2/RI
From Prob. 13.51,
le =
13.53
Fig. 13-14
Obtain the filter characteristic of the circuit of Prob. 13.50.
I
13.52
301
+
(D)
13.51
0
and
L = R 2C.
Hence
R2/R]
1
27TR 2C = 27TR I C
The operational amplifier circuit of Fig. 13-15a may be represented by its equivalent circuit shown in Fig.
13-15b. If Zl = l/jwCI . and Z2 consists of an RC parallel circuit, with elements Rand C2, determine V)Vi'
Vo = 1 + Z2
Vi
Zl
I
Z = _1_
I
and
jwC
= R(lIjwC2)
+ lIjwC2
jw(RC I + RC2) + 1
= ---:---"::"-:::---:-jwRC2 + 1
R
2
Vo
R/(l + jwC2 R)
= 1+
Vi
lIjwC]
Hence,
Z
-
R
1 + jwC2 R
(1)
V.l
(a.)
13.54
(6)
Fig. 13-15
Approximate, by straight lines, the frequency response of the circuit of Fig. 13-15a.
I
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 13.53,
Vo _ jw(RCI + RC2) + 1 _ jwT I
V, jwRC2 + 1
- jw T2
where TI = R(C I + C2)
is shown in Fig. 13-16.
and
T2
+1
+1
= RC2. Notice that
or
Ivol _ Y(wT I )2 + 1
lV.T -
y(wT2)2
+1
and the approximate frequency response
302
D
CHAPTER 13
Fig. 13-16
13.55
Show that the circuit of Fig. 13-17 acts as a low-pa:;s filter.
I
By nodal analysis we have
V, -Vc
6
Vc
V,
+lIjw
6
5Vc =V2 - Vc
. ,V,
VI - V2 = (1 + Jw6)- __6
Consequently,
VI -V2 = (1
or
--- = --
or
6Vc =V2
or
0
which is similar to the result of Prob. 13.6.
+ jw6)Vc
Henct:, the circuit is a low-pass filter.
6ft
V,
Fig. 13-17
13.56
What is the cutoff frequency of the filter of the circuit of Fig. 13-17?
I
From Prob. 13.55 we have
V,=Y'
2
At cutoff
V2 = 0.707V,
=
~--2
+ (6W)2
or
49 + (6(u,J
Thus,
Wc
= 2'TTJc = 0.8
/=0.13Hz
Obtain a relationship between Vo and Vi shown in the circuit of Fig. 13-18.
Vi - Vo
Vo
1= 1000 = 1000/i~
I
Vo
V,
Hence,
13.58
6
Y49
or
(0.707)2
13.57
I
( jw
Vo
1)
+ i + jw =Vo 1000 + 1 + jw
1 + jw
(1- + jW)2 + 1000
What is the input impedance of the circuit of Fig. 13-18 at resonance?
..I
y.
I
"I
E~T
,,,," F
V
0
IH
LJ~
Fig. 13-18
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND FILTERS
w-
I
Thus,
13.59
1
_
Zpa<alle'
= 31.6rad/s
= (Q, )2R = (31.6)21 = 1000 il.
Hence,
Q=(31.6)(1)=316>1O
sI'
Zin
= 1000 + 1000 = 2 kil.
Determine the cutoff frequencies of the circuit of Fig. 13-18.
I
From Prob. 13.58,
1,=
w,
31.6
2'TT = 2'TT =5.03Hz
B
W=
I,
Q=
5.03
31.6 =0.16Hz
12 = 5.03 + 0.~6 = 5.11
0.16 4. 95 H z
I1 = 5.03 --2-=
Thus,
13.60
1
,- VIT - y(l)(lO 3)
0 303
The circuit of Fig. 13-19 is a double-tuned filter. If C = 100 pF,
to be rejected and a frequency of 800 kHz accepted.
,
Hz
find LI and L2 if a frequency of 400 kHz is
For series resonance,
f=
s
3
1
=800xlO
2'TTV LIC
or
L =
(271"800 x 103 )2(100 x 10
I
(2)
At 400 kHz,
XI = wL, = 271"f L, = (271")(400
X
10 3 )(0.396
X
10- 3 ) = 995
X . = _1_ =
1
= 3979 il
(
wC 2'TT(400 x 10 3 )(100 x 10- 12 )
j(XL - Xc) = j(995 - 3979) = - j2984
At resonance at 400 kHz,
XL = Xc
or
Xc
L 2 =W-
2984
= 1.19 mH
271"(400 x 103)
+
+
V,
RL. V,
Fig. 13-19
n
= 0.396 mH
~
CHAPTER 14
Three-Phase Circuits\~~
14.1
Three voltage waveforms are shown in Fig. 14-1.
I
Write mathematical expressions for these voltages.
We may mathematically express this system of voltages as
Va'a
=
Vm sin wt
v
-+--\--!---L-_ _
t-Vt
Fig. 14·1
14.2
Express the voltages of Prob. 14.1 as phasors.
I
These voltages may be written in phasor notation as
Va'a
= V
!.Jt.. =
V(l + jO)
"b'b
= V /-120° = V(-0.5 - jO.866)
Vc'c=V /-240°= V(--O.S +jO.866)
14.3
Draw a phasor diagram showing the three volt ages ·)f Prob. 14.2.
these three voltages.
where
Show three voltage sources corresponding to
I
Figure 14-2a shows the phasor diagram, whereas Fig. 14-2b shows the three voltage sources corresponding to
the three equations. Consequently, we may define a three-phase (voltage) source having three equal volt ages
which are 120° out of phase with one another. In particular, we call this system a three-phase balanced
system-in contrast to an unbalanced system, in which the magnitudes may be unequal and/or the phase
displacements may not be 120°.
c
~
#
+
) - - - - - . V•.•
=
vm
-
+
Vb ·b = VL=lN
(a)
14.4
c·.!'J(;\~
b~
Vb ' b
b
(b)
Fig. 14-2
What is the phasor sum of the three volt ages in a balanced three-phase system?
I
From Prob. 14.2, we have:
2: V =
304
vc' c
Va'a
+ Vb'b + Vc'c = V + (-0.5 - jO.866)V + (-0.5 + jO.866)V = 0
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.5
The order in which the three voltages of Fig. 14-1 attain their maxima is known as the phase sequence.
definition, determine the phase sequence of the volt ages of Fig. 14-1.
0
305
By this
I We abbreviate va'a' Vb'h' and vc'c as Va' Vb' and Vc respectively. Now referring to Figs. 14-1 and 14-2a, we
observe that the voltages attain their maximum values in the order V 0 ' V h' and vc' This order is known as the
phase sequence abc. A reverse phase sequence will be acb, in which case the volt ages Vc and Vb lag va by 120
and 240 respectively.
0
,
14.6
A way to interconnect the voltage sources of Fig. 14-2b is shown in Fig. 14-3, and is known as the wye
connection. Obtain a relationship between the line voltages and the phase voltages.
I
The line voltages are related to the phase voltages such that
Voa
+ Vab
= Yob
or
(1)
Similarly,
V bc =Voc -Yob
jO.866) - V(l
+ jO)
and
Vca =Voa -Voc' From Eq. (1) and Fig. 14-2 we may write
In polar form,
V ah = V(-0.5-
= V(-1.5 - jO.866).
(2)
Similar relationships are valid for the phasors V bc and Vca' Because Vab is the voltage across the lines a and b
and V is the magnitude of the voltage across the phase, we may generalize Eq. (2) to VI = v3Vp where VI is
the voltage across any two lines and Vp is the phase voltage.
I.
r-------~~------oA
0
b
14.7
'b
8
'e
c Fig. 14-3
Draw a phasor diagram showing the phase and line voltage relationships of Prob. 14.6.
I
See Fig. 14-4.
/
v.. =-v j----
\
I
/
~ Vbo = -Vob
I
/
'--~---~
vco =-v
QC
14.8
vc.
Fig. 14-4
What is the relationship between the phase and line currents of a wye-connected system?
corresponding phasor diagram.
Draw the
I For the wye connection it is clear from Fig. 14-3 that the line currents I, and phase currents Ip are the same.
Thus, we may write I, = Ip. The mutual phase relationships of the currents are given in Fig. 14-5.
306
D
CHAPTER 14
Fig. 14-5
14.9
Repeat Prob. 14.6 for the connection shown in Fig. 14-6, which is known as the delta connection.
corresponding phasor diagram.
I
From Fig. 14-6 it follows that
V, =Vp'
Draw the
See Fig. 14-7 for the phasor diagram.
I.A
.---------------~~------~A
'b8
~----~--------~8
'cC
......- - - - - - - - - - -__' - - - - - - 0 C
14.10
Fig. 14-f,
Fig. 14-7
I We show in Fig. 14-6 the phase currents and line currents for the delta-connected system.
currents and line currents are related to each other by
The phase
Repeat Prob. 14.8 for the delta connection.
and
These relationships may be generalized to
14.11
I, =
v'3/, , where I, is the line current and Ip is the phase current.
Draw a phasor diagram showing the currents of Prcb. 14.10.
I
See Fig. 14-8.
Fig. 14-8
14.12
The circuit of Fig. 14-9a is supplied by a 240-V three-phase source.
,
From Fig. 14-9b, the voltage Vca is applied to th;: 3 ~-n load.
Determine le'
So, for the given direction of la' we have
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
0 307
-Vea
-240~
la = 3 ~ =
3 &:
= -80 /120° A
Ib =
Similarly,
Now, since
la
240 / -120°
4M
== 60 /-180° A
+ Ib + le = 0, we have
V
e""
IQ.
4 - - - -......- - - 1
VILb
\
:fir>
\
\
re.
c ____--__
Vbc
------------~
(a.)
14.13
(h)
Fig. 14-9
If the circuit of Fig. 14-9a operates at 60 Hz, write the phase currents in the time domain.
I
Since
w = 27Tf= 27T(60) = 377 rad/s,
ia = -80\12 sin (377t + 120°) A
14.14
\.
- VC4 -:: Va.c.
ib = 60\12 sin (377t - 180°) A
The circuit of Fig. 14-lOa has Zl = 5/10° n,
three-phase 450-V source. Solve for la'
I
Z2 = 9 /30° n,
and
ic = -72.11\12 sin (377t -106.1°) A
Z3 = 10 /80° n,
and is supplied by a
From Fig. 14-lOa and b,
la =
-z: + -z:
Vab
Vac
450 ~
= 5/10°
+
-450 ~
0
/ 36
9 /30°
= 11 .29 - .52° A
I~
b _ _ _ _~
C - _ _ _._~--l
3
(a.)
14.15
Fig. 14-10
The circuit of Fig. 14-11 is supplied by a 240-V three-phase four-wire system.
currents.
I
Referring to Fig. 14-4 and choosing Vab as the reference, we have
Vab =240~V
Similarly,
V ho
=
240
Vao = -/-30°
= 138 .56/-30° V
V3
138.56/-150° V
and
Vco == 138.56 /90° V
Determine the three line
308
0
CHAPTER 14
Hence,
Similarly,
1:...
4-
~
b
~
1'10
1e.
..1:1'1
c
IV
14.16
k
Neutral line
~
Fig. 14-11
What is the current IN in the circuit of Fig. 14-11?
I By KCL, la+lb+lc+IN=O. Using the re,ults of Prob. 14.15, we have
jI7.32) + (27.71 + jO) + IN = O. Thus IN = -3R.l:; L-8.71° A.
14.17
Determine the three ammeter readings for the circuit shown in Fig. 14-12.
three-phase 240-Y 60-Hz source.
I
(40.00-j23.1O)+(-30+
The circuit is supplied by a
The two mesh equations may be written as
Vab = (3 LQ: + 4 /60°)1]
or
Vcb = (4 /600)1] + (5 /90° + 4 /60°)1 2
+ (4 &Q:') [~
240 LQ: = 6.08 /34.72°1] + 4 /60'1 2
- 240 / -120° = 4 /60°1 + 8.70 /76.71°1 2
I
Solving for I] and 12 yields
12 = 23.29 /26.18° A
Referring to Fig. 14-12, we have
la = I] = 41.4 ~"!!.~~ A
Ib
= -(I]
+ 12)
I, = 12 = 23.3 /26.2° A
= -(41.4 ,~=2!).40 + 23.3 /26.2°) = -50 / -28,91° A
Therefore, ammeter A] reads 41.4 A; ammeter.4 2 reads 50.0A; and ammeter A3 reads 23.3 A.
Fig. 14-12
14.18
Solve Prob. 14.17 by converting the wye-connected impedances to an equivalent delta.
I
The equivalent delta-connected impedancesue shown in Fig. 14-13, for which we have, by wye-delta
transformation,
ZB = 9.29 /47.74° n
Similarly,
and
Zc = 12.39 /107.74° n
The three line currents to the equivalent delta are:
la
Vab
Vac
240 L!:~
-(240 /120°)
= -Z A + -Z B = --;---._+ 9.29 ~ =41.4 /-56.4° A
7.43 LJ1J.4:~
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
Similarly,
0 309
- (240~)
240 ~
Ib = 7.43 /17.74° + 12.39 /107.74° = 50.0 ill1..1:: = -50 / -28.91° A
I _ 240 LllQ:
( - 9.29 /47.74°
and
-(240 ~) _
°
+ 12.39 /107.74° - 23.3 /26.2 A
As expected, the three line currents obtained through the application of the wye-delta transformation are
identical to those obtained by using loop analysis.
I,
~
b
-
e.
-
Al
I.
A2
I,
14.19
A3
Fig. 14-13
An unbalanced three-phase load supplied by a three-phase four-wire system is shown in Fig. 14-14. The
currents in phases A and Bare 10 and 8 A, respectively, and phase C is open. The load power factor angle for
phase A is 30° and for phase B is 60°, lagging in both cases. Determine the current in the neutral.
I
With VA as the reference phasor:
18 = 8 / -180° = -8.0 + jO A
lA = 10 /-30° = 8.66 - j5 A
Hence,
IN
= lA + 18 =
0.66 - j5
Fig. 14-14
circuit
14.20
= 5.04 /- 82S A
Draw a phasor diagram for the circuit of Prob. 14.19.
I
See Fig. 14-15.
Fig. 14-15
14.21
A balanced three-phase load is wye-connected, and has an impedance Zp = (4 - j3) n in each phase.
the line current if this load is connected across a 220-V three-phase source.
I
v = 220 = 127 V
Pv3
Zp = 4 - j3 = 5 /- 36.87°
127
J[ = Jp = 5 /_ 36.870 = 25.4 / 36.87° A
n
Find
310
14.22
0
CHAPTER 14
Draw a phasor diagram for the currents and voltagt s of the circuit of Prob. 14.21.
I
See Fig. 14-16, which also shows the circuit diagram.
Fig. 14-16
14.23
Calculate the phase currents for the delta-connected load shown in Fig. 14-17a.
I
We show the voltages in the phasor diagram of Fi:~. 14-17b.
Vab
11. 2
Since the load is balanced, we may write
= 10 /600 =,
450 L.Q::
ii~/600
12-) = 45 L:.!.§O° A
Thus,
= 45 / -600 A
and
13 _1 = 45 /600 A,
which are shown in Fig.
14-17c.
I.
3-~
-tSO- V
S~
-
I,
(a)
E..
liI-l
I.
1200
1200
E••
1200
(b)
14.24
I,
(c)
Determine the line currents in the circuit of Prob. 14.23.
I From Fig. 14-17,
la
Similarly,
= 11_2 Ib
=
13]
45 /600 = 77.9 / -900 A
and
le = 77.9 /300 A
= 45 L-6(~ -
77.9 /150 0 A
Fig. 14-17
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.25
0 311
A wye-connected load has a 5 /20°-0 impedance per phase and is connected across a 120-Y three-phase source.
Calculate the line current and the phase current.
•
Van
120/V3/-30° = 69.28/-30 0 y,
=
where
Vab=120LQ::.
Thus,
V bn =69.28/-1500y
and
V,n
= 69.28 /90° V.
I =
Hence,
a
Ib = 13.86/-170° A
Similarly,
rents.
14.26
IN
=
le = 13.86 /70° A.
The line currents are the same as the phase cur-
(from Prob. 14.25)
= (8.91- jlO.62) + (-13.65 - j2.41) + (4.74 + j13.02) = OA
A three-phase delta-connected load having a (3 + j4 )-0 impedance per phase is connected across a 220-Y
three-phase source. Calculate the magnitude of the line current.
V line
=
Vphase
lphase
14.29
69.28 tl2:. = 13.86/- 50° A
5 /20°
-(la +lb +I,) = 13.86/-50° + 13.86/-170° + 13.86/70°
•
14.28
5 /20°
If the neutral of the load of Prob. 14.25 is connected to the neutral of the source, determine the neutral current.
•
14.27
and
~=
= 220 Y
= 2~O =
44 A
Zphase
lline
=
= 3 + j4 = 5/53.2° 0
v3 x 44 = 76.21 A
A 220-Y three-phase source supplies a three-phase wye-connected load having an impedance of (3 + j4) 0 per
phase. Calculate the phase voltage across each phase of the load.
•
•
Vphase
=
220
v3 = 127 Y
Zphase
= 3 + j4 = 5/53.2° 0
lphase
= 1~7 =
25.4 A
= lline
Calculate the line current lA in the delta-connected system shown in Fig. 14-18.
240 LQ:: 240 /120°
IA=IAB-IcA= 3/20° - 4L!Q'. =127.16/-41.19°A
Q.
~""o-v
3-p
looV
?J-r b
b
S-..\cc. _ _ _ _ _ _
~
-------------~c
Fig. 14-18
Fig. 14-19
14.30
Determine the current la for the three-phase system shown in Fig. 14-19.
14.31
•
•
14.32
_
_ 100 LQ::
100 LQ::
100 L..!lQ: _
°
la -I+I AB -I cA - 2LQ:: + 4LQ:: - 5/60° -67.27/-14.92 A
In the circuit of Fig. 14-19, verify that Ic is unaffected by the 2LQ::-0 impedance.
Ie=ICA-IBc=
100 L..!lQ:
100 L.=..Wr
5/60° - 2/-30° =68.05/81.55°A
In a three-phase four-wire system the currents in two phases are 10 /- 36.87° A
third phase is open-circuited. Determine the current through the neutral.
•
Also calculate le.
IN = -(10 /-36.87° + 6/-53.13°) = - [(8 - j6) + (3.6 - j4.8)]
=
and
6/- 53.13° A
-15.85/-42.9SO A
and the
312
14.33
0 CHAPTER 14
If v = V", sin wt is the voltage across and i == I" sin wt is the current through a resistor, determine the
instantaneous and average powers, and show that the instantaneous power pulsates at a frequency 2w.
•
p
= (Vm sin wt)(Im sin wt) == V Jm sin 2 wt = W,Jm(1 - cos 2wt)
I
P = '2 V:Jn,=
Vm Im
v'2 v'2
=
VI
where V and 1 are rms values.
14.34
Extend the result of Prob. 14.33 to a three-phase balanced system. Verify that the instantaneous power has no
pulsating component. Obtain an expression for the total average power.
•
p = v)a
+ v,,ih + vJc
=
(V", sin wt)(l" sin wt) + [Vm sin (wt - 120 )][1m sin (wt - 120°)]
0
+ [Vm sin (wt + 120°)][1", sin (wt -~ 1200)] = VmIm(sin2 wt + ~ sin 2 wt + ~ cos 2 wt
+ ~ sin 2 wt + ~ cos 2 wt)
= ~ VmIm(sin2 wt + cos 2 wt) = ~ VmIn, = 3 ~
~ = 3V/
p
where VI' and I" are rms values of phase voltage and current. Since the instantaneous power is constant, the
average power is the same as the total instantaneous power; that is, PT = 3VI'Ip'
14.35
What is the total power in a three-phase circuit having a balanced load with a phase power factor angle Op?
•
14.36
Power per phase = VpIp cos 01'
Total power
PT
Express Eq. (1) of Prob. 14.35 in terms of line values.
the same.
= 3VI'Ip cos 01'
(1)
Verify that the results for wye and delta connections are
• For wye connection, 11' = 11' VI' = V;tV3, so that Eq. (1) of Prob. 14.35 becomes PT = v1V,I/ cos 01"
For delta connection, 11' == I/V3, VI' = 11' ancl Eq. (1) of Prob. 14.35 yields PT == v1V;I/ cos 01"
14.37
Depict graphically the instantaneous and average po\\<ers in a three-phase balanced system.
• A graphical representation of the instantaneous ~ower in a three-phase system is given in Fig. 14-20. It is
seen that the total instantaneous power is constant and is equal to three times the average power. This feature
is of great value in the operation of three-phase motors where the constant instantaneous power implies an
absence of torque pulsations and consequent vibrations.
Total instantaneous power
lor three phases
Fig. 14-20
14.38
Find the power delivered to the load of Prob. 14.27
•
Since
Zp == 3 + j4
=
5 /53.2° n,
Op
=
53.2°.
Thm,
PT = v1(220)(76.21) cos 53.2° = 17.4 kW.
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.39
From Prob. 14.28, we have
~=220V
Hence,
PT
are connected in wye and are sup-
The currents are:
(480/v3)~
6 /20°
= 46.19 / - 500 A
Determine the power drawn by each impedance of the circuit of Prob. 14.40 .
•
la=46.19/-500A
Hence,
Pb
Pa
=
PZl = (277 .13)( 46.19) cos 200
=
12.03 kW.
= PZ2 = (277.13)(34.64) cos 40° = 7.35 kW
Similarly,
and
Pc = PZ3
= (277.13)(27.71) cos 0° = 7.68 kW
Find the reactive power of the circuit of Prob. 14.40.
•
14.43
and
= V3(220)(25.4) cos 53.2° = 5.8 kW.
la =
14.42
l[ = 25.4 A
Three impedances, Zl = 6 /20° n, Z2 = 8 /40° n, and Z3 = 10 LQ: n,
plied by a 480-V three-phase source. Solve for the line currents.
•
14.41
313
Determine the power consumed by the load of Prob. 14.28.
•
14.40
D
= Q Z1 = (277.13)(46.19) sin 20° = 4.38 kvar
Q b = Q Z2 = (277.13)(34.64) sin 400 = 6.17 kvar
Qc = QZ3 = (277.13)(27.71) sin 0° = 0
Q = Q a + Q b + Qc = 10.55 kvar
Qa
What is the overall power factor of the circuit of Prob. 14.40?
•
From Prob. 14.41 we have
P
= Pa + Pb + Pc = 27.06 kW and from Prob. 14.42, Q = 10.55 kvar. Thus,
S = P + jQ = 27.06 + jlO.55 kVA = 29.05 kVA
Power factor cos
14.44
=
P
S=
27.06
.
29.05 = 0.93 laggmg
For the load shown in Fig. 14-16, calculate the power consumed by the load.
•
220
V = -=127V
PV3
l[ = lp
Hence,
14.45
(J
Zp
=4 -
j3 = 5 / - 36.87° n
= 5 / ~~:.87 = 25.4 /36.87°
A
P = V3 x 220 x 25.4 cos 36.87 = 7.74 kW.
A three-phase balanced load has a lO-n resistance in each of its phases. The load is supplied by a 220-V
three-phase source. Calculate the power absorbed by the load if it is connected in wye; calculate the same if it
is connected in delta.
•
In the wye connection,
220
V = PV3
=
127V
Hence, P = V3V)l cos (Jp
In the delta connection,
lp =
127
10 = 12.7 A =
= V3 x 220 x 12.7 xl =
~
=220V
l[
cos (Jp
=1
(load being purely resistive)
4.84 kW.
l[ = V3 x 22 = 38. 1 A
314
0
CHAPTER 14
Hence, P = v3VJ[ cos Op = v3 x 220 x 38.1 Xl=' 14.52 kW.
Notice that the power consumed in the delta cc·nnection is three times that of the wye connection.
14.46
A three-phase 450- V 25-Hz source supplies power to a balanced three-phase resistive load. If the line current
is 100 A and, determine the active and reactive powers drawn by the load.
•
The power factor of a resistor load is 1.0.
P = v3( 450)( 100)( 1) = 77 .94 kW
14.47
A three-phase 600-V 25-Hz source supplies power ':0 a balanced three-phase motor load. If the line current is
40 A and the power factor of the motor is 0.80, clett:rmine the active and reactive powers drawn by the motor.
•
p = v3(600)( 40)(0.8) = 33.26 kW
cos Op = 0.8,
Since
14.48
14.49
sin Op = 0.6;
hence,
Q = \13(600)(40)(0.6) = 24.945 kvar.
A 25-hp induction motor is operating at rated load from a three-phase 450-V 60-Hz system. The efficiency and
power factor of the motor are 87 and 90 percent, respectively. Determine (a) the active power in kW and (b)
the apparent power in kVA.
1
• A three-phase motor is a balanced load, and the phase angle for the given motor load is 0 = cos- 0.90 =
25.84°.
(a)
P = hp(746) = 25(746) = 21 436 78 W
eff.
0.87
"
(b)
Pf=~
5
0.9=21 44
P" 21.44 kW
S=23.82kVA
Determine the reactive power and the line current for the motor of Prob. 14.48.
•
Q=S(sinOp)
Op=cos-1(0.9),=25.84°
Q = 23.82 (sin 25.84°) = 10.38 kvar
14.50
Q = v3( 450)( 100) sin 0° = 0
S=23.82kVA
P ,= v'3VJ[ cos Op
or
(from Prob. 14.47)
I[
=
Jj~~~;)·~.9
= 30.56 A
The load on a three-phase wye-connected 220-V system consists of three 6-0 resistances connected in wye and in
parallel with three 9-0 resistances connected in delta. Calculate the magnitude of the line current.
• Converting the delta load to a wye, Rw = ~ x') = 3 O. This resistance combined with the wye-connected
load of 60 per phase gives a per-phase resistance Rp as Rp = (6 x 3)/(6 + 3) = 2 O. The phase voltage is
220/\13 = 127 V. Hence, Ip = I[ = 1~7 = 63.5 A.
14.51
A wye-connected load has a (5 + jlO) fl impedancel plw.se. Also, a (2 + j6) fl impedance is connected
between lines a and b. Determine the current la'
•
Vab = 240 L.Q:: V
I
Thus,
14.52
138. SI)
/ -
30°
=- + ----.--= 49 .68 / -76 .9° A
2 + j6
5" jlO
Solve for I, in the circuit of Prob. 14.51, and verify that it is independent of the (2 + j6)-fl impedance.
•
14.53
240 L.Q::
a
ven
= ~~
/90°
v3 /90° = 138.56 ~-
If the neutral of the circuit of Prob. 14.51 is conne,tee
•
IN = -(la + Ib + IJ
le =
10
Hence,
the neutral of the source, determine the neutral current.
la = 49.68 /-76.9° A
le = 12.39 /26.21' A
Ib
13~.~~~ = 12.39 /26.57° A
(from Prob. 14.51)
(from Prob. 14.52)
= 138.56 L=.1lQ0 _ ~O L.Q:: = 4032 /11754° A
5 + jlO
2 + j6
. .
IN = -(49.68 / -76.9° + 48.32 /117.54° + 12.39 /26.57°) = 0 A.
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.54
Thus,
Q = 3(100)(20) sin 53.13° = 4.8 kvar
S = P + jQ = 3.6 + j4.8 kVA.
A balanced delta-connected load draws 10 A of line current and 3 kW at 220 V.
resistance and reactance of each phase of the load.
•
220
Zp = 5.77 = 38.1 0
Thus,
Rp
= Zp cos (Jp = (38.1 )(0.7873) =
Determine the values of
P = v3VJ[ cos (Jp
3000 = v3(220)(1O) cos (Jp
or
14.56
315
The power factor of each phase of a balanced wye-connected 5-0 impedance is 0.6 lagging. This impedance is
connected to a source having a 100-V phase voltage. Determine the apparent power drawn by the circuit.
100
(Jp = cos- 1 0.6 = 53.13°
I
Vp = 100 V (given)
Jp = 5 =20A
P = 3(100)(20)(0.6) = 3.6 kW
14.55
D
or
cos (Jp = 0.7873
30.0 0
The connection shown in Fig. 14-21 is known as an open-delta connection. Calculate the power absorbed by
the resistors (with the values as shown). The load is connected to a 220-V three-phase source.
• The magnitudes of the currents in the resistors are
19.36 kW.
IA--...,. ,t
---,-___
T
'21o V
Is
-+
l.zov
S.JI..
PJ
Ie
14.57
Fig. 14-21
In wye-connected resistive load, shown in Fig. 14-22, the resistor of phase B burns out.
determine the power absorbed by the resistors.
• In this case, the circuit no longer acts as a three-phase circuit, and
P = (22)\5 + 5) = 4.84 kW.
l.t
----I~-_--.
+
For the values shown,
JA = Jc = 220 1(5
+ 5) = 22 A. Thus,
A
2.20V
--_--J/
SJ'l
<:
Fig. 14-22
14.58
The apparent power input to a balanced wye-connected load is 30 kVA, and the corresponding true power is
15 kW at 50 A. Calculate the phase and line voltages.
•
Hence,
kW
15
cos (Jp = kVA = 30 = 0.5
P = 15,000 = v3~J[ cos (J = v3~(50)(0.5)
Vp
=
346.42/V3 = 200 V.
J[ = 50 A
or
(given)
~ = 346.42 V = v3Vp
316
14.59
14.60
0
CHAPTER 14
Determine the kvar drawn by the load of Prob. 14.5i!.
•
s = P + jQ
Q=
or
y(-sy'= (p)2 = V(30)2 -
Calculate the input power to a three-phase load formed by a delta-connection of the load of Prob. 14.58, at the
value of the line voltage determined in Prob. 14.58.
•
From Prob. 14.58,
Z =
I'
2lK)
50
= 4n
Z
4
p
P = ,nV1I1cos 01'
.
= V3(346.42)(150)(0.5) = 45 kW
Find the ohmic values of the resistance and the reactance of the load in Prob. 14.60.
From Prob. 14.60,
•
Rp = Zp cos 01'
14.62
1 = VI' = 346.42 = 86 6 A
?
11 = V3lp = V3(86.6) = 150 A
14.61
(lW = 25.98 kvar
4(0.5)
=
=:
2n
XI' = Zp sin 01' = 4(0.866)
3.46 n
=
For the three-phase four-wire system shown in Fig. 14-23, we have the loads as shown.
currents.
•
VI'
230
= -V3~
10° =
,
30,000 L=1Q:
°
lA = V3(230)(0.866) = 86.96/-30 A
132 .8m: V
I~ = 86.96/-15Q~ A
I"
A
=
IB
In
e
=
20,000 /120°
132.8
= 150 .6/120° A
= 86.96/-150° + 112.9 L~-120° = 164.04/-126.58° A
le = 86.96/90° + 150.6/120° -= 229.46/109° A
I~
1,.
I.'
B
230-V
86.96/900 A
= I~ + I~ = 86.96 L::.o1Q: + 75.3 m: = 156.75/-16.1° A
lA
A
I~ =
I"B = 15,000
1-120'= 112.95/-120° A
132.8 L..2.
__
10,000 10° = 75 3 10° A
132.8 ~
. ~
Determine the line
x"
~-f
is kw
e~
4-Wk
It
c
S~
N
14.63
Fig. 14-23
Draw a phasor diagram showing the line currents determined in Prob. 14.62 and, hence, determine the current
I N through the neutral.
•
14.64
IN
See Fig. 14-24, from which
IN
= 47 ~ A.
Verify analytically the result of Prob. 14.63.
•
From Prob. 14.62,
lA
= 150.6 -
j43.47
IB
= -97.".'5 -- j131.73
IN = lA + IB + le = - 21.)\6 + j41.76
le
=-74.70 + j216.96
=47.14 (I 17.63°
A
which agrees with the result obtained graphically.
14.65
A 460-V three-phase 60-Hz source supplies energy to the following three-phase balanced loads: a 200-hp
induction-motor load operating at 94 percent efficienc:t and 0.88 pf lagging, a 50-kW resistance-heating load, and
a combination of miscellaneous loads totaling 40 kW 11 a 0.70 lagging power factor. Determine (a) the total
kW supplied; (b) the total kvar supplied; (c) the total apparent power.
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
/
/
/
/
/
/
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
Fig. 14-24
•
Active power:
(a)
For motor,
= hp(746) = 200(746) = 58 72 kW
p
M
eff.
0.94(1000)
1 .
For heating load, PH = 50 kW.
For miscellaneous load, Pmise = 40 kW.
Total kW = PT = 158.72 + 50 + 40 = 248.72 kW.
(b)
Reactive power:
For motor,
tan(}=
Q
pM
tan 28.36° =
1~;2
M
QM
=
85.68 kvar
For heating load,
QH = 0 kvar
For miscellaneous load,
(}mise = cos - 1 0.70 = 45.57°
t an ()
Qmisc
P misc
=--
tan 45.57° =
Q4~se
Q T = 85.68 + 0 + 40.81 = 126.49 kvar
(c)
Apparent power,
S3f,bal
14.66
= P3f,bal + jQ3f,bal = 248.72 + j126.49 = 279 /27.0° kVA
Calculate the total line current for the circuit of Prob. 14.65.
•
Thus,
s = V3~/,
I,
=
279,000N3(460) = 350 A.
or
279,000,= V3( 460)/,
D
317
318
0
CHAPTER 14
~~~~-----------------­
~-4r---~~-----------__
c_~~r-____r-__~~______
480 V
E
Thr~~ :I~.se
"'\F«'A,';0'~6
I
--5
E
/_~
\~..........E••.
,.30"
c'
Zl - 10 L30°
14.67
------I
"
'/fr.
n
Y
Z2 - 20 L-50°
Fig. 14-25
n
A balanced wye-connected load and a balanced delta·connected load are supplied by a three-phase 480-Y 50-Hz
generator, as shown in Fig. 14-25. The branch impedances of the wye and delta loads are 10 /30" nand
20 / - 50° n, respectively. Determine the active and r;!active powers drawn by each three-phase load. Determine the phasor voltage and phasor current for anyone branch of each three-phase load, and then substitute
into the power equation for balanced three-phase lo}(ls.
• The branches selected for this example are drawn with heavy lines in Fig. 14-25. The branch currents are
determined by using the standardized phasor diagram and Ohm's law. Thus, for the selected branch of the wye
bank,
E aa ,
480/V3~
I hey = ~ =
10 /30°
I br , y
=
21.71 / -60° A
Vbr'y=E aa ,
0
=277.13 /-30 y
For the selected branch of the delta band,
Ib',~ =
480~
Ea/>
-z; = 20 / -50°
Thus,
Using the phasor diagram, measure the angle from the branch-current phasor to the respective branch-voltage
phasor. The direction is shown with heavy arrows ire 1he phasor diagram. For the selected branch of the wye
bank,
P Y,bal = 3(277.13 )(27.71) cos (+ 30°) = 19,951.2 W
QY,bal
= 3(277.13)(27.71) sin (+30°) = 11,518.9 var
For the selected branch of the delta bank,
P~,bal
= 3(480)(24) cos (-50°) = 22,214.7 W
Q~,cal
= 3( 480)(24) sin (-50°) = -26,474.5 var
Thus
14.68
Determine the total apparent power and the overall p,)wer factor of the circuit of Prob. 14.67.
PT = P y + P~ = 19.95 + 22.21 = 42.16 kW
•
Q T = Qy + Q~ = 11.52 + (-26.47) = -14.95 kvar
ST = PT + jQr =42.16- j14.95 =44.74 /-19.5" kYA
Power factor is cos (- 19.5°) = 0.94 leading.
14.69
In the circuit of Fig. 14-26, determine the line current lA for the impedance values shown.
•
From Fig. 14-26,
Vab
=
450 ~ Y
V bc
V aa , =
Thus,
V__
a' +
I = __
A
ZI
Vab
Z2
+
Vac
Z3
= 259.8
= 450 L - 120 y
0
Vca
== 450 /120° Y
~ L::- 3(~ = 259.8 / -30° Y
L=lQ
13 /20°
4:iO ~
-450 /120° - 189 6 / 7965" A
+l:~/45° + 3 iN: . - .
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
IN
------~~~
0
319
-----------~---------+--------
IA,
------j~~
_ _ _.."
...
L ----I--___._--+---i----.--I.
Thre;';h,;se- -.....-=--;
450 V
60Hz
Z\-13L20° n
Z2 - 15 L45° n
Z3 - 3 L30° n
Z4 - 10 L60° n
Z~ - (3 + /4) n
14.70
,
Fig. 14-26
What is the current, IN' in the neutral of the three-phase four-wire system shown in Fig. 14-26?
IN
=
i;'
Thus,
14.71
IN =
but
Vcc'
259.8/90°
3 + j4
=
=~
/90° = 259.8/90° Y
°
-51.96/36.87 A
A four-wire three-phase 450-Y 60- Hz system supplies power to the following loads: three impedances (13 /20°
each) connected in wye; an unbalanced delta load consisting of 15/4SO n between lines a and b, 3/30° n
between lines a and c, and 10 /60° n between lines band c; a single-phase load of (3 + j4) n between line c and
the neutral line. Draw the corresponding circuit and calculate the current in line a.
, The circuit is shown in Fig. 14-27, from which
10 /60° n, and Zs = 3 + j4 = 5 /53.13° n.
Zl
= 13 /20° n,
Z2
= 15/45° n,
Z3
= 3/30° n,
Vaa' = 450 ~ = 259.8/-30 y
0
=
259.8/-30° 450iQ::
-450/120°
°
13m +15/4SO+
3M =189.6/-79.65A
IN
AI
450 V
~~~__~I~.~~______________________~~
?J-f
4-Wh
S~
le
_e~~____+-__~________-+______+--r__~
Fig. 14-27
14.72
14.73
Determine the current IN in the circuit of Fig. 14-27,
,
IN
=
Vcc'
Z; =
259.8L=2Q':
5/53,13°
=
/
°
51.96 -143.13 A
Caiculate the line current Ic in the circuit of Fig. 14-27.
,
_ Vca
VCb
Vce'
Vce' _ 450 ~ - 450 ~ 259,8 L2Q::
259,8 L2Q:: = 220 7 /64 96° A
le - Z3 + Z4 + Z, + Zs - 3/30° + 10 /60° + 13/20° + 5/53,13°
.
.
Z4
=
320
14.74
0 CHAPTER 14
From the results of Probs. 14.71 through 14.73 determine lb'
,
Since
la + Ib + Ic + IN == 0,
Ib == -(la + le + IN) == -(189.6/-79.65" + 220.7 /64.96° + 51.96/-143.13°) = 87.7 /168.3° A
14.75
A wye-connected load and a delta-connected load are supplied by a four-wire 400-V three-phase 50-Hz system.
The connections for the wye load are 2 /20° n to line a, 30 /50° n to line c, and 6/75° n to line b. The
connections for the delta load are 50 /30° n between lines a and b, 25/-60° n between lines band c, and
17.3 /90° n between lines a and c. Sketch the circuit and calculate the current lb'
11 == 50 /30° n,
, The circuit is shown in Fig. 14-28 from which
2 /20° n, Z5 == 6/75° n, and Z6 = 30 /50° n.
Vbb' =
Vbb'
Ib = Zs +
400.
V3
"2
L~~fL =
Z2 == 25/-60° n,
1_ 1
30.94~
,(l0
Z3 == 17.3/90° n,
V
V
230.94 ~l50:
-400 ~
400 L..=.m
°
z:; +-----z;=
6/75"
+ 50 /30° + 25/-60° = 31.38/146.4 A
Vbc
be
A --__---,~-------------
b
le
c~~-;----+---~--·----------~--~
Fig. 14-28
14.76
,
In the circuit of Fig. 14-29 find the current 11 ,
450 iQ~
°
11 == 38Z~- = 11.84 ~ A
Io..
450-V
~----.---~-----~---------~--
3-cj>
b------~--~----------~~---+~--
~
C --~--~----+_----~r_----~-----+-----
12;
Fig. 14-29
14.77
14.78
,
,
Determine the current 12 in the circuit of Fig. 14-29.
450
Vaa' == -V3 / - 30° == 259 .8 /- 30° V
Vaa'
12 == 40 ~ =
259.8 L=lQ':
40 ~
== 6.5 /- 30° A
What is the current I} in the circuit of Fig. 14-29?
Vab
I
3
== 20/30°
450 LO"
Vac
+ 20/30°
=
20~~Q:: +
-450 ~
20 /30° = 38.97 /-60° A
Z4 ==
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.79
la = I, + 12 + 13 = 11.84 ~ + 6.5 /-300 + 38.97 /-60 0 = 52.3 /-45 0 A
Determine the current la in the circuit shown in Fig. 14-30.
I
1=
a
V aa ,
Z,
+
V ,=208 /-30 0 = 120/-300 y
Vab+ Vac
Z2
The delta consisting of Z2'S is closed.
Z2
V3
aa
0
208 flL' Y
and
Vac = - 208 /120 Y
120 / - 30 0 208 flL'
- 208 /120 0 _
0
la = 6M + 4/250 +
4
-108.52 /-59,5 A
Vab
=
m
Thus,
N~
20ft V
__
-=====~
____
~
__________________
9
~--------------~----;-------------------r-­
~
c~~---+------r-----------.---~----~-
3-
b------~------r-~.-----------_r--_r--
~ L2St. .n.. /
14.81
~
Fig. 14-30
With the delta closed determine IN in the circuit of Fig, 14-30,
I
Notice that delta-connected Z2 's have no effect on IN'
Vb'b
IN = Z3 =
14.82
321
From the results of the preceding three problems obtain la'
I
14.80
D
Thus
-120~
1_1t;(l0
2/100
= -60~A
If the Z2 connected between the lines band c in the circuit of Fig. 14-30 is opened, find Ic'
I
14.83
Repeat Prob. 14.82 for I b ,
I
14.84
Ib =
z: + ---z; + Z;
V bb ,
V bb ,
120~
V ba
=
2 /10 0
+
120~
6 /500
-208~
+ 4 /250 = 122.58 /176.120 A
In the circuit of Fig. 14-31, Z1 = 10 /20 0 n, Z2 = 10 /50 0 n, Z3 = 10 /800 n, Z4 = 10 /-10 0 n,
10 / -40 0n. The circuit is supplied by a 450-Y three-phase four-wire source, Determine IN'
I
IN =-
V cc'
ZI
_
(450/ J3) L2!r.
10 ~
-25.98 /70 0 A
et
b
C
.lA
'" 7N
Fig. 14-31
and
Z5
=
322
14.85
D
CHAPTER 14
Determine the currents I, and Is shown in the circuit of Fig. 14-31.
,
14.86
14.87
11 =
,
Vah
450 &:
--z;
= 10 /80°
=
/ _Q(l0
45 ~ A
== V" = (450/Y3) L2.Q.:: = 25 98 /130° A
Z,
10 / -40°
.
L
Solve for the current Ib in the circuit of Fig. 14-31.
V ha
Vb,
Vw
-450 &: 450 / -120° 259.8 / -150°
Ih = Z1 + Z2 + Z, = 10 /80° + --to /50° +
10 ~ = 62.2 /168.8° r\.
thre\~-phase
The circuit of Fig. 14-32 is energized by a 450-V
,
60-Hz source.
Determine la'
At 60Hz
= wL I = (377)(7.96
Xlt
X L2 = wL 2 = (377)(15.92
I
Thus,
a
X
X
I
10 ') = 3 n
10-') = 6 n
Vab
Vaa ,
V ah
= 24 &: + 5 / -90° + 6/90
I
= wC t = (377)(530.5 X 10 b) = 5 n
1
1
X =-=
=8n
C2
wC2
(377)(331.6 X 10 6)
XCI
Vac
0
+-
8i~90°
= 450 &: 259.8 ~ + 451~L~ + -450 ~ = 9346 / -I ISO
24 &: + 5 /-90°
6 ,~~I~
8 /-90°
. .
A
10..
Vl
~
b
530.5
~'I"fl
C,
7.96 mH
Lt
Iz
C
N
~
~F
2.00
~
L ./,j''.9-?
"
't,.
"'1-
C
~~-
Fig. 14-32
331. 6/lt'
14.88
14.89
14.90
,
Solve for IN in the circuit of Fig. 14-32.
,
V"
Vb'b
V""
-259.8flil"
-·259.8~
-259.8/-30°
°
I N =2&:+3/900+5/-900=
2&:·t
3/90°
+
5~
=250.5/-86A
How much active power is supplied by the source
'"
2
the circuit of Fig. 14-32?
10
2
P'UPPtiCd=~P"b""bed=(Jt)24+(J2)2+(J,)4=
2
(450)2
24
(259.8)2
(450)2
24+ -2- 2+ 4
4=92.81kW
In the three-phase system shown in Fig. 14-33a phase b gets open-circuited owing to a fault.
remaining wye-connected load to an equivalent delta.
,
Similarly,
_ j3(5.82~) + (5.82 ~0)41~4(j3) _ 40.43/106.22° _
ZA Zn=
5.82/75.96°
40.43/106.22°,
4&:
=1O.1l/106.22,H
where ZA' ZR' and Zc are shown in Fig. 14-33b.
Zc=
/'1(1
,,)1.0
5.82/75.96° -6.95~n
40.43 /106.22°
j3
°
=13.48/16.22 n
Convert the
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
IQ..
S. g2. US. 9' ~
0 323
I ...
~
1./1..
b
c
'1ft
1,;
...J\/'..r
~
.l3A
IN
N
Fig. 14-33
lA.)
14.91
If the circuit of Fig. 14-33a is connected across a 450-V three-phase source, calculate the current IN'
I
We use the circuit of Fig. 14-33b to solve for the currents in the various impedances, the voltages across
which are
vac = -vca = -450 /120° V
Thus,
la
=
VaN = 450
V
"v'3 /-30° = 2598/-30°
.
259.8 L=N:
-450 ~
10.11/106° + 13.48 /16.2°
450~
le
Hence,
14.92
259.8~
= -10.54 -
and
V eN = 259.8/90° V
.
j50.27 A
.
= 13.48/16.2° + 6.45/30.26° = 10.89 + j64.71 A
IN = -(Ia + IJ = 10.54 + j50.27 - 10.89 - j64.71 = -0.35 - j14.44 = 14.44/-91.4° A.
In the circuit of Fig. 14-34 phase b gets open-circuited while the circuit is connected to a 450-V three-phase
source. Determine IN'
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 14.91,
la =
-450 ~ 259.8 L=N:
.
8/-90° + 5/-90° = 74.69 + j73.13 A
450 ~ 259.8 ~
.
2~
= -48.71 + jlO1.79 A
le = 8/-90° +
IN = -(la + le) = -74.69 - j73.13 + 48.71- j101.79 = -25.98 - j174.92 = 176.84/- 98.45° A
c:t - .....- - - - t " - - - - l
,n.
~­
z~;----j-8n--~+_--.NV2~~--
C __
I~
N __~--------__------__~
14.93
Fig. 14-34
Calculate the power dissipated in the 6-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 14-35.
I
Power dissipated = (/N)26,
where
V bN = 480 ~ = 277 /-150° V
Thus,
and
Power dissipated
= (46.17)26 = 12.79 kW
324
D
CHAPTER 14
3.ft
;1.J1..
j3.s./L
~
4to-v
3-~
Ib
b
Ir
s~
~J2.
1,
c.
2.il
j3.S.n.
ja.s.n
I ..
-j4Jl
- - - - ' V V '.....- - -
e,ft
14.94
Fig. 14-35
(2 t j3.5) n
Determine the apparent power taken by the
14-35.
,
Zh = 2 + j3.5 = 4.03 /60.26° n
impedance in phase b of the circuit shown in Fig.
V
277 /-150°
-z;:
= 4.03 ~ = 68.73 / -210.26° A
bN
I~
S = (I)2(Zh) = (68.73)2(2 + j3.5) = 9.45 + j16.53 kVA
14.95
Verify that the result of Prob. 14.94 can also be obtained from
,
From Prob. 14.94,
V= Vb" = 277 / -15Q~ V
Thus,
14.96
14.97
,
,
S =VI*.
1* = 68.73 /210.26° A
S =VI* = (277 /-150°)(68.73 /210.26°) = 9.4·l t j16.53 kVA,
which is the same as in Prob. 14.94.
Determine the current It in the circuit of Fig. 14·35.
V
V/m
277 / - 150°
277 / -150°
°
°
°
I t = ~n+2+j3.5=
6
+ [email protected],=46.17/-150 +68.73/-210.26 =100/-173.37 A
How much power is supplied to phase b of the circuit of Fig. 14-35?
_
_
° --"80 LQ" 480 / -120°
Ih - 11 + 12 + 13 -100 /-173.37 + --3--:--4
+
'4
... J
4- J
= 100 / -173.37° - 96 /53.13° + 848 L -75° = -135 - j147.2 = 199.74
t
133° A
Op = -l,iO .- (.- 133) = - 17°
Thus,
14.98
Ph = (277)(199.74) cos (-17°) = 52.91 kW.
Three impedances, Zab = 8 /20° n, Zhc = 15l!!SO 0, and Zca = 10 LQ" n,
across a 300-V three-phase source. Find the line current la'
,
la =
Vab
Z
ab
14.99
+
Vac
Zae
300
= 8/20° +
---300/120°
10 LQ"
=
are connected in delta and
°
63.48 / -37.68 A
Repeat Prob. 14.98 if the phase sequence of the source is reversed.
,
With reversed phase sequence we have
_ Vac
Vab _ - 300 L121.!:
300 L!r _
°
la - Z + Z 16 /65 0 - + 8/20° - 37.66 / -50.87 A
ae
ab
~_
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.100
Determine the three ammeter readings in the circuit of Fig. 14-36, where
Z3 = 15 L!r n, and the three-phase applied voltage is 300 V.
,
Vab
Vac
- 300 ~
15 L!r
300 L!r
= z; + Z; = 10 /25 +
la
0
Zt = 10 /25
0
n,
D
325
Z2 = 20 /60
0
n,
0
= 47.78 / -38.89 A
So Al reads 47.8 A.
_ V ba
V bc _ -300 L!r
300 ~ _
Ib - Z; + Z; - 10 /25 + 20 /60
44.05 /163.27 A
0
0
0
-
Ammeter A2 reads 44.1 A.
Vca
Ic
VCb
300~
= z; + Z; = 15 L!r +
-300~
20 /60
0
0
= 18.03 /73.90 A
Thus, A3 reads 18.0 A.
-
I.
&l
"
I.
b
-
I,
e=.
14.101
Fig. 14-36
Repeat Prob. 14.100 for a reversed phase sequence and compare the results.
,
In this case we obtain the circuit of Fig. 14-37, from which
Vab
la
Vac
300 L!r
= Z; + z; = 10 /25 +
0
- 300 ~
20 /60
0
0
= 32.35 /-52.51 A
Al reads 32.4 A.
Ib
=
300/-120
z: + Z; = -300L!r
10 m +
15 L!r
V ba
V bc
0
0
= 37.48 /-172.89 A
A2 reads 37.5 A.
Vca _ - 300 ~
300 ~ _ 3 0 11:.(\000
I - Vcb
c Z3 + Z2 15 L!r
+ 20 /60
5. ~ A
0
-
A3 reads 35.0 A. The following tabulation emphasizes the effect of phase sequence on the line currents to an
unbalanced three-phase load.
Amperes
Line
a
b
c
Sequence abc
Sequence cba
47.8
44.1
18.0
32.4
37.5
35.0
Fig. 14-37
326
D
14.102
CHAPTER 14
Power is measured in a three-phase circuit by two wattmeters, as shown in Fig. 14-38a.
showing the volt ages across and the currents through the two wattmeters.
,
Draw a phasor diagram
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 14-38b.
Fig. 14-38
14.103
Determine the angles 01' O2 , and 03 shown in Fig. 14-38b. Also calculate the currents la and Ic if
0, and the circuit is connected to a 450-V three-phase
ZI = 10 /20° n, Z2 = 30 /10° n, and Z, = 5
source.
DO°
,
_ Vab
Vac _ 450 L!r
---450 Lmr
°
la -I10 /20° -I- 30 /10° = 55.84/-31.88 A
z:
le =
Thus,
14.104
01 = 31.88°,
Vca
Vcb
450 mOoz;
-I- Z3 = 30 L!.Q~- + -
03 = 39.06°,
,
z; -
and
O2
= 120"
450 ~
5 /300
- 0 1 -- 60°
= 120° -
=
°
93.78/39.06 A
39.06° - 60°
=20.94°.
From the results of Probs. 14.102 and 14.103 determine the wattmeter readings in the circuit of Fig. 14-38a.
Wl = Vab1a cos 01 = (450)(55.84) cos 31.88° = 21.3 kW
W2 = VcJc cos O2 == (45 1))(93.78) cos 20.94 = 39.4 kW
14.105
Show that the sum of the two wattmeter readings gives the total instantaneous power input to the circuit of Fig.
14-39.
, Current through Wl = ia; voltage across Wl = vac = va - Vc; instantaneous power read by Wl =
(V a - VJ i a' Current through W2 = i b; voltage across W2 = v bc = Vb - Vc; instantaneous power read by
W2 = (Vb - vc)ib' Total instantaneous power read by Wl and W2,
(1)
but ia -I- ia -I- ic
phase power.
= 0 so that Eg. (1) becomes
a.
p
= L)a -I-
ill..
Vbib -I- vcic'
which is the total instantaneous three-
£l,
-----,
Vvi
b
h
•
z,c,
b
W2
Fig. 14-39
C
14.106
If the impedances in the circuit of Fig. 14-39 are id~l\tical, that is, Za = Zb = Zc
angle is 0 (lagging), draw a phasor diagram showing all voltages and current.
,
See Fig. 14-40, where
Va
= Van'
Vb
= V bn , and
Vc
= V cn '
= Z, and the power factor
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.107
0
327
With a balanced load, using the phasor diagram of Fig. 14-40, show that the sum of the two wattmeter readings
equals the power consumed by the circuit of Fig. 14-39.
, Current through Wl = la; voltage across Wl = Vac =Va - Vc' From Fig. 14-40, Vac is behind la by
30° - 0, so that reading of Wl = VaJa cos (30° - 0). Similarly, from Figs. 14-39 and 14-40, it follows that
the reading of W2 = VbJb cos (30° + 0). Now, in terms of line quantities, we have la = Ib = I, and Vac =
Vbc = "". Thus,
WI + W2 = ""I, cos (0 - 30°) + ""I, cos (0 + 30°) = ""1,(2 cos 30° cos 0)
= V3V/I, cos 0 = total three-phase power
Fig. 14-40
14.108
,
A 220-V three-phase motor takes 21,437 W at 0.71 lagging power factor.
or
Hence,
14.109
What is the line current?
21,437 = V3(220)I,(0.71)
I, = 79.2 A.
Let the motor of Prob. 14.108 be wye-connected and balanced. If wattmeters are connected in lines a and c to
measure the input power to this motor, determine the individual wattmeter readings.
,
cos 0 = 0.71
W1
or
0= cos- 1 0.71 = 44.77°
= VabIa cos (44.7r + 30°) = (220)(79.24) cos 74.77° = 4580 W
W2 = VcbIc cos (90° - 44.7r - 60°) = (220)(79.24) cos 14.77 = 16,857 W
14.110
14.111
,
Use the approach of Prob. 14.107 to find the wattmeter readings of Prob. 14.109.
= V/I cos (0 + 30°) = (220)(79.24) cos (44.77 + 30°) = 4580W
W2 = (220)(79.24) cos (44.77 - 30°) = 16,857 W
The line current to a lightly loaded three-phase motor, operating from a 450-V three-phase system, is 24 A.
The power factor of the motor is 0.47 lagging. If the two-wattmeter method is used to measure the three-phase
power supplied to the motor, what would each wattmeter read?
,
14.112
Wl
0=
COS-I
= ""I, cos W + 30°) = (450)(24) cos (61.966° + 30°) = -371
W2 = ""I, cos W - 30°) = (450)(24) cos (61.966° - 30°) = 9162
0.47 = 61.966°
Wl
Obtain an expression for the power factor angle 0 in terms of the wattmeter readings of Prob. 14.107.
,
From Prob. 14-107,
Wl + W2 = V3""I, cos 0
(1)
328
D
CHAPTER 14
WI - W2 = V,I,lcos (0
But
-I-
3)') - cos (0 - 30°)] = - V/I sin 0
(2)
Thus, Eqs. (1) and (2) yield
tan 0
14.113
W2
WI
"i; W2 - Wl
P=W1-1-W2=60-l-40=100kW
and the power factor is
14.115
- W2- WI
3 c-ccc=---I---c-C:-
Two wattmeters, connected to measure three-phase pl>wer, read 60 and 40 kW (for WI and W2 respectively).
Determine the total power and the power factor.
,
14.114
= \I
tanO=v-
W2 -1-WI
• M 40 - 60
=v3
-l=-0.3464
40 60
or
0=-19.1°
cos (-19.1) = 0.945 lagging.
,
S cos 0 = WI
,
Total
Calculate the total apparent power from the data of Prob. 14.113.
-I-
W2
60 -I- 40
or
S = 0.945 = 105.8 kVA
What is the per-phase reactive power in the circuit of Prob. 14.113'1
Q = YS2 - p 2
=\~105.8)2 -
(100)2 = 34.6 kvar
or per-phase reactive power = ~ Q = ~ (34.6) = 11.53 har.
14.116
A balanced wye-connected load draws a line current tlf 60 A from a 450-V 60-Hz three-phase system. The
power factor of the load is 0.70 lagging. Determine the active power, apparent power, and reactive power
drawn by the load.
,
P = V3V/, cos 0 =
v'3( tSO)(60)(0.7) =
32.736 kW
S = V3V/, = v:~( 4SIl)(60) = 46.765 kVA
2
,r;-;-;- 2
Q= vS~-P == V(46.76:Jr-(32.736) =33.396kvar
,/
14.117
0
A three-phase motor draws a line current of 30 A when supplied from a 450-V three-phase 25-Hz source. The
motor efficiency and power factor are 90 and 75 percent, respectively. Determine the active power drawn by
the motor.
,
14.118
0
P = V3V/, cos 0 = V:~(4Sil)(30)(0. 75) = 17.537 kW
,
Calculate the motor output and the total input reactive power for the motor of Prob. 14.117.
Pout = (efficiency)(PiJ = (0.9)(17.537) = 15.783 kW
Q = P tan 0 = (17.537) tan (cos -1 0.'75)
14.119
=
or
21.16hp
(17 .537)(tan 41.41°) = 15.47 kvar
A four-wire 208-V three-phase 60-Hz system is used to supply power to a three-phase 5-hp induction motor and
a single-phase 6-kW heater connected between line c and the neutral line. The operating efficiency and power
factor of the motor are 81 and 71 percent, respectively. Draw the corresponding circuit diagram and calculate
the current in line c.
,
The circuit is shown in Fig. 14-4l.
P=
5 x 746
---0.81 = 4604.94 W
Powerfactor=0.7I=cosO
Vc,) Rhca,ec
where
Rhca,e,
or
For motor load,
= V3~I, cos
o=
(J
,= V'3(208)I,(0.71)
47.77° lagging.
= 6000/(208/V3)2 = 0.416
Thus,
n.
or
I cc.=18/-47.7rA.
Hence
(2081'/3) /90 0
le = 18/-47.77° + --(~:1I-6-- = 275.62 /87.6° A
Thus,
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
D
329
Io. ....
~------------------~--~
,
I bb-;
b _________
c
le.
Ice'
------.~-J~-~~r~
------{I~6~I<.~wOI
Fig. 14-41
H~
14.120
Draw a phasor diagram showing all the currents and voltages of the circuit of Prob. 14.119.
, To draw the phasor diagram we must know la = laa' and Ib = I bb " These are obtained from the results
of Prob, 14,119, Hence la=l aa .=18/-77,77°A and I b =l w =18/-197,77°A, and the phasor diagram becomes as shown in Fig, 14-42,
/
I
/
H~
,
I
I
Ic.'C'
Fig. 14-42
14.121
A 450-V three-phase three-wire 60-Hz feeder supplies power to a 25-hp induction motor and a 30-hp induction
motor. The 25-hp motor is operating at full load, is 87 percent efficient, and has a power factor of 90 percent.
The 30-hp motor is operating at one-half of its rated horsepower; at this load, it is 88 percent efficient and has a
power factor of 74 percent. Sketch a one-line diagram for the system and determine the feeder active power.
4Sov
?- 4>
~
1111
~k
2.S-H P
0.87 ~.
0.'10 t+
1111 ~oHP
f:lkJ.
o. u .c.fb.
0.7+1'1
Fig. 14-43
330
D
CHAPTER 14
,
The one-line diagram is shown in Fig. 14-43.
PM1 =
14.122
For the two motors we have:
H30)(746)
PM2 = - -0.88
- - - - = 12 ,
715
. 91 W
25 x 746
0.87 =21,436.78W
P= PM1 + PM2 = 34,152.69W
Calculate the total reactive power supplied by the keder of Prob. 14.121.
,
The power factor angles are:
(Jl =
QMl
cos- 1 (0.9)
=
(J2
25.84'
= cos- 1 (0.74) = 42.27°
= PI tan (Jl = (21.436.78) tan 25.84° = 10,381.41 var
QM2 = P z tan (J2 = (12,715.91) tan 42.2r = 11,558.42 var
Q = Q M1 + Q M2 = 10,381.41 + 11 ,558.42 = 21,939.83 var
14.123
What is the overall power factor of the system of motors of Prob. 14.122?
,
From Prob. 14.121,
P
=
34,152.69 W.
Q = 21,939.83 var
Q
tan (J = f>
:~1 ,939.83
:M,152.69 = 0.642
=
(J == 31.72°
Calculate the line current through any of the feeders of Prob. 14.121.
,
Apparent power,
S = P + jQ = 34,152.69 + j21,939.83 = 40,5<)2.64 /32.72° VA
Hence,
14.125
or
cos (J = cos 32.72° = 0.84 lasging.
and the power factor is
14.124
From Prob. 14.21,
I,
5 = V3""I, = 40,592.64
or
= 40,592.641\1'3(450) = 52.08 A.
A 440-V three-phase source supplies a 1O-kVA n.8-pf-lagging load, which is connected in wye, and a
delta-connected 1O-kVA unity power factor load. Calculate the total apparent power input to the two loads.
,
P == P y + Pt>. = (10)(0.8) + (10)(1) == 18 kW
Q
= Qy + Qt>. = (10)(0.6) + 0 = 6 kvar
S = P + jQ = 18 + j6 = 18.97 /18.43° kVA
14.126
What is the overall power factor of the two leads of Prob. 14.125?
true power calculations.
,
cos (J = cos 18.43° = 0.95
Verify that the same result is obtained from
, __
5 __ 18.97 x 10 3 _
,,- V3"" - V3( 440) - 24.89 A
18,000
cos
14.127
14.128
,
f,1
= V3( 440)(24.89) = 0.949 = 0.95
Calculate the line currents to each of the loads of Prob. 14.125.
or
10,000
ly= V3(440) =13.121\
or
10,000
It>. = V3(440) = 13.12 A
A three-phase three-wire 500-V 60-Hz source supplies Cl three-phase induction motor, a wye-connected capacitor
bank that draws 2 kvar per phase, and a balanced three-phase heater that draws a total of 10 kW. The
induction motor is operating at its rated 75-hp load and has an efficiency and power factor of 90.5 and 89.5
percent, respectively. Sketch a one-line diagram of the system and determine (a) the system kW; (b) the
system kvars; (c) the system kVA.
,
(a)
A one-line diagram is shown in Fig. 14-44.
PM =
75 x 746
0.905 = 61.82 kW
From the data given:
PH ,= 10 kW
(JM
= cos -1 0.895 = 26.49°
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
QM = PM tan ()M = (61.82) tan 26.49° = 30.81 kvar
(b)
Qc = -(2 + 2 + 2) = -6 kvar
Thus,
(c)
(leading)
S = P + jQ
Finally,
(lagging)
QH = 0
=
71.82 + j24.81
=
e
®
75.98 /19.06° kVA
loJc.k.J
3-~
-tfi.
B9,Sff
Cfo.57.
(a) the line current and
14.130
~
Fig. 14-44
(b) the overall power factor of the system of load of Prob. 14.1287
or
(b)
1
H
M
7~HP
What is
331
Q = Q M + Qc + Q H = 30.81 - 6.0 = 24.81 var.
Soov
?>-~
14.129
D
75,980
I[ = V3(500) = 87.73 A
Power factor = cos () = cos 19.06° = 0.95 lagging.
Determine the line currents drawn by each load of the system of Prob. 14.128.
-
61,820
-7 7
9. 6A
IM - V3(500)(0.895) -
6000
or
14.131
le = V3(500) = 6.93 A
PH =
V3~/H(I)
10,000
or
IH= V3(500) =11.55A
A balanced delta-connected load whose impedance is 45/70° n per branch, a three-phase motor that draws a
total of 10 kVA at 0.65 pf lagging, and a wye-connected load whose impedance is 10 n (resistance) per branch
are supplied from a three-phase three-wire 208-V 60-Hz source. Sketch the circuit and determine the line
current to each three-phase load.
,
The circuit is drawn in Fig. 14-45.
For the Y load,
lay =
120~
10 L!r
=
12 /- 30° A
For the A load,
For the motor,
10,000 = V3(208)laM
or
laM =27.76A
2.og V b
3-~---~----------~~--~
c
IOLE-".n/~
Fig. 14-45
332
D
14.132
CHAPTER 14
Determine the active and reactive powers taken by each load of the circuit of Prob. 14.131.
,
For the Y load,
P y = V3V;I{ cos Opy = V3(208)(12) cos 0° = 4320 W
For the A load,
Q I>. = V3(208)(8) sin 70° = 2709 var
Pt> = V3V// cos 0pl>. = V3(208)(8) cos 700 =' 986 W
For the motor,
PM = S M cos OM = (10,000)(0.65) = 6500 W
Now,
cos OM = 0.65.
Thus,
OM =
14.133
0.65
COS-I
49.46°
=
QM
= PM
tan OM
= 6500 tan 49.46° = 7600 var
What is the overall power factor of the system of Pfl)b. 14.131?
S = P + jQ = (4320 + 986 + 6500) + j(O + 2709 + 7600) = 11,806 + jlO,309
tan
14.134
(J
= 0.873
Power factor
=cos (J = 0.753 lagging
For the circuit shown in Fig. 14-46, determine the currents la and le'
and Z 3 = 14/-45° n , and a 208-V three-phase applied voltage.
,
Vab
la
Vea
Given:
ZI
= 20 L!r n,
Z2
= 14/45° n,
208 L!;~
- 208 ~
20 10" ~- 14/45° = 15.78/-65.46° A
~_
208 D20~
-208/-120°
14 L45'O- + 14 ~
Veb
z; + Z; =
....
,zoS
Vac
= Z I + Z2 =
le =
=
28.70 /90° A
I,.
~C;V
V
3-t/>
b
c
14.135
= 41.13 0
(J
11.
l ..
~ ""~
Fig. 14-46
Find the wattmeter readings in the circuit of Fig. lL.-46.
x: Vab = (2 )H)(15.78) cos 65.46°
= Vab1a cos ~
Wl
1
= 1363.21 W
la
:>('Veb
W2 = Veb1e cos ~
=, (208)(28.7) cos (-30°) = 5169.83 W
le
14.136
Calculate Ib in the circuit of Fig. 14-46.
Explain the significance of your result.
,
Ib
lab =
z:
Vab
=
z: + Z;
V ba
V be
208 L!r
DetermilH rhe phasor sum of the three currents in the three phases.
=
-208 L!!'
208/-120°
20L!r- -I- 14~
1000
= 20 L!;!' = 10.4 ~ A
I
10 = lab + Ibc + lea
ca
[be =
Vbe
Z; =
= 15.78/-114.54
°
A
208 ~
1_ 7,0
14/-45° = 14.86 c:1..2. A
= Vea = ~~~i.!.20° = 14 86/75° A
Zz
14 L45°
.
= 10.4 L!r + 14.86 L-7r + 14.86/75° =
The current lu is a circulating current in the closed delta.
18.09 + jO A
= 18.09 L!r A cjo 0
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.137
333
Verify that the sum of the line currents in a delta-connected load is always zero.
,
Referring to Fig. 14-46, we have
or
14.138
0
la + Ib + le = 0 (verified).
Use the result of Prob. 14.137 to find Ib and verify that the result is consistent with that obtained in Prob.
14.136.
,
From Prob. 14.137,
Ib = -la -le = -15.78/-65.46°-28.7/90°
(from Prob. 14.134)
= -6.55 + j14.35 - j28.7 = -6.55 - j14.35 = 15.77 /-115.6° A
which is close to the result of Prob. 14.136.
14.139
Draw a phasor diagram showing the voltages and currents which affect the readings of the wattmeters Wl and
W2 in the circuit of Fig. 14-46.
I
See Fig. 14-47.
I
/
J r : - . - - - - - -.. ~
+ "'5.4,,-0
Fig. 14-47
14.140
The two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power drawn by a balanced delta-connected load. Each
branch of the load draws 2.5 kW at a power factor of 0.80 lagging. The supply voltage is 120 V, three phase,
25 Hz. Sketch the circuit showing wattmeters in lines a and c, and determine the respective wattmeter
readings.
I
The circuit is similar to that shown in Fig. 14-46, except that in the present problem the load is balanced.
For the load we have a rating of 2.5 kW/phase with 0.8 pf lagging. Thus, 0 = cos -10.8 = 36.87°. Threephase power = 3(2.5) = 7.5 kW = V3VJ, cos o. Thus, If = 7500/"\13(120)(0.8) = 45.11 A and
W1 =
~I,
cos (0 + 30°) = (120)(45.11) cos (36.87° + 30°) = 2126 W
W2 = VJ, cos (0 - 30°) = (120)(45.11) cos (36.87 - 30°) = 5734 W
14.141
Three parallel-connected three-phase loads are supplied by a three-phase 240-V 60-Hz source. The loads are
three-phase, 10 kVA, 0.80 power factor lagging; three-phase, 10 kVA, unity power factor; three-phase, 10 kVA,
0.80 power factor leading. Sketch the circuit showing wattmeters in lines a and c, and determine (a) the
system active power; (b) the system reactive power; (c) the system apparent power.
I
The system is represented by the circuit of Fig. 14-48 where the loads are:
Load A-lO kVA, 0.8 pf lagging; load B-lO kVA, unity pf; load C-lO kVA, 0.8 pf leading.
(a) P = PA + P B + Pc = 10(0.8) + 10 + 10(0.8) = 26 kW
(b) Q= Q A + QB+ Qc=8tan36.87+0-8tan36.87=Okvar
(c) S = P + jQ = 26 + jO = 26 kVA
334
D
CHAPTER 14
,,-----I'
~---~-----T4--
I
I
c
,----] l 8 J I J
14.142
Determine the overall power factor of the loads of Prob. 14-141 and calculate the line current.
P
26
Power factor = - = S
26
I
14.143
Since
cos fJ = 1 and
W2
= VJ/ cos (fJ
26,000
I( = V3V( = V3(240) = 62.55 A
+ 3{f) = 240(62.55) cos 30° = 13,000 W
- 30°)
= 240(62.55) cos (-30°) =
A 100-kVA balanced three-phase load operates at 0.65 pf lagging at 450 V.
powers of the load.
I
S cos fJ = P
fJ =
COS-I
0.65 = 49.46°
13,000 W
Determine the active and reactive
P = 100(0.65) = 65 kW
or
Q = S(sin fJ) = 100(sin 49.46°) = 75.99 kvar
If the load of Prob. 14.144 is connected in delta, what is the phase impedance?
S
I
14.146
S
1
fJ = 0°,
W1 = VJ( cos (fJ
14.145
~=
What are the readings of the wattmeters of Prob. 14.141?
I
14.144
Fig. 14-48
100,000
I( = V3V( = V3( 450) = 128.3 A
I p = 128.3
V3 = 74 .08/-49 .46° A
Determine the power dissipated in the resistive components of the load of Prob. 14.144.
total power and verify the result of Prob. 14.144.
I
Rp
=
Zp cos fJ
=
6.07 cos 49.46° = 3.95 n
Pp
Hence determine the
= (Ip)2Rp = (74.08)2(3.95) = 21.676 kW
P = 3Pp = 3(21.676) = 65 kW
14.147
Repeat Prob. 14.146 for reactive power.
I
Xp
=
Zp sin fJ
= 6.07 sin 49.46° =
4.61
n
Q p = (Ip)2Xp = (74.08)2(4.61)
=
25.31 kvar
Q = 3Q p == 3(25.31) = 75.93 kvar
14.148
If power is measured by two wattmeters in the circuit of Prob. 14.144, determine the wattmeter readings.
I
W1 = VJ/ cos (fJ
+ 30°) = 450( 128.3) cos (49.46° + 30°) = 10,561 W
W2 = VJ( cos (fJ - 30°) = 450(128.3) cos (49.46 - 30°) = 54,437 W
14.149
What equivalent load connected in wye will produce n:sults identical to those of Probs. 14-144 through 14-148?
I
By wye-delta transformation,
Per phase
Zy
= ~Za =,
~ (6.07 /49.46°)
= 2.023/49.46° n
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.150
0 335
Determine the kVA rating of a bank of delta-connected capacitors required to improve the power factor of the
system of Prob. 14.144 to 0.9 lagging.
I
Since cos Of = 0.9, Of = cos- 1 0.9 = 25.84°,
Reactive kVA of the load and capacitor, Qf = P tan Of = 65 tan 25.84° = 31.48 kvar.
Reactive kVA of the load without capacitor, Qj = P tan OJ = 75.99 kvar, from Prob. 14.144.
Reactive kVA of capacitor bank, Qc = Qj - Qf = 75.99 - 3l.48 = 44.51 kvar, which is also the kVA rating
since the capacitors are considered lossless.
14.151
If the system of Prob. 14.150 operates at 60 Hz, determine the capacitance of each capacitor in the bank.
4451
I
Thus,
Hence,
14.152
V
2
=
C = lIh(60)(13.65) = 194.32 MF.
A 240-V 25-Hz three-phase system supplies a lOO-kW 0.6-pf-Iagging balanced load. Determine the capacitance
in each phase of a wye-connected capacitor bank to adjust the power factor to 0.95 lagging.
I
= cos -1 0.6 = 53.13°
Final powerfactor angle Of = cos -1 0.95 = 18.19°
Initial reactive kVA = 100 tan 53.13° = 133.33 kvar
Final reactive kVA = 100 tan 18.19° = 32.86 kvar
Initial power factor angle OJ
-x:-- =
3(V)2
.
kvar of capacitor band = 133.33 - 32.86 = 100.47 kvar =
c
Thus,
14.153
1
,1
Xc = hfC = 0.57 n
or
and
h(25)C = 0.57
3(240/V3)2
X
c
C = 11.12 mF/phase
Repeat Prob. 14.152 for a delta-connected capacity bank.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 14.152, we have:
100,470
3
Hence,
14.154
(450)2
14.84 kvar = ~ = - Xc
Xc
(450)2
1
1
Xc = 14,840 = 13.65 n = 27rfC = 27r(60)C
kvar/capacitor = -3'-
(240)2
Xc
1
Xc = 1.72 = 27r(25)C
or
C = 3.70 mF.
For the instrumentation shown in Fig. 14-49 we have the following readings: W1 = 2000 W, Al = 18 A,
VI = 440 V; W2 = 8000 W, A2 = 18 A, and V2 = 440 V. Find the power factor of the system.
I
S=
P = W1 + W2 = 2000 + 8000 = 10,000 W
V3VJI = V3(440)(18) = 13717.4 VA
Power factor =
and
P
S=
10,000
13717.4 = 0.729
fhb-wr
S,~~--______~____~______ To~
Fig. 14·49
14.155
Determine the kVA rating of a delta-connected capacity bank needed to improve the power factor of the system
of Prob. 14.154 to 0.8 lagging.
I
Q,
cos Of
=
0.8
P tan OJ = 10,000 tan 43.2° = 9390.6 var
j
Qf
or
QcapacilOr = Qj - Qf
which is also the kVA rating.
=
=9390.6 -
7500
=
10,000 tan 36.87° = 7500 var
=1890.6 var = 1.89 kvar
336
14.156
D
CHAPTER 14
Repeat Prob. 14.155 to determine the capacitance (If a wye-connected bank to adjust the power factor to 0.8
lagging. The system operates at 60 Hz.
I
From Prob. 14.155,
Qc
= 1890.6 var
or
Per phase
Qc
,
= ,( 1890.6)
Thus,
14.157
=
(Vcf
Xc
or
c= 25.90 /-LF
and
A three-phase 230-V l00-kVA load operates at 0.8 lagging power factor. The power factor is to be improved to
0.8 leading by a capacitor bank. However, the capacitors are lossy and take 50-kW power when connected t6 a
230-V three-phase source. Determine the kVA tatinls of the capacitor bank.
I
Initial kvar
= 100(0.6) = 60 kvar
Final kvar = 100 ( -0.6) = -60 kvar
kvar of capacitor ba:1k = 60 - ( -60) = 120 kvar
kVA rating of the capacitor bank =,
14.158
'V p2 + Q2 = V(50)2 + (120)2 = 130 kVA
Calculate the three line currents in the circuit of Fig. 14-50.
I
..
__•__~_'___________,l.~~,....
~,- _______~l-h-
b
~
__~_~~
- ______1.~~
...
2400 V
Three phase
25 Hz
14.159
Using the two-wattmeter method,
-/ Vab
p = VabIa cos ~
la
+ Vcb ( cos
(From Prob. 14.158 it follows that
)(" Veb
~
= 2400<44.37) cos 59.45° + 2400(51.96) cos 0° = 178.3 kW
le
Vcb
and le are in the same phase.)
What is the total reactive power taken by the load of Prob. 14.158?
I
14.161
Fig. 14-50
Determine the total active power drawn by the load of Prob. 14.158.
I
14.160
ZI ·100 L20· n
Z2· 80 L30· n
Za· 80L30· n
Q = 2400( 44.37) siu 59.45° + 0 = 91. 7 kvar
Find the overall power factor of the load of the circuir shown in Fig. 14-50.
I
From Prob. 14.159,
tan
Q
(J
= p
P = 178.3 kW;
91.7
= 178.3 = 0.5143
from Prob. 14.160,
or
(J
Q = 91.7 kvar.
= tan'! (0.5143) = 27.22°
and
cos (J
=
0.889
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.162
How much apparent power is supplied to the load of the circuit of Fig. 14-50?
from apparent power calculation.
s = yp2 + Q2 = Y(178.3)2 + (91.7)2 = 200.5 kVA
I
14.163
(J
=
337
Verify the result of Prob. 14.161
P
cos
0
S=
178.3
200.5 = 0.889
Determine the active power, reactive power, and the power factor of each load of the circuit shown in Fig.
14-51.
VaN
(600/V3) /-30°
°
11 = ~ =
50 M
= 6.93 /-40 A
I
13 ==
V
_ VbN
12 - Z;
(600/V3)~ _ 6 /_1"5,,00
40~
-8. 6~A
_
-
(600 /V3) /90°
15 L=lQ:
= 23.09/120° A
eN
Z;
=
S1 =VaN1i = (346.41/-30°)(6.93/40°) = 2400.62/10° = 2364.15
+ j416.86 VA
S2 = VbNI~ = (346.41/-150°)(8.66/155°) = 2999.91 ~ = 2988.49 + j261.46 VA
S3 =VeNI~ = (346.41/90°)(23.09/-120°) = 7998.61/-30° = 6927 - j3999.30 VA
= 2364.15 W
Q1 == 416.86 var
cos
P2 = 2988.49 W
Q2 = 261.46 var
cos
P1
Q3 = - 3999.30 var
P3 = 6927 W
cos
= cos 10° = 0.980
(J1
(J3
(J2
= cos 5"
= 0.996
== cos 30° = 0.866
....!....!'
....!...~'-j-'--=-'---.,.. - : : ; - - - - ...!....!"'-+--+---=-~....,
N
-
.......
600 v
IIIH.
14.164
Fig. 14-51
Obtain the system's active and reactive powers for the circuit of Fig. 14-51.
I
S = S1
+ S2 + S3 = 2400.62/10° + 2999.91 ~ + 7998.61/-30° = 12,279.64 - j3320.98
P= 12.28 kW
14.165
What is the overall power factor of the system of loads shown in Fig. 14-51?
I
From Prob. 14.164,
-3.32
Q
tan
14.166
(J
=
p
= 12.28
or
= -0.27
(J
= -15.13°
and
cos
(J
= 0.965
Determine the parameters of equivalent series-connected circuit elements to represent each impedance of the
circuit of Fig. 14-51.
I
Z1 = R1
R1 =49.240
Similarly,
and
14.167
Q = -3.32 kvar
+ jwL 1 = 50 /10° = 49.24 + j8.68 0
w = 21T(60) = 377
8.68
L1 = 377 = 23 mH
+ j3.49 0
yields
R2 = 39.85 0
L2 =9.25 mH
Z3 = 15/-30° = 12.99 - j7.5 0
gives
R3 = 12.990
C 3 = 353.67 MF.
Z2 = 40 ~ = 39.85
Determine the parameters of equivalent parallel-connected circuit elements to represent the impedances of the
circuit of Fig. 14-51.
1
1
Y 1 = Z1 = 50/10° = 0.02/-10° = 0.0197 - jO.0035 S
I
R1 =
Thus,
L1 = 0.764 H.
0.0~97 = 50.77 0
1
jX1 = 0.0035 L:::2Sr. = 287.94/90° = j27T(60)L1
Similarly, for the other impedances we have
R2 = 40.15 0
L2 = 1.22 H
R3 = 17.320
and
338
D
CHAPTER 14
Notice that the components of the equivalent parallel circuit are relatively larger compared to the equivalent
series circuit parameters obtained in Prob. 14.165.
14.168
For the circuit shown in Fig. 14-52a use a delta-to-wye transformation to obtain the impedance between the
terminals 3 and 4.
I
The steps are indicated in Fig. 14-52b and c, frem which
Z34
= 20 + jO = 20 LQ: n.
I
3
loJL
~----~'V~------~l
10..Q.
4
Cc.)
14.169
If a 40 LQ:-Y source is connected across the circuit of Fig. 14-52a, determine the voltage V31 •
I
From Fig. 14-52c,
134
V34
131
14.170
= 10 + JIO
40 LQ:
°
= 20 LQ: = 2~!... A
20 LQ: _
10 + JIO -
v.'.."
L-·45°
V31 = 101 31 = 14.14/-45°Y
-- A
Obtain an expression for the reactive power in a thre,~·phase system in terms of two wattmeter readings if power
in the system is measured by two wattmeters (which read W1 and W2).
I
From Prob. 14.107,
W1 = VJ( cos (0
or
W1 - W2
But
14.171
Fig. 14-52
+ 300)
W2
=
V, I, cos (0 - 30°)
= VJ([cos (0 + .3(0) - cos (0
- 30°)]
= VJI sin 0
Q = V3VJ( sin O. Hence, the total reactive power is given by Q = V3(WI - W2) var.
The current coil of a wattmeter is connected in phase a and the voltage coil is connected between phases band c
of a wye-connected three-phase load, as shown in Fig. I4-53a. Draw a phasor diagram showing the wattmeter
current and voltage with respect to the phase voltage~;.
I
The wattmeter current is la and the voltage is V,,,, as shown in the phasor diagram of Fig. 14-53b.
_ _....L.!"'__+-____ To..R..,.L
(6)
Fig. 14-53
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.172
0 339
From Fig. 14-53a and b show that the single wattmeter may be used to measure reactive power in a balanced
three-phase circuit.
I
From Fig. 14-53a the wattmeter reading is
..( V bc
W = VbJa cos ' \
la
From Fig. 14-53b the angle between V bc and la is
W= VbJa cos (90° -
14.173
= ~I{ sin
Thus,
cos (J = 0.6
or
(J
_ V3(W1 - W2) _
0_
tan(JW1+W2
-tan 53.13 -1.33
or
W1- W2 = ~ (Wl + W2) = (1.33)(20)
W1- W2 = 15.4 and
W1 + W2
= 20.
= 17.7 kW
W1
Hence,
Let
W2 = O.
= 2.3 kW.
~ 50 = 25 W.
Also,
tan
(J =
At what power factor
0
or
(J
= O.
Hence,
Then
(J
W1-0
Wl+0
= V3 - - - = V3
or
(J
= tan -1 V3 = 60°
and
cos
(J
= cos 60° = 0.5
The input power to a three-phase load, measured by two wattmeters, is 100 kW, the wattmeter readings being
equal. If the power factor of the load is changed to 0.866 leading and the load still draws 100 kW, determine
the readings of the wattmeters.
I
or
cos (J = 0.866
W1 - W2
= 33.33
and
or
W1 + W2 = 100.00.
= 30°
t
Hence,
W1
(J
an
(J -
-
J3cWI - W2)
Wl + W2
= 66.67 kW
The three phases of a delta-connected load consist of 10 /45° il impedances.
200-V three-phase source. How much power is consumed by the load?
I
Zp
Hence,
and
W2
= 33.33 kW.
The load is connected across a
= Rp + jXp = 7.07 + j7.07
P = 3Pp = 3(20)27.07 = 8484 W.
If power input to the load of Prob. 14.177 is measured by two wattmeters, find the reading of each wattmeter.
I
From Prob. 14.177:
W1 + W2=8484
Hence,
14.179
W2
and
At what power factor will one of the wattmeter readings be zero in a three-phase system.
tan
14.178
J3
The total input power in a three-phase circuit, as measured by two wattmeters, is 50 W.
will the wattmeter readings be equal? Determine this reading.
I
14.177
= 53.13°
J3
If the wattmeters readings are equal, then each reads
the power factor is cos (J = 1.
14.176
Q = V3VJI sin (J = V3 W
or
(J
I
14.175
Hence
(J.
A three-phase load operates at 440 V, 0.6 pf lagging. Two wattmeters used to measure the input power read a
total of 20 kW. Find the individual readings of the wattmeters.
I
14.174
(J)
90° -
tan
(J
= tan 45° = 1 =
v'3 =W-:-:C
Wl-+---:
- W2
=2
W2= 1792.8 and
1
W
or
Wl - W2 == 4898.38
Wl = 6691.2 W.
A three-phase wye-connected load is balanced and has a (4 + j3)-il impedance per phase. The load is
connected to a 220-V three-phase source. If power input to the load is measured by two wattmeters, determine
the wattmeter readings.
340
D
CHAPTER 14
Vp
127/0°
I = I = - =----:- = 25.4/-36.87°
220
V = = 127V
I
PV3
1
p
4 -- ,3
Zp
cos Op
P == V3VJI cos Op = V:3(221l)25.4(0.8) = 7742.7 = W1
W1-- W2
tan 0 = 0 75 = V3 - - - - - .
.
W1 + W2
Thus,
14.180
W1 = 5547.75 Wand
= cos 36.87° = 0.8
+ W2
W1 - W2 = 3352.8 W
or
W2 = 2194.95 W.
Repeat Prob. 14.179 if the impedances are connected in delta.
I
Ip
220
""5
=
11
= 44 A
=
V3lp
= V3(44) = 76.208 A
P = V3(220)(76.20SI(0.8) = 23,230.6 = W1 + W2
W1-- W2
tan 0 = 0 75 = V3 -----.
W1.,..W2
Hence
14.181
or
10,059.4 = W1 - W2
W1 = 16,645 Wand . W2 = 6585 W.
A three-phase balanced load is connected across a 220-V three-phase source. A wattmeter reads 600 W when
its current coil is connected in line a and its voltage coil across lines a and b. Next, the voltage coil is connected
between lines band c, but the current coil remains in line a. The wattmeter again reads 600 W. Calculate the
load power factor.
I
VJ( cos (30° + /I)
W1 =
..,( V bc
W2 = VbJa cos -'\
la
As seen from Fig. 14-53b, the angle between Vb, alId la is 90° - O.
VJ( cos (30° + 0) = VJ( cos (90° - 0)
Thus,
14.182
and
0
= 30°.
Hence, the power factor is
cos 0
W1 = W2,
we finally have
30° + 0 = 90° - 0
= cos 30° =
0.866.
Determine the line current in the load of Prob. 14.181.
I
14.183
20 = 60°
or
Since
P = W1 = 600 = (220)(11) cos (30°
+ 30°). Hence, I1 =
5.45 A.
The ratio of the wattmeter readings in a three-pha~e inductive system is 2: 1, when power is measured by the
two-wattmeter method. Determine the power fact)r of the load.
I
Let
W2 = x
and
W1 = 2x.
Then,
W1 -- W2
2x - x
1
tan 0 = V3 ----.-- = V3 - - = W1 + W2
2x + x
V3
or
14.184
0 = 30°
and
cos 0 = cos 30° = 0.866.
How much active and reactive powers are supplied by the source shown in the circuit of Fig. 14-54?
la.
a.
z.z.o-v
s-4
5 ...............
~
1,
~
C
•
I "-...
/oJL
.-~
Fig. 14-54
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
I
0
341
or
or
lea
=
:0
or
212~ = 22 A
lea =
P = (/ab)24 + (/bY3 + (/ejlO = (44)24 + (44)23 + (22)210 = 18,392 W
Q = (/ab)2( -3) + (/bj4 + 0 = (44)2( -3) + (44)24 = 1936 var
14.185
Determine the apparent power and the overall power factor of the load of Prob. 14.184.
I s=
14.186
P + jQ = 18,392 + j1936 = 18,494/6.0°.
Power factor is
cos 6.0° = 0.995.
Determine the line currents la' I b , and le in the circuit of Fig. 14-54.
I
220 L!r
°
lab = 5/-36.87° = 44/36.87 A
Ibe
220~
°
= 5/53.13° = 44/-173.13 A
lea =
220 L.!1!r
10 L!r = 22/120°
la = lab - lea = 44/36.87" - 22/120° = 46.78!'!£" A
Ib = Ibe - lab = 44/-173.13° - 44/36.87" = 85/-158° A
Ic = lea - Ibe = 22/120° - 44/-173.13° = 40.73/36.6° A
14.187
In the circuit of Fig. 14-54, verify that the phasor sum of the line currents is zero.
I
From Prob. 14.186,
la = 46.78!'!£" = 46.2 + j7.35 A
le
14.188
Ib = 85/-158° = -78.88 - j31.66 A
= 40.73/36.6° = 32.68 + j24.31 A
L = 0 + jO
Draw a phasor diagram showing the line currents and voltages pertaining to the circuit of Fig. 14-54.
I
See Fig. 14-55.
\
-158°
\
"-V
Fig. 14-55
CA.
14.189
The current coil of a wattmeter is connected in line a and the voltage coil across the lines a and c of the circuit of
Fig. 14-54. Determine the wattmeter reading.
I
From Fig. 14-54 and Prob. 14.187 the angle between Vac and la is
(220)(46.78) cos 69° = 3688.18 W.
14.190
(60+9)=69°.
Find the circulating current in the delta-connected load shown in Fig. 14-54.
I
I circ = lab + Ibc + lea = 44/36.87" + 44/-173.13° + 22 /120
0
= 44.66/115.86° A
Hence,
W=
342
14.191
D
CHAPTER 14
Replace the delta-connected load of Fig. 14-54 by an equivalent wye-connected load.
I
The wye-connected load is shown in Fig. 14-56, for which we have
Za =
1O( 4 - j3)
= 2936 / -4024" n
10 + 4 - j3 + 3 + j 4 '
'-.
Z
Z" =
(4 - j3)(3 + j4) = 1.468 /12.9° n
10 + 4 - j3 + 3 +j4
10(3 + ;4) __ = 2936 /498° n
, = 10 + 4 - j3 ~ 3+ j 4 '
.
Whereas we have obtained an equivalent wye, it may be readily seen that by using this circuit it is more difficult
to obtain the results of Probs. 14.184 through 14.189. The reason for this difficulty is that we do not know the
volt ages Van' V bn , and V en ·
l~
.to
l2o-V
Ib
• ,
h
~b
{:::I
?J-f
te
C
14.192
Fig. 14·56
III
The above-mentioned difficulty may be circumvented by using Millman's theorem which enables us to determine
Van' V bn , etc. According to Millman's theorem, the voltage of the load neutral point n with respect to the
neutral of the source n' is given by
(1)
Apply Millman's theorem to obtain the voltages V,In' V bn , and Ve~ of the circuit of Fig. 14-56.
I
From Prob. 14.191,
Ya
2.936/40.24° == 0.34 /40.24° = 0.26 + jO.22 S
1
2 ° 0 .664-,0.152S
.
Y b =1.468/12.9
o =0.68/-1.9 =
1
Y c = 2.936 /49.8° =~ 034 / -49.8° = 0.22 - jO.26 S
L Y = 1.144 -. jO.192 = 1.16 / -9.52° S
V bn , = 127 /-1200y, and V cn '= 127 /120° V. Thus from Eq. (1) above,
1
V nn , = 1.16 /_ 9.520 [(127 L!r)(0.34 /40.24°) + (127 / -120°)(0.68 / -12.9°) + (127 /120°)(0.34 / -49.8°)]
Now,
Van'
= 127 L!rY,
= 10.86 /164.9° Y
Van = Van' - V nn , = 127 L!r - 10.86 /164.9° = 137.5 / -1.18° Y
V bn
= V bn , -
V nn , = 127 / -120° - 10.86 /164.9' ,= 124.65 / -115.17" Y
Vcn = V cn ' - V nn , = 127 /120° - 10.86 /164.9°
14.193
=
119.55 /116.32° Y
Repeat Prob. 14.186 for the circuit of Fig. 14-56.
I
la =
z: =
137.5 L::.l.l~
2.936 L-=:-;jQ.240 = 46.8 /39.06° A
Ib =
V bn
z:
124.65 elIS.17°
Ie=
Ze
Van
= ~8ZL~.90
Ven
=
= 84.9 /-128.07° A
119.55 1ll6.32°
2.936-'4~8')
L___ _ = 40.72 /66.52° A
As expected, the results are in close agreement.
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.194
D
343
Repeat Prob. 14.184 for the circuit of Fig. 14-56.
I
Za
= 2.936/-40.24° = 2.24 - j1.89 n
Zb
= 1.468/12.9° = 1.43 + jO.33 n
= 2.936/49.8° = 1.89 + j2.24 n
P = (Ij2.24 + (IS 1.43 + (IJ21.89 = (46.8)2(2.24) + (84.9)2(1.43) + (40.72)\1.89) = 18,347 W
Ze
Q = (46.8)\-1.89) + (84.9)2(0.33) + (40.72)2(2.24) = 1953 var
Considering roundoff errors the results are in good agreement.
14.195
Repeat Prob. 14.185 for the circuit of Fig. 14-56.
s = P + jQ = 18,347 + j1953 = 18,450 /6.11°
I
14.196
cos 6.11° = 0.994
Draw a phasor diagram showing all the voltages and currents pertaining to the circuit of Fig. 14-56 and compare
the result with the phasor diagram of Fig. 14-55.
I
See Fig. 14-57.
\
\
\
I
Fig. 14-57
14.197
Calculate the line current, in the wye-connected purely resistive circuit of Fig. 14-58a, if the line voltage is 220-V
three-phase balanced.
I
Since a direct solution is cumbersome, we convert the wye-connected load to a delta-connected load shown
in Fig. 14-58b, for which we have obtained the values of the results from
Rab =
RaRb
+ RbRe + Rc Ra _ 18 + 54 + 27 _
Rc
-
I = I - I = Vab _ Vea = 220 LQ:
a
ab
ca
11
16.5
11
Now,
9
- 11
_ 220 L!1!r
16.5
n
, etc.
= 29.06/-23.42° A
A.--~---,
C
----t-
C --t--t'---"V
(a.)
(b)
Fig. 14-58
344
D
14.198
CHAPTER 14
Because of certain incorrect connections, such as incmrect polarities, a three-phase circuit takes the form shown
in Fig. 14-59. Solve for la and Ib with the polarities as shown.
I
The mesh equations become
11.5I a - Ib - 101 = 127 LQ:
-la
+ 2l.51/.- 201 = 127 LJL
-101 a
201 b
-
+ (60 + j30)1 = 0
Solving for la and Ib yields
la =
(127 LQ:)(1150 t j675)
7625 + j7387
Ib =
(127 LQ:)(850 .- ;375)
°
7625 + J7387
= 11.11/-20.3 A
=
°
15.95/-13.7 A
0.511
::> (o.f1-
10
___________,
~. ;l."jL.
~~~'L
O.s.n.
14.199
Fig. 14-59
How much apparent power is supplied by each source to the circuit of Prob. 14.198?
Sa =Val: = (127 LQ:)(15.95 L!3.7:) = 2025.65/13.7° = 1968 + j479.75 VA
I
Sb = Vb I:; = (127 LQ:)(11.11/20.3°; c= 1410.97/20.3° = 1323.23 + j489.52 VA
14.200
Determine the power dissipated in the 30-n resistor of the circuit of Fig. 14-59.
I
Solving for I from the kVL equations of Prob. 14.198 we obtain
"
_ 127 LQ:(475) _
1- 7625 + j7387 - 5.69/-44·LA
14.201
Calculate the currents in the 1-n, lO-n, and 20-f! resistors of the circuit of Fig. 14-59.
I
110 n
=
la - 1= 15.95/-13.7° - 5.69/-44.1° = 11.41
+ jO.18 = 11.41/0.9° A
120 n = Ib - 1= 1l.11 L='20~>: - 5.69/-44.1° = 6.33/0.9° A
11 n
14.202
= Ib -
la
= 1l.11/-20.3° -
Verify the active power balance in the circuit of Fi€:. 14-59.
I
Psupplied
Pdissipated
14.203
=
(15.95)2(0.5)
= Pa
+ Pb ,,= 1323.23 + 1968.0 = 329l.23 W
+ (11.11)2(0.5) + (11.41 )2(10) + (6.33)\20) + (5.077)2(1) + 970 = 3287.95 W
Verify the reactive power balance in the circuit of Fig. 14-59.
I
14.204
15.95/::'13.7° = -5.07 - jO.08 = 5.077 /-179.01° A
QsuPPlied
= Qa + Q b
=
479.75
+ 489.52 = 969.27 ,ar
A method of solving a three-phase unbalanced circuct is the method of symmetrical components. According to
this method, a set of three-phase unbalanced phasors (volt ages or currents) can be resolved into three sets of
symmetrical components, which are termed the positive-sequence, negative-sequence, and zero-sequence components. The phasors of a set of positive-sequence components have a counterclockwise phase rotation (or phase
sequence), abc; the negative-sequence component:; have the reverse phase sequence, acb; and the zerosequence components are all in phase with each other. These sequence components are represented geometrically in Fig. 14-60a through c. Graphically combine these components to obtain an unbalanced system.
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
D
345
}---+--- VDI
(a)
(b)
(c)
Vd)
r--
Vc
I
I
V,ll
I
1\
\
\
,,
,
V,<I\
(d)
Fig. 14·60
I
The phasors of Fig. 14-60a through c are combined to obtain the phasor diagram of Fig. 14-60d.
I'onversely, we may say that the voltages Va , Vb' and Vc can be resolved into their sYIQ.metrical components of
Figs. 14-60a through c.
14.205
Express, mathematically, the voltages Vo, Vb' and Vc as phasor sums of V aD , VoP and Vo2 ' the symmetrical
components of Va' From Fig. 14-60 notice that the positive-sequence component is designated with a subscript
1. The subscripts 2 and 0 are used for the negative- and zero-sequence components, respectively.
I
According to the method of symmetrical components, as illustrated in Fig. 14-60, we have
(1)
Vb = V bD
+ Vb! + Vb2
(2)
Vc = V CD
+ Vel + Vc2
(3)
We now introduce an operator a such that it causes a rotation of 120° in the counterc1ockwise direction (just as
the j operator produces a 90° rotation), such that
a = 1/120° = 1 x e j !2D
a
3
=
-0.5 + jO.866
a2
=
1/360° = 1 ~
1+a +a = 0
=
1 /240° = -0.5 - jO.866 = a*
2
Using the above-mentioned properties of the a operator, we may write the components of a given sequence in
terms of any chosen component. Expressed mathematically, we have, from Fig. 14-60,
346
D
CHAPTER 14
Consequently, Eqs. (1) through (3) become (in terms of components of phase a),
Va =VaO
+ Val + Va2
(4)
Vb = VaO
+ a2Val + aVa2
(5)
(6)
14.206
Express mathematically the symmetrical components of Va in terms of Va , Vb' and Vc'
I
Solving for the sequence components from Eqs. (4) through (6) of Prob. 14.205:
VaO= l (Va
Val
+ Vb + VJ
(1 )
2
~ (Va + aVb + a VJ
=
Va2 ,= ~ (Va
(2)
+ a2Vb + aVJ
(3)
In deriving Eqs. (1) through (3), properties of a such as those given in Prob. 14.205 have been used.
Relationships similar to those of Eqs. (1) through (3) are valid for phase and sequence currents also; that is, for
current relationships, we simply replace the V's in Eqs. (1) through (3) by I's.
14.207
A three-phase wye-connected load is connected across a three-phase balanced supply system. Obtain a set of
equations giving the relationships between the symmetrical components of line and phase voltages.
I
The symmetrical system, the assumed directions (If voltages, and the nomenclature are shown in Fig. 14-61,
from which we have
Because Vab + V be + Vca = 0, we get V abo = "bcO =, VeaO = O. We choose Vab as the reference phasor.
the positive-sequence component, we have
2
V abl = HVab + aVbc + a Vea )= [(Va - VI» + ~,(Vh - V,) + a 2(V, - VJ]
2
2
2
= ~ [(Va + aVb + a VJ - (a2Va + Vb + aV)] = ~ [(Va + aVb + a VJ - a\Va + aVb + a Vc )]
= H(l- a 2)(Va + aVb + a 2VJ] = (1- a 2lVal = V3Val e i3 0"
Similarly, for the negative-sequence component,
V ab2
=
=
~ (Vab
W~
For
(1)
obtain
+ a2Vbe + aVea ) = Heva - Vb)
t a\Vb - VJ + a(Ve - Va)]
2
Heva + a2Vb + aVJ - (aVa + Vb + a V,.)] = Heva + a2Vb + aVJ - a(Va
= H1- a)(Va + a2Vb + aVJ = (1 - a)V"2 = V3Va2e-i30°
+ a2Vb + aVJ]
(2)
In Eqs. (1) and (2) above, Val and Va2 are, respectively, the positive- and negative-sequence components of the
phase voltage Va'
'..
vca
VQb
b
Ib
Vb"
C
I,.
Fig. 14-61
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
14.208
D
347
The line voltages across a three-phase wye-connected load, consisting of a 10-0 resistance in each phase, are
unbalanced such that Vab = 220 /131] V, Vbe = 252 LQ: V, and Vea = 195/-122.6° V. Determine the sequence phase voltages.
I
Since line voltages are given, we determine the sequence components of line voltages.
and (3) of Prob. 14.206,
2
Vbc1 = HVbe + aVea + a Vab )
Thus, from Eqs. (2)
= H252LQ: + 1/120° x 195/-122.6°+ 1/-120° x 220 /131.7°) = 221 + j12 V
= ! (252 LQ: + 1/-120° x 195/-122.6° + 1/120° x 220 /131. 7°) = 31 - j11. 9
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 14.206,
V beO
=
Hvbc + Vea + V ab ) =
Sequence components of phase voltages are
H252 LQ: + 195 /-122.6° + 220 /131.7°) = 0 V
VaO
=
O.
Since
221 + j12
V3(-j)
31 - j11.9
V3( j)
14.209
=
=
Vbc1
= - jV3Val and
V bc2
= jV3Va2 ,
.
-6.9+ j127.5V
-6 9 - '179 V
.
j.
Determine the volt ages across the 10-0 resistances and the currents through them.
I
From Eqs. (4) through (6) of Prob. 14.205 we obtain
Va = -6.9 + j127.5 - 6.9 - j17.9 = -13.8 + j109.6 V
Vb = a2Val + aVa2
(upon substitution and simplification).
la =
V
R
V
Ib = ;
Since
la + Ib + le
13.1 1-155.3° A.
14.210
=
0,
=
132.8 - j54.8 V
The line currents are given by
=
10 (-13.8 + j109.6) = -1.38 + j1O.96 = 11.05 A /97.2°
=
10 (132.8 -
we finally get
j54.8) = 13.28 - j5.48 = 14.37 A /-22.4°
le
= -
la - Ib
= -
(-1.38 + jlO.96 + 13.28 - j5.48)
=-11.9 - j5.48 =
Corresponding to sequence currents, we may define sequence impedances. Thus the positive-sequence impedance corresponds to an impedance through which only positive-sequence currents flow. Similarly, when only
negative-sequence currents flow, the impedance is known as the negative-sequence impedance, and when
zero-sequence currents alone are present, the impedance is called the zero-sequence impedance. A three-phase
synchronous generator, grounded through an impedance Zn' is shown in Fig. 14-62. The generator is not
supplying any load, but because of a fault at the generator terminals, currents la' I b, and le flow through the
phases a, b, and c, respectively. Obtain sequence networks (or equivalent circuits) for the positive-, negative-,
and zero-sequence currents.
I
Let the generator-induced volt ages be Ea' E b , and Ee in the three phases (Fig. 14-62a). The induced
volt ages in the generator are balanced. Therefore, these volt ages are of positive sequence only. For the
positive-sequence (phase) voltage, we have
(1)
where Ial Zl is the positive-sequence voltage drop in the positive-sequence impedance (of the generator) Zl' If
Z2 is the negative-sequence impedance of the generator, the negative-sequence voltage at the terminal of a
phase is simply
(2)
since there is no negative-sequence generated voltage. The generator zero-sequence currents flow through Zn
as well as through ZgO' the generator zero-sequence impedance. The total zero-sequence current through Zn is
348
D
CHAPTER 14
laO + Ino + leO = 31aO' but the current through Z,o is laW
written as
Hence,
Vao
= -
laoZ.o - 31"oZ",
which is also
(3)
.•, + 3Z". Sequence networks corresponding to Eqs. (I) through (3) are shown in Fig. l4-62b
Z\} -- Z'"
h
were
through d.
r--------------'0
h
c
(a..)
'01
Cb)
14.211
Vo2
L2
V'II
-
Rer. bus
Rd. bus
Rd. bu,
+
'"2
u
VoU
L0
+u
- __
Cc)
'00
(d)
A line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a of the generator of Fig. 14-62a.
representation of this condition and determine the current in phase a.
+
a
Fig. 14-62
Derive a sequence network
I
The constraints corresponding to the fault are In = le = 0 (lines being open-circuited) and Va = 0
(line-to-ground short-circuit). Consequently, the symmetrical components of the current in phase a are given
by
Hence laU = lal = la2 = ~Ia' Consequently, the sequence networks must be connected in series, as shown in
Fig. 14-63. The sequence voltages appear across the respective sequence networks.
To determine the current, we have from Fig. 14·63, VaO + Val + Va2 = Ea - lalZI - lalZZ - lalZu' But
Va = VaU + Val + Va2 = O. COilsequently,
and
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
D
349
+
+
+
Fig. 14-63
14.212
The line currents in a three-phase four-wire system are la = (300 + j400) A, Ib = (200 + j200) A,
le = (-400 - j200) A. Determine the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components.
I
la! = ~ (la
+ aI, + a 21J = ~ (300 + j400 + 73.2 -
la2
+ a21b + alJ = H(300 + j400) + 1;-120°(200 + j200) + 1;120°(-400 -
=
Hla
= H300 + j400
j273.2
+ 372.9 -
and
j246.2) = 249 - j119.4 = 276 /25.6° A
+ 282.8~ + 447.2 ~)= ~ (300 + j400 + 73.2 -
j200))
j273.2 + 373.3 - j246.2)
= 248.8 - j119.4 = 275.97;25.6° A
laD = Hla
14.213
+ Ib + IJ = H300 + j400 + 200 + j200 - 400 -
j200)
=
33.3
+ j133.3 = 137.4 /76° A
The line currents in a delta-connected load are la = 5 ~, Ih = 7.07 ;225°, and l = 5~ Calculate the
positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence components of currents for phase a. Also determine the positive- and
negative-sequence components of the current lab and hence calculate lab'
I
From the given data,
laO = H5 LQ: + 7.07 /225° + 5 /90°) = 0
la!
=
~ [5 ~ + I ~(7.07 ~) + I L=.l.2O.:'(5 L..2lt:)]
= H5 LQ: + 7.07 /345° + 5 /-30) = 5.38 - j1.44 = 5.57 /-15°
&0 + 1;-120°(7.07 ;225°) + I ;120°(5 ;90°)]
~ (5 ~ + 7.07 L~ + 5 L2.1..O.:') = -0.387 + jl.44 = 1.49 L..l5!t.
la2 = H5
=
_
lab! -
1 la! ~
/'l1l0 _
1
v'3
- v'3
1
lab2
lab
14.214
X
1
= v'3 la2 / - 30° = v'3
=
lab!
5.57 ;-15 ° + 30 ° -- 3. I + j U.8 3
+ lab2 + Ibo
X
1.49 /-30° + 150°
=0.223 + jO.831
=3.1 + jU.83 + 0.223 + jO.83 I =3.323 + jl.661 =3.715;26.56° A
A three-phase unbalanced delta load draws 100 A of line current from a balanced three-phase supply. An
open-circuit fault occurs on one of the lines. Determine the sequence components of the currents in the
unfaulted lines.
350 0 CHAPTER 14
I Let the fault occur in phase c. Then, for a delta-connected load, we have
le = I,-a - Ibe = 0
and
I ca =1 bl
or
la = -Ib
la = 100 LQ:
Hence,
and
laO = H100 LQ: + 100 l.HQ~ + 0) = 0
14.215
la!
=
~ [100 LQ:
la2
=
HlOO LQ: + 1 L=l~r:(lOO /180°)] = 50 + j28.86
+ 1 mOol100 /180°)]
=
50 - j28.86
Balanced three-phase system problems are often solved on a per-phase basis. A three-phase wye-connected
load consists of equal resistances of 100 n / phase. The load is connected across a 220-Y three-phase source.
Determine the total power drawn by the load by cckulating the per-phase power.
I On a per-phase basis we have
Zp
=
127 LQ:
Ip = 100~ = 1.27 A
220 _
100 + jon
Vp = -v'3 L:::.._
10'= 127 ~
(ooy
P = 3Pp
14.216
3(161.33) = 484 W
Repeat Prob. 14.215 if the resistors are connected in delta.
I
Zp
= 100 LQ: n
= 220 LQ: Y
Vp
Pp = (2.2)2100 = 484 W
14.217
=
Ip
°
= 220
100 LQ: = 2.2 A
P = 3(484) = 1452 W
A balanced wye-connected load consisting of Zy = (3 + j4) n/phase and a balanced delta-connected load
having Z:,. = (9 + j12) n/phase are connected to a 220-Y three-phase source. On a per-phase basis, calculate the line current la'
I First, we convert Z:,. into an equivalent
ZYe
Thus,
= ~Z:,.
Thus,
= 1(9
t j12) = 3 + j4 f1Iphase
°
_ (3 + j4)(3 + j4) __ 25/106.26° _
3 + j4 + 3 + j4 -- 10 /53.13° - 2.5/53.13 V
Zp -
I
Hence,
ZYe'
p
=
I = Vp
a
Zp
but
la = 127 ~ 12.5 /53.13° = 50.8/-53.13° A.
V
p
=
220 LQ:
v'3
=
127 LQ: Y
17
CHAPTER 15
UTransients in DC Circuits
15.1
The voltage across a capacitor C in an electric circuit at
if the current through the capacitor is i(t)?
I
t = to
is v(to).
What is the voltage at some instant t
The v-i relationship for a capacitor is
which becomes, for the problem at hand,
ve(t) = v(to)
15.2
1 ('
+ C )'0 i(u) du
(1)
Obtain a relationship similar to Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.1 for an inductor L if the current through it is i(to) at
t = to'
I
For the inductor, we have
Thus,
15.3
A capacitor C initially charged to a voltage Vo is suddenly connected across a resistor R.
I
The circuit is shown in Fig. 15-1.
The voltage
vet) = Vc
dV e
Find vdt).
satisfies
Vc
CTt+/i=O
from which we obtain
(1)
since
Vc
= Vo
at
t = O.
Fig. 15·1
15.4
The quantity RC in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.3 has the dimension of second (s), and is known as the time constant.
R = 10 kO and C = 50 JLF, what is the time constant r?
I
15.5
r = RC = (10 x 10 3 )(50 x 10- 6 ) = 500 ms (or 0.5 s)
Given
R = 2MO in an RC circuit of the form shown in Fig. 15-1, find C if we want a time constant of lOs.
I
15.6
If
r = 10 = RC = (2
X
10 6 )C
or
C= 5
X
10- 6
=
5 JLF
To what value will the voltage Vo of the capacitor of Prob. 15.3 decay over a period of one time constant?
I
Substituting
t= r
=
RC in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.3 we obtain
1
ve(r) = Voe- = 0.368Vo V
or 36.8 percent of its initial value.
351
352
15.7
0
CHAPTER 15
Determine the time constant of the circuit shown in Fig. 15-2a.
I
The given circuit may be reduced to that of Fi~;. 15-2b, from which
=
T
R C
e
where
R
==
R
e e l
R
+ R2R2+ R3
3
and
R,
(bj
15.8
Fig. 15-2
Determine the energy stored in the capacitor of Prob. 15.3.
I
wcCt) = !C(V C)2.
Vc = ~,e-lIRC.
From Prob. 15.3,
Hence,
(1)
where
15.9
Wo
= ~ CV~
Obtain an expression for the transfer of energy from the capacitor to the resistor of the circuit of Prob. 15.3.
I
15.10
is the initial stored energy.
WR(t) = Wo - Wc
=
Wo - Woe - 2. me
=
Wo(1- e -:!',RC) J
A 50- JLF capacitor is discharged through a 100-k!1 resistor. If the capacitor was initially charged to 400 V,
determine its initial energy and the energy stored after 600 ms.
I
15.11
(from Prob. 15.8)
T
= RC = (100 x 10 3 )(50 x 10- 6 ) = 5 s
How long will it take the capacitor of Prob. 15.10 to discharge to O.072-J stored energy?
I
Substituting the numbers in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.8 we obtain
0.072 = 4e-
Hence,
2 /S
•
or
-2t
0.072
-5- = In -4- = -4.017
t = 10 s.
v
0.018 Vc
O.007V..
(00) = 0
-----
L---~--~--~~~~--~+-~rl
Fig. 15-3
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.12
Sketch the decay of voltage of a charged capacitor C being discharged through a resistor R as a function of time.
I
Vc = Voe- tiT •
The voltage is given by Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.3, which may be written as
Fig. 15-3.
15.13
0 353
The plot is shown in
A portion of the decay of voltage of the capacitor of Prob. 15.12 is shown in Fig. 15-4. If Vc = VI at
and Vc = v 2 at t = t2 are the readings from Fig. 15-4, determine the time constant of the circuit.
t = tl
I
Hence,
v;
I
\rz.
--LI
I
15.14
In the circuit of Fig. 15-1 we have
constant of the circuit?
I
VI = 600 V
ic = C
at
t2 = 4 s.
What is the time
4-1
= In 600 _ In 300 = 4.328 s
Thus,
Vc = 10.75 - 1.5e-IOOOt V.
What is the
dt = (20 x 10- )(-1.5)( -1000)e -IOOOt = 0.03e -IOOOt A
dv
In the circuit of Fig. 15-1, we have
I
15.17
v 2 = 300 V
tl = 1 sand
The voltage across a 20-JLF capacitor varies with time and is given by
current through the capacitor?
I
15.16
at
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.13,
T
15.15
Fig. 15·4
12
11
6
C = 40 JLF
and
RC = (40 x 10- 6 )(400) = 16 ms
Obtain the current transient if Vo = 100 V.
R = 400 il.
1 _
RC i=
1000 _
16
-62.5s
-I
VO=100V
i; = 0.25e- 625t A
How does the charge vary as a function of time in the circuit of Prob. 15.16?
I
15.18
In the circuit of Fig. 15-5 the switch is closed at t = 0 when the 6-JLF capacitor has charge
Obtain the expression for the transient voltage vR"
I
Qo = 300 JLc.
The two parallel capacitors have an equivalent capacitance of 3 JLF. Then this capacitance is in series with
the 6JLF.
Thus,
T=RCeq =40JLs.
At
t=O+,
KVL gives v R =300/6=50V; and, as
t~oo,
t140
tlT
VR~O (since i~O). Therefore, v R = 50e- = 50eV, in which t is measured in JLS.
354
0
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 15-5
15.19
An RC transient identical to that in Prob. 15.3 has a power transient
charge Qo, if R = 10 O.
I
PR=Poe-2t1RC
Then,
15.20
}C=10 5
wR(oo) = 3.6 mJ = Q~/2C,
or
from which
C=2J.1,F
184
WR=L'PRdt=3.6(1-e·-tlo.ooOOl)mJ
Q'J= 120 J.l,c.
we may write Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.3 as
Since
q = Cvc
or
Qo = CVo,
X 10- 0 = 500 x 10- 6 e- tl (SOXlOOxIO 6).
Solving for t yields t = 5.0 ms.
From the graph of Fig. 15-3, find the time taken by
I
th,~
For the circuit of Fig. 15-1 we have
circuit 2 s after the switch is closed.
I
15.23
ic = C
d~tC
=-
C = 1 mF,
R
=
R~ Voe-tlRe = -
Determine the
Thus,
capacitor of Prob. 15.20 to discharge to a level of 25 J.l,c.
6
T = RC = (50)(100 x 10- ) = 5 ms.
25 J.l,C corresponds to 0.05Q o (since
at 0.05Qo' t = 3T. Hence the required time is t = :1(5 x 10- 3 ) = 15 ms.
15.22
Obtain the initial
A 100-J.I,F capacitor, carrying an initial charge of 500 ,!.le, is discharged through a 50-0 resistor.
time it takes the capacitor to discharge to 184-J.I,C charge.
I
15.21
or
PR = 360e-tIOOOOOI W.
2 kO,
and
Q o = 500 J.l,C).
""J = 120 V.
From Fig. 15-3,
Determine the current in the
3
(1
X
10 - )120e- 2/2 = -0.0221 A
2
A 100-J.I,F capacitor charged to 24 V is connected in ~.eries with a 200-J.I,F uncharged capacitor, a 1-kO resistor,
and a switch as shown in Fig. 15-6. Find the current 0.1 s after the switch is closed.
I
By kVL we have
10
6
200
I
1(6
i dt + 100
which upon differentiating with respect to t becomes
J' i dt + 1000i = 0
i Si
+ (di/ dt) = 0 or
i= Ae- ISt
or
(i)too+
Thus,
From Eqs. (1) and (2),
-0.00536 A.
A=-0.024
and
0+ 24 +
(1)
1000(i)t~o+
--0.024 A
i==-O.024e- 15t. Finally, at
=0
=
Fig. 15·6
t=O.ls,
(2)
15
i=-0.024e- (OI)=
0
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.24
What is the voltage across the 200-J.I,F capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 15.23 at t = 0.1 s?
106 (01
(01
4
15t
I
VC2 = 200 Jo i dt = 0.5 x 10 Jo (-0.024e- ) dt = -6.215 V
15.25
In the circuit of Fig. 15-1, R = 1 kn and C = 100 J.l,F.
the initial current when the switch is closed?
I
15.26
By kVL,
Vc + v R = 0 or
24 + 1000i = O.
The capacitor is initially charged to 24 V.
Since
RC = (1000)( 100 x 10- 6 ) = 0.1 s,
Ri +
i(O+) = -0.024 A.
Thus,
the solution to
bJ
i dt = 0
or
d'
1
R...!.+-i=O
dt
C
becomes
i = Ae- tIRC = Ae- 10t. From Prob. 15.25,
i(O+) = -0.024 A
yields
i"" -0.024e- 10t. At t = 0.02 s we obtain i = _0.024e- 10 (002) = -0.0196 A.
What is the voltage across the capacitor of Prob. 15.25 at
I
By KVL, vR+VC=O or v c =-1000i.
Vc = (-1000)( -0.0196) = 19.6 V.
15.28
What is
Determine the circuit current 0.02 s after the switch is closed, for the circuit of Prob. 15.25.
I
15.27
355
At
A = -0.024.
Thus,
t = 0.02 s?
t=0.02s,
i=-0.0196A
(from Prob. 15.26).
Thus,
Sketch ic and Vc for the circuit of Prob. 15.25.
I
See Fig. 15-7.
1•
...:1. . . , ;
.. . ::;...... ..• •· ,.·• •· ·• ··r • . • •. .•
l":~~~L ~
o
I
~.JJ
~
t, s
I
J. . . . : : . . .;:. . . . . . . ..L ..............:................[.............. .
-O·02.V . , :
:
I
15.29
Fig. 15-7
The circuit of Fig. 15-8 was under steady state before the switch was opened. If RI = 1.0 n,
C=0.167F, and the battery voltage is 24 V, determine vc(O-) and vdO+). Also find i(O+).
I
Since the capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, we have
switch is opened, at t = 0+, Vc + VR1 + VR2 = 0 or 24 + i(l + 2) = O.
R2 = 2.0 n,
dO +) = V c(O-) = 24 V.
Hence, i(O+) "" -8 A.
V
After the
+
Fig. 15-8
15.30
Determine i in the circuit of Prob. 15.29 1 s after the switch is opened.
I
RC = (1 + 2)(0.167) = 0.5 s. Thus, the current is of the form i = Ae -tIRC = Ae -2t.
t=O+, weobtain i=-8e- 2t. At t=l, i=-8e- 2(1)=-1.08A.
Since
i = -8 A
at
356 0 CHAPTER 15
15.31
The circuit parameters in Fig. 15-9 are C = 2.4 F and R = 5.0 n. The battery voltage is 100 V.
the circuit is at steady state, determine the current in the resistor 10 s after the switch is opened.
Assuming
I
or, at
(=0+,
5i + 100 = 0
tl12
•
Thus, i = AeAt
i = _20-10/1Z = -8.69 A.
(=
and
0+,
i
i(O+) ,= -
= -20 A
I~ =
-20 A
A
:y'ields
RC = 5(2.4) = 12 s
= -20.
i = -20e- tI12•
Thus,
At
(=
10 s,
c
~--1(-R
F b .,
~-......-----111
+
15.32
Fig. 15-9
What is the energy stored in the capacitor of Prob. 15.31 (10 s after the switch is opened)?
I
At
(=
10 s,
Vc
Thus,
15.33
-
W= ~C(vc)z
+ (-8.69)5
==
I)
or
Vc
= 43.45 V
= H2.4)(43.45)2 = 2265.5 1.
Determine the current at (= 0+ in the circuit of Fig. 15-10.
and the capacitor is charged to 100 V initially.
Given:
C
=
0.2 F,
A=-lO
and
RI = 3 n,
R z = 7 n,
I
100 + (3 + 7)i ;: ()
or
15.34
What is the current at
(=
or
i(Q+) = -lOA
6 s in the circuit of Fig. 15-1O?
I Since RC=(3+7)(0.2)=2,
yields i = -0.5 A at ( = 6 s.
i=Ae-· 'IZ •
Since
i(O+)=-lO,
i=-lOe- 051,
which
c
Fig. 15-10
15.35
The initial current in the inductor L of the circuit of Fig. 15-11 with S open is 10 ,
is closed.
L
Fig. 15-11
Determine the current after S
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
I
By KVL we have
L(dildt) + Ri = 0,
15.36
i = 10
at
The quantity LlR in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.35 has the dimension of second (s) and is known as the time constant.
What is the time constant of a coil having R = 10 nand. L = 100 mH?
L
T
L
T
Hence,
= 10 ms
= - = 2 ms =
R
100 X 10- 3
10+ Rx
=2 x
10
-3
Rx=40n.
To what value will the current 10 through the inductor of Prob. 15.35 decay over a period of one time constant.
I
Substituting
its initial value.
t = T = LI R
i L(T)
in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.35 yields
= loe - 1 = 0.368/0 A
or 36.8 percent of
Sketch the decay of current through the inductor of Prob. 15.35.
I
15.40
100 x 10- 3
10
Determine the resistance of the resistor.
I
15.39
=R=
It is desired to decrease the time constant of the coil of Prob. 15.36 to 2 ms by connecting a resistor in series with
the coil.
15.38
(1)
t = O.
I
15.37
357
from which we obtain
iL = 10e-(RIL)t
since
0
The sketch is identical to that of Fig. 15-3, except that for Vo we substitute 10 ,
What is the time constant of the circuit shown in Fig. 15-12a?
I The given circuit may be reduced to that shown in Fig. IS-12b, for which we have
RIR2
R e-- R + R
1
2
Hence,
T
and
= Le/ Re s.
Fig. 15-12
15.41
The decay of current in a coil is recorded. It is found that
at t = 6 ms. Determine the time constant of the coil.
I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 3 15.35 we obtain for the given data:
t = 6 ms, 3.68 = loe -6Xl0- /T mA or
T
15.42
vL=L
= 10 mA
at
at
t = 2 ms,
t = 2 ms
and
iL
= 3.68 mA
At
(6 - 2) x 10- 3
= In 10 -In 3.68 = 4 ms
The current through a 50-mH inductor is given by
I
iL
i L = 5 - 2e -lOt A.
What is the voltage across the inductor?
d~:=(50XlO-3)(_2X_1O)e-lOt=e-l0[V
358 0 CHAPTER 15
15.43
i=
6e~tl".2
Wo = !Ll~
(~L.r~)e~(2Rlqt = Woe~(2R!L)t
is the initial stored energy.
Obtain an expression for the transfer of energy from the inductor to the resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-11.
I
WR(t)
= Wo -
WL
= W,,(1-
(from Prob. 15.44)
J
R = 4n
If the initial current is 4 A through the inductor, what is
Wo = !Ll~ = !(2)(4f = 161
r=LlR=2/4=0.5s
From Prob. 15.46,
0.8 = 16e~4t.
t = 0.7S ~,.
Thus
How does the flux linkage with the inductor of the coil of Prob. 15.43 vary with time?
I
15.49
-- l-I~Je -(2RiL)t
How long will it take the inductor of Prob. 15.46 to discharge to 0.8-1 stored energy?
I
15.48
= W"
e~(2RIL)t)
In the circuit of Fig. 15-11, L = 2 Hand
the energy stored at t = 0.25 s?
I
15.47
=0.2s
Determine the energy stored in the inductor of the ·;ircuit of Fig. 15-1l.
where
15.46
Determine the current transient.
= 6e~5t A.
W/,(t) = !L(i/Y =
15.45
0.4
R= T
I" = 2 + 2 = 6 A
Hence,
15.44
L
24
I
L = 0.4 H.
RI = R = 2 nand
In the circuit of Fig. 15-11, we have
Flux linkage
A == Li
or
In the circuit of Fig. 15-13, the switch is closed at
Find the voltage across the resistor.
I
I
= 0
Le
R
L =2+ (3)(6) =4H
10 = 10 A.
4
4
r=-=-=ls
3+6
e
when the 2-H induct or has a current
6H
Fig. 15·13
15.50
The power transient in an RL circuit of the type shown in Fig. 15-11 is given by
the initial current if R = 2 n.
L
2
10
L
2
= 72
J: e~10t dt = 7.2(1- e-
r=-=-=--
R
WR =
Maximum energy stored is
J: PR dt
7.2 = !Ll~ = HO.4)I~:.
or
Thus
L = O.4H
10 = 6 A.
101
)
1
PR = 72e~10[ W.
Determine
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.51
In the circuit of Fig. 15-11 we have R = 1 nand
10 A, determine the current after 3 s.
I
15.52
L = 1 n.
i(3) == lOe~3 "" 0.4978 A
or
At
(==
0+,
The switch is closed at
("" O.
we have, by KVL,
Le
Thus,
359
If the initial current through the inductor is
The 3-H inductor in the circuit of Fig. IS-14 carries a lO-A initial current.
Solve for i.
I
0
~ + Ri =0
where
i""Ae-(4/2)t=Ae~2t=lOe~2t
since
L ",,(3)(6)=2H
i=lOA at
R=4n
and
3+6
e
(=0.
Fig. 15-14
15.53
A 240-V dc generator supplies current to a parallel circuit consisting of a resistor and a coil as shown in Fig.
IS-ISa. The system is at steady state. Determine the current in the coil one second after the breaker is
tripped.
I
The new circuit is shown in Fig. IS-ISh, from which we have iL(O+)""iL(O~)= ~6Z =0.8A. By KVL
(600 + 300)i + 200dil d( = O. Thus, i = Ae ~45t. Since i(O+) = 0.8, A = 0.8 and i = 0.8e ~45t A. Hence,
at (= 1 s, i "" 0.8e~45(1) = 0.0089 A.
i
...----::;'\
ilL
200H
"R2
300n
600n
I;;' (0+)
(a)
Fig. 15·15
15.54
What is the voltage induced in the coil and the voltage across the coil 1 s after the breaker is tripped in the
circuit of Fig. IS-ISa?
I
By KVL, from Fig. IS-ISh,
or
At
(= 1 s,
i = 0.0089 A
from Prob. IS.S3.
Thus,
v L(1 s) = -0.0089(600 + 300) = -8.01 V
or
.
~.(2..
V coil
=
-V R1
= -0.0089(600) = -S.34 V
10 H
t
Fig. 15·16
360 0 CHAPTER 15
15.55
The circuit in Fig. lS-16 is at steady state.
t,=O
At
Determine i(O+) and i(O-).
the switch is opened.
I
15.56
Find the current in the 2-n resistor at
t = 0-
and at
t = 0+
in the circuit of Fig. lS-16.
I
15.57
What is the current through the inductor of the circuit of Fig. lS-16 at
I
=
1.S s?
By KVL,
10
Since
15.58
t
i =SA
at
t = 0,
A
~ + (3 + 2)i =
= Sand
i = Se-os,
i = Ae- O. 5 '
or
()
t = 1.S s,
At
i = Se- O. 5 (1.5) = 3.7S A.
Sketch i(t) for the circuit of Fig. lS-16 after the swtch has been opened.
I
See Fig. lS-17.
i, A
. . . . . . . . !. . . . . . . . .
'('- ................ !...............,
,
.............. ................ .
············· ..]············.····1·· .. ······· .. •···
4
2.
+.,.... _.......,....",
o
15.59
Fig. 15·17
In Fig. IS-1Sa, V = 100 V, RI = SO n, and the coil parameters are 100 Hand 200
opened. What is the coil current at t = 1.S s?
I
i(O-)
=
i(O+)
= ~gg = O.S A.
Since
i
= O.S
at
t = 0,
A
n.
At
t =0
the switch is
With the switch open, by KVL,
100
15.60
/0
2.
-itd' + (200 + SO)i =0
= O.S.
Thus,
i
=
i = Ae -25, A
or
O.5e -25, A.
At
t = 1.S s,
i
=
O.Se -(25)(1.5)
= 0.012 A.
Determine the time constant of the circuit of Fig. lS .. lSa and sketch i(t).
I
T
= LI R = 100/(200 + SO) = 0.4 s. For i(t) see Fig. lS-lSb .
.t
L, '"
Coil
..........:. ...............;...............1"..............
0.5'
6
i ~
.............!.................;.................!................
!
'l..5. ..."...... ···:·... ···.·.· ..···4·· .. ·•··••·· .. ···;··.. ·· ..·• .. •..··l.··· ............
. ··:.t'=:$t-~t-·2~ S
t,
Fig. 15·18
15.61
In Fig. lS-19a a field discharge resistor is connected in parallel with the motor field winding to discharge the
energy in the magnetic field when the switch is open.!d. This allows for a gradual discharge of the energy and
thus avoids damage to the switch and to the coil when the switch is opened. The energy stored in the magnetic
field is dissipated as heat energy in RD and in the resistance of the field windings. Assuming RD is 1000 n, the
generator is operating at 120 V, the parameters of the fIeld winding are 100 Hand 94 n, and the circuit current is
at steady state, determine (a) the current in the di5charge resistor at t = (0-), and (b) the current in the
discharge resistor at t = (0+).
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
0
361
i,v
'.,~~
..-
4----+~~~~~==~__~t, s
17:
Fig. 15-19
I The circuit at t=(O+)
iL(O-) = 1';40 = 1.28 A.
15.62
is shown in Fig. 15-19b.
iD(O-) = 1~=0.12A
In the circuit of Prob. 15.61, determine the field current 0.5 s after the switch is opened.
I
From Fig. 15-19b,
100
At t = 0,
5.39mA.
15.63
(a)
i = 1.28 A.
Thus,
di
dt + (94 + lOOO)i = 0
A = 1.28
and
or
i = Ae-1094t
i = 1.28e-1094t A.
At
What is the voltage across the field winding in the circuit of Prob. 15.61 at
t = 0.5 s,
i = 1.28e(-lO 94)(0 5) =
t = O+?
I
15.64
In the circuit of Prob. 15.61, determine the time elapsed for the voltage across the field winding to decay to 40 V.
I
At the instant the voltage across the field winding is 40 V, the voltage across Ra is 40 V, and
iD =
V
R=
But iD = 1.28e-10.94t, sothat 0.04=1.28e-10.94t.
15.65
40
1000 =0.04A
Hence, t=0.317s.
Sketch i(t) and Ufie1d(t) for the circuit of Fig. 15-19.
I
See Fig. 15-19c.
Fig. 15-20
362
15.66
0
CHAPTER 15
In the circuit of Fig. 15-20 a charged coil is discharged through a diode of negligible resistance by opening the
switch at t = O. Determine the coil current 0.2 s after the switch is opened.
I
i(O+)
= i(O-) =
~~g
= 0.714 A. By KVL,
200
Since i = 0.714 A
0.503 A.
15.67
15.68
at
t
= 0, A = 0.714. Thus,
What is voltage across the coil at
(a) t = (0-) and
I
(b)
(a)
v(O-)
= 250 V = Vbattery
v(O+)
or
i = Ae- L7S1 A
i'~ 0.714e- L7S1 A.
(b) t = (0+)
At
t = 0.2 s,
i = 0.714e(-175)(02) =
in the circuit of Fig. 15-20?
= vdiode = 0.714(0) = 0 V
What is the instantaneous power in the circuit of Prob. 15.66?
I
15.69
-itd' + 350i == 0
= i 2 R = (350)(0.714i(e 2 (-L75)1) = 178.43e- 351 W
p
How much energy is dissipated in the resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-20 in 0.2 s?
I
W = f.0.2 (i2 R) dt
= 178.43 (')2 e - 351 dt (from Prob. 15.68)
o
.'(1
= 25.661
15.70
In Fig. 15-21 the two paralleled field windings are protected by a common discharge resistor. The parameters
of winding 1 are 300 Hand 200 n, the parameters of winding 2 are 100 Hand 200 n, RD is 600 n, and the
generator voltage is 240 V. Determine (a) the steady-state current in each winding and in the resistor before
the switch is opened and (b) the voltage across each winding at t = (0 -).
I
(a)
iWl
(b)
VW1 (0-)
(0-)
= ~~ = 1.2 A
i W2 (0-)
= ~~ == 1 2 A
= VW2 (0-) = VRD(O-) = 240 V
Fig. 15-21
15.71
What are the voltages across the circuit elements in the circuit of Fig. 15-21 at
I
Because of the inductances the currents cannot change instantaneously.
iRD(O+)
t = O+?
Thus,
= 1.2 + 1.2 = 2.4 A
(the windings being in parallel).
15.72
Determine the value RD in the circuit of Prob. 15.70 to limit the voltage across the windings to 240 V when the
switch is opened.
I
Thus
15.73
or
240 = 2.4R;'
R;' = 240/2.4 = 100 n.
When the switch is closed, a current i flows in the circuit of Fig. 15-22 because of an initial charge on the
capacitor. Write the equation governing i and the form of the solution to the equation.
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
L
I
0 363
Fig. 15-22
By KVL,
di
1
Ldi+c
I.
or
Idt=O
which has the characteristic roots given by
vrc - - JW
_+_J_'_=+.
pp P2 - -
where
w
== 1/VLC. Hence the solution is of the form
(1)
15.74
Using Euler's identity, express Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.73 as a sum of sine and cosine functions.
I
Since,
e
jwI
= cos wt + j sin wt
and
i = At(cos wt + j sin wt)
e-
jwI
= cos wt - j sin wt,
Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.73 may be written as
+ A 2(cos wt - j sin wt) = (At + A 2) cos wt + j(A t - A 2) sin wt
= BI cos wt + B2 sin wt
15.75
(1)
Show that B t and B2 in Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.73 are real numbers and At and A2 are complex conjugates.
I Since i is real, the quantity on the right-hand side must be real. Thus B t = At + A 2 and B2 =
j(A t - A 2) must be real. Consequently, At = a + jb and A2 = a - jb must be complex conjugates.
15.76
If the initial voltage on the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 15-22 is Vo' determine the constants B t and B2 in Eq.
(1) of Prob. 15.73.
I
At
t = 0,
i = O. Thus, 0 = B t + B 2(0)
or
Bt
di
L-+V,=O
dt
0
Since Bt=O,
B2 = -(VolwL).
15.77
dildt=B 2wcoswt.
At
= O. At
t = 0+,
or
t=O+,
we have
-(VoIL)=B2W.
Hence,
Bt=O
and
Sketch the current for the circuit of Prob. 15.76.
I
From Prob. 15.76,
i = (VolwL) cos wt.
Hence, the sketch is as shown in Fig. 15-23.
i,A
\--_+-_-\--_-+__... wo(,
~
Fig. 15-23
15.78
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, L = 1.0 H, R = 6.0 n, and C = 0.2 F. The capacitor is initially charged to
24 V and the switch is closed at t = O. Determine i one second after the switch is closed.
I
By KVL (and after differentiation),
d 2i
dt 2
di
1.
+ 6 di + 0.2
I
=0
The characteristic roots of this equation are - 5 and -1. Thus, the solution is of the form i = Ate-SI +
A 2e- ' ; i(O+)=O yields A t +A 2 =0 and dildt+0+24=0 yields dildt=-24=-5A t -A 2. Hence,
A I =6 and A 2 =-6; i=6(e- sl -e- I). At t=ls, i=6(e- s -e- t )=-2.17A.
364
0
CHAPTER 15
,
t ,
A-
.. ,
-2
+
IT..
L
R
15.79
Fig. 15-25
Fig. 15·24
See Fig. 15-25.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-22, e = 2.55 /LF and
is closed at t = O. Calculate i at t = OA s.
,
From Prob. 15.74,
L =,
1
- vrc -- \1(200 x 10
i(O+)=i(O')=O
yields
B2 = -0.214,
- Vo
L
The capacitor is charged to 60 V
The switch
I
'=======;;= = 1400 rad I s
')(2.55 x 10 6)
= -3')0 ,= wB cos wt= wB
2
At
2
= 1400B 2
i = -0.214 sin (1400 x OA) = -0.153 A.
t = 0.4,
Determine vc(t) from the data of Prob. 15.80.
Vc
or
Vc
+ 0.2
~
('-0.214 sin 1400t) = 0
= -(0.2)(0.214)(1400) IX'S 1400t = -59.92 cos 1400t A
From the data of Prob. 15.81 determine the first zero crossing of the voltage across the inductor.
'vL=O
15.83
= -60
0.2
i = - 0.214 sin 1400t A.
,
15.82
mHo
B 1 =0.
t!!.
(0+) =
dt
Thus,
:~OO
i = B, cos wt + B2 sin wt.
w -
15.81
~.
Sketch the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-24.
,
15.80
-
when
cos1400t=0
or
1400t=7T/2.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-22, e = 100 /LF.
capacitor occurs at t = 10 ms.
,
Vc
= 0
when
cos wt = 0
or
Hence,
t=1.122ms.
Find L so that the first zero crossing of the voltage across the
wt = 7T/2.
For
t = 10 ms,
w = (7T/2)
X
10 2 = I/VLC,
from which
L = 0.405 H.
15.84
For the circuit of Fig. 15-24, write the equation governing the current i and obtain a general form of solution to
the equation.
,
By KVL,
1
di R'1+-L -+
dt
e
2
d i
dt 2
or
L -
di
tit
J.dt=O
1
1.
+ R '- + -
e 1= 0
(1)
The characteristic roots are
PI' Pz = and the form of the solution is
i = Al e P1 '
R :f V!(2RL)2
2/=
+ A 2eP" A.
Le
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.85
Write the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.84 when it has two distinct real roots.
between R, L, and C for this case.
I For distinct real roots, we must have (R!2L)2> 1ILe.
form of the solution becomes i = A] e -al + A 2 e -bl A.
15.86
(R!2L)2
Let -a and -b be the two real roots.
= 11 Le. The roots are
365
Obtain the relationship
What is the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.84 when it has two real but coincidental roots?
relationship between R, L, and C for this particular case?
I For the roots to be coincident we must have
If we write the solution as
D
p]
Then the
What is the
= P2 = -(RI2L) = -a.
we have only one unknown constant. For a second-order differential equation we must have two arbitrary
constants. Therefore, the correct form of solution is
15.87
Obtain the form of solution to Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.84 when it has a pair of complex conjugate roots.
relationship between R, L, and C for this case.
I
For a pair of complex conjugate roots we must have (RI2L)2<1ILe. Let the roots be
where 0'= R!2L and w = Y(RI2L)2 -11Le. Then, the solution becomes
Find the
-O'±jw,
(1)
15.88
Simplify Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.87 to obtain the solution in terms of sin wt and cos wt.
I Proceeding as in Prob. 15.74, using Euler's identity, we may write Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.87 as
i = e -al(B] cos wt + B2 sin wt)
15.89
Sketch the form of Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.88 for
B]
= 2, B3 = 3,
w
(1)
= 1, and 0'=0.0796.
I See Fig. 15-26.
Fig. 15-26
In Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.88, a is known as the damping coefficient and w is called the damped frequency of
oscillation.
15.90
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 14.28 mF, R = 45 n, and L = 5 H. The capacitor is charged to 50 V
The switch is closed at t = O. List all conditions on voltages and currents at t = 0- and at t = 0+.
I Because of inductance,
(1)
Because of capacitance,
VR(O+) = O. But
vc(0+)=vc(0-)=50V.
KVL
at
t=O+
implies
that
VL(O+)+Vc(O+)+
366
0
CHAPTER 15
di
v =LL
dt
and
We have
i(O + ) = O.
since
Consequently,
(2)
15.91
For the circuit of Prob. 15.90, obtain the general solution for the current i.
I Since the characteristic roots are -7, - 2,
(1)
15.92
Apply the initial conditions obtained in Prob. 15.90 to Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.91.
I
Hence evaluate AI and A 2 •
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.90 we have
or
From Eq. (2) of Prob. 15.90 and Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.91 we obtain
~ (0+)=' -10= -7A I
Solving for A 1 and A 2 yields
15.93
AI = 2
and
A2
i = 2(e- 7!
From Probs. 15.91 and 15.92 we have
-0.675 A.
15.94
t '= 0.5 s?
e- 2') A.
At
vL = L
t=0.5s,
vL
~
7
= (5)(2)(-7e- '
R = 10 n,
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 0.04 F,
switch is closed at t = O. Find i(t).
i=A 1e- s'+A 2te- s,.
~
i(O+)=O
requires that
~
= A 2(e- s, - 5te- s,)
At
t = 1 S,
VI.
i = 2(e(-7)(OS) _ e(-2)(OS» =
t = 0.5 s?
+ 2e- 2') V
and
A1=0.
L = 1 H.
The capacitor is charged to 20 V and the
PI = P2 = P = -5. The solution takes the form
Thus, i=A 2te- S "
(0+) =,-20 = A2
and
Determine the voltage across the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 15.95 at
v
15.97
t = 0.5 s,
(0.5)=1O(-7e- 3s +2e- I )=5.24V.
I The characteristic roots are, from Prob. 15.84,
15.96
At
What is the voltage across the inductor of the circUlt of Prob. 15.90 at
I
15.95
= - 2.
What is the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.90 at
I
-2A 2
L
i = -20te- S, A
t = 1 s.
=L~=-20(e-S'-5te-S')
dt
= -20(e- s - 5e- s ) = 0.54 V.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 76.92 mF, R = 4 n, and L = 1 H. The capacitor is charged to 100 V and
the switch is closed at t = O. Determine i for O.l:; after the switch is closed.
I In this case the roots are -2 ± j3 and the s·Jlution takes the form of i = e -2'(B I cos 3t + B2 sin 3t).
Since i(O+)=O, B1=0 and i=B 2e- z'sin3t. (aildt)(0+)=-100 requires that -100=B2(3) or B 2 =
-33.33. Thus, i=-33.33e- L 'sin3tA. At t=(I.ls, i=(-33.33)e- Z (01)sin[3(0.1)]=-8.06A.
15.98
Determine the damping ratio and the damped frequency of oscillation of the current in the circuit of Prob.
15.97.
I
Thus,
Damping ratio
f= 3/27T = 0.48 Hz.
Cl'
= --2
w = 27Tf = 3 rad/s
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.99
0
367
Sketch i(t) as obtained in Prob. 15.97.
I See Fig. 15-27.
1.78 - - - - - - - - - - -
0.25
0.50
0.75
- - -:::ao-_ _
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
Time,.
<
1
-14.4
15.100
Fig. 15-27
In this problem we present a technique of plotting i(t) for the circuit of Fig. 15-24. The procedure is as follows:
(a) Determine the period of the sinusoidal function (or portion) of the solution, mark off time scale
corresponding to time constants, and plot the sine wave. (b) Plot the exponential and its mirror image. (c)
circle all points on the curves of (b) that correspond to the positive and negative peak values, respectively, of
the sine wave. (d) Draw a smooth curve joining all the circled points. Using steps (a) through (d) plot
i = 6e- 05t sin 4.186t A.
I The procedure is illustrated in Fig.
IT
15-28a from which we obtain Fig. 15-28b.
2T
3T
4T
6T
5T
Periods
1.0
co
x
(
o~~~~~~~~~~~~__~~~____
~
8
2r
9
10
I
I
4r
5r
11
12 Seconds
Time. canatan ts
(a)
1.0
co
x
!
!.
0
~
Seconds
-1.0
(b)
15.101
Sketch the curve
i = 6e-
I See Fig. 15-29, where
05
Fig. 15-28
sin 3.142t A.
w=3.14
or
f=O.5Hz
and
r=2s.
368
0
CHAPTER 15
l.0 -
." ~\
o
'33
0. 3 3
0,4'
-I .~-
15.102
Sketch
f\
~
I'
~~
/V-
V \
/'
,("
I
--
~
/\
\
I
----~
~.
--=
\
)
,0
'f
,">e'"
V
J
,-I
i
r.
J
V J
Fig. 15·29
i = 10e- 251 sin (12.56t + 30°) A.
I See Fig. 15-30, where f = 12.56/27T = 2 Hz, T = 0.5 s, and
T
= 12.5 = 0.4 s.
/. O---k:-7......-!---+--~ ----.+0;0----+---+J
I
I
Fi~:.
15.103
Sketch
15-30
i = e -051(6 cos 11.06t - 1.63 sin 11.06t) A
I
First we express the quantity in parantheses as a pure sine function.
6 cos 11.06t - 1.63 sin 11.06t. Expanding and equating coefficients, we obtain
A =6.22
and
051
Thus, i = (6.22)esin (11.06t + 105.2°) A, for which
The plot is shown in Fig. 15-31.
£J =
Let
A sin (11.06t + £J
O
)
=
105.2°
w = 11.06 rad/s,
f= 1.76 Hz,
and
T
= 2 s.
I
I
I
1T
0.5 r
15.104
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 62.5 mF, Loo 2 H, and R = 12 n.
the switch is closed at t = O. Solve for the transient current.
I By KVL we have (after differentiating),
2
d i
. di
2 dt2 -/- U -;It
1
.
+ 0.0625 1=0
Fig. 15-31
The capacitor is charged to 100 V and
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
0 369
which has the characteristic roots PI = -4 and P2 = -2. The current is of the form i = A l e- 41 +
A 2e- 21 A. i(O+) = 0 yields AI + A2 = O. Proceeding as in Probs. 15.90 and 15.91, we obtain
t!!.(0+)=-50=-4A
-2A 2
dt
1
Solving for AI and A2 yields
15.105
A2 = -25.
and
What is the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.104 at
I At t = 0.5 s, i = 25(e15.106
AI = 25
4
e-
(OS) -
2
(OS»
t = 0.5 s?
= -5.81 A.
Determine the voltage across the capacitor of Prob. 15.104 at
I
At t
Vc =
1
C
J.dt
I
=
t = 1 s.
J(-41
-21) d
e - e
t
25
0.0625
=
25 (-21
-41)
0.25 2e
- e
=
25.23 V
= I sec., we have
vd1 s) = 100(2e- 2(1)
15.107
i = 25(e- 41 - e- 21 ) A.
Thus,
e- 4(1)
-
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, let L = 4 H, R = 40 n, and C = 0.01 F, which is initially charged to 600 V.
The switch is closed at t = O. What is the current 0.01 s after the switch is closed?
Proceeding as in Prob. 15.106, the characteristic equation is 4p2 + 40p + 1/0.01 = 0, which has a pair of
coincident roots, p = -5. The current has the form (see Prob. 15.86): i = Ale-sI + A 2te- sl. Since
i(O+) = 0, AI = 0 and i = A 2te- sl.
I
di
dt
Thus,
15.108
i = -150te -SI A.
At
t = 0.01 s,
+
(0 ) =
-
Vo
""4 =
-150 = A2
i = (-150)(0.01)e -S(OOI)
=
-1.43 A.
Determine the steady-state current and the steady-state charge on the capacitor in the circuit of Prob. 15.107.
I Since i = -150te- SI , i~O A as t~oo. Also, Q = CV= 0.01(0) = 0 C. Physically,
sions imply that the capacitor is completely discharged through the resistor as t~ 00.
15.109
these
conclu-
In the circuit of Fig. 15-32 the parameters of coil 1 and coil 2 are, respectively, 1.5 Hand 8 nand 0.5 Hand 4 n.
If C = is F and it is charged to 100 V, determine the current 0.2 s after the switch is closed.
I The characteristic equation is 2p2 + 12p + 18 = 0, which has two coincident roots at p = -3.
solution takes the form of i = A l e- 31 + A 2te- 31. Since i(O+) = 0, AI = 0 and i = A 2te- 31 .
di
+
100
.
dt (0 ) = - 2 = -50 = A2 (as In Prob. 15.107)
Thus,
i = -50te- 31 A.
At
t = 0.2 s,
C.d {
i = -50(0.2)e(-3)(0.2)
C
=
-5.49 A.
e.:J 2-
[:=J
i __ 0
15.110
What is the voltage across coil 2 in the circuit of Prob. 15.109 at
I
Vcoil2 = L2
~ + R2i = (0.5)(-50) ~
Fig. 15-32
t = 0.2 s?
(te- 31 ) - (4)(50)te- 31
= -25(1 - 3t)e- 31 - 200te- 31 = -e- 31 (25 + 125t) V
At
t = 0.2 S,
vcoi12 = _e(-3)(0.2)(25 + 125 x 0.2) = -27.44 V.
The
370
15.111
0
CHAPTER 15
Sketch the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.109.
I See Fig. 15-33.
i,A
t:s
I
2.
-2
-4
Fig. 15-33
15.112
Determine the time constant of the circuit shown in Fig. 15-24 for which R = 16 n, L = 2 H,
C = 0.0122 F. Note: It will be incorrect to take LI R or RC as the time constant of this circuit.
I We determine the time constant from the damping .;oefficient
we have
The corresponding characteristic roots are
15.87, and Cl' = 4 and T = ~ = 0.25 s.
15.113
p
Cl'
as follows.
and
By KVL, after differentiation,
= -4 ± ;5. Thus, the form of solution is similar to that of Prob.
Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit of Pr'Jb. 15.112, with
Vc
(0-)
=480 V.
I Since we have a pair of complex conjugate roots of the characteristic equation, the current is given by (as in
Prob. 15.88) i = e -41(A 1 cos 5t + A2 sin 5t). i(O') ,= 0 requires AI = 0 and i = A 2e -41 sin 5t.
di
dt
(0+) = -240 ~ A2[(I)(5)(I)
or
15.114
What is the voltage across the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 15.112 at
=L
vL
di
d
dt = 2 dt
(-48e-
41
VL
sin 5t) = -96e- 41 (-4 sin 5t + 5 cos 5t)
= -96e(-4)(05)[_4 sin (5)(1).5) + 5 cos (5)(0.5)] = 84.86 V
Determine the voltage across the capacitor of the circllit of Prob. 15.112 at
I
VII =
or at
Thus,
Vc
= (16)(-3.89) = -62.24 V
= 16(-48e- 41 sin 5t)
IJ L
= 84.86 V (from Prob. 15.114)
= -( -62.24 + 84.86) = -22.62 V.
What is the period of oscillation of the current in
I
16i
th.~
circuit of Prob. 15.112?
From Prob. 15.112,
w
Thus,
t = 0.5 s.
t = 0.5 s,
VR
15.117
t = 0.5 s?
t = 0.5 s,
At
15.116
i = -48e- 41 sin 5t A
and
I
15.115
+ 0]
= 5 = 27Tf
or
T= 27T/5 = 1.25 s.
Sketch the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.112.
I See Fig. 15-34 where
T
= 0.25 sand
T = 1.25 s.
f=
5
27T =
1
T
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
371
Fig. 15·34
15.118
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, R = 12 n,
damped frequency of oscillation.
I The characteristic equation is
Cl'
=6
and
T=
i
p2
L = 1.0 H,
+ 12p + 1/0.01 = 0, from which the roots are
Hence,
or
Thus
8
= 27T = 1.273 Hz
f
(0+) = -60 = A2(8)
or
i = -7.5e- 61 sin 8t A.
What is the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 15.118 at
I
1
Vc=c
J .dt= -7.5
0.01 J(e
I
VL = L
~
=
t = 0.2 s?
1'
]1 l~o2s=13.02V
sm8t ) d t=- 750
100 [e- 6
(-6sm8t-8cos8t)
-61'
Verify that the result of Prob. 15.120 may also be obtained from
I
~ (-7.5e-
= 14.0 V
at
61
= -(v L + V R)
Vc
at
t = 0.2 s.
sin 8t) = -7.5(-6e- 61 sin 8t + e- 61 8 cos 8t)
t = 0.2 S
v R = Ri= 12(-7.5e- 61 sin8t) = -27.12
Thus, v L +v R =14.04-27.12=-13.08V
Prob. 15.120.
15.122
p = -6 ± j8.
i = A 2 e- 61 sin 8t,
Proceeding as in Prob. 15.113,
~:
15.121
Determine its time constant and the
Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.118 if the capacitor is initially charged to 60 V.
I
15.120
C = 0.01 F.
=0.167s.
w = 8 = 27Tt
15.119
and
or
at
t=0.2s
VC=-(VL +v R )=13.08V,
which agrees with the result of
Sketch the current for the circuit of Prob. 15.119.
I See Fig. 15-35.
~,A
Fig. 15·35
15.123
Given: R = 1 n, L = 2 H, and C = 1 F, which is charged to 100 V in the circuit of Fig. 15-24.
mine the time constant and the frequency of damped oscillations.
I The characteristic equation is
T
2p2
1 = 4s
= 0.25
+ P + 1 = 0, which has the roots p = -0.25 ± jO.66. Thus,
w = 27Tt=0.66
or
f --
66
°2· 7T -- 0.105 Hz
Deter-
372
D
15.124
CHAPTER 15
What is the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.123 after one time constant?
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 15.119,
di
dt
Thus,
i
= -75.7e~025t
sin 0.66t A.
At
•
(0 ) =, O.66A2 = -50
t =4s=
or
A2 = -75.7
T,
i = _75.7e~(025)(4) sin (4)(0.66) = -13.24 A
15.125
Sketch the current for the circuit of Prob. 15.123.
I See Fig. 15-36.
Fig. 15-36
15.126
A circuit consisting of a voltage (or current) source has a source-free response and a forced response. The sum
of these components is the circuit response. Using this procedure, find the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-37 if
the switch is closed at t = O.
I Forced response,
.
l,= 10 =
V
R
Natural or source-free response (from Prob. 15.35).
i":::
-loe~(RIL)t
Complete response,
(1)
R
v
L
Fig. 15·37
15.127
Obtain the solution given by Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.126 by solving the equation that governs the current in the
circuit of Fig. 15-37.
I The governing equation is
di R' V
1'-;It
+ l=
which may be solved by separating the variables as
11 ~ Ri di =
By integration we obtain
dt
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
~
In (V R
-
Ri) = t + A
0
373
(1)
Using the initial condition to evaluate the constant of integration,
A =-
L
R InV
(2)
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) and simplifying the resulting expression yields
._ R
V (1 -e -RIlL)
1-
15.128
Sketch the current through and the voltage across the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 15.126.
I
. = 1. = R
V (1
IL
-e
-RIIL)A
v = L
L
~
dt
= Ve- RtIL V
These are plotted in Fig. 15-38.
VIR
_
15.129
--VL
Fig. 15-38
Repeat Prob. 15.126 for vc, the voltage across the circuit of Fig. 15-39.
I
Forced response,
Natural or source-free response,
Vn
=-
Ve- tIRC
(from Prob. 15.3)
(1)
Vc = vf + vn = V(l - e -tIRC)
Complete response,
R
+
V
Vc
c
Fig. 15-39
15.130
Obtain Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.129 by using KVL.
I For t > 0, KVL gives
Ri
which (since
+~
f
i dt = V
i = dqldt) may also be written as
dq
1
R-+-q=V
dt
C
·
b ecomes q = qn + qf = Qoe -tIRC + CV, where, from the initial condition,
Tb e so IutlOn
q = CV(l - e- IIRC ) and Vc = qlC = V(l - e- tIRC ).
Qo = - CV. Thus
374 D CHAPTER 15
15.131
Sketch the current through and the voltage across ':he capacitor of Prob. 15.130.
I
ic =
~; = ~ [CII(l Vc
e-
IIRC
VC-·- e-
=,
IIRC
~ e-
=
)]
IIRC
A
V
)
These are shown in Fig. 15-40.
Vc
-- -.,.,- -=----.-
v
_
Vc
-j
15.132
In the circuit of Fig. 15-37, R = 0.0410, L = 0.17 H,
to reach 2000 A if the switch is closed at (= O.
I
Solving for (yields
e-024121)
(= 0.1 s,
i = 1.5(1 -
2000 = 6098(1 -
or
e-024121)
L= 10 H,
V = 12 V.
and
Find i at
(= 0.1 s.
e
'H" Ill) = 1.5(1 -
e-
081
)
A
= 0.115 A.
e(-08)(01»
From Prob. 15.128,
V
L
Thus,
=Lt!!.=Ve- RI1L
5=
or
d(
12e-81110
8(
or
- 10
v
L
5
=
In 12
( = 1.094 s.
What is the voltage across the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 15.133 at
I
O 81
=12e- . .
At
(=O.ls,
v
L
(=
0.1 s?
=12e(-08)lo·II=11.08V.
A coil having L = 150 Hand R = 2000 is connected in series with a 100-0 resistor.
connected to the circuit at (= O. Determine the voltage across the coil at (= 0.5 s.
I
At
A 240-V dc source is
Proceeding as in Prob. 15.126,
i=
(= 0.5 s,
i = 0.8(1 -
e(-2)(05»
1002~0200
(1 _.
= 0.506 A.
Ri = 100(0.506) = 50.6 V
15.137
Determine the time for the current
Determine the time in the circuit of Prob. 15.133 when the voltage across the inductor is 5 V.
I
15.136
V= 250 V.
From Prob. 15.126, with the given values,
At
15.135
A
R = 8 0,
i = ¥(1 -
15.134
and
( = 1.65 s.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-37 we have
I
Fig. 15-40
r
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.126,
i = 6098(1 -
15.133
~
e
300t1150) =
0.8(1 -
e-
2t
)
A
Thus,
li,o;1
= 240 - Ri = 240 - 50.6 = 189.4 V
In the circuit of Fig. 15-41, the coil has a 10-0 resistance and a 6-H inductance.
the switch is opened at (= 0, determine i.
If
R
=
140,
V = 24 V,
and
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
~-----~~ V~-------~
D
375
Fig. 15-41
I Forced response,
.
24
= 10 + 14 =
If
1A
Natural or source-free response,
i = 1 + Ae- 41
i=1+1.4e- 41 A.
or
i(0+)=~=2.4A
15.138
yields
Thus,
Determine the voltage across the coil of the circuit of Prob. 15.137 at (= 0.1 s.
I From Prob. 15.137, i=1+1.4e- 41 A. At (=O.ls, i=1+1.4e(-4j(0.1)=1.94A.
VR
15.139
A=2.4-1=1.4.
= 14(1.94) = 27.16 V
and
Calculate the current i2 in the circuit of Fig. 15-42 at
V
L
= 24 - v R
=
Thus,
-3.16 V
(= 0.3 s.
I Notice that the 12-0 resistor has no effect on the current i 2 • Therefore, by inspection (or from Prob.
15.126),
i2 = ¥(1 - e- 41/8 ) = 6(1 - e- 051 ) A.
At
(= 0.3 s, i2 == 6(1- e(-05)(03») == 0.836 A.
4,{1-
~
8H
Fig. 15-42
15.140
Determine the steady-state power supplied by the source of the circuit of Fig. 15-42.
I
15.141
P = VI = 24(11
+ 12 ) = 24( t1 + ¥) = 24(2 + 6) = 192 W
In the circuit of Fig. 15-42, when the system reaches steady state, the switch is opened.
through the inductor.
I
Under steady state,
L
T
15.142
15.143
=
8
R = 4 + 12
How much energy is stored in the coil of the circuit of Problem 15.141 at
I
Solve for the current
At
(= 0.3 s,
i L = 6e(-2j(03) = 3.29 A
= 0.5 s
t = 0.3 s?
WL = i L(i L)2 = -!(8)(3.29)2 = 43.3 J.
and
The circuit of Fig. 15-43 is under steady state with the switch at position 1.
position 2. Find i.
At
I The current is of the form i = A + Be - RII L. Since
i(oo) = M!
i(O-) = i(O+) =
Thus
i = 0.25
+ e -20001 A.
=
~
0.25 A
= 1.25
A =0.25
B = i(O+) - A = 1
(= 0,
the switch is moved to
376
0
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 15-43
15.144
The switch in the circuit of Fig. 15-44 is moved from l to 2 at
I
t = O.
Vc<oo)
=
Find
VC'
-50V
1
RC =200
and
Applying the above conditions to
Thus,
Vc
Vc
yields
A = ve(oo) = -50
200t
= -50 + 150eV.
Fig. 15-44
15.145
t> 0
Determine the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-44 fO!
.
I
1=
By KVL,
v R +v e +50=0.
v~
7?
=C
from the results of Prob. 15.144.
dv c
dt
Thus,
v R = -150e- 200t V
and
i = - s'~e-200t = _0.03e- 200t A
C dV e = (1O-6)(150)(-200)e-200t
dt
Otherwise,
-0 03e- 200t A
.
=
as expected.
15.146
Obtain the energy
Wc
and w R in the circuit of Prob. 15.144.
w = It (V R)2 dt = 11.25(1 - e- 400t ) mJ
I
15.147
In the circuit of Fig. 15-39,
I
R=600n,
15.148
t=O.ls,
Find
Vc
at
t=O.ls.
ve=12(1-e-ollo24)=4.09Y.
i
I
15.149
V=12Y.
V(l - e- tIRe ) = ]2(1 - e- tl (600)(400)(lO-6» V
Determine the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.147 at
At
and
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.129,
Vc =
At
C=400/LF.
R
0
R
c
t=O.ls,
t=O.l s.
= C dV e = ~~ e -tiRe = ~e-tI024 A
dt
R
ic = 0.02e-Ol1024 = 0.0132 A = 13.2mA.
For the circuit of Fig. 14-45 determine the current through and the voltage across the capacitor at
at t=O-.
t = 0+
and
I
At t=O+, vR+vc=24.
6
24/(2)(10 ) = 12 /LA.
Since
vR(O+)=Ri(CI")
and
vC<O+)=O,
we obtain
i(O+)=iC<O+)=
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
377
Fig. 15-45
15.150
Obtain the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.149 at
I
In general (see Prob. 15.148),
ic = (VIR)e-
15.151
(=
70 s,
(= 70 s.
Since
.
RC = 2
X
6
10 x 35
X
10- 6 = 70,
R=2MD
V=24
or at
tlRC
ic = 12 x 1O-6e - l = 4.415 /-LA.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-39, R = 1 MD, C = 20 /-LF, and
-20 V, with the polarities as shown. Determine ic and Vc at
V= 50 V.
(=
The capacitor is initially charged to
and at (= 0+.
0-
I
since the switch is open.
At
(= 0+,
idO+)R
15.152
+ Vc
=
or
V
Calculate the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-39 at
(= 0.5 s.
I
T =
tI20
Thus, i=Ae- . At (=Os, i=ic(0+)=70/-LA
( = 0.5 s,
i = 70e -05/20 = 68.27 /-LA.
15.153
that
A=70xlO-
6
and
i=70e-
tI20
Q= CVc
Thus,
Q = 20 X 10-
6
X
Vc
=
At
50Y
50 = 1 mC.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-46 determine the current through the inductor and the voltage across the capacitor at
(= 0- and at (= 0+.
I
~:
o.sF
'~,;:. (~~
/8v
' - - -_ _L..-_
+ 15.155
/-LA.
How much charge is accumulated on the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 15-39 when the circuit has reached
steady state.
I
15.154
so
RC=20s
Fig. 15-46
Find ic when the switch has been closed in the circuit of Fig. 15-46, at
I
In this case, we have a source-free RC circuit for which
ic = Ae-
( = 0.5 s.
tIRC
= Ae-tll.S.
or
Thus
A = -6
and
ic = _6e- tl l.S.
At
(= 0.5 s,
ic = _6e- o.sl l.S = -4.3 A.
At
(= 0+,
378
D
15.156
CHAPTER 15
Find iL when the switch has been closed in the circuit of Fig. 15-46, at
t = 0.5 s.
I
In this case we have an RL circuit excited by aL l8-V source. Thus,
. -' +.In -- '"
18 + A -61/5 A
IL - If
e
611S
At t = 0, iL = 0 so that A = - ~ = -3 or i = 3 - 3eA. At t = 0.5 s, i
15.157
At
t
=
0 the switch in Fig. 15-47 is moving from position 1 to 2.
=
3(1 - e-(6)(05)IS)
With switch at position 1, the capacitor is charged to the battery voltage, 20 V.
10 3 )(500 x 10- 6 ) = 250 s,
.
1.35 A.
Solve for i.
I
le
=
dUe = (500 x 10 -6)[21)(_ 2s10)e-1/250j = -40e-1/250
= C Tt
Since
RC = (500 x
II.A
,-
2
+
250 k!1
20 V
Fig. 15-47
15.158
Determine the voltage across each resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-47, at
I
15.159
The two voltages are equal and
lO-oe- 1250 = -9.96 V.
VR
= Ri = Ric = -·250 x 10'3 x 40 x 1O-6e-,/2so. At t = 1 s,
In the circuit of Fig. 15-48, the switch is moved from 1 to 2 at
I
t = 1 s.
t = O.
VR
=-250 X 10 3 x 40 x
Determine i.
. _.If +.In -- R
V+! oe -R"L -__ 40+(20 40) -2110.5-20
2"
5-2 e
- 16e 4 'A
I -
0.5 H
20 V
)WV
Fig. 15-48
15.160
How much energy is dissipated in the 2-0 resistor of Prob. 15.159 in 0.25 s?
I
15.161
WR
=
'
J.025
41
J.° (i2 R )dt=2 " (20+4e- )2dto:254Ws
The switch in the RL circuit shown in Fig. 15-49 is moved from position 1 to position 2 at
and U L with polarities as indicated.
t = O.
Obtain
UR
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
379
2
2A
t
Fig. 15-49
I The constant-current source drives a current through the inductance in the same direction as that of the
transient current i.
Then, for
t > 0,
VR = Ri = 200e- 251 V
15.162
For the transient of Prob. 15.161 obtain PR and PLO
I
PR = vRi =400e- 501 W
PL = vLi = -400e-
501
W
Negative power for the inductance is consistent with the fact that energy is leaving the element, and, since this
energy is being transferred to the resistance, PR is positive.
15.163
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. 15-50 is closed at t = 0, at which moment the capacitor has charge
Qo = 500 ,."C, with the polarity indicated. Obtain i and q, for t > 0, and sketch the graph of q.
I The initial charge has a corresponding voltage Vo = QolC = 25 V, whence ve(O+) = -25 V. The sign is
negative because the capacitor voltage, in agreement with the positive direction of the current, would be + on
the top plate. Also vc<oo) = +50V and r = 0.02s. Thus, Vc = -75e- 50t + 50V from which
1 = CVe = -1500e- 501 + 1000,."C
i = dq = 75e- 501 mA
dt
~
20V
sooo
+
O.S J'F
Fig. 15-51
Fig. 15-50
15.164
The switch in the circuit of Fig. 15-51 is closed on position 1 at
constant, at t = r = 250 ,."s. Obtain the current for t> O.
t
=
0 and then moved to 2 after one time
I
It is simplest first to find the charge on the capacitor, since it is known to be continuous (at t = 0 and
t = r), and then to differentiate it to obtain the current. For 0 $ t $ r, q must have the form
q = Ae- 'iT + B. From the assumption q(O) = 0 and the condition
at
i( 0 + ) = dq I = 20 V = 40 mA
dt 0+ 500n
we find that
A = -B = -10 ,."C,
or
q
=
10(1- e-40001) ,."C
From Eq. (1), q(r) = 10(1 - eO!) ,."C;
determined for t ~ r as
and we know that
(0$ t $ r)
q(oo)
=
(0.5 ,."F)(-40 V) = -20,."C.
q = [q(r) - q(oo)]e-(I-T)iT + q(oo) = 71.55e-40001 - 20,."C
Differentiating Eqs. (1) and (2),
. dq
1= dt
{
=
40e - 40001 mA
-286.2e-40001 mA
(O<t<r)
(t> r)
(1)
Hence, q is
(2)
380
0
CHAPTER 15
son
2
100
100 V
200
--
n
+
6A
.!QH
6
0.1 H
5H
Fig. 15·52
15.165
n
Fig. 15·53
A series RL circuit has a constant voltage V appli,~d at
(=
O.
At what time does
vR
=
V L?
I
The current in an RL circuit is a continuous £t,nction, starting at zero in this case, and reaching the final
value VIR. Thus, for ( > 0,
._ R
V (1
1-
where
when
T =
LIR
-
e -liT)
and
is the time constant of the circuit.
vR + vL
Since
=
V,
the two voltages will be equal
(
- =
In2
T
that is, when
15.166
( = 0.693T.
A constant voltage is applied to a series RL circuit at
3.46ms and 5V at 25ms. Obtain R if L=2H.
I
(=
O.
The voltage across the inductance is 20 V at
Using the result of Prob. 15.128, we have
T
15.167
Note that this time is illdependent of V.
= In
(2 - (I
-In v 2
VI
_
-
In Fig. 15-52 switch SI is closed at
25 - 3.46 _
,
In 20 -In 5 - 15 ..04 ms
(=
L
R= - =
T
Switch:\2 is opened at
O.
2
15.54 x 10
(=
4 ms.
1
= 128.7 !1
Obtain i for
(>
O.
I
As there is always inductance in the circuit, the ,;urrent is a continuous function at all times. In the interval
with the 100!1 shorted out and a time constant T = (0.1 H)/(50!1) = 2 ms, i starts at zero and
builds toward 100 V/50!1 = 2 A, even though it n,~ver gets close to that value. Hence,
o~ (~4 ms,
i=2(1-e-'I~)A
(0~(~4)
(1)
wherein ( is measured in ms. In particular, i( 4) .~ 2( 1 - e - 2) = 1.729 A. In the interval ( ?' 4 ms, i starts
at 1.729 A and decays toward 1001150 = 0.667 A, with a time constant 0.11150 = ~ ms. Therefore, with (
again in ms,
i = (1.729 - 0.667)e
15.168
-(1-4)1(213)
+ 0.667 =
«( ?' 4)
428.4e- 3t!2 + 0.667 A
In the circuit shown in Fig. 15-53, the switch is moved to position 2 at
34.7 ms.
(=
O.
(2)
Obtain the current i z at
(=
I
After the switching, the three inductances have the equivalent
Leq
Then
T
= 5/200 = 25 ms,
i=6e-
15.169
tl25
~, !~ + 5(10) = 5 H
15
6
and so, with ( in ms,
A
i z (34.7) = 2e-347125 = 0.50 A
and
In the circuit of Fig. 15-54, with il and i2 as shown. obtain a differential equation for i l .
I
By KVL,
.
RIll
•
RIll
Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to (,
di l
•
+ LI -Ft + RIl2 = V
•
~2
+ (RI + R 2 )12 + L2 di = V
(1)
(2)
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
381
R,
~
+
V-=-
L,
i2
Fig. 15-54
(3)
and then eliminate i2 and di 21dt between Eqs. (1), (2), and (3). The result is a second-order equation for il:
2
d il
RILl + R2LI + RIL2 di l
R IR 2 .
R 2V
-+
-+--1
(4)
dt 2
LIL2
dt
LIL2 I
LIL2
15.170
Obtain the characteristic equation for Eq. (4) of Prob. 15.169 and write the initial conditions.
I
The characteristic equation is
The initial conditions are
15.171
In the circuit of Fig. 15-55, determine
UC'
I
As far as the natural response of the circuit is concerned, the two resistors are in parallel; hence,
r=R eq C=(511)(2ILF)= 10 ILS. By continuity, uC<O+)=uC<O-)=O. Furthermore, as t~oo, the
capacitor becomes an open circuit, leaving 2011 in series with the 50 V. That is,
i(oo) = ~ = 2.5 A
uc<oo)
Knowing the end conditions on Uc> we can write
wherein t is measured in ILS.
IOn
= (2.5 A)(lO 11) = 25 V
ue =[uC<0+)-uC<oo)]e- tl7 + uc<oo)=25(I-e- 'll o)V,
+
2 p.F
Fig. 15-55
15.172
Solve for i in the circuit of Prob. 15.171.
I
The current in the capacitor is given by
i
e
= C dUe =5e- lllo A
dt
and the current in the parallel 10-11 resistor is
2.5(1 + e- 1120 ) A.
15.173
ilOo=ue/1011=2.5(1-e-lllo)A.
The switch in the two-mesh circuit shown in Fig. 15-56 is closed at
t>O.
t = O.
Hence,
i=ie+ilOo=
Obtain the currents i l and i 2 • for
382
0
CHAPTER 15
so
100 V
1).01 H
Fig. 15·56
I
(1)
IOU 1 + i2) + 5i 2 = 100
From Eq. (2),
i2 = (100-lOi 1 )115.
Substituting
In
(2)
Eq. (1),
di
d/ + KI3il = 3333
(3)
The steady-state solution (particular solution) of Eq (3) is i 1 (00) = 3333/833 = 4.0 A; hence i 1 = Ae -8331 +
4.0A. The initial condition i1(0+)=0 now gives A=-4.0A, so that il=4.0(1-e-8331)A and
i2 = 4.0 + 2.67e- 8331 A.
15.174
Set up a differential equation with initial conditions lor i in the circuit shown in Fig. 15-57, where the sources V
and i are simultaneously turned on at t = O. At t = 0-, the capacitor is uncharged and the inductor is
unenergized.
I
For
t> 0,
KCL at node a yields
.
1-
dUe
C --- + i= 0
(1)
.it
and KVL around the left mesh yields
. + U - V= 0
L d
dt +iRI
c
(2)
Now eliminate dUcldt between Eqs. (1) and the derivative of (2) to obtain
d 2i
L dt2 + R
di
i
1.
,it + c I = - C
The capacitor voltage and inductor current must be continuous at
be imposed on Eq. (3) read
i(O) = 0
L
~I
dt
L
R
0
(3)
t = O.
Therefore, the initial conditions to
(4)
=V
a
+
v
c
+
Vc
1
Fig. 15·57
15.175
In the circuit of Fig. 15-58, switch S represents a current-operated relay, the contacts of which close when
and open when iL = 0.25 A. Determine the time period for one cycle of the relay operation.
iL = 0.9 A
I Let us measure time from a moment at which the switch opens.
0.25 A, with time constant
L
R=
1111
1
70::;: 30 = 11 00 s
Then the inductor current builds up from
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
n
30
70
0 383
n
+
100 V
Fig. 15-58
toward a final value of 100/(70 + 30) = 1 A. That is, iL(t) = 1 - 0.75e-II00' A. This current reaches 0.9 A
when l100t l = In 7.5, or tl = 1.83 ms. At this instant, S closes, producing a two-mesh circuit with mesh
currents i 1 and i2 = i L' KVL gives
or, eliminating i 1,
(1)
The solution of Eq. (1) that satisfies the initial condition i 2 (t1)=0.9A is i2(t) = iL(t) =0.125 +
0.775e- 800('-'ll. This current decays to 0.25 A when 800(t 2 -t l )=ln6.2 or t 2 -t l =2.28ms. Hencethe
relay period is t2 = tl + 2.28 = 1.83 + 2.28 = 4.11 ms.
15.176
Assuming that Thevenin's and Norton's theorems are applicable to circuits containing inductances andlor
capacitances, represent (a) a capacitance C, with an initial charge Qo' by a Thevenin equivalent circuit and
(b) an inductance L, with an initial current 10 , by a Norton equivalent circuit.
I (a) The open-circuit voltage across the capacitor of Fig. 15-59a is Vu = Qol C. Hence we obtain the
Thevenin equivalent circuit of Fig. 15-59b, where the capacitor is uncharged. (b) The required circuit is shown
in Fig. 15-60b, where the initial current through L is zero.
L
er
L
10
L
Vo
-
b
(b)
(b)
(a)
Fig. 15-60
Fig. 15-59
The switch of the circuit of Fig. 15-61a has been closed for a long time.
voltage across the 200-D resistor.
1000
n
b
b
b
(a)
15.177
a
a
10
a
a
It is opened at
t = O.
Determine the
lOO p.F
\,--....---:-1
f-_----.
Vo
BOO 0
sov
200 0
200 0
BOO 0
(b)
(a)
Fig. 15-61
384
D
CHAPTE R 15
I
Before S was opened, the network was under stead~{ state and the capacitance was charged to a voltage V;,.
This voltage is the same as the voltage across the 800·n resistance; thus, by voltage division, V;, = lRH%(180) =
80 V. In view of Prob. 15.176a the circuit for t > (I may be represented as in Fig. 15-59b. We have
I
800i + 200i + - - - - - -6
100 X 10The solution is
16e-- 10t V.
IS.178
i=
8(1
-r/(
It)()(I)( IOOx)O
TIf<j(j e
h)
A.
ft i dt = 80
()
•
and the voltage across the 200-n resIstor becomes
The switch in the circuit of Fig. 15-62a is opened at
Find the voltage across the 6-n resistor.
0;
1==
U
== 200i
=
prior to this the network was under steady state.
._
36 (6/9)
1[(0 ) = 10;(31(-6-'-)-';'-(3-+-6-) == 2 A
I
Applying Prob. 15.176b, we obtain the circuit of Fig. l~i-52b, for which
I!
I
2 == -_- -t _-I}
The solution to Eq. (1) IS
S(IRe 00') = 12e - 0", v.
U
= 18e- 90 , V.
').1
ft U dt
(1)
0
Hence the voltage across the 6-n resistance becomes
Uw =
IOD
3D
nO
I,!)
0.1 H
0.1 H
(b)
(a)
Fig. IS-62
IS.179
In the circuit of Fig. 15-63, the switch is moved from position I to position 2 at
I
Thus
IS.180
R
i = 2e -25t A
and
UR
=
Ri == 200e-
2St
=
100 n
t = O.
Find uR •
L=4H
V.
Determine the initial energy stored in the induct or rf the circuit of Fig. 15-63. Next, calculate the energy
stored at t == 0.1 s and. hence. find the energy dissipated in the resistor in 0.1 s.
I
At
t=O.ls,
i = 2e
-2St
== 2e- 25xO.l == 0.164 A
WR
w[(O.I)= !(4)(0.164)2=0.054J
= R -- 0.054 = 7.946 J
2
/~
100
n
2A
4 1-1
Fig. IS-63
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.181
0
385
Verify that the result of Prob. 15.180 is correct by solving the problem by direct integration.
OI
I
WR=fl i 2Rdt=100
(2e- 251 )2dt
L
=~~ (e-501)~1 =7.946J
:=
which agrees with the result of Prob. 15.180.
15.182
In the circuit of Prob. 15.164 determine (a) the charge at t = 0.1 ms; (b) the instantaneous energy stored in
the capacitor; (c) the power dissipated in the resistor; (d) the power in the resistor; and (e) the voltage across
the resistor at t = 0.1 ms.
I
(a) Since
T
= RC
= (500)(0.5 x 10- 6 ) = 0.25 ms,
q = 10 (I
At
Eq. (I) of Prob. 15.164 holds.
_e- 40OOt ) iJ.
Thus,
C
t = 0.1 ms
q:= 10
(I_e-4000XOI x
10') = 3.3 iJ. C
(b)
O~t~T
T~t
O~t~ T
(c)
T~t
(d) At
t = 0.1 ms
we use the first expression of part (c), since
T = 0.25 ms.
Thus, PR at
becomes
PR = 0.8e-ROOO(0.IXIO-3) = 0.36 W
3
v R (O.l) = (40e -4000xO I x 10- )(500) X 10- 3 = 13.4 V
(e)
15.183
Sketch the current for the circuit of Prob. 15.164.
I
See Fig. 15-64.
i. mA
40
14.7
0r---~~~------~~~
I
=250JLs
T
__
I
I
I
I
I
-105.3
Fig. 15-64
15.184
Determine the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 15.164 for
I
Since
Vc
= qlC,
from Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.164 we have
Vc =
20(1 -
e-40001)
V
Similarly, from Eq. (2) of Prob. 15.164 we obtain,
Vc
=
143.1e-4000t -
40 V
(T~t<OO)
0 < t < 00.
t = 0.1 ms
386
15.185
0
CHAPTER 15
In the circuit of Prob. 15.163, determine the instant when the charge on the capacitor changes its polarity.
Sketch q(t).
I
From Prob. 15.163, q(t) = 1000 -1500e- /Le For polarity reversal q(t) must go through zero; that is, t
is given by 0= 1000-1500e- 50t or t=8.11 ms. The sketch q(t) is shown in Fig. 15-65.
50t
q. J.LC
1000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ol--~'-------
I.
ms
-500
Fig. 15-65
15.186
In the RLe circuit of Fig. 15-66, V is a dc source.
charge on the capacitor is zero.
I
Write a formal expression for the current
The voltage equation is
di
L dt
+ RI
1
-- -
e
it.
I
dt
=
j
if the initial
V
0
or, differentiating with respect to time,
d 2j
di
1
L-+R-+-i=O
dt 2
dt
e
Since Eq. (1) is homogeneous,
if = 0
(1)
and
(2)
where PI and P2 are the characteristic roots of Eq. (l):
Pl=-2:
P2 = -
+V~~~r-Ic==-a+f3
2: -R21 r-
LIe
== - a - f3
(3)
v
Fig. 15-66
15.187
State the initial conditions to evaluate the constants of integration in Eq. (2) of Prob. 15.186. Define
Wo == I/YrC,
the resonance frequency, and express the characteristic roots of Eq. (3) of Prob. 15.186 in terms
of a and WO" Comment on the significance of a.
I
The initial conditions are
alld
Since
a =
R /2L
and
Wo =
1v'IC,
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
ppp2=-a±Va2-w~
D
387
(1)
Because a in Eq. (1) is a positive real number, the transient current decays in magnitude like an exponential
function, and a is called the damping coefficient (see also Prob. 15.89).
15.188
Notice from Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.187 that pp P2 may be real and distinct, real and coincident, or a pair of
complex conjugate roots. Write the forms of solutions for these three cases.
I
Case 1:
a>
WO'
Here, f3 is real and positive, and
f3 < a. The solution takes the form
(1)
In this case the circuit is said to be overdamped.
i.e., the sum of two decaying exponentials.
Case 2:
a = wo'
f3~0,
It can be shown that as
i
Case 3: a < WO' Now f3 is a pure imaginary,
or, equivalently,
i
=
Eq. (1) goes over into
al
(AI + A 2 t)e-
(2)
f3 = jlf3l, and Eq. (2) becomes
i
= e-al(Aleill3ll + A2e-ill3ll)
= Ae- al sin (1f3lt + "')
(3)
As given by Eq. (3) the response is a damped sine wave of frequency 1f31 (rad/s); the circuit is underdamped.
15.189
Sketch the forms of solutions given by Eqs. (1) through (3) of Prob. 15.188.
I
See Fig. 15-67.
underdamped
Fig. 15-67
15.190
In the circuit of Fig. 15-66, V=O, R=200n, L=O.lH, C=13.33ILF, and uC<0-)=200V. Determine the resonance frequency, damping coefficient, and the damped frequency of oscillation, f3, in rad/s.
1
I
Thus,
1'0
J(
=
=
1O~~
f3
15.191
vTC =
Wo
= Va
137.85 Hz
=
2
1
YO.1 x 13.33 x 10
-
V
6
=
1
R = 2 200
a = 2i
x 0.1 = 1000s
w~ = V(10"? - (7.5 x 10 5 ) = 500S-1
For the circuit of Prob. 15.190, solve for i if the switch is closed at
I
Noting that
a 2 > w~,
we have, for
4
75 x 10 = 21Th)
t>0
t = O.
(with numerical values taken from Prob. 15.190),
(1)
With inductance in the circuit, i(O+) = i(O-) = 0, which is one condition for establishing the values of the
constants Al and A 2 • The other condition is provided by the continuity of the capacitor charge, and hence of
the capacitor voltage, at t = O. Thus, at t = 0+, KVL reads:
388
0
CHAPTER 15
di
(O)R + L dt
I
+
(l"
Le
I
-di
or
(0) = 0
.=
o'
dt
-2000 A/s
Applying these two conditions to Eq. (1) and its time cerivative, 0 = A I + A 2 and - 2000 = - 500A I
fromwhich A I =-2A, A 2 =2A, and i= __ 2e5001+2e-1500'A.
15.192
Repeat Prob. 15.191 for
C= 10 ILF,
I
and the initial conditions are
In this case
Wo
=
a,
dt
These determine the unknown constants as
Repeat Prob. 15.191 for
C = 1 ILF,
I
As before,
In this case
a <
WO.
1500A 2'
other data remaining unchanged.
d·1
...!.
15.193
-
A
,= -
=
1000 S-I
-2000 A;
hence,
a
2000 A Is
0'
I
=
C,
A2
=
i = -2000te -1000, A.
other data remaining unchanged.
d·1
...!.
dt
o·
a = 1000s- 1
-2000A/s
=
but now I:l = v'10 6 - 10 7 = j3000 rad I s. Then i = e -I000jt 3 sin (3000t + <t». The constants are obtained
from the initial conditions as <t> = 0, A3 = -0.667 A; hence, i = -0.667e -1000, sin 3000t A.
15.194
An inductance L, a capacitance C, and a resistance R are all connected in parallel. If the initial current
through the inductance is 10 and the initial charge: on the capacitance is Qo, determine the natural behavior of
the circuit in terms of the common voltage u(t) across the elements.
I
For
t > 0,
KCL gives
u [I ('.
]
R
+ L Jo v(uldu + 10 + C
du
dt = 0
or, taking the time derivative,
d2u
I du
1
C - 2 + .- - + - u = 0
dt
R dt
L
(1)
with initial conditions
u(O) = Qo
C
, du
C dt
I
0
= -
Equation (1) has the same form as Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.186.
15.186, u(t) = A,e P,1 + A 2e P2 ', where
( RC
Qo + 10 )
(2)
Thus, we have the solution from Eq. (2) of Prob.
.rz---';
p,=-a+va
a =
15.195
2~C
=0
-w;;
damping coefficient
Wo
=
1
vrc
=0
resonant frequency
Consider the natural behavior of a critically damped series RLC circuit (see Fig. 15-66) in which the initial
current is zero. Determine the time at which the current reaches its maximum value in R = 5 nand
L = IOmH.
I For a critically damped circuit the natural currem IS given by Eq. (2) of Prob. 15.188,
Since i = 0 at t = 0, we have AI = 0, and ,; ,= A 2te -al. For a maximum i,
&t =A,e"( I-at ) =0
-d
.
from which
1
2L
2(10 x 10- 3 )
t= - = - =
=4ms
a
R
5
i = (A 1 + A2t)e -al.
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.196
If
The circuit of Fig. 15-66 is critically damped.
I
R = 200 nand
a = w~,
2
The condition for critical damping is
R
( 2L
15.197
)2
At t=O,
Then,
i=O,
and
dildt=VIL = lO00A/s;
udt) = -C
1
.
= 10
)
F
I.t
t=0
(see Fig.
i'
0
i(u) du =
thus,
i'
1 -6
IOxlO
0
a=.B....=1000s- J
2L
with
AJ=O,
l000ue-
lOoou
A 2 =1000A/s,
and i(t)=I000te- lOoo ,A.
du = 100(1- e- IOOO'(1 + 1000t)] V
The parameters of the circuit of Fig. 15-66 are such that the circuit is underdamped. With zero initial
conditions, the switch is closed at t = O. Obtain an expression for the voltage across the capacitor.
I
Applying the initial conditions
*10 = f = A(-a sin'" + 1131 cos "')
i(O) = 0 = A sin '"
which imply that
sin'" = 0 and
A cos'" = VILII3I.
i(t) =
a + I13rl2 = w~ "" lILC,
2
From this, using
uc(t) =
i L'
i(u) du = V[ 1
Lrf31
Thus, Eq. (3) of Prob. 15.188 becomes
e-
a
,
sin 1f3lt
we obtain
-I~~' (a sin Il3lt + 1131 cos Il3lt)] = V[ 1 - s::a~ sin (1131t + cjJ)]
in which the new phase angle cjJ is defined by
cos cjJ == alwo'
Because the circuit in Prob. 15.198 is underdamped, the voltage across C will undergo (damped) oscillations.
Determine the time at which the first maximum of the capacitor voltage occurs. What is the value of the
voltage at this instant?
I
t=
15.200
3
By Eq. (2) of Prob. 15.188, the current in the circuit is
i(t)=(A J +A 2 t)e- a,
15.199
1
With the C determined in Prob. 15.196 and with zero initial conditions, the switch is closed at
15-66). If V = 100 V, find UC"
I
15.198
determine the value of C.
= LC
= 4(100 x 10R2
(200)2
C
389
or
= 4L
Thus
L = 100 mH,
D
From the expression for
7T/1131. We have
i = C(ducldt)
obtained in Prob. 15.198 the first maximum of uc(t) occurs at
Sketch udt) determined in Prob. 15.198 and indicate the time when the first maximum of uC<t) occurs.
maximum is known as the peak overshoot.
I
See Fig. 15-68.
This
390 0 CHAPTER 15
vc
Peak overshoot
v
)
1T/1.81
15.201
t
Fig. 15·68
Calculate the percent overshoot of the capacitor voltage in Prob. 15.198.
I The function uc(t) is graphed in Fig. 15-68. It is ',een that the greatest deviation of the voltage from its
steady-state value occurs at t = 7T/11:l1. Expressing this peak overshoot as a fraction,
uc(TTI 1::1) - V
Percent overshoot == -------- x 100% == 100e
V
15.202
I
= 200 n,
and
5
or
cot cjJ
L
= 100 mHo
Calculate C such that the peak
By Prob. 15.201,
100e- rr
whence
cos cjJ
cot.p
=
In 20
= - - = 0.954
7T
= a Iwo = 0.690. For this circuit,
R
200
a=-=
2L
2(IOOxlO
3)
= 1000 S-I
from which
15.203
R
V = 100 V,
For the circuit of Prob. 15.198,
overshoot is 5 percent.
-rr cot.p
=
C
~~ = (~·gggr = 4.76 x 10- 7 = LC
and
4.76 ><[0-7
100 ><10=3
= 4.76 JLF
In an RC series circuit,
C = 40 JLF,
R = 40(' n,
and the charge on the
625t
q = 4000eJLe. Determine the energy dissipated in the resistor for 1 ms.
capacitor varies as
i = dq = ~ (4000e-6;'~t x 10- 6 ) = -0.25e- 625t A
dt
dt
PR = i 2R = (0.25e- S25t )2400 = 25e- 125t W
I
10 - 3
WR
15.204
=
Io
(25e- 125t dt) = 0.2(1- e- 125x
3
10- )
To what voltage was the capacitor of Prob. 15.203 initially charged?
capacitance as well as from energy storage.
= 23.5
(1)
m]
Obtain the result from the definition of
I Since C = qlV, we have:
6
4000 X 10v:o = -Qo
= ------= 100 V
C
40 10- 6
>(
At t = 00, the energy dissipated in the resistor is th,;: initial energy stored in the capacitor.
(1) of Prob. 15.203,
v: = I (0.2)(2) 6 = 100 V
or
15.205
In the circuit of Fig. 15-66,
initial conditions are zero.
R = 3 kD,
R
5-1
a=-=10s
2L
The circuit is overdamped (a> wo).
I
SI
= - a + I:l = -1. 70 s - 1
L = 10 H,
2
Wo =
1
LC
Thus, from Eg.
o
'J 40 X 10-
C = 200 JLF,
and
-(10- 2
s
=)
and
V = 50 V
at
t = O.
Find i(t) if all
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
Since the circuit contains an inductance,
KVL gives
i(O+)
= i(O-) = 0;
di I =V
O+O+Ldt 0+
l
d'lt 0+
-d
or
q(O+)
also,
= q(O-) = O.
Thus, at
D
391
t
= 0+,
= 5 A/s
Applying these initial conditions to the expression for i,
0= A,(1)
from which
15.206
+ A 2 (1)
and
A I =-A 2 =16.9mA
5 = -1.70A,(1) - 298.3A2(1)
i=16.9(e-1.70t_ e -298.3t)mA.
Sketch the transient current in the circuit of Prob. 15.205.
I See Fig. 15-69.
oL-----~----~~------~------~----~
__
t, ms
4()
10
Fig. 15·69
17.4
15.207
At what instant does the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.205 reach its maximum?
I For the time of maximum current, dUdt = 0 = -2S.73e- L70t + 5041.3e-2983t.
t = 17.4 ms.
15.208
A series RLC circuit, with
R = 50 n, L = 0.1 H, and C = 50 }LF, has a constant voltage
applied at t = O. Obtain the current transient, assuming zero initial charge on the capacitor.
I
a =
~ = 250s- 1
2
Wo
2L
1
= LC
5
=
2.0 x 10 s
- 2
f3
=
'-la 2 -
W~
=
This is an oscillatory case (a<wo)' and the general current expression is
A2 sin 370.8t). The initial conditions, obtained as in Prob. 15.205, are
l
-d
d'lt 0+
and these determine the values:
15.209
Repeat Prob. 15.20S for
I
Qo
AI =0,
= 2500
A2 = 2.70A.
V = 100 V
j370.S rad/s
25
i=e- 0t(A,cos370.St+
= 1000 A/s
Then
i = e-
250t
(2.70 sin 370.St) A.
}Le.
In this case the second initial condition in Prob. 15.20S changes to
0+ L
Thus
15.210
Solving by logarithms,
See also Fig. 15-69.
A2
= 1.35
and
~
I +
dt 0+
Qo = V
C
or
~I
dt 0+
= 100 -
(2500/50)
0.1
= 500 A/s
i = e -250'(1.35 sin 370.St) A.
At t = 0, the switch is opened in the circuit of Fig. 15-70. All initial conditions are zero. Set up a
differential equation for the node voltage u and state the initial conditions to evaluate the arbitrary constants in
the corresponding solution.
392
D
CHAPTER 15
I
For
t>O,
we have
(1)
(2)
1
u = R.,i, + -c
I'
i z dt
(3)
du = R di
d\
-1- + L
dt
1 dt
dt 2
(4)
-
-
0
and their first and second derivatives
dZu
1 di
d\
-=
R - Z+ - -z
dt Z
Z dt
C dt
Equations (1) and (2) and the five Eqs. (4) compose a system from which i 1 and i z and their first and second
derivatives may be eliminated, giving
(5)
which is the sought equation. To find the initial conditions on Eq. (5), note that at
voltage is zero, and i z = I; hence,
t = 0+,
the capacitor
(6)
Moreover, Eq. (2) becomes
R I = Ldi-1 I
2
dt 0+
and Eq. (1) and the fourth Eq. (4) give
du I
di 1 I
dt 0+ = -- R2 dt 0+
I
+C
These two relations imply
du I
( 1
dt 0+ 00(; -
LR~) I
-l
+
h
r
<>
1
5
t: ()
v
Je
~L
15.211
In the circuit of Fig. 15-70, R 1 =60D,
zero initial conditions find u(t).
R2
R z =9CIH,
L=I00mH,
C=17.78JLF,
I From Eq. (5) of Prob. 15.210 we have
dZu
0.1
10 6
dv
d1 + 150,(F + 17.78
The initial conditions are
and
The solution then becomes
u = 30[2 + (l-75t)e-
750
']
V.
6
X 10
17.78
60
u=
Fig. 15-70
and
I=l.OA.
For
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.212
In the circuit of Fig. 15-66,
I
R = 1.0 n,
L = 2 H,
t = 0,
15.214
V = 50 V.
J i dt
=
t = 0.5 s.
50
and the roots are
~
i = 0.5e -() 25t sin 50t A.
At
dt
(0') =
p
VL =
At
t = 0.5 s,
With
i=0
= 25 A
or
A =0.5
2
i = 0.5e -025x05 sin (50)(0.5) = -0.058 A.
t = 0.5 s,
L
t
=
=
0.5 s,
0.5 s.
= 2 ~ (0.5e- OZ5t sin 50t) = e -OZ~t(50 cos 50t - 0.25 sin 50t) V
vL
= e -025 X05[50 cos (50)(0.5) - 0.25 sin (50)(0.5)] = 43.59 V
t = 0.5 s?
How much energy is stored in the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 15.212 at
t
-0.25 ± j50.
L
*
I
At
=
.!": = 50
Determine the voltage across the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 15.212 at
I
Find i at
the solution takes the form
i = Ae - 025t sin 50t
Thus,
di
10"
di
+ i + 200
2p2 + P + 5000 = 0,
which has the characteristic equation
15.213
and
393
By KVL,
2
at
C = 200 JLF,
D
from Probs. 15.212 and 15.213 we have
Vn =
1i = 1(-0.058) = -0.058 V
VL
= 43.59 V
By KVL,
or
15.215
Vc =
50 - (43.59 - 0.058)
=
6.47 V
Figure 15-71 represents the primary circuit of a gasoline-engine ignition system. The contacts called "points"
are closed and opened by a rotating cam. Assume the cam closes the points for a "dwell" period of 0.004 s,
after which the contacts open. Determine the coil current 0.004 s after the contacts close.
I
When the contacts close, the capacitor is short-circuited and only an RL circuit remains for which
0.005di/ dt + i = 6. The solution becomes i = 6 + Ae -200t A. i = 0 at t = 0 requires A = -6. Thus,
i = 6(1 - e- 200t ) A. At t = 0.004 s, i = 6(1 - e-200XOO(4) = 3.304 A.
0.2 p.F
L - 0.005 H
R -1.0 n
Coil
UPoinu"
+
Fig. 15-71
IV
15.216
Calculate the current in the circuit of Prob. 15.215 0.001 s after the contacts open.
I
When the contacts open, we have an RLC series circuit for which the initial conditions are
i(O+) = i(O-)
=
3.30 A
By KVL we obtain the circuit integrodifferentia1 equation having the characteristic equation
106 /0.2 = O. The characteristic roots are p = -100 ± j3.2 x 10 4• Thus,
i = e-100t(Al cos 32,000t + A2 sin 32,000t) A
Since
i = 3.304 A
at
t = 0,
A I = 3.304.
At
t = 0,
or
KVL gives
v R + V L = 6, since
3.304(1) + 0.005
di
di
(0+) = 6
0.005p2 + P +
394
D
CHAPTER 15
di
dt
Thus,
Thus,
15.217
(= 0.001 s,
i = e -,.)Ot(3 .304 cos 32,000( + 0.027 sin 32,OOO() A
and
A2 = 0.027
which, at
+
(0 ) = 539.2 = 32,000A2 - 100A I
i = 2.51 A.
becomes
Find the frequency of oscillation of the current wave in the circuit of Prob. 15.216.
I
From Prob. 15.216,
w = 32,000 = 21Tf
15.218
32,000
f= - - = 5093Hz
21T
.J}'
State all the initial conditions for the circuit of Fig. 1:;-72, which is under steady state for
is opened at ( = O.
« 0, and the switch
I
L·60H
R-301l
Fig. 15-72
1F
15.219
15.21:~
Determine the current in the circuit of Prob.
0.4 s after the switch is opened.
I The KVL equation is
di + 30i +
60 dt
60p2 + 30p + 1 = O.
from which the characteristic equation is
i = if
i(0+)=4
implies that
Al +A2=4.
60
Thus,
Solving for A, and A2 yields
i = 3.89 A.
15.220
A,
+ in
At
=
The characteristic roots are
(0+) - 30i«n + vc<O+) = 120
di
dt
(0 ) =
+
= -0.38
and
I) =
vL = L
or, at
(=
O.4s,
VL
i
d'
A2
= 4.38.
Thus,
=
i
= -0.38e-°.46t + 4.38e-o.04
( = 0.4 s?
_0.38e- 0 .46t + 4.38e- 004t
= 60[(-0.38)(-O.46)e- 046t + (4.38)(-0.04)e- 004t ]
= 60(0.145 - 0.172) = -1.62 V.
Determine the total energy stored in the circuit of Fig. 15-72 at
I
Vc
+ v L + v R = 120. At
W
(= 0.4 s,
= w L + Wc
=
!L(i)2
-0.46, -0.04.
0.46 Al + 0.04 A2
From Prob. 15.219,
i
=
(=0,
i
d'
p
0 + A,e- 046t + A2e-004t
What is the induced voltage in the coil of the circuit of Fig. 15-72 at
I
15.221
f i d( = 120
Vc =
(=
0.4 s.
120 -f 1.62 - (3.89)(30) = 4.92 V.
+ !C(V(Y
=
H60)(3.89)2 + Hl)(4.92)2 = 466.07 J
+
A +
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.222
395
A voltmeter is connected across the coil of the circuit of Fig. 15-72 to read the instantaneous voltage across the
coil. What is the voltmeter reading at t = 0.4 s?
I
15.223
D
Vco;1
+ Vc = 120. At t = 0.4 s,
Vc
= 4.92 V.
Thus,
vcoH = 120 - 4.92 = 115.0S V= voltmeter reading.
An RL series circuit has R = 3 nand L = 6 H, and is excited by a decaying voltage source
at t = O. Determine the current in the circuit at t = 5 s.
V
=
30e -0.51 V
I
The KVL equation is
6
~ + 3i =
dt
30e- osl
(1)
Thus,
(2)
which is the source-free response.
Let
if = A 2 te- 0 . sl A
(3)
i=if+i n
(4)
Then
Combining Eqs. (1) through (4) yields
i
At
15.224
t=O,
i=O implies
Thus
AI=O.
= A le- o.sl + 5te- 0.sl
i=5te-
OsI
A.
At
(5)
t=5,
i=5(5)e-
osxs
=2.05A.
A turbine-driven dc generator driven at 30 V feeds power to an electromagnet whose inductance and resistance
are 6.0 Hand 3.0 n, respectively. The resistance and inductance of the generator are negligible. Sketch the
circuit and (a) determine the circuit current. (b) Tripping the turbine causes an exponential decay in turbine
speed and voltage. Assuming the decay of generator voltage may be expressed by e gen = 30e- osl, determine
the current 5 s after the turbine tripped.
~ = 10 A
i=lOe-0.sl+5te-0.sl A. At
I The problem is similar to that of Prob. 15.223 except for the initial condition, which is i(O+) =
(see Fig. 15-73). Using Eq. (5) of Prob. 15.223, we have
t = 5, i = 2.S7 A.
lO=A t • Thus,
Fig. 15·73
15.225
A series circuit consisting of a 250-}LF capacitor and a 1000-n resistor is connected to a generator whose voltage
is represented by e gen = 60e -71 V. The capacitor is initially discharged, and the generator voltage is applied at
t = O. Determine the current at t = 0.2 s.
I The initial conditions are
. +
v(O+)
60
1(0 ) = -R- = 1000 = 0.06 A
The KVL equation is
6
10
250
J i dt + lO00i = 60e -71
Ji.fdt= JA e- 7I dt=- ~I e- 71 +k=QfC
l
At
t = 0,
qf = 0,
Thus
k = 0,
and
6
10 (
250 -
A) + lO00A
T
if = 0.14e- 71 A
and
i(O+) = 0.06 = A2 + 0.14
Finally, at
t = 0.2 s,
i = -1.42 mA.
I
= 60
or
i
or
A2 = -O.OS
=
AI =0.14
A 2 e- 41
+ 0.14e- 71
i = -0.OSe- 41
+ 0.14e- 71
396
15.226
0
CHAPTER 15
In the circuit of Fig. 15-66,
at t = 0.01 s.
I
R = 100 n,
L = 5 H,
C = 184 JLF,
By KYL,
d'
5~
dt
The auxiliary equation is
the form
6
+ 100i
10
t -,--
p2 + 20p + 1086.96 = O.
184
f
V = 470 Y.
and
Solve for i and evaluate i
i dt = 470
The roots are
p
= -10 ± j31.42,
and the solution takes
i = e-loI(A I cos31.42t + A z sin 31.42t)
Since i = 0 at t = 0, A 1= O.
Since vc(O-)=vc(O+)=O,
Thus,
i = Aze- \(1 sin 31.42t A.
~ (0+) = ,~
dt
~
L
= 470
5
= A 2e -101(31.42 cos 31.42t - 10 sin 31.42t)
= 94
or
di
dt
(
+
0 ) = 31.42 A 2 = 94
Thus, A 2 =2.99 and i=2.9ge- loI sin31.42tA. At (=O.Ols, i=2.9ge-loxOolsin(31.42)(0.01)=0.836A.
15.227
Sketch the current wave in the circuit of Prob. 12.226 and find the frequency of the wave.
I
See Fig. 15-74.
w = 21Tf= 31.42
or, from Fig. 15-74,
T=lIf=0.2s.
(from Prob. 12.226)
Thus,
or
. 31.42
f= - - = 5 Hz
21T
/=5111.
Fig. 15-74
15.228
What are the instantaneous powers in the R, L, and C of the circuit of Prob. 12.226?
I Since i=2.9ge- lol sin31.42tA,
PR = i 2 R = 100(2.9ge -101 sin 3 L42t)2 = 895e -201 sinz 31.42t W
PL = L
-i
d'
i = (v L)i = 5 [e - 101(94 cos 31..+2t - 29.9 sin 31.42t)](2. 9ge - 101 sin 31.42t)
= 1405e -zol(sin 31.42t)(cos 31.42t) -- ·+47e -201 sin z 31.42t W
Pc=(Vc)i=(-~
f
idt)i=
:~;
(f 2.9ge-loISin31.42dt)(2.9ge-loISin31.42t)
= (-149.5e -101 sin 31.42t - 469. 73e - 101 cos 31.42t)(2.9ge -101 sin 31.42t)
= -447e -201 sin 2 31.42t - 1404.8e -=ol(sin 31.42t)(cos 31.42t) W
15.229
A transistor pulse amplifier is shown in Fig. 15-75a. If;J 0.5-Y pulse is applied to the transistor input, how long
does it take for the base-to-emitter voltage to reach 90 percent of the pulse amplitude?
I
We first draw the equivalent circuit in Fig. 15-75b.
for which
The base-to-emitter voltage VBE is across the capacitor,
VHl ,. = Vc = V(l - e'lIr() = 0.5(1 _ e- 115x 10-°)
Solving for t for 0.9 V, we obtain
t = 2.3r
=
11.5 ns.
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
0.5V
D
397
r-l~+
ov--.J L:8~. ::o_J~ 1
Co>
(a)
o.
10 pF
I
,
~:BE
(b)
Fig. 15-75
15.230
The variable resistance and fixed-value capacitance given in Fig. 15-75 are used to determine the time during
which voltage is applied to the electrodes of a welding machine. If this time is that taken for the capacitance to
charge from 0 to 10 V, what is the time range covered by the extremes of the resistance values?
I The voltage required to determine the end of the welding time is Vc = 10 V= 25(1 - e -tIRC) V. When
R = 50 kD, RC = 250 ms. Thus t = 127.7 ms. When R = 1.5 MD, RC = 7.5 sand t = 3.83 s. Therefore,
the welding arc time range may be varied from 0.125 s to 3.83 s by varying R.
R = 50 kH to 1.5 MH
v=
25 V
Welding
control
circuit
F=~
Electrodes
Fig. 15-76
15.231
Figure 15-77a is the circuit of a relaxation oscillator used for generating a pulse waveform. As the capacitor C
charges through Ri' the voltage ve rises. When ve becomes 6 V, the unijunction transistor internal resistance Re
drops suddenly from a very high value to 400 D, discharging the capacitor. At this time an output voltage pulse
Vo is produced.
When V, drops to 2 V, Re again becomes very high, allowing the capacitor to recharge. The
action automatically repeats itself, so that a series of output pulses occurs at regular time intervals. The
resulting waveforms of ve and Vo are shown in Fig. 15-77b. What is the time t between consecutive pulses?
I The complexity of Fig.
15-77a can be eliminated for this problem by considering the timing circuit equivalent
in Fig. 15-77e. The switch simulates the transistor action. When the capacitor C is charging to 6 V, the switch
is open; for discharging from 6 to 2 V, the switch is closed, connecting resistance R3 across the capacitor. R3 is
the series equivalent of Re (400 D during capacitor discharge), and R2 = 560 D. While the capacitor C is
charging between 2 and 6 V from the 20-V supply (switch open in Fig. 15-77e), the charging resistor is RI' The
charging time constant is
TC
= RIC=
1 MD x 5OOpF= 500
j.LS
The charging time is the difference between the times for charging to 6 and 2 V,
V
V
tc = t6 - t2 = Tin V _ 6 V - Tin V - 2 V
As subtracting logarithms corresponds to dividing their original numbers,
V - 2V
(20 - 2) V
tc=Tin V-6V =5ooj.Lsxln (20-6)V
=
125.7
j.LS
While the capacitor is discharging hetween 6 and 2 V (switch closed in Fig. 15-77e), the equivalent circuit is that
of Fig. 15-77 a. The series-parallel circuit in Fig. 15-77 d must be converted into a series circuit for direct
evaluation of discharge time. The Thevenin principle used with the capacitor as the load can be applied to
perform the conversion. Figure 15.77e shows the resulting Thevenin equivalent circuit.
398
D
CHAPTER 15
t!
= 20 V
C = 500 pF
l
la}
(c)
(b)
R'
R,
t-=..v=
RJ
= 1 MU
t Vs
20 V
=
c=
960 U
Vs
C
=500 pf
500 pF
Fig. 15-77
, =V R3
vs
RI + R
R'
=
3
=
RI R 3
RI + R3
20"
v
960n
00192V
1 Mn + 960 n = .
= 1 Mn x
960 n
1 Mn + 960 n
=
9 1n
95.
Since the Thevenin voltage V ~ "" 0 V and the The venin resistance R' "" R 3 , for practical purposes it may
be considered that C discharged directly into the 960 n of R 3 • The discharge extends from U e = 6 V to
ue =2Y.
T d ""
Now,
td
R 3 C "" 960 n x SOO pF "" 480 ns "" 0.48 J-L s
= Tin
Uo
Ue
= 0.48
6V
ItS x In 2 V = 0.5273 J.l.S
The time between pulses is the sum of the charge and discharge times:
126.22 J.l.S.
15.232
t = te
+ td
= 125.7 J-LS
Apply Thevenin's theorem to the circuit of Fig. 15-78(/ 1:0 reduce it to a series RC circuit.
t = lOms.
I
. _ VTh
t = 10 ms,
-I/T _
~26 _
-117.674 rns
A
- 76.74 kfl e
ie = 8.3 J-LA.
~
_
TIt -
(~".>o )(100)
... "16.741ct)..
loo
=
Then determine ie at
The Thevenin circuit is shown in Fig. 15-78b, from which we have
le - RTh e
At
+ 0.5273 J.l.S
+?I~o-
IDt>
/oo+b30
-:., .~2.'V
Fig. 15-78
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.233
D
399
In the box of the circuit of Fig. 15-79a we have a square-wave generator. The switch is operated so that it stays
in each position (1 or 2) for about 1 ms and rapidly switches between the positions. If the time constant of the
circuit, T = RC, is about 0.1 ms so that the resistive and capacitive voltages stabilize between operations,
sketch uC' u R ' and u;n'
I See Fig.
15-79b. When the switch is at position 1, u;n = 0 V .md the RC network is short-circuited so
that any charge on the capacitor will be dissipated in the resistor. When the switch is at position 2, u;n = 10 V
is supplied to the RC network as a charging voltage. The resulting network supply voltage is shown as the
square waveform at the bottom of Fig. 15-79b.
11
f'S"qTi"itre.wave-1
11
10V
ij""m~t C~}_" 0-----1 . U
I
1
~:.:..V
:
:
:
Von
1
}
+10V
-v,.
I
I __________ JI
L
~
~
I
= 10 V
:
f\
0
_ 10 V
= 0.1 ms or 1 ms "" 10 ~
Switch position 2
10V
Von
Switch position 1
rI I l
---1 LJ '-o
1
2
3
4
5
t (ms)
(a)
15.234
Fig. 15-79
(b)
The circuit of Fig. l5-80a performs differentiation. Thus, for the input voltage u;n of Fig. 15-80b we obtain the
output voltage uout also shown in Fig. 15-80b. What is the reason for this shape of the waveform?
I
The rectangular wave u;n has unequal times for the pulse duration and the period between the pulses. Since
the 23.5-jLs time constant of the differentiator circuit (47 kD x 500 pF) is short compared with the 200-jLs
pulse duration and with the 800-jLs interval between pulses, the capacitor always has time to charge before the
input pulse changes level. Thus the output voltage uout is always close to zero prior to an input level change.
When the input level changes from 0 to 10 V, a positive swing, the output rises suddenly from 0 to + 10 V.
When the input level drops from 10 to 0 V, a negative swing, the output rises from 0 to -10 V. The output
voltage uout consists of spikes which rise almost instantaneously in either a positive or negative direction on an
input level change, dropping virtually to zero before another input level change occurs.
~--------,-
Vout
0
- 10 V
(,200 J1.s
+ 10 V
R = 47 kU
f..Y--aoo J1.s ~
VII'
o
o
2
Time (ms)
(a)
15.235
(b)
Fig. 15-80
Figure 15-81a shows an integrator. Explain why the output voltage has the waveform shown in Fig. 15-81b for
the given input voltage consisting of a train of pulses.
400
0
CHAPTER 15
+10 V
vout 5V
4V
3V
2V
1V
OV
R = 82 kO
o
2
3
5
4
t (ms)
Fig. 15·81
(b)
(a)
I The 8.2-ms time constant of the integrator is long compared with the 800-p,s pulse duration and the 200 p,s
between the pulses. During an 800-p,s period, the capacitor voltage increases by approximately 10 percent of
the difference between its voltage at the start of the period and its maximum possible voltage 10 V. During a
200-p,s period, the capacitor loses about 2.4 percent 01 its voltage. Therefore the output voltage v ou • gradually
builds up toward the maximum of 10 V.
15.236
How much energy is stored in the induct or of the
I
At
t = 0+,
Cl rcuit
of Fig. 15-82 at
i = 6/1 = 6 A = 10 ,
i(t) = lol·-llt = 6e- 21 A
Thus,
w L = !Li 2 = }( 1)(6e- 21 )2
At
t = 0.1 s?
t=O.ls,
= 18e- 41 J
wL=18e-4xol=12.07J.
Fig. 15·82
15.237
Find the voltage Vo in the circuit of Fig. 15-83.
i(O r", 0= ~2 = 3 A
I
KVL gives (for
t > 0):
!
f
i dt + 2i +
(smce the 2-F capacitor has
i dt = 6
di
dt
3.
- + - 1=0
or
since
f
i(O+) = 3,
A
=3,
and
4
i:: 3e -0.751 A.
Vo
=1
or
V2
F(O+) = 6)
i=Ae- 0.751
Finally,
J: 3e-°7~1 dt = 4(1- e- 0751 ) V
Fig. 15.83
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.238
D
401
In the circuit of Fig. 15-84, the initial voltages on the capacitors are 12 V and 6 V with polarities as shown.
Determine i(t).
10 6
12 - 6
I
i(O + ) = 1X 10 6 = 6 r/lA = I0
T
= RC =
X
10- 6 X 2 X 10- 6
2
(2 + 1)10 6
= 3s
Thus,
t:.o
+
('J. V
15.239
T:6V
j:Lrf ',)1_
~
t
Fig. 15-84
Obtain the form of solution for vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 15-85 when the switch is moved from position 1 to 2 at
t = O.
I By KCL:
or
which has the form of solution:
~~t~~_O~____~_~_T
V
b
Fig. 15-85
15.240
In the circuit of Fig. 15-86, solve for i.
I By KVL:
Thus,
i=3+Ae- 10t•
40 + 20 = 20i + 2
Since
i(0+)=2,
10ft..
~
A=-l
or
and
di
- + 10'1= 30
dt
i=3-e- 10t A.
, 017- .
L
:lH
Fig. 15-86
402
0
15.241
CHAPTER 15
Find the voltage across the uncharged capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 15-87 if
I
v
=
1
2e- V.
or
By KCL:
Ae
Vc =
Solution is of the form:
-31
+ 2e-
1
A =-2
Hence
I
~
15.242
Jl-
tl
t __---'VVV
----r i
o
T
~.~
I
~_=r-~ ~
F
______________ __LL
____
Fig. 15·87
Determine the current through the 2-n resistor of the circuit of Prob. 15.241 and sketch the current.
'
-3,)
i= Vc = 2(
_e ~.!..._ =e- 1 -e- 31 A
I
R
2
which is sketched in Fig. 15-87.
i, A
0.2.
-----
L-.---+_-+-:--4-_-+.-.
0.4 o.g 1.2.
r.,
15.243
,
2-0
•
2.4
~ t, S.
Fig. 15.88
Differential equations of the form:
d; + p(t)y = Q(t)
(1)
are commonly encountered in circuit equations having one energy-storage element.
of solution as:
ye f P dl =
rQef
P
Such equations have forms
dl dt + A
(2)
J
Apply this result to solve for the current in the circuit of Fig. 15-37, if V = 2e - I V,
I
and
L = 2 H.
By KVL we have:
which is similar to (1) above.
ie J2dl =
15.244
R = 4 n,
f
2cj!..+4i=2e- 1
dt
Thus, from (2)
e-IeJ2dldt+A
or
-di + 2'l=e
-I
dt
or
or
Solve for i in the circuit of Fig. 15-89.
I
By nodal analysis, at node 1:
'(0 ) = '(0 ) = 6/ 3(3 + 3)
I.
3+3+3
I
=3A
(1)
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
403
(;V +
Fig. 15-89
6 - VI
3
VI
VI - V
- - = = - + - - -2
Thus,
VI
or
6
3
==2.4+0.4v 2. At node 2, including i(O+), we have:
(2)
6 - v2
VI - v 2
1
•
- 3 - + - 3 - == 1(0+) + 2
f
V2
(3)
dt
Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) and simplifying yields:
3
Since
!f
Vz
dt = i
f
v 2 dt + 3.2v2 == - 1.2
(4)
we have
3
f
and
v 2 dt == 6i
V
2
di
=2-
dt
Thus (4) becomes:
6.4
di
.
di + 61 -
1.2
Solution is of the form:
i == - ~2 + Ae-(6/64)1 == _ 0.2 +
t == 0,
At
i= 3
A = 3.2
requires that
i:: - 0.2 + 3.2e -0.93751 A
Hence,
15.245
What is the time constant of the circuit of Fig. 15-897
I
From Prob. 15.244 we have:
1
- == 0.9375
or
T
15.246
== 1.067 s
t = 1 s7
From Prob. 15.244:
WL
t=l,
which becomes, at
== ! U
2
== !(2)(- 0.2 + 3.2e -093751)2 J
w L ==I.109J.
Determine the voltage across the 6-D resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-89 for
I
t > O.
From Prob. 15.244:
And
Thus,
15.248
T
How much energy is stored in the inductor of the circuit of Fig. 15-89 at
I
15.247
Ae-0.93751
di
V
2
d
= 2 -dt = 2 -dt
(- 0.2 + 3.2e -0.93751)
VI =
=2(-3.2 x 0.9375ro.9375'):: - 6e -0.93751 V
2.4 (i-rO.9375') V
In the circuit of Fig. 15-39, V is a constant voltage Vo' Show that under steady-state, the energy supplied by the
source is equally divided as that dissipated in the resistor and stored in the capacitor.
404
0
CHAPTER 15
I
Since
q = CVo(1- e- tIRC ),
from Prob. 15.130, the energy stored in the capacitor,
1 q2
Wc
="2
1
C == :2 CV~(1- e-tlRcy J
Total energy supplied by the source
= qVo = CV~(1-
WT
As
t~oo,
Thus,
15.249
~WT
Wc
= JCV~ = ~WT
goes as dissipated energy in the resistor.
Evaluate the dissipated energy in the resistor of the circuit of Fig. 15-39 over the period that the capacitor is
fully charged. Thus, show that the energy dissipated is the same as the energy stored in the capacitor.
I
From Prob. 15.131:
Vo
l=j"ie
r~ CtJ,
Thus, since the capacitor is fully charged as
wR =
15.250
e- tIRC ) J
r
i
Rdt = R(;
2
rr
e-
Determine the initial conditions on i 1 , i 2 , and
I
t<
Before the switch is closed,
i3
21 RC
/
-tIRC
energy dissipated in R
dt = ~CV~ =
from Prob. 15.248
Wc
of the circuit of Fig. 15-90.
°
i 4fl (0-)=i IH (0_)=2!4 =IA
t>
When the switch is closed,
°
2il = 6 -
+
V O.5 F
(V05
PI 0 F
(4)(6)
= 4+2 = 4V
or
F + V\.O F) == 6 -4 =2
i)(O+) - i 3 (0+) = i) H(O+) = i l H(O_)
(1)
=1 A
i 3 (0+) = il(O+) -1 = 1-1 = (lA
Since
V05F(0_)=V05F(0+)
and
V\.OF(O_)==v l )F(O+)
. (0 ) _ . (0 ) =
11
+
'/
+
V O.5F (
0 +)
(2)
4
Because the capacitors are connected in seri{:s
vo.s
F
V\.O
F
= _1_ = 2
0.5
or
VU.s F =
2v\.0
F
From (1) to (3) we finally obtain:
6v
Fig. 15-90
(3)
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
t = 0.
In the circuit of Fig. 15-91, the switch is moved from position 1 to 2 at
15.251
I By KVL:
0.1
di
dt
+ (100 X
106
3
10 )i + 100
405
Determine
Ji dt °
(1)
=
or
Since
D
(2)
5
4
i(O+) = 10/10 = 10- A,
Eq. (1) yields
di
dt
5
10
o:T
1(0+) = -lOOA/s
•
(0+) = -
From Eq. (2), therefore,
~:~ (0+) = _[10 ~ (0+) + 10 i(0+)] = -[10 (-100) + 10 (105
6
6
5
4
))=
8
10 A/s2
L
/0 V
0.' H
L
Fig. 15·91
15.252
dvtldt(O+)
In the circuit of Prob. 15.251, find
and
Ov.
I Since i=(v t -v 2)IR
dv 2Idt(0+),
assuming
vt(O+) = lOV
or
C
di
di
v 2=L-=05dt
. dt
and
2
or
15.253
dV 2
d i
8
7
-d (0 +) = 0.5 - 2 (0+) = 0.5( -10 ) (from Prob. 15.251) = -5 x 10- Vis
t
dt
In the circuit of Fig. 15·92 determine the voltage ve(O+) and its derivative dveldt(O+).
I Since ve(O_)=vc(O+) and ve(O_)=O, ve(O+)=O.
and
Thus,
dVe
6
-d (0+) = - = 12 Vis
t
0.5
'l...n..
1lV
15.254
i L (0 + ) = i L (0 - ) = E2
Now
=6 A
IH
0.5'
l
F
Fig. 15.92
2
2
Determine d v Idt (0 +) in the circuit of Fig. 15·93.
I
dv
v
C-+-=/
or
dt
R
2
d v
1 dv
1
2
or
dt2 (0+) = - RC dt (0+) = - RC2 Vis
and
v 2(0+) =
406
0
CHAPTER 15
v
Fig. 15·93
15.255
Repeat Prob. 15.254 for the circuit of Fig. 15·94.
* ±f
I
+
or
U dt == I
or
or
Fig. 15·94
15.256
In the circuit of Fig. 15·95 determine the initial and final conditions on uL and UR'
I
Thus,
and
and
UL(O+) =0
VR
uR(oo) = R + R
1
Fig. 15·95
15.257
Find duLldt(O+) and duRldt(O+) in the circuit of Prob. 15.256.
I
Thus,
15.258
dUe
ic
dU
dU
L + -R
-=-=dt
C
dt
dt
diL = UL
dt
L
and
and
dU
dt
diL
dt
R r-=
dU
- R (0 ) =0
dt
+
In the circuit of Prob. 15.257 let the switch be closed for t < 0 and the circuit be under steady state.
t = 0 the switch is opened. Solve for the initial and final conditions on U Land UR'
Then at
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.259
407
Determine ducldt(O+) for the circuit conditions stated in Prob. 15.258.
I
When the switch is open and C is charged
dUe = __
dt
15.260
D
-i L
= ic = i. Then
or
C
The switch in the circuit of Fig. 15-96 is opened at
(at t=O+).
t == 0.
Determine the initial current i and its derivative
I
Since the capacitor is charged to a voltage V, we have, by KVL,
~ + (RI + R 2)i +
V= L
di
V- (RI
(it (0+)=
+ R 2 )[i(0+))
L
bJ
(1)
i dt
VR ,
=-R L A/s
2
't=o
v
Fig. 15-96
15.261
If
V = RI
= R2 = L = C == 1 in the circuit of Prob. 15.260, find
I
From Prob. 12.260 we have:
2
d i
1
°
= -2 (it (0+) -
i(O+)
di
L dt 2 + (R I + R)
2 (it +
2
d i
dt 2 (0+)
15.262
di
C I. ==
d 2i/ dt 2 (0 +).
d
or
2
= -2(-1) -
(1) = 1 A/s
The switch in the circuit of Fig. 15-97 is moved from position 1 to 2 at
on the three mesh currents.
I
Since
i , H(O_) = i , H(O+) ==
Thus,
i,(O+) == -11
3
°
=- 4 A
d
dti + 2 (iti + I. =
t == 0.
°
2
Determine the initial conditions
i,(O+) = i 2(0+)
i 2 (0+)=-4A
and
Fig. 15-97
15.263
In the circuit of Fig. 15-98, the 4-D resistor is shorted out at t = 0. Obtain the initial conditions on the
currents ic and i L • Write the general equations governing these currents for t > 0.
408
0
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 15-98
I
v (0 ) ==
c
+
i~)(6) = 18 V
4+ 6
di L .
4 --- -+ 61 = 30
dt
L
5i c
15.264
For the circuit of Prob. 15.263 determine
J
(1)
+ ic.it + vc(O+) =
(2)
30
diLldt(O), di[/dt(oo), and dicldt(O+).
I From Eq. (1) of Prob. 12.263
diL (0 ) = 30 - 6i L(0+) = ~~l...:::- 6 x 3 = 3 A/s
dt
+
4
4
di
(00) = 0
dt
--.f:.
From Eq. (2) of Prob. 12.263
2.4
ic(O r)
die
- (0 ) = - - - dt
+
(5:1(1)
15.265
Write the equations governing
voltages.
I
VI
= -5
=- 0.48 Ajs
and v 2 in the circuit of Fig: 15-99 and determine the initial conditions on these
By KCL at nodes 1 and 2:
0= -
J
VI
dt + 0.5
dV2
v2 + Jv dt
Tt
+ 2'
2
Initial conditions:
o.5F
Fig. 15-99
15.266
What are the initial conditions on the first derivatives of the voltages
VI
and
V2
in the circuit of Prob. 15.265?
I
15.267
Repeat Prob. 15.265 if the lO-A current source in the circuit is replaced by a current source
i = e- t A.
I The voltage equations are:
e - t = -VI
5 +
0= and
J
J
VI
V
I
dt -
dt + 0.5
J
V
2
dt
dV2
v2 + JV dt
Tt
+ 2'
2
( 1)
(2)
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
409
Repeat Prob. 15.266 for the data of Prob. 15.267.
15.268
I
From Eq. (1) of Prob. 15.267:
-I
-e (0+)
1
dVI
= 5" Tt
(0+) + vJO+) - v 2 (0,)
1 dVI
-1 = -5 -dt (0 + ) + 5 -
or
°
dV
- dt2 (0 + ) =0
Thus,
In the circuit of Fig. 15-100, find vL(O+), vL(oo), and vc(O+).
15.269
I Since vc(O_) = vdO+),
Fig. 15-100
15.270
For the circuit of Fig. 15-101, write a set of integrodifferential equations to solve for v.
I
By KVL:
100 = 4
dj
1r
dt + (2 + l)j + 2 Jo
v= j+
j dt
1r
2 Jo
j df
with the initial conditions:
4H
Fig. 15·101
15.271
The natural response of a circuit is given by:
2
-d
j
dt 2
for which the initial conditions are:
I
+ 4 -di + 4'1=
dt
and
i(0+)=2A
°
dildt(0+)=4A/s.
The auxiliary equation is
p2 + 4p + 4 = (p + 2)2 =
And the roots are
p = -2.
Solve fori.
°
The solution is of the form:
di= - 2A e -2t
-
i = Ae- 21 + Bte- 21
dt
+ B e -2t - 2B te -21
yields
~
dt
(0 ) = 4
i
and
15.272
4= -2A + B
gives
+
=
I
For i max •
Thus,
dildt =
°=
4(e-
B =8
e- 2/(2 + 8t) A
A critically damped circuit has the natural response
10t
or
i = 4te- IOt A.
When does i reach its maximum value?
lOte -10/) = 4e -IOt( 1 - lOt)
-
t
= 0.1 s
410
0
15.273
CHAPTER 15
The current in a circuit is given by:
d 2i
dt 2
The initial conditions are:
reaches its maximum value.
and
i(0+)=2A
,di
tit
.
+ :'- + 21 =0
dildt(O+)=lA/s.
Determine the time when the current
I The characteristic roots are:
p
=:
-2, -1
-di = - 2 Ae -2t - Be t
Thus,
dt
~
dt
Thus,
A=-3
B=5
and
i(O+) = 2
:rields
2=A+ B
(0 )
yidds
1 = -2A - B
+
2
A.
or
or
t\ =
Thus,
15.274
1
i=5e- t -3e-
and
di
-dt (t \ ) = 0
For i max ,
=
In
q) = 0.182 s
The current response of a damped RLC-series circuit is shown in Fig. 15-102, and is given by
= Ae- at sin (wt + 8). Find: A, a, w, and 8 from the graph.
i
From Fig. 15-102, i = 0 at t = O. Thus, 8 =O. We construct an envelope to the curve for i, as shown
by the dotted line from which A = 4, which is the amplitude of the envelope at t = O.
I
From the graph,
T
= 0.8 s
27T
= -= ifS = 7.85 rad/s
T
27T
Thus,
W
Finally, from the envelope:
1 = 4e- O. Ho
t.
4
'
3
2
1
A
..........
V
I
V
o
'"
-...
--
\
~
I
1- 2 I-- t - 3
,. 4
t~
-...E~velbpe I----
\.
-1
/
-
}--
V
- to-I-
f',- 1---
-- -
V - -.
l'> I-/-' -
-
~. t-.
... 't, s
--
~
I·
15.275
a = 1.733
or
1 sec
------~
Fig. 15-102
In the response shown in Fig. 15-103, the construction of the envelope does not yield an exact result.
find (without any geometrical construction) A, a, w, and 8.
i = Ae -at sin (wt + 8) A,
I
Since
i = 0 at
t = 0,
8 = O.
i = Ae- at sin wt
Thus,
From Fig. 15-103,
Thus,
Finally,
T=4ms.
Thus,
W=27T1T== 1570r/s,
A = 0.97
i
=
0.97 e
and
133
!
a = 133
sin 1570t A
If
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
411
Fig. 15-103
15.276
t = 0.
The circuit of Fig. 15-104 is under steady state and the switch is opened at
current i L • Also, determine its magnitude.
di
I
di
The roots are:
(0+) =
P
2 -diL + -10
dt
5
A/s
6
f
i dt=O
L
= ±j316.22
iL = A cos 316.22t + B sin 316.22t
Thus,
w = 21Tf= 316.22
i L(0+)=2
°
Find the frequency of the
requires
A=2
and
or
f= 50.3 Hz
The amplitude is
B=O.
i L =2A.
Fig. 15-104
15.277
A 1-jLF capacitor is charged to 2 V. It is then discharged across an RL-parallel circuit having
6
L = 0.5 X 10 H. Determine the voltage across the RLC-parallel combination.
I
Let v be the required voltage.
R
=~
MU
and
Then:
1 x 10-
6
~~
+ (3 x 1O- 6 )v + (2 x 10- 6 )
f
v dt =
°
p = -2, -1.
The characteristic roots are:
Thus,
dv (0 +) = 2 x 3 X 10- =6 =_ 2A + B
I x 10-6
dt
8
and
B =10 and
v = lOe- t - 8e- 1t V
6
Thus,
15.278
A
=-
The response of a circuit excited by a dc source is given by:
The initial conditions are
i(O+) =0
I The characteristic roots are:
and
2
d i
di
.
-+2-+1=10
dt 2
dt
di/dt(O+) = -5A/s.
p = -1, -1.
Solve for i.
The solution becomes:
i = 10 + Ae-' + Bte-'
A=-lO
Thus,
15.279
d'
-.!=-Ae-'+Be-'-Bte-'
dt
B=A-5=-15
and
di
-(0 )=-5=-A+B
dt +
i=1O-lOe-'-15te-'A
Figure 15-105 shows a basic circuit for producing a voltage of sawtooth waveform. When the switch is closed,
the gas tube is nonconducting and the voltage across C rises. When it reaches V" the tube fires, allowing the
capacitor to discharge to a voltage V2 • Thereafter the cycle repeats. Neglecting the discharge time (with
respect to the charging time, find the voltage Vc and determine its period.
412
0
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 15·105
I
Since
Vc
in an RC circuit is given by
Vc""
V(l-
e-
1IRC
(see Prob. 15.131)
)
for the given circuit we have
(1)
When
Vc""
VI'
let
t = T.
Then:
(V2 -- V)
T == RC In (VI -':::-V)
15.280
In the circuit of Fig. 15-105,
I
RC == 0.01 s,
(V - VJ
RC In (V _ VI) s
=
V = 2eO V,
VI = 90 V,
and
V2 = 10 V.
Sketch 1 cycle of
VC'
See Fig. 15-106.
I
I
Q
1:.
o
15.281
: /'1;
+--I---+--t---II-1:"-'-~-+1-r'"~I''!'''
: ~ 5
O.OGS'
,
Fig. 15·106
From (1) of Prob. 15.279, find dv cl dt(O +) and approximate the sawtooth curve of Fig. 15-106 by a straight line.
Draw this line.
I
The straight line is drawn in Fig. 15-106.
From (1) of Prob. 15.280
V- V2
dVe
di- ('JJ = RC
The equation to the straight line is
15.282
Compare the periods obtained in the exact
15.281.
analy~i~
of Prob. 15.279 and the approximate analysis of Prob.
I Let these periods be T, and Ta' From Prob. 15.279:
Te == Rein
V)
V_ J
(VI
For the straight line,
Vc
= VI at
t
= Ta or
0
413
In the circuit of Fig. 15-107 we have: V= 240 V, R, = 48 n, R2 = 27 n, L, = 1.6 H, L2 = 0.9 H,
All initial conditions are zero. The switch is closed at t = O. Solve for i , and i 2 •
and
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
Fig. 15-107
T,
Thus,
=
Ta
In [(V- V2)/(V- VI»)
(VI- V2)/(V-V2)
For the given numerical values:
T, = In [(200 - 10)/(200 - 90»)
(90 - 10) /(200 - 10)
13
.
=
Ta
15.283
M = 0.72.
I
By mesh analysis:
1.6
di ,
Tt
.
di2
+ 481 1 - 0.72 Tt
= 240
-0.72
di ,
Tt
.
di2
+ 2712 + 0.9 Tt
= 0
Solving simultaneously for i , and i2 yields
i , = 5 - 2.Se -751
15.284
-
2.Se -(75/4)1 A
Sketch i , and i2 obtained in Prob. 15.283.
I
i2
= -
3.33e -751 + 3.33e -(75/4)1 A
Also show the components of these currents.
See Fig. 15-108.
r
i, , '"
- - -.- . -.---:.,:-:;..;::.-:;:;;000----
o
-3
Fig. 15-108
15.285
In the circuit of Prob. 15.283, all circuit parameters are unchanged, except M. Recall from Chap. 11 that the
coefficient of coupling k is defined by k = M/V L I L 2 • If k is a variable, solve for the currents i , and i 2 •
I
Writing the KVL equations in terms of symbols, we have
L,
di ,
Tt
.
+ RIll
-
M
di2
Tt
= V
-M
di
•
di2
Tt1 + Rh + L2 Tt
Combining these equations for i I yields
(
1 _ M2) d\ + (RI + R2) di , + R,R2 i = R 2V
LIL2 dt 2
L,
L2 dt
LIL2 I
L2
Or, in terms of k and numerical values, Eq. (1) becomes
=0
414
0
CHAPTER 15
(1 - e)
d\ + hO. -d
di
+ 900i
dt
t
l
-2
l
= 30 V
A similar equation may be obtained for i 2 • The solutions become
. = 5 - 2 . 5e -[30/(I+k)]t - 25
i2 = 3.33[e- 30t /(I+k)
I1
. e -[30/(I--k)]t .A
15.286
-
e- 30t /(I-k)] A
Discuss the effect upon the transient terms of variation in values of k in the circuit of Prob. 15.285.
, As k ~ 1, one transient term predominates VIi hile the other decays to zero rapidly.
time constants of the transients merge to form one t:xponential term.
15.287
,
For
For
15.288
r
k= 0
i l =5-5e-·o A
k= 1
=5 -
il
2.5e-
15t
i2
the
k = 1.
= 3.33e- 15t A
At t = 0, SI is opened and S2 remains open.
Write the loop equation for i I '
In the circuit of Fig. 15-109a, S2 has been open and SI closed.
Draw an equivalent circuit to represent the initial conditions.
(See Fig. 15-109b)
V
)R,
R.
L,
L-a.
~
1,\
C. "-)
Fig. 15-109
(H
In the circuit of Fig. 15-110, ignoring the effect of the rectifier, solve for ic and
underdamped.
,
and
k ~ 0,
i 2 =OA
A
,
15.289
k =0
Solve for i l and i2 of the circuit of Prob. 15.285 for the specific values of
As
Vc>
assuming that the circuit is
From (3) of Prob. 15.188:
.
le
=
/3V (f3:
•
f3
+ a 2) e -at sm
t
R
where
2L
1
vc= C
1
and
a=-
Jicdt=V ['V
1-·
a2
wo=
vrc
2
at
f3+f3 e- sin(f3t+8) ]
8 = tan- I (f3la)
where
I
V
~~O
-1
Lf
...
tre
~
re
Fig. 15-110
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.290
Sketch ic and
Vc
0
415
obtained in Prob. 15.289.
I See Fig. 15-111.
Fig. 15·111
15.291
From Fig. 15-111 show when the rectifier comes into action.
comes into play?
I The rectifier comes into action when
Vc
What is the constant value of V c after the rectifier
is going through its first maximum.
At that time
f3t =
1T
and
ic =0.
15.292
Show that the response of the circuit of Fig. 15-112 can never be oscillatory, regardless of the values of the
circuit parameters.
I The mesh equations may be written as
Rli l +
~
I
f
i l dt -
~
I
f
i2 dt = V
Eliminating i l from these equations, we obtain the characteristic equation
Let its roots be
p2+(_I_+_I_+_I_)p+
1
=0
RICI
R2C2
R I R 2CI C2
R 2CI
p = H- A ± VB), where
1
1)2
B = ( RI Cl - R 2C2
2
(1
1)
(
1 )2
+ R 2C I RI Cl + R 2C2 + R 2CI
Because B cannot be negative, the roots of the auxiliary equation can never be complex.
response of the circuit can never be oscillatory.
v
T
C
'l.
Fig. 15-112
Hence, the
416
15.293
0
CHAPTER 15
Repeat Prob. 15.292 if the capacitors Cl and C2 are replaced by inductors LI and L 2 , respectively.
I
In this case we have:
The characteristic equation for i2 becomes
RI
RL
RI)
RIRL
p2+ ( - + - - + - p+--=O
L2
L2 LI
LIL2
B = (RI _ R2)2
LI
L2
which can never be negative.
15.294
+~~IR2L + 2(R I )2 + (RI)2
(L 2)
LIL2
L2
Hence the response cannot be oscillatory.
Determine the instantaneous power supplied by the current source in the circuit of Fig. 15-113 when the switch
is opened at t = O.
" RIR2) =5 (2X2)
vC<0_)=vC<0+)=Is\j~I+R2
2+2 =SV
I
r=R I C=6s
vC<t) = VC! + vc. = 10 + (5 _1O)eThus,
Ps
=
Isv, == SO - 2Se-
t16
tI6
= Vs
W
Fig. 15-113
15.295
Obtain the current i in the circuit of Prob. 15.294. Sketch the current. Verify that the total power supplied by
the source, as obtained in Prob. 15.294, is the Saffii! as that absorbed by the resistor under steady state.
I
Since
Vs
=
Vc
10 - ~;e -t16
-t16
Vc
i = -R = ----;.~-- = 5 - 2. Se
A
I
"
The sketch for i is shown in Fig. 15-114.
From Prob. 15.294,
Ps = SO W.
i(t)
A
5
-----
--------;;;.=0:::.;=-------
4
2
L
I
I
15
20
25
I
I. ...J.---.L..
I -L-L..L
I. ...J._ _....... t(s)
_ _-jf-L-L-L......L....1.....L..I....I-.l-1.....L.J.......J'--1-1 .J.-L-L..L
o
5
10
Fig. 15-114
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
0
417
find iL(t) in the circuit of Fig. 15-115.
15.296
I The initial conditions are
The characteristic equation for the circuit under transient condition is
p2 + 4p + 2 =
having the roots
PP P2 = -3.414, -0.586.
Thus,
iL(O+)=O
°
if- = A l e- 3 .414t
requires that
A I +A 2 =0.
diL
dt
or
Thus,
Now,
(0+)
+ A 2e
--{l.586t
A
uL (0+)=-2i L (0+)-uC<0+)=-2V=Ldi L ldt(0+)
uL(O+)
-L-
=-
-3.414A I
-
2
= - 0.5 = -4A/s
0.586A 2 = -4
Solving for A I and A 2 yields
Al = 1.414
and
A2 = -1.414
iL = 1.414(e-3.414t - e-0586t) A
Finally,
20
Fig. 15-115
15.297
L = 1 Hand
Repeat Prob. 15.296 for
I
C = 1 F.
In this case the characteristic equation becomes
p2 + 2p + 1 =
which has the roots
PP P2 = -1.
°
The solution is
iL = Ale- t + A 2 te- t
Proceeding as in Prob. 15.296:
iL(O+)=O
requires that
and
AI=O
iL = -2te- t A.
15.298
Repeat Prob. 15.296 for
L = 5 Hand
di L ldt(0+)=-2 =A 2 .
Hence
C = 1 F.
I The characteristic equation is
The roots are
PP P2 = -~
±n
and
dt
The solution is of the form
Applying the initial conditions
yields
Consequently,
15.299
diL
(0+)
2
=-3
and
A2 =-1
tI5
iL = _e- sin ~t A
Sketch the currents obtained in Probs. 15.296 through 15.298. Verify that these represent, respectively, the
overdamped, the critically damped, and the underdamped responses.
I See Fig. 15-116.
418
0
CHAPTER 15
I~ (t)
A
5
6
___t---!----:~-"*'"-~--.J.-==!::==~I
- - -... t(s)
_--7
1.414e-3414, - 1.414e-O 5861
L
=+
H. C= 1 F
I~ (t)
A
-5
L
-0.1
-0.3
6
.. t(s)
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
L" 1 H. C= 1 F
-08
-0.9
-1
<PJ
I~ (t)
A
0.2
0.1
30
t(s)
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
L==SH.C=lF
-0.5
-0.6
(~)
Fig. 15-116
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
15.300
Determine the current ix in the circuit of Fig. 15-117.
solution.
0
419
First state the initial conditions and then obtain the
I The initial conditions are
iL(O_)
= iL(O+) = -
~ A
dUe (0 )= ie(O+)
dt
+
C
( since
ie = C
dUe)
Tt
The characteristic equation is
The roots are
Thus,
Applying the above-stated initial conditions yields
A2
and
_ 14
-
Therefore,
I' x
and
=
-3- U
- . "
1 +4'e-211'5
3 e -
sl'n 4 tA
15
20
Fig. 15-117
15.301
Sketch ix(t) of Prob. 15.300 and verify that the circuit is underdamped.
I
Because the roots of the characteristic equation are a pair of complex conjugate numbers, the circuit is
underdamped. The sketch shown in Fig. 15-118 also validates this fact.
A
-0.7
---1--0.75
-0.8
-0.85
-0.9
.l..
4
8-121/15)
sin (~t)
15
-
1
-_-1-+--...1--..I..\--L---Jy <:..J.--""--3.L.----<. t(s)
5
-1.05
15.302
Fig. 15-118
Determine i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 15-119.
I
Thus,
r=LlR=lOms
i = 3-
if = 2 + 1 =3 A
e-
1001
A
in = (2 - 3)e- '001 A
420
D
CHAPTER 15
Fig. 15-119
15.303
Solve for vet) in the circuit of Fig. 15-120.
I
v(0+)=1O+5=15V
v(oo) = 5 + HlO) = 7.5 V
Hence, by inspection,
vet) = (15 _7.5)e-
1 kO
1 kCl
100Ot
+ 7.5 = 7.5(1 + e -1000/) V
-~
_.t...
1 pF
1=0
2 kO
v(/)
Fig. 15-120
15.304
In the circuit of Fig. 15-121a, the switch is initially closed at t = 0, opens and remains open for 0 < t < lO ms.
At t = 10 ms it closes once again and remains closed for 10 ms < t < 20 ms. At t = 20 ms it opens
again and closes at t = 30 ms. Sketch vet) for I) < t < 30 ms.
I
v(oo) = 0
r= RC=5ms
vet) = lOe -20Cl
O::s t::s 10 ms
v(lO ms) = lOe- 2 = 1.35 V
vet) = 10 + (1.35 - lO)e -(/-10)/5 rn. = '-8.65e -(/-10 rn.)/5 rn. + lO
v(20 ms) = --S.65e -2
lO ::s t ::s 20 ms
+ 10 = 8.83 V
vet) = 8.83e -(/-20 rn;) '5 rn.
20 ::s t ::s 30 ms
v(30 ms) = 1.2 V
Hence the sketch of Fig. 15-121b.
10
00 pF
500
+-------4------
(a..)
(b)
Fig. 15-121
15.305
In the circuit of Fig. 15-122, determine vet).
I
iL(O-)=O
iL(oo)=~+2='¥A
di
i L(t)=-¥e- I / 2 +¥
vL(t) = vet) = L d: = ¥e-
2
I
/
V
-~---- ~
t ,,.,s
TRANSIENTS IN DC CIRCUITS
D
421
40
+
40
2A
20
v(t)
Fig. 15·122
15.306
Solve for i(t) in the circuit of Fig, 15·123,
State all initial and final conditions,
I
i L(0 _) = i L(0 + ) = i(O + )
vc(oo) = 30 x 5 = 150 V
=5 A
and
The roots of the characteristic equation are found to be (-1, -9),
i(t) = iL(t) = Ale- t + A 2e- 9t + 5 A
Thus,
Applying the initial conditions gives
and
A2=
~
3
Thus,
300
5A
t
3H
Fig. 15·123
15.307
Write a set of differential equations to solve for the node voltage v in the circuit of Fig, 15·124,
I
The required equations are
v
RI
+
C dv
dt
12,
,
+ I1
,
=
1
c
Fig. 15-124
15.308
In the circuit of Fig, 15·124, we have LI = L2 = 1 H, RI = 0,5 n, R2
i = 2 A, Obtain a differential equation to solve for the node voltage v,
I
= 2 n,
C = 1 F,
M = 0,5 H,
and
Substituting the numerical values yields
dv
, = 2
2 V+-+I
dt
I
(1)
di l
di2
dt + 0,5 Tt = v
(2)
422
D
CHAPTER 15
di
di2
dt
dt
0.5 --1 -- -
.
+ 21 2 = 0
(3)
Multiplying Eq. (3) by 2 and differentiating with re,pect to t gives
2
d i1
dt 2
Substituting
di2
d:
=2v-2-1
dt
dt
-
d\
di2
=0
dt
+ 2 --- + 4 d,,2
(4)
and
from Eq. (2) in Eq. (4) results in
d\
di
- 3 - 2 - 8 ---1
dt
dt
Substituting
from Eq. (1) in Eq. (5) finally yields
dv
+ 4 - + 8v = 0
and
dt
(5)
/7
CHAPTER 16
LlStep, Ramp, and Impulse Functions
16.1
In Chap. 15, we considered the responses of circuits to suddenly applied sources by opening and/or closing of
switches. Thus, a suddenly applied 1-V dc source may be represented by the graph of Fig. 16-1a. We term
this a unit-step function, and denote it by u(t). Sketch the function v = u(t) - u(t - 4).
I The steps are shown in Fig.
16-1b, which also shows the final result.
Notice that v is a square wave of 4 s
duration.
l.(
f'::
(f)
[
~f,
S
let)
'IT, V
t/
tv-, v
I
r
_ u(f-4)
"Ill -v.{t-+)
,. t/
I
1-
""
S
S
6
( J,)
16.2
Fig. 16-1
From Prob. 16.1, we now have a technique to represent sources having finite durations. Sketch the following
functions: (a) VI (t) = lOu(t) V; (b) vz(t) = (115V2 cos 377t)u(t) V; (c) v 3 (t) 20e-'u(t) V.
=
I See Fig.
16-2a to c.
Notice that the functions are of the form
v(t) = f(t)u(t).
, 1 (t,I
10i------
(a)
(b)
20
(c)
Fig. 16-2
423
424
16.3
D
CHAPTER 16
Sketch a unit-step function which begins at
,
t = T.
This is a delayed unit step and is shown in Fig. :.6-3.
~t
T
Fig. 16-3
16.4
Make a table showing the sketches of the following Illlit-step functions: u(t), - u(t), u(t + t'), - u(t + t'),
u(t- t'), -u(t- t'), u(-t), -u(-t), u(-t+ t') -u(-t+ t'), u(-t- t'), and -u(-t- t').
,
The sketches are shown in Fig. 16-4.
-u(/)
U(/)
o
-u(1
U(I
+ I')
+ 1')
-,'
-I
0
-u(1 - 1')
u(1 - 1')
u(-/)
-U(-/)
~I
0
u(-I + 1')
~,.
~-I
-U(-I + 1')
0
u(-I - 1')
WA-,' -]
-1
-u(-I - 1')
-,'
]
1$1 __ I
0
Fig. 16-4
sov
Fig. 16-5
STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS
16.5
D 425
Evaluate v=2Su(-t-S)-50u(t)+SOu(t-1O) at (a) t=-6s, (b) -3s, (c) 3s, and (d) 11s.
I See Fig. 16-S. First, each term is sketched separately, and then combined to obtain the following results:
(a) 2SV,
16.6
(b) 0,
(c) -SOY,
(d) O.
Obtain the current i, for all values of t, in the circuit of Fig. 16-6.
I For
lO-n
t < 0,
resistors:
the voltage source is a short circuit and the current source shares 2 A equally between the two
For t> 0, the current source is replaced by an open circuit and the SO-V source acts in the RL series circuit
(R=20n). Consequently, as t~oo, i~-SO/20=-2.SA. Then,
i(t) = [i(O +) - i(oo)]e -RilL + i(oo) = 3.Se -lOO, - 2.S
A
By means of unit-step functions, the two formulas may be combined into a single formula valid for all t:
i(t) = 1u( -t) + (3.Se- IOO '
-
2.S)u(t)
A
(V)
SOU(/)
100
lOO
I
i ~
2u(-/)
(A)
0.2 H
Fig. 16-6
16.7
Determine vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16-7 when
v(t) = 0.2Su(t).
I By nodal analysis:
Vo
1 dvo
-6v I + 10 + 20 Tt = 0
v = 6i) and
The constraints are
VI = 4i l • Thus (1) becomes
Vo
10
For
t < 0,
V
= O.
For
t> 0,
(1)
1 dvo
+ 20
Tt
(2)
=4v
v = 0.2S, and (2) becomes
dvo
Tt + 2vo = 20
The solution for all t becomes
2n
.-----~.
+
v(t)
'
,
A
-
....
'1
4n
+1
+1
V
1
1
I
-io F
6vI
I
vo(/}
Ion
Fig. 16-7
426
16.8
0 CHAPTER 16
Repeat Prob. 16.7 if
I
v(t) = O.25u(t - 1).
t < 1.
v = 0 for
In this case
Other conditions remain the same.
Vo
16.9
=
10[1-- e -Z(f-I)]U(t - 1)
Sketch. and compare, the responses obtained in
I
Hence the solution becomes
Pro')~ ..
16.7 and 16.8.
See Fig. 16-8.
\ C (f )
10
5
o
o
0.55
1.05
1.55
2.0s
2.5s
2.0
2.5
fo}
10
5
o
o
0.5
1.0
1.5
3.0
B
Fig. 16-8
fh}
16.10
A series RC circuit, with
R = 5 k!1
VI =
and
C = 20
25u(-t) V
J-~F,
has two voltage sources in series,
V2 = 25u(t - t')
V
Obtain the complete expression for the voltage acro:;s the capacitor and make a sketch, if t' is positive.
I
The capacitor voltage is continuous. For t 5 0, VI results in a capacitor voltage of 25 V.
both sources are zero, so that Vc decays exponentiall) from 25 V toward zero:
Vc = 25e -fIRC = 25e -IOf
V
(05t5t')
IOt
In particular, vc(t') = 25e- ' V.
For t?:. tf, Vc builds from VC(tf) toward the fimll value 25 V established by vz:
Vc = [VC(tf) - vc(oo)]e-(f-f')IRC + v,,(ex) = 25[1- (e IOt ' -1)e- lOf ]
V
(t?:. t')
Thus, for all t,
Vc
16.11
=
25u(-t)
+ 25e- 10t [u(t) - u(t - t')] + 25[1- (ClOt' - 1)e- 10t ]u(t - t')
Sketch the voltage obtained across the capacitor of Prob. 16.10.
I
See Fig. 16-9.
V
For 05 t 5 tf,
STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS
0
427
25V
o
16.12
"
Fig. 16·9
The circuit of Fig. 16·7 is excited by the pulse shown in Fig. 16·10.
I
Determine vo(t).
As determined in Prob. 16.7, for Vo we have
Vo
1 dv o
1O+20Tt=v
And
v = 0.25[u(t) - u(t -1)]
The net response may be considered to consist of two parts:
V
and
Thus,
01
(t)
=
2f
10(1- e- )u(t)
V02 (t) = -10[1 - e -2(f-l)]U(t - 1)
Vo = 10(1 - e -2f)U(t) - 10[1 - e -2(t-J )]u(t - 1)
",I'
O.25V~--.,
o
1s
Fig. 16·10
16.13
Sketch the response of the circuit of Fig. 16·7 to the signal of Fig. 16-10.
I
16.14
The response is given by Vo of Prob. 16.12, which is sketched in Fig. 16-11.
Represent the train of pulses shown in Fig. 16-12 in terms of Vo and unit steps.
I In
this case, each pulse may be expressed by a step and a delayed step.
Hence,
v(t) = Vou(t) - Vou(t - T) + Vou(t - 3 T) - Vou(t - 4 T) + Vou(t - 5 T) - Vou(t - 6 T)
16.15
If we integrate the unit-step function, we obtain a unit-ramp function.
and sketch a unit ramp, r(t).
I
and
r(t) =
-d [r(t)] = u(t) =
dt
The unit ramp is sketched in Fig. 16-13.
L' u(t) dt
{O
1
-oo<t<O
O::5t<oo
Notice that
r(t) = {
~
-oo<t<O
O::5t<oo
Express this statement mathematically
428 0 CHAPTER 16
10
5
----~-----+----~------~------~I--------~.+~
3
4
'
-5
-10
(0)
V-
10
8.65
5
----~-----+----~2--~~3~----~4----------t,~
Fig. 16.11
(b)
v:fl
Vo-
T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
Fig. 16·12
r(f)
t /- +
~_ _ 1:, s
Fig. 16·13
STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS
16.16
Sketch the following ramp functions:
kr(t - 1) and
D
429
kr(t + 1).
I The sketches are shown in Fig. 16-14.
Fig. 16-14
16.17
Represent the voltage waveform of Fig. 16-15 in terms of ramp functions.
I We obtain the desired result by adding and subtracting ramps (see also Probs. 16.1 and 16.5). Thus,
v(t) == r(t) - r(t - 1) - r(t - 1) == r(t) - 2r(t - 1)
Fig. 16-15
16.18
A current of the waveform shown in Fig. 16-16 flows through a 2-mH inductor.
voltage across the inductor.
di
v = LL
dt
In terms of unit ramps, i may be written as
i(t) = r(t) - 2r(t -1) + r(t - 2)
Thus,
vL(t) = (2 x 10- 3 )
~
[r(t) - 2r(t - 1) + r(t - 2)]
== 2u(t) - 4u(t - 1) + 2u(t - 2)
mY
Fig. 16-16
16.19
Sketch the voltage across the inductor of Prob. 16.18.
I See Fig. 16-17.
11."
....
/-.
v
Fig. 16-17
Determine the corresponding
430
16.20
D
CHAPTER 16
Figure 16-18 shows a voltage waveform.
•
Express i'l terms of unit steps and unit ramps.
The given voltage may be expressed as
udt) = u(t) - ~rU)
+
~r(t - 4)
+ u(t - 4)
Fig. 16-18
16.21
The voltage of Fig. 16-18 is applied across a 2-fLF capacitor.
•
ic
=C
du C
dt
=2[8(t) 16.22
d
= C dt
~u(t)
+
(u(t) - ~r(t)
~u(t --
What is the current through the capacitor?
+ ~r(t - 4) + u(t - 4)]
4) + 8(t - 4)]
(1)
In (1) of Prob. 16.21, we have symbolically denoted the derivative d[u(t)]/dt by 8(t), which is known as the
unit-impulse or unit-delta function. Sketch the two terms involving these functions in (1) of Prob. 16.21.
•
See Fig. 16-19.
1
'1. ~
S; [+)
-Lt,
o
1.
o
'
0:-4-)
..,.
t,'
Fig. 16·19
v( I}
, I'll
p.25V~--------~
1.0V -
o
o
0.025
5
(a)
v( t)
0.5 V t - - - -..
o
o
o
O.ol25 s
o
(b)
0.00625
5
(c)
Fig. 16-20
STEP, RAMP, AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS
16.23
See Fig. 16-20.
From Fig. 16-20c it follows that the pulse tends to the impulse.
Determine the current through a 2-mH inductor across which the voltage has the waveform shown in Fig. 16-21.
I
v = 20u(t) - 30u(t - 1) + 10u(t - 2)
Thus,
i
= L1
It
_~
v dt
= 210
3
It
-00
[20u(t) - 30u(t - 1) + lOu(t - 2)] dt
lO3
=
2
=
[lOr(t) -lSr(t -1) + Sr(t - 2)] x lO3
[20r(t) - 30r(t - 1)
+ 10r(t - 2)]
A
lo
10
Fig. 16·21
16.25
431
Sketch the following pulses of volt ages: v(t) = 0.2Su(t) - 0.2Su(t - 0.025); v(t) = O.SOu(t) - O.SOu(t - 0.012S);
v(t) = 1.00u(t) - l.OOu(t - 0.00625).
Observe that as the period gets shorter, the pulse tends to the impulse
function.
I
16.24
0
Sketch the current i of Prob. 16.24.
•
See Fig. 16-22, which shows all the steps of adding (and subtracting) the ramps.
l()r[t)
l'
[- ,.;- -r-(t-r
')J
-
-
forlt)- /.::;r-(t- I )
10
10
5
'5
t-
t
1-
1.67
t-
-s
_10
I')
10
10 rH)- 10; r{i- I)
,
+
10r(l"-2-)
:;./.;
5"
'5
~
2.
Fig. 16·22
t
'2..
3
4-t
CHAPTER 17
~
Duals and Analogs~
17.1
Write the loop equation for the circuit of Fig. 17-1a, a'ld the node equation for the circuit of Fig. 17-1b. Verify
that the two equations are identical, and thus their solutions have the same form. The networks are duals of
each other.
•
For the circuit of Fig. 17-1a:
(1)
(2)
L,
R,
(a.)
17.2
From (1) and (2) of Prob. 17.1, it follows that the roles of voltage and current have been interchanged.
a table to show the pairs of dual quantities.
•
Resistance, R
Inductance, L
i dt
Loop
Short circuit
Conductance, G
Capacitance, C
J
v dt
Node
Open circuit
The following procedure is followed, in general, to obtain the dual of a network.
1. Place a dot within each loop of the given network. These dots correspond to independent nodes. Number
these dots (and the respective nodes). Place a node external to the network. This is the datum node.
2. Connect all internal dots in adjacent loops, traversing only one element at a time. For each element
traversed in the original network, connect the dual element on the dual network. Continue this process
until the number of possible paths through single elements is exhausted.
3. Join all internal dots to the external dot crossing all external branches.
Using this procedure, obtain the dual of the network shown in Fig. 17-2a.
•
The procedure is shown in Fig. 17-2a, and the dual in Fig. 17-2b.
1.
,'_ - --., R,
iV\t--,---{!-;;:-----.
,
" ' . . . ___--""'0
- --~- (4)
432
Make
TABLE 17.1 Pairs of duals
J
17.3
Fig. 17-1
(b)
o
(h)
Fig. 17-2
DUALS AND ANALOGS
17.4
D 433
Repeat Prob. 17.3 for the circuit of Fig. 17-3a .
•
See Fig. 17-3b.
-- -"
,-
!
('
t I- - "
o
\
17.5
......,.
'"
\,.
/
- - - - - -yo- - - - -
- _----,
" ...
I
,/
(6)
/
Fig. 17.3
Draw the dual of the network shown in Fig. 17-4a.
•
The dual is shown in Fig. 17-4b.
/..
,I
,i
'
' ..
- - -, ,
\
.....
,
,1
-
ti,l
I
I
\..
-[2.. - - _. - ... (D
F
~
6
+'7-0
I
\
I
"j
'~--
--.. ---.1:=-=
=:= __ _J/
o
)
o
Fig. 17-4
17.6
Using the dual shown in Fig. 17-4b, solve for the current in the 1/l4-ilresistorofthecircuitofFig.17-4a.
'",' +' =~+A -(14+1D)r/6",1+A -4r
If
In
10 + 14
e
e
I
i(O,) == ¥o = 2.4 A.
Thus,
A == 2.4 - 1", 1.4.
i=1+1.4e- 4r
Finally,
17.7
A
Verify that the result of Prob. 17.6 can be obtained by using the original circuit of Fig. 17-4a.
• In the dual the current corresponds to the voltage.
or V. Thus, by nodal analysis:
Thus, the problem reduces to the determination of
dv
6 dt + 24v '" 24
With the initial condition
/'
v(O +) = v(O _) == 2.4 V
" '\
the solution becomes
L
v = 1 + 1.4e -4r V.
1
/
/
I
1/
\
"
r
~
\
\
,\,,-,
----,-
.......
0
(a.)
-"
I.
-R,
I
I
1
C.
.3
"
(6)
Fig. 17-5
V 6F
434
17.8
0 CHAPTER 17
Find the dual of the network shown in Fig. 17-5a.
•
17.9
See Fig. 17-5b.
Repeat Prob. 17.8 for the network of Fig. 17-6a.
•
See Fig. 17-6b.
o-"
(a.)
17.10
....
-
o
(h)
Fig. 17·6
Repeat Prob. 17.8 for the network of Fig. 17-7a
•
See Fig. 17-7b.
-.....1<.,
",
L
I
r
I
I
\
I
\
"-
f _
I
r~'
I
-"'2
{J.",
\
\
c
'2..
L
0
\,
'-
.......
- -?-- 0---- - - -
- -
- (h)
(a.)
17.11
Fig. 17·7
Figure 17-8 shows a purely mechanical system. As:;uming that all forces are linear, apply Newton's law to write
the equation of motion of the system, where F is an externally applied force.
•
By Newton's law
F = Fma,,~
+ Ffriction + Fspring
d"x
F = M --dt 2
or
+b
dx
dt
+ kx
(1)
Fig. 17·8
17.12
Compare (1) of Prob. 17.11 with (1) of Prob. 17.1 and make a table of force-voltage analogy.
•
In terms of electric charge q and dropping the subscripts, we may rewrite (1) of Prob. 17.1 as
2
d q
dq
L --- R dt 2
dt
Hence, we obtain the Table 17.2.
1
+- q= v
C
(1)
DUALS AND ANALOGS
D
435
TABLE 17.2 Force.voltage analogy
Force, F
Velocity, x
Damping, b
Mass, M
Spring constant, k
17.13
Voltage, v
Current, i
Resistance, R
Inductance, L
Elastance = reciprocal of capacitance, 11 C
Compare (1) of Prob. 17.11 with (2) of Prob. 17.1 and make a table of force-current analogy.
I On the basis of duality, if force is taken to be analogous to current, the Table 17.3 is obtained.
TABLE 17.3 Force·current analogy
Force, F
Velocity, x
Damping, b
Mass, M
Spring constant, k
17.14
Current, i
Voltage, v
Conductance, G
Capacitance, C
Reciprocal of inductance, 11 L
Draw the circuits for the analogs obtained in Probs. 17.12 and 17.13.
I These circuits are, respectively, shown in Figs. 17-9a and b.
lA)
c
Fig. 17-9
17.15
A construction procedure for drawing electrical analogs for mechanical systems is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Denote all masses by capacitors to ground.
Node volt ages on capacitors correspond to velocities.
Draw current sources to denote forces.
Connect all other components between the nodes in an arrangement which parallels the connections between
the masses in the mechanical system.
Using the above procedure, draw an electrical analog for the system shown in Fig. 17-lOa.
I
By inspection, using the above procedure, we obtain the circuit of Fig. 17-lOb.
436
D
CHAPTER 17
Fig. 17·10
17.16
Obtain a circuit on the basis of force-voltage analogy for the system of Fig. 17-lOa.
I The circuit of Fig. 17-11 a shows the force-current analogy (just obtained in Prob. 17.15). We draw the dual
network in Fig. 17-11b to obtain the force-voltage analog.
I
(
I
I
(
I
I
I
I
\
\
\
\.-
'-
-
- - - - - -~ - -
-
--
I
-
0
Fig. 17·11
17.17
Draw an electrical analog for the mechanical system shown in Fig. 17-12a.
I See Fig.
17-12b.
Ca,)
(b)
Fig. 17·12
17.18
Repeat Prob. 17.17 for the system shown in Fig. 17·13a.
I See Fig.
17.19
Repeat Prob. 17.17 for the system shown in Fig. 17-14a.
I See Fig.
17.20
17-13b.
17-14b.
A wheel mounted on bearings has a lO-kg· m 2 inertia and a bearing friction of 0.05 N . mlrad/s. At t = 0, a
lO-N . m torque is applied to the wheel, starting from rest. Write its equation of motion and solve for its speed.
I The equation of motion is
dUI
10
Thus,
-;k + 0.05w = 10
w = 200(1-
e-0005T)
rad/s
DUALS AND ANALOGS
Fixed frame
(a.)
Rn
R24
LI2
(b)
Fig. 17.13
(a)
(b)
1++ M g •
c .... M.
L
++
Fig. 17·14
k.
R
++
b
D
437
438
17.21
0 CHAPTER 17
Draw an electrical analog for the wheel of Prob. 17.:W.
I
See Fig. 17-15.
Fig. 17-15
17.22
How much energy is stored in the wheel of Prob. 17.20 under steady state?
I
17.23
From Fig. 17-15:
After the wheel of Prob. 17.20 has a steady speed, the torque is removed.
wheel make before it comes to rest?
I
The speed corresponds to the discharge of the st'Jred energy and is given by
w=200e- O
radls
(}('SI
or
rad
or
17.24
8'leady 'Iale
=
(4 x 10') rad
=
6360 revolutions
Draw a torque-current analog for the wheel of Prob. 17.20.
nodal equation.
I
How many revolutions will the
Label all parameters numerically, and write the
See Fig. 17-16.
dv
v
10 --'- - = 10
dt
20
where v corresponds to w.
loA
Fig. 17-16
17.25
The equation of motion of a mechanical system is (Fig. 17-17a)
2
d x2
M dt2= k(x J
Obtain an electrical analog for the system if M =. 1 kg,
on the spring is moved to the right at a speed 2 ml >.
I
Let
x2 )
-
-
b
dX 2
Tt
k = 4.01 N Im,
or
Thus, (1) becomes
di2 + 0.2i2 + 4.01
Tt
which is represented by the circuit of Fig. 17-17b.
f
(i2 - 2) dt = 0
(1)
b = 0.2 N Im Is.
At
t = 0,
point 1
DUALS AND ANALOGS
i
0 439
~/b
27:?77T
(a)
Fig. 17-17
(b)
17.26
Draw a voltage analog for the system of Prob. 17.25.
I
See Fig. 17-18, obtained from duality.
Fig. 17·18
17.27
Determine the instantaneous compression of the spring of the system of Prob. 17.25.
I
The instantaneous compression is x 2 •
obtain
Substituting the numerical values and rewriting (1) of Prob. 17.25 we
The solution is
x 2 = 2t - 0.09975e-
01t
sin (2t + 174.3°)
m
which is the required compression.
17.28
After the system of Prob. 17.25 has reached steady state, the spring is detached at point 2.
the equation of subsequent motion.
I
At
The equation is
t = 0,
i z = 2 m/so
Thus,
i2 =2e- O. 2t
17.29
How far does the mass in Prob. 17.28 travel before it comes to rest?
I
17.30
m/s
X
2
=
f
i2 dt = 10(1 - e- 02 ,)
or
m
(X 2 )steadY state
= 10 m
The equation of motion of a mechanical system is
10
~~
+ 120x + 360
f
x dt = 98.1
Represent the system by an electrical analog.
I
See Fig. 17-19.
Fig. 17-19
Obtain and solve
440
17.31
0 CHAPTER 17
The dynamics of an electromechanical system is given by
Obtain a corresponding set of analog equations involving only electrical quantities.
I
Let
{38 1 = v2 • Then we have
where
17.32
Draw an electrical analog for the system of Prob. 17.31.
I
See Fig. 17-20.
+
+
Fig. 17-20
17.33
The electromechanical dynamics of a system is given by
Express these equations in terms of purely electric<ll quantities.
I
17.34
Let
XI = i2
and
41
=
i l.
Thus:
Represent the system of Prob. 17.33 by an electrical analog.
I
See Fig. 17-21, where
Co = l/S o and
Cm~' I If'.
b
Fig. 17·21
17.35
Under what conditions is the circuit of Fig. 17-21 physically realizable.
I
Since the capacitors cannot assume negative values, we must have
and
~ransients in AC Circuits
CHAPTER 18
18.1
A 60-Hz 2400-V (rms) generator is connected in series with a switch and a load whose resistance and inductance
are 0.24 nand 0.030 H, respectively. Assume the impedance of the generator is negligible. If the switch is
closed at the instant the voltage wave passes through 0 V rising in the positive direction, determine the current.
,
By KVL:
0.03
-
V
*
+ 0.24i = 2400v'2 sin 377t
Z=
If =
2400 L!r
0.24 + j(377)(0.03) = 212.14/-88.8°
Thus, i = Ae -Sf + 300 sin (377t - 88.8°).
A = 299.93. Thus,
8f
18.2
A
n
The initial condition requires that
i = 299.93e-
[Note:
= Ae-(0.24/0.03)f = Ae- Sf
i
if = 212.14v'2 sin (377t - 88.8°)
A
+ 300 sin (377t - 88.8°)
0 = A + 300 sin (-88.8°),
A
In problems of this chapter, phasors are indicated by overbars rather than by boldface type.]
Determine the current 0.1 s after the switch is closed in the circuit of Prob. 18.1.
steady-state current.
,
From Prob. 18.1, at
i(oo)
~
=
A
212.14
From Prob. 18.1
i = 0.24 + j11.31
= 11.313/88.8°
n
-
2400 L2!r
If = 11.313/88.8° = 212.4/1.22°
i = Ae -Sf + 300 sin (377 t + 1.22°)
Thus,
A
in
= Ae-
8f
A
A
i = 0 at t = 0 yields A = -6.39
8f
i = -6.3ge- + 300 sin (377t + 1.22°)
A
or
Repeat Prob. 18.2 for the data of Prob. 18.3.
,
From Prob. 18.3 at
t = 0.1 s
i(O.l s) = -6.3ge -(8)(0
I)
+ [sin (377 x 0.1 +
i(oo) = 212.14 A
18.5
=
A
Repeat Prob. 18.1, assuming that the switch is closed at the instant the voltage wave is at its positive maximum.
,
18.4
Also calculate the
t = 0.1 s
i(O.l s) = 299.93e-(8)(Ol) + 300 sin (377 x 0.1 - 88/8) = -165.17
5 3
18.3
or
~;~~) ]300 = 3.78 A
(same as in Prob. 18.2)
Set up the differential equation and the initial conditions for the circuit of Fig. 18-1a excited by the voltage wave
of Fig. 18-1b.
,
Thus
From Fig. 18-1b,
2
T=2XO.05=0.ls,
*
j=1IT=1I0.1=lOHz,
ege. = 500 sin (62.83t + 150°)
+ 180i = 500 sin (62.83t + 150°)
and
w=21T(1O)=62.83rad/s.
V
with
441
442
D
CHAPTER 18
L-2H
R - 180 fl
(a)
Fig. 18.1
(b)
18.6
Solve for i in the circuit of Fig. 18-1 a.
-
I
If
V
=
l~ = 1.610 sin (62.83t
i(O+)=O,
A=-2.28sin115°=-2.07.
i = -2.07e-
18.7
901
=
Ae-
901
Hence,
+ 2.28 sin (62.83t + 115°)
. = - 2.07 e -90xO.O! + 2.28 SIn
• ('
62.83 x om +
t = om s,
A
+ 2.28 sin (62.83t + 115°)
How much energy is stored in the coil of the circuit of Fig. 18-1a at
I At
A
+ 115") = 2.28 sin (62.83t + 115°)
i
or
Since
(500/V2) /150°
°
lH(] + j2(62.83) = 1.61 ~
Z=
I
A
t = 0.01 s?
l1Y)
57.3° = 0.26 A
WcOi ! = !L(i)2,~ !(2)(0.26)2 =67.6mJ
18.8
A 450-V 60-Hz generator supplies a series circuit consisting of a switch, a 40-.n capacitive reactance, and a coil
whose inductive reactance and resistance are 50 nand 2.0.n, respectively. The switch is closed 20° after the
voltage wave passes through zero rising in the positive direction. (a) Sketch the circuit; (b) sketch the voltage
wave and indicate time-zero; (c) determine the steady-state current.
I
(a)
See Fig, 18-2a,
(c)
i = 2 + j(50 - 40) = 10.2 /78.7°.n
(b)
See Fig. 18-2b.
y'
=450 /20°
-
V
If =
V
Z=
450 /20°
10.2 m2' = 44.12 / -58.7° A
(a..,)
(b)
Fig. 18·2
TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS
18.9
0
443
Determine the instantaneous current in the circuit of Prob. 18.8.
50
L = 377 = 0.133 H
I
1
C = 377 x 40 = 66.31 JLF
The current is governed by
0.133
The solution is
i = if + in'
Since
~ + 2i + 6~~;1 J i dt = 450v'2 sin (377t + 20°)
If = 44.12/- 58. 7° A
if = 44.12v'2 sin (377t - 58. 7 °)
(1)
A
The characteristic equation of the circuit is
6
2
10
0.133p + 2p + 66.31 = 0
and the roots are
PI' P2 = -7.5 ± j336.8.
Thus,
(2)
I
Combining (1) and (2) to obtain i, and applying the initial condition i(O _) = i(O+) = 0, yields Al = 53.3.
TodetermineA 2 weuse vc(O_)=vc(O+)=O and di(O+)ldt= 450y2sin 20 % .133:0 1636.55.
After
considerable manipulation we obtain A2 = -30.25.
i = 62.4 sin (377t - 58.7°)
Hence,
+ e- 751 (53.3 cos 336.8t - 30.25 sin 336.8t)
IS.10
A
(3)
How much average power is absorbed by the circuit of Prob. 18.9?
I To determine the average power, we consider only the steady-state terms in the current and voltage at the
terminals of the given circuit. Thus,
p ==
WIIII cos cp == (450)(44.12) cos [20 -
p = [2R = (44.12)\2) == 3893.1 W
Otherwise,
18.11
How much energy is stored in the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 18.9 at
I At
t == 0.01 s
from (3) of Prob. 18.9, we obtain
t = 0.01 s?
i = -17.85 A.
WL = ~L(i)2 = HO.133)( -17.85)2 = 21.19 J
Thus,
18.12
(-58.7)] == 3890.3 W
Determine the value of the capacitance that should be connected in parallel with the original capacitor, or in
series with the original capacitor, so that the circuit of Prob. 18.9 is under resonance.
1
I
fr
1
== 21TVLC =60= 21Tv'0.133C
or
C= 52.9 JLF
Therefore, a series-connected capacitor is required to bring the equivalent capacitance down to the required
value. For a series connection we have
or
18.13
Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit of Prob. 18.9 under resonance.
I
At resonance,
Thus,
18.14
i. =R.
V
R
450
2
/=-=-=225A
The voltage across a series RL circuit is v = 150 sin (500t + 0.785) V. Given: R = 50.n and L = 0.2 H.
Find the voltage across the resistor at t = 0.002 s. Use the method of undetermined coefficients.
I
The circuit equation for
t
> 0 is
di
dt + 250i = 750 sin (500t + 0.785)
(1)
444
0
CHAPTER 18
The solution is in two parts, the complementary function (iJ and the particular solution (ip)' so that
i = ic + ip • The complementary function is the general solution of (1) when the right-hand side is replaced by
zero: ic = ke- 250r• The method of undetermined coefficients for obtaining ip consists in assuming that
ip = A cos SOOt + B sin SOOt
since the right-hand side of (1) can also be expressed as a linear combination of these two functions.
di
d; = -500A sin SOOt + 500B cos SOOt
Then
Substituting these expressions for ip and dV dt into (l) and expanding the right-hand side,
-5OOA sin SOOt + 500B cos SOOt + 250A cos SOOt + 250B sin SOOt = 530.3 cos SOOt + 530.3 sin SOOt
Now equating the coefficients of like terms,
-500A + 250B = 530.3
Solving these simultaneous equations,
500B + 250A
and
A = -0.4243 A.,
=
530.3
B == 1.273 A.
ip = -0.4243 cos SOOt + 1.273 sin 500t = 1.342 sin (SOOt - 0.322)
i == ic + ip = ke-
and
At
t
= 0,
i
= O.
t = 0.002 s,
250r
+ 1.:142 sin (SOOt - 0.322)
= 0.425 A,
A
A
and, finally,
+ 1.342 sin (SOOt - 0.322)
A
i = 1.1 A.
Thus,
18.15
k
Applying this condition,
i = 0.425e-
At
250r
VR
In the circuit of Fig. 18-3,
i(O + )
=(50)(1.1) =55V
= i(O _) = 0.5 A. Determine i for
t > O.
I The voltage equation is
i
=
100 + jlOO = loov'2/4SO n
. = If. + In.
I
i(O+) = 0.5
implies that
0.5 == -0.5 + A.
- = (l00/V2) !.Sf.. = ~ /-45° A
If
(loov'2) /45°
2
1 Sill
. ( 10'. t - 450) + A e -IOOOr
= v'2
Thus.,
A =1
A
and
'1.
(00
~/o
~
t
V
18.16
Sketch the current obtained in Prob. 18.15.
I
See Fig. 18-4.
J
0.'
H
Fig. 18-3
TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS
D
445
Complete solution
I
t,s
/"Steady
state
Fig. 18-4
18.17
It may be shown that the current i in the circuit of Fig. 18-5a is given by:
i=
,/
2
Vm
yR +(l/wC)
2
.
) [VO + Vm cos (8 + f3) sin 13] -IIRC
sm (wt + 8 + 13 R
e
(1)
where 13 = tan- t (l/wCR) and Vo is the initial voltage on the capacitor. For the following numerical values,
sketch the current: Vm =lOV, Vo =-5V3V, R=5!l, C=30.63j.tF, 8=60°, and w=377rad/s.
t
103
)
13 = tan- ( 377 x 30.63 x 5 = 60°
,
The current is sketched in Fig. 18-5b.
R
i, A
Fig. 18·5
18.18
In the circuit of Prob. 18.17, it is feasible to close the switch at an instant so that no transient occurs.
Determine the condition for which there will be no transient in the circuit.
446
0
CHAPTER 18
, For no transient to occur, the coefficient of the transient term in (1) of Prob. 18.17 must be zero.
the required condition is
Hence,
)
o + f3 - "21T = sm• -t( Vm ~}
sin f3
18.19
Repeat Prob. 18.18 by determining the voltage acroi;s the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 18-5a.
I
Considering only the transient term in (1):
Vet< =
At
(=
0,
1
C
I
. f3 ) sm
. ( w ( + f3 + ()
(r d ( = (Vm sm
Vo
=
(Vm sin (3) sm (() + f3 -
-"21T) + k e -·IIRC
I) + k
The value of k will be zero if
~) = (Vm sin In sin (() + f3 -
I)
which is the same condition as derived in Prob. 18.1.8.
18.20
Sketch the voltages v and
transients.
I
Vc
of the circuit of Fig.
V~-5a.
From the sketch, find the condition on Vo to avoid
The voltages are sketched in Fig. 18-6 from which it may be seen that the transient can be avoided only if
Wol < Vm sin f3.
Fig. 18·6
18.21
The circuit of Fig. 18-3 is under steady state with the switch in position 2. The switch is thrown to position 1 at
the instant when the current is going through a positive maximum. Sketch the current for « 0 and for
(>0.
I
See Fig. 18-7.
Fig. 18·7
18.22
Refer to Prob. 18.21. If the voltage of the source continues independent of the switch position, are there any
subsequent instants of time when the switch could bl! thrown back to position 2 without causing any transients?
TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS
0 447
, Yes. The switch could be thrown back to position 1 without causing a transient at any instant when the
actual current has the same value as the continuation of the original function. The first such moment
[determined graphically (see Fig. IS-7) or by trial-and-error] is t = 1.295 ms.
R = 10 n,
In the circuit of Fig. IS-5a,
18.23
,
~)
C == 10 JA-F,
= 0,
lOe~1
v=
and
sin t V.
Solve for i.
The voltage equation is
lOi + 10 5
i(O+)=O,
with
vC<O_)=vc(O+)=O.
I
i dt ==
lOe~1 sin t
( 1)
Let the forced solution be
if == e-I(C I sin t + C2 cos t)
(2)
Substituting (2) in (1) yields
4
10 C I
-
4
Cl + 10 C 2 == 1
C2 = -1
Cl = - C2 = - 10-4
Thus
and
i = 1O- 4 e-l(cos t - sin t) + Ae- I041
Thus
i( 0 + ) = 0
requires that
A = -10 - 4.
.
Hence,
1=10
18.24
.
-1041
A
]
t = 0.1 ms.
From Prob. IS.23
i(O.1 ms) = 63.2 JA-A
18.26
-t
[e (cost-smt)-e
Determine the voltage acrOss the resistor of the circuit of Prob. IS.23 at
,
18.25
-4
,
or
v R = Ri = (10)(63.2 x 10- 6 ) = 0.632 mV
What is the energy stored in the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. IS.23 at
Vc
= v - vR == 0.9999- 0.632= 0.3679mV
t = 0.1 ms.
w = ~ C( V C)2 = 0.677 X 10-
or
12
J
The circuit of Fig. IS-S is under steady state with v = 100 sin 377t V. The switch is closed at t = 0, and the
circuit is allowed to come to steady state again. What is the initial condition on the current and what is the
steady-state current?
,
For
i
t < 0,
= 10 3 + j(377 - 5300) = 5023/-7SS n
100 L!r
Im = 5023/-7SS == 19.9/7SS mA = 3.97 + j19.5
The reactive component of the current cannot change instantaneously.
For
t > 0,
R
=
O.
mA
Thus,
Thus,
(Im)steady <tate
= _
100
j4923 == 20.3/90°
mA
or
i" = 20.3 cos 377t
Fig. 18-8
mA
448
18.27
D
CHAPTER.18
,
t > O.
Solve for i for the circuit of Prob. 18.26 for
where if is the same as iss of Prob. 18.26.
The characteristic roots are
PI' P: ,= ±j103v'2
Thus,
and
i=
in = Cl cos lO:'\l2t + C2 sin 10 3v'2t
3
20.3 cos 377t + Cl cos 10 3v'2t + C sin 10 v'2t
2
From Prob. 18.26,
Vcm = 19.9 X 10- 3 x 5300 LQ8.~ Thus,
vc(O_)
= vc(O+) = -21 V='
90°) = 105.5 I-uS = 103.5 - j21
-~ (0+)
i(O+) = 19.5 mA
These initial conditions yield
Cl = -0.8 X 10- 3
and
C2
=
14.85
X
10- 3
Finally, therefore,
i = 20.3 cos 377t - 0.8 cos
18.28
w3v'2t + 14.85 sin 10 3v'2t
mA
Obtain a differential equation to solve for the current through the 1-0 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 18-9.
,
For the two mesh currents i l and i 2 , we have
di + 1,
2i 1 + -~
dt3
From (2):
I
(1)
(i 1- 2
i ) dt = vs
I
(i2 - i I) dt + i2 = 0
(2)
3
I
(3)
(.'1 - i 2) dt = i2
.
.
di2
31 1 == 31 2 + Tt
and
di I
dt =,
(4)
2
di2
1 d i2
dt + 3 df
(5)
Substituting (3) to (5) in (1) yields
d~2
ili".
.
+ 5 -d" + 91 2 = 6t + 9 sm 4t
dt
t
-2
20
1H
10
Fig. 18-9
18.29
,
List the initial conditions required to solve for ix in the circuit of Fig. 18-10.
Fig. 18·10
TRANSIENTS IN AC CIRCUITS
18.30
Solve for ix in the circuit of Fig. 18-10.
I
By steady-state circuit analysis
if = 0.36 cos (31 - 146.9°)
A
The characteristic equation is
The roots are
p2 + ~p +
1=
5
.
PI' P2 = -
.
Thus,
In =
0
v'23
6 ± J -6-
v'23 1 + C'
v'23 )
e -5/61( Cl cos -62 sm -6- 1
The initial conditions on ix are
ix(O+)
Consequently,
Hence,
=
iL(O+) - 5 = 0 A
Cl
=0.3
and
C2 = -0.43
v'23 1 - 0.43 sm
. -6v'23 1)
ix = 0.36 cos (31 - 146.9°) + e -5/6 ( 0.3 cos -6I
A
0 449
CHAPTER 19
\\
Circuits with Multifrequency Inputs ~
19.1
Linear circuits, excited by multi frequency sources, may be solved by superposition. On this basis, solve for the
current in the circuit of Fig. 19-1a under stt:ady state. Given: e 10- = 30 sin 21TlOt V and e 20 _ =
5Q sin 21T20t. Obtain an expression for the instantaneous current.
- ~J-
IT
L -_ _ _- " " " " -
R-41l
L - 28 mH
(a)
"20-
R-Hl
R-Hl
L - 28 mH
L - 28 mH
(b)
(c)
Fig. 19·1
, First, we decompose the circuit of Fig. 19-1a into two components, each with its own single-frequency input,
as shown in Fig. 19-1b and c. We now have:
For Fig. 19-1b
ZIO_ = R + jX L . 10 _
== 4 + j21T(1O)(0.028)
==4+j1.76
= 4.37 /23.75° n
E 1o _
=
30 L!r
v'2 == 21.21 V
21.21L!r
110 _ = 4.37 /23.75°
== 4.85/-23.75° A
For Fig. 19·1c
Z20_
=
R + jX L . 20 -
= 4 + j21T(20)(0.028)
=4 + j3.52
=
5.33/41.34° n
E 20 _
=
50L!r
v'2
120 _
=
5.33/41.34°
=
35.36 V
35.36 L!r
= 6.63/-41.34° A
The phasor components (1 10 _,1 20 _) of the circuit ,;urrent rotate at different angular velocities.
addition cannot be used to obtain the resultant rms current.
Hence phasor
The resultant instantaneous value can be deternined by expressing the component currents in the time
domain, and adding. Thus,
i lO _
=
4.85v'2 sin (21TlOt - 23.75°)
From the superposition theorem,
iT = i lO _ + i 20 _ = 6.86 sin (21TlCIt - 23.75°) + 9.38 sin (21T20t - 41.34°)
450
(1)
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
19.2
0
451
Plot (1) of Prob. 19.1 and verify that a nonsinusoidal is produced by sinusoidal inputs of different frequencies.
I
See Fig. 19-2.
Fig. 19-2
19.3
,
Determine the instantaneous power drawn by the circuit of Fig. 19-1a.
(1)
where all the instantaneous voltages and currents may be substituted from Prob. 19.1.
19.4
Sketch the four components of instantaneous power obtained in (1) of Prob. 19.3.
,
19.5
See Fig. 19-3.
From Fig. 19-3a through d infer if the corresponding average power will be zero or nonzero.
, In Fig. 19-3c and d, the voltage and current waves have different frequencies, and the average power
calculated over one or more periods of the lower-frequency wave is zero.
In Fig. 19-3a and b, the current and voltage waves have the same frequency, and the average power calculated
over one or more periods is not zero. A comparison of Fig. 19-3a, b, c, and d indicates that only current and
voltage waves of the same frequency provide a nonzero value for the average power.
19.6
Calculate the average power associated with each instantaneous power wave of Fig. 19-3, using the relationship
P = El cos cp. Hence determine the total average power supplied to the load.
= (21.21)( 4.85) cos 23.75 0
= (35.36)( 6.63) cos 41.340
=94W
= 176W
The total power supplied to the load is
PT = P 10 - + P20 - = 94 + 176 = 270 W
19.7
19.8
,
Repeat Prob. 19.6 by using the 12R relationship.
PT
=
P 10 - + P20 -
=
270 W
Multifrequency (MF) currents flow through a resistor R. Obtain an expression for the rms value of an
equivalent single-frequency current producing the same loss in R.
,
The power dissipated in R due to the MF currents is
(1)
452
D
CHAPTER 19
196W
t,s
(II)
-57W
Ib)
261 W
Cc)
320W
Id)
Fig. 19·3
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
D
453
Define Ieq as the rms value of an equivalent single-frequency current that would cause the same power
dissipation in R as do the multifrequency components:
(2)
Equating (1) and (2) and solving for Ieq yields
1eq = ,V/12[I + 12[2 + ... +
t [g + ... + 12[n
(3)
Since Ieq is the square root of the sum of the squares of the component currents, it is defined as the
root-sum-square current or rss current. Thus (2) and (3) may be written as
I", =
VI~I + I~2 +: .. + I~g + ... + I~"
where Ifl' If2' etc., are rms values.
19.9
Following the procedure of Prob. 19.8, obtain a general expression for the root-sum-square voltage E rss '
, The power drawn by a resistor R may be calculated from the E2/ R relationship, provided that the
multifrequency voltage drops across the resistance component are known. Thus,
E2
E2
E2
E2
=::.t.!+::13.+ ... +~+ ... +:::..l!!.
P
R
MF
R
R
(1)
R
Defining Eeq as the rms value of an equivalent single-frequency voltage drop across the resistance component that
would cause the same power dissipation in R as does the multi frequency components, then
E~q
P MF =7?
(2)
Equating (1) and (2) and solving for Eeq,
E2
E2
E2
R
R
R
~=::.t.!+::13.+
E2 '
E2
... +~+ ... +:::..l!!.
R
R
(3)
Eeq ='V/ E2[1 + E2[2 + ... + E2Ig + ... + E2In = E rss
19.10
Generalize the result (3) of Prob. 19.9 for rss voltage drops across L, C, and Z in a circuit excited by MF
sources.
,
E Tss,L =
VE2
L1
+ E2L2 + ... + E2Lg + ... + E2Ln
E rss,C =
VE2
Cl
+ E2C2 + ... + E2Cg + ... + E2en
where
19.11
,
19.12
19.13
19.14
e = (6 sin 188.50t + 4 sin 18,850t) V. Determine the frequency
The voltage impressed across a 10-0 resistor is
of each voltage component.
,
,
,
21Tfl = 188.5
or
f
21Tf2 = 18850
or
f2
=
188.5
21T
=
3 kHz
1
=
30 Hz
Calculate E rss for the circuit of Prob. 19.11.
Efl
6
= v'2 = 4.24 V
4
E[2 = v'2 = 2.83 V
Ens = V (4.24)2 + (2.83)2 = 5.1 V
Determine I rss for the circuit of Prob. 19.11.
I
[I
=
~
=
R
4.24 = 0 424 A
10
.
1[2
2.83
=
10 =
0.283 A
I rss = V(0.424)2 + (0.283)2 = 0.51 A
How much average power is dissipated in the resistor of Prob. 19.11?
454
19.15
D
CHAPTER 19
Two sinusoidal generators, an rms-reading ammeter, and a coil are connected in series. The inductance and
resistance of the coil are 0.010H and 6.0n. respectively. The generator voltages are expressed by e l =
10 sin 377t and e 2 = 25 sin 754t, respectively. Sketch the circuit and determine the ammeter reading.
I The circuit is shown in Fig. 19-4.
12 = 120 Hz
II = 60Hz
Z60_ = 6 + j3.77
Z120_ = 6 + j7.54
=7.09/32.1°n
El =
= 9.64/51Sn
10
v'2 = 7.07 V
E2 =
7.07
I1 = 7.09 = 0.997
1 = 17.68 = 1 83 A
2
9.64
.
I", = ammeter readin~; ,=
6f1...
19.16
V(1)2 + (1.83)2 = 2.09 A
o .of H
Fig. 19-4
What is the average power dissipated in the resistor of Prob. 19.15?
I
19.17
25
v'2 = 17.68 V
P = (l"YR = (2.09)26 = 26.21 W
A 100 is!..-V 120-Hz generator and an 80 is!..-V 60-Hz generator are connected in series with a 60-V battery and a
coil. The resistance and inductance of the coil are 3.0 nand 2.65 mH, respectively. Sketch the circuit and
determine the impedance at each frequency.
I The circuit is sketched in Fig. 19-5.
Z120_ = 3 + j21T(120 )(0.00265) = 3.6/33.66° n
Z60_ = 3 + j21T(60)(0.00265) '" 3.16/18.43° n
ZO_ = 3 + jO = 3 is!.. n
Fig. 19·5
19.18
Calculate Irss for the circuit of Prob. 19.17.
I
1120 _ =
100
3.6
= 27.78 A
I", =
19.19
160 _ =,
80
3.16 = 25.32 A
10 _ =
V(27. 78)2 + (~5.32)2 + (20.0)2 = 42.58 A
Determine the voltmeter reading in the circuit of Fig. J9-6.
I The voltmeter reads Em which is given by
Em =
V(120~-:j::-~: 40)2 + (300)2 = 326 V
60
"3
= 20.0 A
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
120 V
60 Hz
D
455
300 V
20Hz
40V
Fig. 19-6
19.20
Find the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig. 19-6.
I
Z60_ = 10 + j[21T60(0.05)] = 10 + j18.85 = 21.34 /62.05° n
Z20_ = 10 + j[21T(20)(0.05)] = 10 + j6.28 = 11.81 /32.14° n
Zo_ = 10 + j[21T(0)(0.05)] = 10 + jO = 10 ~ n
120~
160 _ = 21.34 /62.05° = 5.62 /-62.05° A
300~
120 _ = 11.81 /32.14°
=
25.40 (-32.J40 A
40~
10_= ~ =4.0~A
irss =
19.21
V(5.62)2 + (25.40)2 + (4)2 = 26.32 A = ammeter reading
How much total power is drawn from the sources of the circuit of Fig. 19-6?
I
19.22
The current and voltage to a load are expressed by
eT = 20 + 30 sin (377t)
Determine
voltage.
I
+ 50 sin (1130t + 20°)
iT = 15 sin (377t) + 14 sin (1130t - 36°)
(a) the frequency of each component of the driving voltage;
(b) the rss current;
(c) the rss
(a) The three component frequencies are
1. 0 Hz (dc)
2. 21Tf = 377
3. 21Tf = 1130
19.23
f= 60Hz
f = 180 Hz
15)2 (14)2
VI( v'2
+ v'2 = 14.5 A
(b)
i", =
(c)
E", = '1(20) +
I
2
(30 ) 2
v'2
+ (50
v'2 ) 2 = 45.8 V
We define the apparent power SMF and the power factor pfMF relating to a multi frequency circuit by
and
Using this definition, find the apparent power drawn by the circuit of Prob. 19.22.
I
SMF = E"J", = (45.8)(14.5) = 665 V· A
456
19.24
D
CHAPTER 19
Determine the total active power and the power factor of the circuit of Prob. 19.22.
I
P6[)P
180-
=
V
I
180-
~/ "1;0cos -'<" J,
+ 196 = 421 W
50
14
=.v"'2 •V"'2L. cos 56° = 196 W
~
and
pfMF =
PMF
SMF
421
= 665 = 0.63
Obtain the impedances corresponding to the different frequencies in the circuit of Prob. 19.22.
I
19.26
180-
H,O--
P MF = 0 + 225
19.25
°
30 15
')(/ \i o( -
= V60- I 60- cos-'\." )I,0 - =.v"'2~ •v"'2~ cos 0 = 225 W
Z 0-
= Vo_ = 20
1
_
0 _
0
=
00
n.
..
ZOO_
r
V60 _
30/v 2:
= -1=
15t/2
=2n
60-
V1BO _
Z180_
= -11BO-
=
50/V2
41' '2
1 y ~
= 3.57 n
Three sinusoidal generators and a battery are connected in series with a coil whose resistance and inductance are
8.0 nand 26.53 mH, respectively. The frequency and rms voltage of the respective generators are 20 Hz, 15 Y;
60 Hz, 30 Y; and 80 Hz, 50 V. The battery voltage i~. 6 V. Sketch the circuit and determine the rss voltage.
I
The circuit is shown in Fig. 19-7.
Em
= Y(15)2 + (30)2 + (50)2 + (6)2 = 60.51 Y
'V
BA
19.27
Z20_ = 8 + j21T(20)(0.02653) = 8.67 /22.62° n
ZBO_ =
= 8 + j21T(60)(0.02653) = 12.81 /51.34° n
8 + j21T(80)(0.02653) = 15.55 /59.04° n
ZO_ = 8 + jO = 8 ~ n
Z60_
Calculate the I", in the circuit of Fig. 19-7.
30
160 _ = 12.81 = 2.34 A
15
120_ = 8.67 = 1.73 A
I
50
I Bo _ = 15.55 =3.22.~
10_=
I rss = Y(1.73)2 + (2.34)1
Thus,
19.29
Fig. 19·7
Determine the complex impedances at the different frequencies of the circuit of Fig. 19-7.
I
19.28
:H_S~_H
6
'8
=0.75A
+ (3.22)2 + (0.75)2 = 4.40 A
Find the average power, apparent power, and the power factor of the circuit of Fig. 19-7.
I
P MF = (JrsYR = (4.4)28 = 154.88 W
SMF = ErsJrss = (60,51)(4.4) = 266.2 y. A
pfMF =
19.30
P MF
S
MF
154,88
= -"-66--::' = 0.58
~
.~~
In the circuit of Fig. 19-8
eT = 141.42 sin 21T30t
+ 141.42 sin 21T90t
ir = 9.80 sin (21T30t - 30°) + 5.66 sin (21T90t - 60°)
Determine I rss '
I
9.80
130 _ = y'2 = 6.93 A
5.66
190 _ = y'2' = 4.00 A
less = Y(6.93)2 + (4.00)2 = 8.00 A
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
D 457
} - - - - - - { ' V )---...,
Impedance coil
1- - - - - - I
I
I
Il _L_ _ _ _R
_ .JI
'-----{ V )-_....J
Fig. 19·8
E,.
19.31
Find Em in the circuit of Fig. 19-8.
I
19.32
_141.42_
E 30- -v'2
- - 1 OOV
Determine 1: 30 _ and
Z90_
v'2
= 100 V
for the circuit of Fig. 19-8.
z 30- =
I
141.42
E 90 _ =
E 30 _
1 _
=
100!.J!.
/"1110
.
6.93/_300=14.44LlQ.=(12.5+J7.22)n
30
E 90 _
Z90_
= -I-
100 !.J!.
= 4/-600 = 25
/"'-11 0
•
L2Q. = (12.5 + J21.65)
n
90-
19.33
Determine the resistance and the inductance of the coil of the circuit shown in Fig. 19-8.
I From Prob. 19.32:
= (12.5 + j7.22)
n
21T(30)L = 7.22
L = 0.0383 H
Z30_
Thus,
19.34
R = 12.5 n
X L30 _ = 7.22 n
or
38.3 mH
How much active power is drawn by the coil of the circuit of Fig. 19-8?
I
= (100)(6.93) cos 300
= (100)(4.00) cos 600
=600W
=200W
P MF = 600 + 200 = 800 W
19.35
Verify that the result of Prob. 19.34 will be obtained by the 12R method.
I
P30 - = I;o_R
= (6.9W(12.5)
=600W
P MF = 600 + 200 = 800 W
19.36
= (4.00)2(12.5)
=200W
Repeat Prob. 19.34 using the definition of I"s'
I From Prob. 19.30,
Thus,
19.37
P90 - = I~o_R
I"s = 8 A.
PMF = (I",.R)2R = (8)2(12.5) = 800 W
Repeat Prob. 19.34 using the relationship P MF =(E",.R)2IR,
multifrequency voltage drop across the resistance component.
I
E3D-.R = 130_R = 6.93(12.5) = 86.63 V
E"s.R = V(86.63)2 + (50.0W = 100 V
where E",.R is the root-sum-square of the
E 90 _. R = 190_R = 4.00(12.5) = 50.00 V
thus
(100)2
P MF =
12.5 = 800W
458
19.38
D
CHAPTER 19
Obtain the results of Probs. 19.34 through 19.37 from
I
19.39
P MF = (E",.R)(l",.R)'
P MF = (00)(8) = 800 W
Determine the apparent power and the power factor of the circuit of Fig. 19-8.
I
SMF = E,j", = (HI.42)(8.00) = 1131 y. A
P M1
S--
pfMF=
800
== 1131 =0.71
IVII
19.40
A lO-n resistor is connected in series with the follc-wing series-connected generators:
e I = 50 sin (377t + 40°)
= 40 sin (377t + 20°)
e]
e 3 = 80 sin 150t
Determine the frequency of the individual genera ton,.
I
19.41
t
I
377
= 60Hz
f 2 = ._27T
377
=-=60Hz
27T
cin~lLit
Obtain the rss voltage across the resistor of the
150
t, = -2
= 23.87 Hz
.
7T
of Prob. 19.40.
I Since voltages eland e2 have the same frequency, it is necessary to calculate the resultant voltage at that
frequency before calculating the rss value.
El
+ E2 =
50 /40°
40 /20°
v'2 + v'2 = (27.08 + j22.73) + (26.58 + j9.67) = (53.66 + j32.40) = 62.7 /31.12° Y
E3
The rms value of the 23.87-Hz wave is
E",.R = V E!o_
19.42
=
80 Iv"2 = 56.6 V.
+ E~:\X7 _ = V (62.7)2 + (56.6)2 = 84.5 Y
What is the rss current through the resistor of the ::ircuit of Prob. 19.40?
I
19.43
Thus.
V60 _ = 62.68 = 6 268 A
I60- = Z60_
10'
56.57
"
12387 - = '-j(,' = 5.657 A
I", = V (6.268)
2
+ (5.657) 2 = 8.44 A
Determine the power delivered to the resistor of the circuit of Prob. 19.40.
I
19.44
A coil whose resistance and inductance are 50 n 1IId 88 mH, respectively, is connected in series with three
sinusoidal generators. The generator volt ages are e l = 400 sin 377t, e 2 = 100 sin 754t, e 3 = 50 sin 1131t.
Determine the frequency of each generator.
I
19.45
27Ttl = 377
27Tt2 = 754
27Tt3 = 1131
tl
=60Hz
t2 = 120 Hz
t, = 180 Hz
Determine the rss voltage across the coil of the circuit of Prob. 19.44.
I
El =
400
v'2 = 282.84 Y
100
E.= .. M = 70.71 Y
. '/2
E2 =
50
v'2 = 35.36 Y
E", = V(282.84)2 + (71).71)2 + (35.36)2 = 293.68 Y
19.46
Determine the rss current in the circuit of Prob. 19.44.
I
Z60_ = 50 + j377(0.088) = 60 /33.57"
(1
Z120-
=
50 + j754(0.088) = 83/53.0° n
Z180_ = 50 + j1131 ((1,()88) = 111.38/63.33° n
11 = 282 .84 = 4.71 A
60
12
=
I", = V(4.71)2
.~~~
,~3
=
0.85 A
+ (0.85)2 + (0.32)2
I = 35.36
3
111.38
= 4.8 A
=
0.32 A
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
E", = Y(35)2 + (10)2 + (8)2
=
37.3 V
What is the rss current in the circuit of Prob. 19.47?
19.48
I At 60Hz:
Z60
160
= 3 + j(1.67 - 8.99) = 7.91 /-67.72° n
35 m:
= 7.91/-67.72° = 4.42 /67.72°
=
4.42 A
1
At 180Hz:
Xc = 21T(180)(295 x 10 6) = 3 n
Z180
1 180
At 300Hz:
=
3 + j(5 - 3) = (3 + j2) = 3.61 /33.69° n
= R
°
10 m:
= 3.61 ~ =2.77 /-33.69 =2.77 A
XL = 21T(3OO)( 4.42 x 10Z300
3
)
= 8.33 n
Xc
1
=
21T(3OO)(295 x 10- 6 ) = 1.80 n
n
+ j(XL - XC> = 3 + j(8.33 -1.80) = 7.19 /65.33°
1300
=
8m:
7.19 ~ = 1.11 /-65.33° = 1.11 A
I rss = Y(4.42)2 + (2.77)2 + (1.11)2
=
5.33 A
Obtain the reading of an rms voltmeter connected across the coil of Prob. 19.44.
I
V eoil 60
Similarly,
= 160Zeoil60 = 4.42 /67.72°(3 + j1.67) = (4.42 /67.72°)(3.43 /29.10°) = 15.16 /96.82° V
Veoil180
Veoil300
= (2.77 /-33.69°)(3
+ j5) = (2.77 / -33.69°)(5.83 /59.04°)
= (1.11 / -65.33°)(3 + j8.33)
v,.••
19.50
coil
= Y(15.16)2
=
=
16.15 /25.35" V
(1.11 / -65.33°)(8.85 /70.19°) = 9.82 /4.86° V
+ (16.15)2 + (9.82)2 = 24.2 V = voltmeter reading
Determine the rss voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 19.44.
I
VC60 = IC60Xc60 = 4.42(8.99)
= 39.74 V
VC180 = IC180XC180 = 2.77(3) = 8.31 V
VC300 = IC3ooXC3oo = (1.11)(1.80) = 2.00 V
Vrss •C = Y(39.74)2 + (8.31)2 + (2.00)2
19.51
=
40.65 V
Obtain the active power, apparent power, and the power factor for the circuit of Prob. 19.44.
I
P MF = RI;ss,R = 3(5.3W = 85.23 W
pfMF
19.52
459
A series circuit containing a 295-JLF capacitor and a coil whose resistance and inductance are 3 nand 4.42 mH,
respectively, are supplied by the following series-connected generators: 35 Vat 60 Hz, 10 V at 180 Hz, and 8 V
at 300 Hz. Determine the rss driving voltage.
19.47
19.49
D
=
SMF = ErsJrss = (37.27)(5.33) = 198.65 V' A
PMF
85.23
SMF = 198.65
= 0.43
Determine the instantaneous current in the circuit of Prob. 19.44.
I
i=i60+iI80+i300
= 4.42V2 sin (21T60t
= 6.25 sin (377t
+ 67.72°) + 2.77V2 sin (21T180t - 33.69°) + 1.11V2 sin (21T3OOt - 65.33°)
+ 67.72°) + 3.92 sin (1131t - 33.69°) + 1.57 sin (1885t - 65.33°)
460
19.53
D
CHAPTER 19
A 30-n resistor is connected in series with a 500- I AF capacitor, a 120-V battery, an ammeter, and three
sinusoidal generators. The generator voltages are 100 sin 30t, 50 sin 80t, and 70 sin lOOt V. Sketch the circuit
and include a voltmeter across the capacitor-resistor combination. Determine the voltmeter reading.
I See Fig. 19-9.
El
100
E 2 --
= v'2 = 70.71 V
~
v'2 -"5
- - ..•c· 6 V
E3 ==
70
v'2
E4 = 120 V
= 49.50 V
Em = y(70.71)2 + (35.36)2 + (49.5(,), + (120)2 == 152 V== voltmeter reading
Fig. 19.9
19.54
Determine the ammeter reading in the circuit of Fig 19-9.
I
II
=
70.71
73.11 == 0.97 A
I",
19.55
=
12
=
Z4 =
Z3 == 36.06 n
00
49.50
13 = 36.06 == 1.37 A
35.36
39.05 = (.91 A
14 =OA
Y(0.97)2 + (0.91)2 + (l.3n 2 + 0 == 1.91 A == ammeter reading
Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor of the c:,rcuit of Fig. 19-9.
I From Prob. 19.54,
I", = 1.91 A.
Thus,
19.56
Z2 = 39.0S !1
ZI == 73.11 n
PMF = (1.91)\30)
=
109.44 W
A load consisting of an 8.842-J.LF capacitor and a ceoil whose inductance and resistance are 88.4 mH and 5 n,
respectively, is connected in series with three sinll~oidal generators. The generator voltages are 100 sin 377t,
100 sin (377t + 50
and 100 sin 1131t V. Sketch th( circuit and determine the frequency of each generator.
0
),
I The circuit is shown in Fig. 19-10.
f
=
I
377 = 60Hz
27T
1131
377
f 2 = --= 60Hz
27T
f 3 = - 27T = 180Hz
~~~~OG~---1r-----~
8. fJ42.jf
19.57
Fig. 19.10
Determine the rss voltage across the load of the cireuit of Fig. 19-10.
I First, we combine the 60-Hz volt ages to obtain
E 60 _
m ..
= 100 ~ + 100 /50
0
=
181.26/25" V
E 60 _
=
181.26
v'2 = 128.17 V
E rss = Y(128.17f + (70.71)2 == 146.38 V
E 180 _ =
100
v'2
=
70.71 V
CIRCUITS WITH MULTIFREQUENCY INPUTS
19.58
461
Calculate the rss current in the circuit of Fig. 19-10.
I
Z60_
= 266.71
n
Z180_
=5n
160 _ =
I", = V(0.48)2
19.59
D
128.17
70.71
1180 - = -5- = 14.14 A
266.71 = 0.48 A
+ (14.14)2 == 14.15 A
How much active power is delivered by all the sources of the circuit of Fig. 19-1O?
I
19.60
A series RLC circuit excited by several multi frequency sources is shown in Fig. 19-11.
expressions for I"., E",.R' PMF> SMF' and pfMF •
VM E ..
,
I
to
IPt
Vlt
Et
I
I
I
I
Fig. 19·11
Eoi'
1=-
I
g
Zg
ERg = IgR
I rss
=
V12 + 12 + 12 + ... + 12
0
1
2
g
E" •. L' E",.e' E" •. z are similar to the preceding formula.
P MF = Po + PI +
P
2
+ ... + Pk
2
E2
,,,.R
= E",.RI",.R == RI",.R = ~
Write the general
CHAPTER 20
\\
Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Sources~
20.1
Nonsinusoidal periodic waves may be expressed as (when certain conditions are satisfied):
f(t) = ! A 0 + A I cos wt + A 2 cos 2wt + A 3 cos .~wt + ... + B I sin wt + B2 sin 2wt + B3 sin 3wt + . . .
This series is known as Fourier series.
The coeffil:ients As and Bs in (1) are given by
w (h-Iw
An
= :;;:
2 (T
Jo
f(t) cos n,:ut dt
Bn = ;
Jo
27Tnt
= T Jo f(t) cos ---y;- dt
(h-IW
and
(1)
2 (
f(t) sin null dt =
T Jo
2
f(t) sin
~n
(2)
t
(3)
dt
On the basis of (1) to (3) obtain the Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-!'
, The waveform is periodic, of period 27T Iw in t or 27T in wt. It is continuous for 0 < wt < 27T and given
therein by f(t) = (10/27T)wt, with discontinuities at wt = n27T where n = 0,1,2,. . .. The· Dirichlet
conditions are satisfied. The average value of the function is 5, by inspection, and thus !a o = 5. For n > 0,
(2) gives
A
n
= -7T1
f2" (-2
10) wt cos nwt d( wt) =
0
7T
Thus the series contains no cosine terms.
10 [ ~-t ~iJl nwt + 21 cos nwt
27T
11
11
--2
Us~g
1f2"(1O)
- d(wt)
wt sin nwt
27T.
B = n
7T
-
0
]2" = -7T102n (cos n27T - cos 0)
2
2
0
= 0
(3). we obtain
=
10
~--2
.!7T
[
t
1 ]2" = - ~ cos nwt + - sin nwt
n
n2
0
-10
7Tn
Using these sine-term cg.efficients and the average term, the series is
f (t ) =/ 5 -
10.
10 . 2
10.
5 10 ~ sin nw t
- sm wt - - sm u)t - -- sm 3wt - ... = - - L.J
7T
27T
37T
7T n~l
n
(4)
fH)
I~ IL-_-_-_-_-_-L.-_lw,
47T
20.2
Fig. 20-1
Based on the concept of Prob. 20.1, and on the contents of Chap. 19, draw an equivalent circuit for the circuit of
Fig. 20-2a, excited by the generator voltage of the waveform of Fig. 20-2b.
, The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 20-2e, which has sinusoidal sources whose algebraic sum produces the
same nonsinusoidal output voltage as shown in Fig :l0-2b, where
e gen = e fl + e'2 + en + ... + e fn
Once the sinusoidal components that make up the nonsinusoidal wave are known, the respective current and
power components may be determined using the techniques developed in Chap. 19.
20.3
For the waveform shown in Fig. 20-3, find An' A 3 , and B 4 •
,
462
The constant term can be easily determined from the net area of the wave for one cycle.
Thus,
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
R.L
D 463
C
~
Lold
----0R,L
C
~
Load
(e)
Fig. 20·2
4V
t,4
,...--
>
t"
0
Of
4"
2"
1
6"
1 (
2"
Ao = 21T (net area)o = 21T 4 x
1
Fig. 20·3
41T) = 2.67
3""
t,,/3 4cos(3a) da =;4 (Sin3a)4,,/3
4 .
-3= 31T (sm41T) =0
A3 =; Jo
0
1 (4,,/3 .
4 ( cos 4a )4"/3
1 (161T
)
1
B4=;Jo
4sm(4a)da=; - - 4 - 0
= - ; cos---cosO =-;(-0.5-1)=0.48
3
20.4
What is the frequency of the fourth harmonic of the waveform of Fig. 20-3, if the period of the wave is 0.04 s?
I The frequency of the nonsinusoidal wave is
1
1
f= r= 0.04 =25Hz
The fourth harmonic is four times the frequency of the nonsinusoidal wave.
Hence,
f4 = 4(25) = 100 Hz
20.5
Determine the Fourier-series coefficients Ao and B2 for the periodic voltage wave in Fig. 20-4.
I
1 ( net area)2rr
1 (area of large triangle - area of small triangle)
Ao = 21T
0
= 21T
A
o
=..!.
[! (71T
21T 2 4
x 140) -
!2 (~4 x 20)] = 60
464
D CHAPTER 20
160
i
>
140
120
100
80
60
____+-~----~------~~~----L------~~~-----------Pa
:1"
"
Fig. 20-4
If the dc term is to be calculated by the use of olculus, the equation for the straight-line function between
a = 0 and a = 27T must be determined. The equation for the straight line is
80
v = ma + b = ---
20
oX -
from Fig. 20-4
7T
1 12~ (80
1 (80
A = -- a - 20 ) da = -- -a - 20a )2~ = 60
o 27T 0
7T
27T 7T 2
0
2
Hence:
1 f2~
1 '2", (80
)
B 2 =f(a)sin2ada=-J
-a-20 sin2ada
7TO
7TO
7T
{4 [( 22I.SIn 2a )2" (I2
20
= -:;;;:
20.6
0
-
oX
cos 2a
)2,,] (12 cos 2a )2"} = -25.46
0
-
-
0
Determine the Fourier coefficients A o ' A k , and Bk for the periodic voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-5.
I
1
where f(a)=2
a = 27T.
1 (
2"
= 27T (net area)o = 27T 27T - 3
Ao
for
a=O
Ak = -1
1T
=
f"
0
to
a=7T;
47[) = 0.63
f(a)='O
f
for
7
2 cos (ka) da + -1
1T
"n
1r
a=7[
1T
to
Jo
1T
f(a) cos (ka) da
a=i7T;
ocos (ka) da + -1 f2"
771'/4
f(a)=-3
for
(-3) cos (ka) da
2
[2sin ka I" + 0 + (-3) ~i~!:! 1" ] = ~ (sin 7k7T)
7T
k
0
k
7,,/4
k7T
4
f2" f(a) sin (ka) da = -1 f" 2sin (ka)
1T
0
= -1 [2(-COS ka)
7T
k
I" + 0 0
.:tit
+ -1
1T
0
2
3 -cos ka 1" ]
k
7..-/4
1
~,-k7T
f7"/4
Osin (ka) da + -1
1T
7T
f2"
7'tr/4
- 3sin (ka) da
[ -2(cos k7T - 1) + 3(I7- k
7-T ) ]
cos
4
~2
"0
>
i"
L...
.--.-1--------'-----.----1--.... er
2"
"
-3
a=i7T
!
Similarly,
Bk = -1
1 (2"
= ;:
Ak
3"
4"
S"
L...
Fig. 20-5
to
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
20.7
D
465
Evaluate the first three harmonics in the waveform of Prob. 20.6.
I
1 ( -2 cos 2TT + 2 + 3 - 3 cos 4
14TT) = 0.48
B2 = 2TT
1 ( -2 cos TT + 2 + 3 - 3 cos 4
7 TT) = 1.55
B. = -:;;:
1 ( -2 cos 3TT + 2 + 3 - 3 cos 4
21TT) = 0.97
B3 = 3TT
Thus the dc term and the first three harmonics of the driving voltage in Fig. 20-5 are
v = 0.63 - 0.68 cos a + 1.55 sin a - 0.48 cos 2a + 0.48 sin 2a - 0.23 cos 3a + 0.97 sin 3a
20.8
One cycle of a nonsinusoidal periodic voltage wave has a value of 1 V from 0 to TT/2, 0 V from TT/2 to TT, and
-0.5 V from TT to 2 TT. Sketch the wave and determine (a) the dc term; (b) the coefficients of the third
harmonic.
I The waveform is shown in Fig. 20-6.
(a)
1 [net areal o2rr = 2TT
1 [(TT)
Ao = 2TT
"2 (1) - TT(0.5) ] = 0
(b)
A3 = -
1
TT
1
B3 = TT
-
20.9
(I.~
-
l"'/2 (1) cos 3a da + -1 J.2rr (-0.5) cos 3a da = -0.106
TT '"
0
1"'/3 (l)sin3ada+-1 f2rr (-0.5)sin3ada=0.212
0
TT
Fig. 20-6
-
Determine the rms value of the third harmonic of the voltage wave from the results of Prob. 20.8.
I
e3 = -0.106 cos 3a + 0.212 sin 3a = -0.106 sin (3a + 90°) + 0.212 sin 3a
or
E 3 • ma • = -0.106/90° + 0.212!..sr. = 0.237 /-26.6°
or
20.10
rr
E=
0.237
v2
=0.1676V
For the voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-7, determine the constant term and the coefficients of the fifth harmonic.
v
f-
r---
3~
rr0
-1 r-
"2
"
2,.
Q
-2 r-
-3 r-
-4 f-5 r-
Fig. 20-7
466
D CHAPTER 20
I
Ao =
1
As=-
1T
Bs = -1
f
f
rr
!2
Let
a = wt.
rr
57T] = -1.75
I f2rr
3cos5ada+-5cos5a da =0.191
1T
!2
1r
I f2rr
3 sin 5a da + -7T
rr
-5 sin 5a da = 0.828
Express the fifth harmonic component of the voltage in Fig. 20-7 in the time domain.
I
e s = 0.191 sin (5a -I- 90°) + 0.828 sin 5a
E s . max = 0.191/90° + 0.828 JJr. = jO.191
or
-+ 0.828
or
Determine the amplitude of the voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-8.
1 frr/)O
A)=-
7T
0
1
6cosada+-
7T
1 lrr!lo.
1
7T
7T
B) = -
6sm a da + -
0
2/Srr
4
2
0
-2
2
"!!
i" 2
.!
10
f2/Srrrr
!2
6.
rr!lO 6 .
rr/2
-6cmlrda=-[smalo --[smal 2l5rr =0.497
jrr/2.
6-
-6sm a
7T
do~
7T
6
rr!lO 6
rr!2
,= - [-cos al o - - [-cos al 2/srr = -0.497
7T
7T
~"
2•
--6
20.13
E S _max = 0.849 /7r V
e s = 0.849 sin (Swt + 7r) V
Hence,
20.12
7T
0
7T 0
20.11
21 [3( ~:) -
Fig. 20-8
The following symmetry checks determine the absence of even-numbered terms, cosine terms, or sine terms in
the Fourier series, and thus reduce the number of cakulations.
Half-Wave Symmetry
If the bottom half of a nonsinusoidal wave is the min'or image of the top half but displaced from it by 7T rad as
shown in Fig. 20.9a, the wave is said to have half-wave symmetry. A wave possessing half-wave symmetry will
have no de term and no even harmonics. That is, if f(a) = -f(a + 7T),
Half-wave symmetry is unaffected by the location of the vertical axis.
Even Symmetry
If the symmetry of the nonsinusoidal wave about the 'V(~rtical axis is similar to that shown in Fig. 20.9b, the wave
is said to have even symmetry. A wave possessing even symmetry will have no sine terms. That is, if
f(a) = f(-a), Bp B 2 , B 3 , · •• , Bn = O.
Odd Symmetry
If the symmetry of the nonsinusoidal wave about the vertical axis is similar to that shown in Fig. 20-9c, the wave
is said to have odd symmetry. A wave possessing odd symmetry will have no cosine terms. That is, if
f(a) = -f(-a), AI' A 2 , A 3 , · . · , An = O.
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
D
467
(Q)
(h)
~~----4------4------~------~----------------_Q
I
",-0
Fig. 20-9
(d
On the basis of the above, determine the type of symmetry present in the voltage waveform shown in Fig.
20-10. State which coefficients are zero in the Fourier series.
I The waveform has an even symmetry. Hence the coefficients B) = B2 = .. = Bn = 0, and only cosine
terms will be present in the Fourier series.
v
2f-
-
1 f-
ro!!
~"
2
0
"
2"
'"
-If-
-2
20.14
Fig. 20-10
Shifting the vertical axis of the graph of a periodic wave can reduce the number of terms in Fourier series. In
Fig. 20-11a the wave has half-wave symmetry. Thus, only odd harmonics are present. Shift the vertical axis
so that sine terms may also be absent from the Fourier series.
I The result of shifting the vertical axis is shown in Fig. 20-11h. For this choice of the vertical axis, only odd
cosine terms are present in the Fourier series.
468
D CHAPTER 20
I
I
I
I
a-O
(a)
I
I
I
a-O
Fig. 20-11
(h)
20.15
Shift the vertical axis of the wave of Fig. 20-11a so that only odd sine terms are present in the Fourier serie
I See Fig. 20-12. In this case we have no cosine terms, no even harmonics, and no constant term.
I
I
I
I
Fig. 20-12
a-O
20.16
Determine the coefficients A o' A 3 , and 8 3 , for the 3OO-Hz voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-10.
A =..!. [net area]2rr = .~ [-2(!!) + 1( 'IT) - 2(!!)] = -0.5
o
2'IT
0
2'IT
2
2
I
Henc~"
The periodic wave exhibits even symmetry.
only cosine terms are present.
B3 =0
A,
.
20.17
1
= -
1T
l"/2 -2cos3a da + -1 J
3 2
/ "
1T
0
1T,'2
1cos3a da + -1
1T
12".
3/21T
Therefore,
-2cos3a da =0.637
Write the third harmonic voltage of the wave of Prob. 20.16 in the time domain.
I
But
e3 = 1).637 cos 3a
a = wt = 2'IT300t.
Thus,
e 3 = 0.637 cos 3(2'IT3OO)t = 0.637 cos 5654.87t = 0.637 sin (5654.87t + 90°)
20.18
What is the rms value of the third harmonic voltage of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-10?
I From Prob. 20.17
E 3 • max = 0.637
20.19
or
E=
For the wave shown in Fig. 20-13, obtain A o ' A:;, and 8 5 ,
0~7 = 0.45 V
V
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
D
469
1
~
"2
!3
2
0
-1r
1
1
~"
2"
"
a
----
i
Fig. 20·13
I Because of even symmetry, Bs = O.
1
Ao = 2 7T [net area]""
1
As=-
1T
20.20
1
2 7T [6( 7T) - 3( 7T)] = 1.5
=
1
1"'/2 6cos5adx+-1 J,3/2'" -3cos5ada+-1 2"
1T
0
7r/2
1T
6cos5ada=1.15
3/21T
Determine the frequency of the fifth harmonic of the voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-13.
I From Fig. 20-13
T= 0.01 s
20.21
1
f= - = 100 Hz
T
or
f,
= 5(100) = 500 Hz
Express the fifth harmonic of the voltage wave of Fig. 20-13 in the time domain.
I From Prob. 20.19
ES •max
=
1.15V
From Prob. 20.20
w = 27T(500) = 3140rad/s
e s = 1.15 cos 3140t
Thus,
20.22
V
The amplitude and phase angle of any harmonic may be obtained by combining the respective sine and cosine
components for that frequency. For example, the addition of the two components of the k harmonic is
Ak cos kwt + Bk sin kwt = C k sin (kwt +
4>n
(1)
where Ck == amplitude of harmonic k and 4>k = phase angle of harmonic k.
Express Ck and 4>k in terms of Ak and B k.
I Converting the cosine term to an equivalent sine term,
Ak sin (kwt + 90°) + Bk sin kwt = C k sin (kwt +
4>~)
Expressing Eq. (1) in phasor form,
A k /90° + B k ~ = Ck 14>~
(2)
Hence,
(3)
20.23
Write the Fourier-series equation represented by the following Fourier coefficients of a certain 20-Hz
nonsinusoidal periodic voltage wave.
Ao = 8.00
A) = -6.63
A2 = 0.26
A3 = -0.97
A4
B)
B2 = -4.99
B3 = 3.33
B4 = -2.49
=
10.00
=
0.26
I Using (2) and (3) of Prob. 20.22, the calculated values for Ck and 4>k are
As = -0.52
B5 = 1.99
A6
=
0.26
B6= -1.65
470
D
CHAPTER 20
k
I,Hz
Ck,V
t/lk' degrees
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
8.00
lc2.00
5.00
3.47
2.50
2.06
1.67
-33.54
+177.02
-16.24
+174.04
-14.64
+ 171.05
Using the calculated data, the Fourier-series representation of the nonsinusoidal voltage wave is
e
=
8 + 12 sin (21T20t - 33.54°) + 5.0 sin (21T40t + 177.0n + 3.47 sin (21T60t - 16.24°)
+ 2.5 sin (21T80t + 174.04°) + 2,(16 ~iIl (21T100t - 14.64°) + 1.67 sin (21T120t + 171.05°)
20.24
The frequency spectrum of a nonsinusoidal periocli<: wave is a plot of harmonic amplitude versus harmonic
frequency. The plot is in the form of a bar graph or line graph as shown in Fig. 20-14. No frequencies exist
between the plotted lines. Plot the frequency spectrum of the wave expressed by the coefficients given in Prob.
20.23.
=~~~-:-:-:-~~~~~ ~
~+------\
- .-
--~
3
5
Humoni.
Fig. 20-14
I The frequency spectrum is plotted in Fig.
20-IS.
10 I;>
-i
iE"
«
5 -
'---A....-'------L--L-J__
o
20.25
> - I_
20 40 60 80 100120
Fig. 20-15
Determine the rss voltage (see Chap. 19) of the ""ave given in Prob. 20.23.
I
E = ~(8)2 + (E..)2
+ (~)2 + (~±Z)2 + (2.5)2 + (2.06)2 + (1.67)2 = 12 6
V2
V2
,t;!
V2
V2
V2
. 9V
<SS
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
20.26
D
471
The following Fourier coefficients represent the components of a certain 20-Hz periodic current wave in a 6-.0
resistor:
Ao
=
-8.70
A.
=
-4.64
A2 = 4.14
A3 = -0.59
B.
=
-6.06
B2 = 0.47
B3 = -0.24
As = 0.22
B4 = -0.38
Bs = 0.26
Plot the frequency spectrum.
I The Fourier coefficients are
Ao
=
-8.70
Ck =
Bk
+ jAk
C. = (-6.06 - j4.64) = 7.63 / -142.56°
C2 = (0.47 + j4.14) = 4.17 /83.52°
C3 = (-0.24 - jO.59) = 0.64 / -112. W
C4 = (-0.38 + jO.57) = 0.69 /123.69°
Cs = (0.26 + jO.22) = 0.34 /40.24°
The frequency spectrum is plotted in Fig. 20-16.
i
,
7
!,-
...
.,
z
1-
0
20.27
"'to
I
I
&0
to
100
Determine the rss current in the resistor of Prob. 20.26.
I
20.28
2.0
I
<SS
=~(-87)2 +v1
(7.63)2 (4.17)2 (0.64)2 (0.69)2 (0.34)2=1068A
+v1 +v1 +v1 +v1
.
•
How much average power is drawn from the resistor of Prob. 20.27?
I
20.29
Determine the de term and the coefficients of the first and second harmonics of the periodic wave shown in Fig.
20-17.
1
I
1 [1(6)]
(27T) = 3
Ao == 27T [net area] = 27T
The equation of the ramp is determined by
y=mx+b
1
A. == -:;;:
v=(2~)a+0=(~)a
loe"- (-:3; : a ) cos a da =
3 [1
7T2 12 cos a +
11 (3~ )sin a da = -32 [12
B = • 7T
,,-
0
7T
7T
12
I sin a ]2,,- = 0.304
0
sin a - ~ cos a ]2,,- = -1.910
1
0
c. = (-1.910 + jO.304) = 1.93 /170.96°
1
A2 = -:;;:
lor h ( -:3; : a ) cos 2a da =
3 [1
7T2 22 cos 2a +
~ sin 2a ] 02,,- = 0
1 (h ( 3 )
3 [1
] 2,,B2 = -:;;: )0
4 a sin 2a da = 7T2
22 sin 2a - ~ cos 2a 0 = -0.955
C2 =
B2 + jA2 = (-0.955 + jO) = 0.955 /180°
472
D
CHAPTER 20
Fig. 20-17
20.30
Write the time-domain equation represented by the coefficients of Prob. 20.29.
I
The frequency of the nonsinusoidal wave is
1
1
f= 1; = (1.02 = 50 Hz
v
=
3 + 1.93 sin (2'IT50t + 170.96°) + 0.955 sin (2'ITIOOt + 180°)
= 3 + 1.93 sin (314.16t
20.31
+ 170.96°) + 0.955 sin (628.32t + 180°)
Determine the dc term and the coefficient of the fifth harmonic for the voltage wave of Fig. 20-18.
I
[112:\(6)2'IT) - 3( 2'IT)] = 0
1 [net area]o2rr =. 21T
1
Ao = 2'IT
The equation representing the ramp function is
(--~.\~ + 0 =
v=
1
As=.
'IT
1rr/2
0
Bs = -1
'IT
f
(12 )
1
- a cos5adc/+'IT
'IT
rr 2
/
0
'lT/2J
12rr
(12)
- a sin 5Q~ dx + -1
'IT
'IT
Cs = Bs + jAs
=
12 a
'IT
3/2rr
-3cos5ada=0.142
f2rr
3/2rr
- 3 sin 5a da = 0.255
0.255 + jO.142 = 0.292 /29.11°
--+---'---- er
f+---O.OOll----j
Fig. 20-18
20.32
Write the time-domain equation represented by the coefficients in Prob. 20.31.
1
I
v
20.33
1
f= T = il:ool
,
= 1000 Hz
= 0 + 0.292 sin [2'IT1000(5t) + 29.11°] = 0.292 sin (31,415. 95t + 29.11 0)
Show that the Fourier series containing sine and cosine terms may be written as
f(t) = ... +
where
I
A_2e-i2wl
+
A .. le -iwl
and
+ Ao +
Ale iwt
+
A2ei2wl
+ ...
(1)
(2)
Expressing each of the sine and cosine term:; in the trigonometric Fourier series by its exponential
equivalent, the result is a series of exponential term~;
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
D
473
Rearranging,
fi( t)== ... +(A 2 _ B2)e-j2WI +(AJ _ BI)e-iW(+ Aa +(AJ + BI) iW(+(A2 + B2) i 2w (+ ...
2
2j
2
2j
2
2
2j e
2
2j e
(3)
Now defining An and A_n as given by (2), (3) may be rewritten as (1).
20.34
Evaluate the coefficients An given by (2) of Prob. 20.33.
I To obtain the evaluation integral for the An coefficients, we multiply (1) of Prob. 20.33 on both sides by
e -inw( and integrate over the full period:
frr f(t)e- inw ( d(wt)
= ...
frr A_ 2e- i2W ( e- jnw ( d(wt) + frr A_Je- jW ( e- jnw ( d(wt)
2rr jnw
f2rr jW inw
+
f A e- ( d(wt) + A e ( e- ( d(wt) + ...
2rr A einw ( e - inw( d(wt) + ...
+
fo
+
()
0
0
1
n
(1)
The definite integrals on the right side of (1) are all zero except J~rr An d(wt), which has the value 21TAn' Then
An = 211T
20.35
frr f(t)e- inw ( d(wt)
or
An =
~
r
f(t)e- i2rrn ('T dt
(2)
Express the real Fourier coefficients A nand Bn in terms of complex coefficients An' defined by (2) of Prob.
20.33.
I Since f(t) is real, A_n = A~ and only positive n need be considered. Hence from (2) of Prob. 20.33, we
obtain:
and
20.36
An =2Re(An)
(1)
Bn = -2 Im (An)
(2)
Equation (1) of Prob. 20.33 is known as the exponential Fourier series.
the waveform shown in Fig. 20-1.
Find the exponential Fourier series for
I In the interval 0<wt<21T the function is given by f(t) = (10/21T)wt. By inspection, the average
value of the function is
_
An -
Ao = 5.
Substituting f(t) in (2) of Prob. 20.34, we obtain the coefficients An'
jnw
[e- ( .
J2rr _.
(_jn)2(-lnwt-1) 0 -121Tn
2rr
-jnw(
_ 10
1 r ( 10)
Jo
21T wte
d(wt)-(21T)2
21T
10
Inserting the coefficients An in (2) of Prob. 20.33, the exponential form of the Fourier series for the given
waveform is
-,"2w( . 10 -jW(
. 10 jw( . 10 j2w(
f(t) = ... - 1 - e
- 1- e
+5+1- e +1- e
+ ...
(1)
41T
21T
21T
41T
. 10
20.37
Verify that (1) of Prob. 20.36 is consistent with (1) of Prob. 20.1.
I
Ao = 0 by inspection.
From (1) of Prob. 20.35:
10
( .10) = - -1Tn
B = -2 Im 1 n
21Tn
Hence,
20.38
JF,()
t
. 2 wt - -10.
== 5 - -10.
SIn wt - -10 SIn
SIn 3 wt - ...
1T
21T
31T
Obtain the frequency spectrum of the waveform of Fig. 20-1.
I The series has only sine terms, as obtained in
spectrum is shown in Fig. 20-19.
(1) of Probs. 20.1 and 20.37.
Hence the desired frequency
474
D
CHAPTER 20
5
~-L_ _L-~__~_~I
o
20.39
234
__~I~___
5
6
n
Fig. 20-19
Plot the first four terms of the series:
JF,()
t =
5 - -10.
10.
SIn wt·- ;;-SIn 2 wt - -10.
SIn 3 wt - ...
7T
37T
LT.'
Verify how closely the resultant of these four terms approximates a sawtooth.
I See Fig. 20-20.
10
5
~----------~~---------
Fig. 20-20
20.40
The voltage v and the current i in a circuit are givt:n by
v
=
Vo + L Vn sin (nwt + 4>n)
and
Obtain expressions for instantaneous and average powers.
I Instantaneous power is given by
p = vi = [Vo
+ L Vn sin (nwt + 4>n)][ 10 + L In sin (nwt + !/In)]
Since v and i both have period T, their product must have an integral number of its periods in T. (Recall that
for a single sine wave of applied voltage, the product vi has a period half that of the voltage wave.) The
average may therefore be calculated over one period of the voltage wave:
p =
~
r
[Vo + L Vn sin (nw! +- 4>n)][ 10 + L In sin (nwt + !/In)] dt
Examination of the possible terms in the product of the two infinite series shows them to be of the following
types: the product of two constants, the product (of a constant and a sine function, the product of two sine
functions of different frequencies, and sine functIOns squared. After integration, the product of the two
constants is still Volo and the sine functions squared with the limits applied appear as (VJ)2) cos (4)n - !/In); all
other products upon integration over the period T are zero. Then the average power is
(1)
where On = 4>n -!/In is the angle on the equivalent impedance of the network at the angular frequency nw,
and Vn and In are the maximum values of the respl~ctive sine functions.
20.41
Obtain the expression for the average power in a circuit excited by a single-frequency source, from (1) of Prob.
20.40.
I In the special case of a single-frequency sinusoidal voltage, Vo = V2 = V) = ... = 0, and (1) of Prob. 20.40
reduces to the familiar
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
20.42
A series RL circuit in which R = 5 0 and L = 20 mH has an applied voltage
25 sin 3wt V, with w = 500 rads/s. Find the instantaneous current.
D
475
v = 100 + 50 sin wt +
I Compute the equivalent impedance of the circuit at each frequency found in the voltage function. Then
obtain the respective currents.
At w = 0, Zo = R = 5 0 and
I = Vo = 100 = 20 A
o
At
w = 500 rad/s,
it =
At 3w = 1500 rad/s,
.
I)
=
R
5
Zt = 5 + /(500)(20 x 10-)) = 5 + jlO = 11.15/63.4° 0
V~~ax sin(wt-(Jt)= 1:.~5
sin(wt-63.4°) = 4.48 sin (wt-63.4°)
Z) = 5 + j30 = 30.4/80.54° 0
V),max.
~ SIn
(3
and
A
and
(J )
25 . (
5
. (
wt - ) = 30.4 SIn 3wt - 80. 4°) = 0.823 SIn 3wt - 80.54°)
A
The sum of the harmonic currents is the required total response:
i = 20 + 4.48 sin (wt - 63.4°) + 0.823 sin (3wt - 80.54°)
20.43
A
Determine the power dissipated in the resistor of the circuit of Prob. 20.42.
I This current has the effective value
leff
2
2
2
= '120 + (4.48 /2) + (0.823 /2) = V41O.6 = 20.25 A
which results in a power in the 5-0 resistor of
P = l~ffR = (410.6)5 = 2053 W
20.44
Calculate the power contributed by each harmonic in the circuit of Prob. 20.42.
powers is the same as the power obtained in Prob. 20.43.
I At
At
Po = Vo/o = 100(20) = 2000 W
w =;,0:
Pt =
w = 500 rad/s:
At 3w = 1500 rad/s:
WJt cos (Jt =
H50)(4.48)cos63.4°=50.1 W
p) = ~ V) I) cos (J) = ~ (25)(0.823) cos 80.54° = 1.69 W
P= 2000 + 50.1 + 1.69 = 2052 W
Then
20.45
Verify that the sum of these
Determine the instantaneous and effective voltages across the resistor of Prob. 20.42.
dissipated in the resistor.
Hence obtain the power
I The Fourier-series expression for the voltage across the resistor is
and
v R = Ri = 100 + 22.4 sin (wt - 63.4°) + 4.11 sin [3wt - 80.540)
V
2
V • = '1100 + H22.4)2 + H4.11)2 = ylO,259 = 101.3 V
R eff
Then the power dissipated in R is
20.46
P = V~,eff/ R = (10,259)/5 = 2052 W.
A voltage of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-21 is applied to a capacitor C.
Find the current.
.. wt
----.----r-----=-JI--~--..__---.l
Fig. 20-21
476
D
CHAPTER 20
I
In the interval -7T < wt < 0 the voltage function is v = Vrnax + (2Vrna .l7T)wt; and for 0 < wt < 7T,
v = Vrnax - (2Vrna .l7T)wt. Then the coefficients of the exponential series are determined by the evaluation
integral
from which Vn = 4Vrna.l7T2n2 for odd n, and Vn = 0
The phasor current produced by Vn (n odd) is
for even n.
Vn
4Vrn.,17T2n2 . 4Vrnax wC
In = Zn = -li,nw C = ]
7T 2n
with an implicit time factor
e
jnwt
The resultant current is therefore
+00
4V w C +00 jnwt
i(t) =
Ine,nwt =: j
rnax2
_e'TT
n
•
L
L
-00
-00
where the summation is over odd n only.
20.47
Obtain the Fourier series for the square wave shown in Fig. 20-22.
I
In the interval 0 < wt < 7T, f(t) = V; and for 7T < wt < 27T, f(t) = - V. The average value of the
wave is zero; hence A o/2 = O. The cosine coefficients are obtained by writing the evaluation integral with the
functions inserted as follows.
An = ;
=
0
{r
{r
V cos nwt d(wt) +
f" (-
V sin nwt d(wt) +
V
= -7Tn
~ sin nwtJ: - [~ sin nwtI"}
for all n
Thus the series contains no cosine terms.
Bn = ;
V) cos nwt d(wt)} = .; {[
(-cos n7T
Then Bn = 4VI7Tn
wave is
for
Proceeding with the evaluation integral for the sine terms,
f" (-
V) sin n,,,t d(wt)} = .; {[ -
~ cos nwtJ: + [~ cos nwtI"}
2V
(1 - cos n7T)
7Tn
b n = 0 for n = 2, 4, 6, ... , The series for the square
+ cos 0 + cos n27T - cos r':7T) = n = 1,3,5, ... ,
and
4V sm
. 3 wt + -4V.
5
t = 4V.
- Sill wt + -Sill wt + ...
f()
7T
31T
57T
A
V
0
-V
20.48
fT
.)
•• fT
wt
3fT
f-----
Fig. 20-22
Plot the frequency spectrum for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-22.
Fig. 20-23
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
0
477
I The line spectrum for this series is shown in Fig. 20-23. The series contains only odd-harmonic sine terms,
as could have been anticipated by examination of the waveform for symmetry. Since the wave in Fig. 20-22 is
odd, its series contains only sine terms; and since it also has half-wave symmetry, only odd harmonics are
present.
20.49
Repeat Prob. 20.47 for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-24.
I The wave is an even function since f(t) = f(-t), and if its average value VI2 is subtracted, it also has
half-wave symmetry, i.e., f(t) "" - f(t + 7T). For -7T < wt < 0, f(t) = V + (VI7T)wt; and for
f(t) = V ~ (VI7T)wt. Since even waveforms have only cosine terms, all bn = O. For n ~ 1,
An = -1
JO
7T
-'"
= -V
{J'"
7T
[V + (VI7T)wt] cos nwt d(wt) + -1
f'" [V -
7T
- '"
7T,
(VI7T)wt] cos mwt d(wt)
0
cos nwt d(wt) + JO ~t cos nwt d(wt) -
-'"
0 < wt <
f'"
7T
0
~t cos nwt d(wt) }
7T
{[ 21 cos nw t + -wsm
t . nw
]O
t
- [ 21 cos nw t + -wt.
sm nw t ]"'}
n
7T
-'"
n
n
0
V
2V
= ~ {cos 0 - cos (-n7T) - cos n7T + cos O} = ~ (1- cos n7T)
7Tn
7Tn
As predicted from half-wave symmetry, the series contains only odd terms, since
2,4,6, ... , For n"" 1,3,5, ... , An = 4V/7T 2 n 2• Then the required Fourier series is
"" 2V
7T
An = 0 for
n ""
V
4V
4V
4V
f( t) = - + - 2 cos wt + - - cos 3wt + - - cos 5wt + ...
2
7T
(37T)2
(57T)2
Fig. 20-24
20.50
Obtain the frequency spectrum of the waveform of Fig. 20-24.
I The coefficients decrease as 11 n 2, and thus the series converges more rapidly than that of Prob. 20.47. This
fact is evident from the line spectrum shown in Fig. 20-25.
eft
~"
I
()
20.51
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fig. 20-25
8
Repeat Prob. 20.47 for the waveform of Fig. 20-26.
I By inspection, the waveform is odd (and therefore has average value zero). Consequently the series will
contain only sine terms. A single expression, f(t) = (VI7T)wt, describes the wave over the period from
to + 7T, and we will use these limits on our evaluation integral for b n'
1. J'"
~
= - 2V (cos n7T)
n
n
-'"
n7T
As cos n7T is + 1 for even nand -1 for odd n, the signs of the coefficients alternate. The required series is
Bn""
7T
(VI7T)wt sin nwt d(wt) =
-'"
[.; sin nwt - wt cos nwtJ'"
-7T
7T
,,()
2V {sm
. wt t "" -:;;
J'
t
:1
• 2
sm
wt + :31.
sm 3wt -
t
4
.
sm
4wt + ... }
478
D
CHAPTER 20
-4 ~
__
1Tf----:;V"jt:-'-+-.
Fig. 20-26
20.52
Obtain the frequency spectrum of the waveform of Fig. 20-26.
, The coefficients decrease as 1I n, and thus the !;eries converges slowly, as shown by the spectrum in Fig.
20-27. Except for the shift in the origin and the average term, this waveform is the same as in Fig. 20-1;
compare the two spectra.
CA
2V/1T
234
()
20.53
5
6
7
R
Fig. 20-27
9
Find the Fourier series for the waveform of Fig. 20-28.
, In the interval 0 < wt < 7T, f(t) = (VI7T)wt; and for 7T < wt < 27T, f(t) = O. By inspection, the average value of the wave is V14. Since the wave is neither even nor odd, the series will contain both sine and
cosine terms. For n > 0, we have
An = -1
f'" (VI7T)wt cos nwt d(wt) = -2:
V i,- -'2
1 cos nwt + -wt.
V (cos n7T sm nwt J'" ="""'22
7TO
When n is even,
7T-n
cos n7T -1
=0
and
an
= O.
n
When n is odd,
an
=
07Tn
2 2
-2VI(7T n ).
The Bn coefficients are
1f'" (VI7T)wtsmnwt
. d( wt)="2
V [1.
wt
]'" =--(cosn7T)=(-1)
V
-:;smnwt--cosnwt
7T n°'
n
7Tn
B =-
7T 0
Then the required Fourier series is
n
1)
0
V
2V
2V
2V
f(t) = - - - 2 cos wt - - - cos 3wt - - - - cos Swt - ...
4
7T
(37T)2
(S7T)2
V .
+ - sm wt 7T
-
V
27T
.
V
n+l
-V
7Tn
.
sm 2wt + - sm 3wt - ...
37T
v
()
20.54
1T
Fig. 20-28
Plot the frequency spectrum for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-28.
, The even-harmonic amplitudes are given directly by IBnI since there are no even-harmonic cosine terms.
However, the odd-harmonic amplitudes must be computed using Cn = YA~ + B~. Thus
Cl = Y(2V/7T2)2 + (VI7T)2 = V(O.:·77)
The line spectrum is shown in Fig. 20-29.
CJ = V(0.109)
C, = V(0.064)
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
D
479
c",
o
20.55
23456789
Fig. 20-29
Repeat Prob. 20.53 for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-30.
I
The wave shows no symmetry, and we therefore expect the series to contain both sine and cosine terms.
Since the average value is not obtainable by inspection, we evaluate a o for use in the term a o/2.
1'" V sm. wt d()
wt = -V [ -cos wt ]'" = -2V
Ao = -1
0
7TO
7T
7T
Next we determine an:
A = -1
n
7T
1'" V sin wt cos nwt d(wt)
0
V [-n sin wt sin nwt - cos nwt cos wt]'"
2
=
7T
- n +1
0
= -
With n even, An =2V/7T(I- n2); and with n odd, An =0.
n = 1, and therefore we must integrate separately for A I •
AI
Now we evaluate Bn:
B = -1
n
= -1
7TO
f"'v'sm sm.
wt
7TO
(
cos n7T
+ 1)
~
sin 2wtd(wt) = 0
nwt d()
wt = -V [nsinwtcosnwt-sinnwtcoswt]'"
2
=0
-n+l
7T
Here again the expression is indeterminate for
BI
2
n )
However, this expression is indeterminate for
1'" V sin wtcos wtd(wt) = -V 1'"
7TO
V
7T(1 -
=;:1 Jo('" Vsm.
2
n = 1,
wtd(wt)
0
and b I is evaluated separately.
= ;:V [wt
2" -
sin2wt]'"
--4-
0
="2V
Then the required Fourier series is
f(t) =
~7T {I + ~2 sin wt - 3~ cos 2wt - 2
15
cos 4wt -
235 cos 6wt -
v
- f - - - - - l o -_ _--''-_ _---I__. . . wt
o
20.56
Fig. 20-30
Repeat Prob. 20.54 for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-30.
I
See Fig. 20-31.
VI,"
0
L,
2
3
4
i
5
,
6
I
7
Fig. 20-31
... }
(1)
480
20.57
D
CHAPTER 20
Repeat Prob. 20.55 for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-32.
I
The function is described in the interval -7T < UJl < 0 by f(t) = - V sin wt.
same as that in Prob. 20.55, i.e., ~Ao = VI7T. For the coefficients An' we have
= -1
An
IO
7T
For n even,
separa tel y .
An
(-V sin wt) cos nt!lt d(wt)
~'"
= 2VI7T(1- n2);
and for n odd,
I
An
=
V
2
(1
7T(I-n)
= 0,
The average value is the
+ cos n7T)
except that
n
=1
must be examined
O
AI = 1
7T
(-Vslnwt)coswtd(wt)=O
-'"
For the coefficients B n' we obtain
I
O
Bn =
except for
1.7T
(-
V sin wt) sin nwt d(wt) = 0
-'"
n = 1.
Thus the series is
V{ 1 -
f(t) = -
7T
2
2 cos 4wt - -2 cos 6wt - ... }
-7T.
SIn wt - - cos 2wt - 2
3
15
35
~~~
o
20.58
1T
21T
(1)
Fig. 20-32
Compare (1) of Prob. 20.57 with (1) of Prob. 20.55. Verify that the graph of Fig. 20-30 can be obtained from
that of Fig. 20-32. Thus, the two waveforms have ':he same frequency spectrum.
I
If V sin wt is subtracted from (1) of Prob. 20.55, or from Fig. 20-30, (1) of Prob. 20.57, or Fig. 20-32, is
obtained. Hence, the two waveforms have the same frequency spectrum.
20.59
Obtain the Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-33.
I
With the vertical axis positioned as shown, the wave is even and the series will contain only cosine terms and
a constant term. In the period from -7T to + 7T used for the evaluation integrals, the function is zero except
from -7T/6 to +7T/6.
1
Ao=-
7T
I""6
1
An='-
V
Vd(wt)=-3
I""6
7T
~",/6
Since sinn7T/6=1/2,V3/2,1,V3/2,1I2,0,-1I2, ...
series is
for
V
f(t) = "6
+
~",/6
7T
2V
Vcosnwtd(wt)=-sinn
n7T
6
n=I,2,3,4,5,6,7, ... ,
2V { 2
1 cos wt + T
V3 ( iI ) cos 2wt + 1( '13 ) cos 3wt + T
V3 (1)
+ -:;;
'4 cos 4wt
~
G)
cos 5wt -
~ ( ~ ) cos '1l!lt -
V
f(t) = 6
or
... }
2V ~~ 1 . n7T
+ -- L'.i 7T
Fl
n
SIn -
6
cos nwt
v
.~°r-~
-1T/6
1T/6
________~______~-,~~WI
1T
Fig. 20-33
respectively, the
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
20.60
D
481
Plot the frequency spectrum of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-33.
I The line spectrum, shown in Fig. 20-34, decreases very slowly for this wave, since the series converges very
slowly to the function. Of particular interest is the fact that the 8th, 9th, and 10th harmonic amplitudes exceed
the 7th. With the simple waves considered previously, the higher-harmonic amplitudes were progressively
lower.
VI,"
lv
o
20.61
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fig. 20-34
11
Find the exponential Fourier series of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-22.
I In the interval -7T < wt < 0, f(t) = - V; and for 0 < wt < 7T, f(t) = V. The wave is odd; therefore,
A o = 0 and the An will be pure imaginaries.
A= J...
{Jo (_V)e- jnwf d(wt) + (" Ve- jnwf d(wt)} = ~ {_[_1_. e-jnwf]O + [_1_. e- jnwf ]"}
27T -"
)0
27T
(-]n)
-"
(-]n)
°
n
.V
(-eO + e jn " + e- jn " _ eO) = j ~ (e jn " -1)
(-]27Tn)
n7T
jn
jn
For n even, e " = + 1 and An = 0; for n odd, e " = -1 and
The required Fourier series is
An
= - j(2Vln7T) (half-wave symmetry).
. 2V -j3wf . 2V -jwf . 2V jwf . 2V j3wf
+]-e
-]-e -]-e
- ...
f( t ) ='''+]-e
37T
7T
7T
37T
20.62
Sketch the frequency spectrum from the results of Prob. 20.61.
I The graph in Fig. 20-35 shows amplitudes for both positive and negative frequencies. Combining the values
at + nand - n yields the same line spectrum as plotted in Fig. 20-23.
/A../
2V
-+~-+-.-+-+-+~-+~-~n
-5 -4 -3 -2 -\
20.63
0
2
3
4
5
Fig. 20-35
Obtain the trigoriometric Fourier series coefficients from those of the exponential series of Prob. 20.61, and
compare the results with those of Prob. 20.47.
I The trigonometric-series cosine coefficients are
and
4V
Bn = -2ImA = n n7T
for odd n only
These coefficients agree with those obtained in Prob. 20.47.
20.64
Find the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-24.
I In the interval -7T < wt < 0, f(t)
= V + (VI7T)wt; and for 0 < wt < 7T, f(t) = V - (VI7T)wt. The
wave is even and therefore the An coefficients will be pure real. By inspection the average value is V12.
482
D
CHAPTER 20
An =
~ {fO
[V + (VhT)wt]e~jnwt d(wt) + (" [V -
~"
27T
= V 2 {fO
27T
-"
For even n,
("
Jo
(-wt)e~jnwtd(wt)+f" 7Te~jnwtd(wt)}
~"
]0
2V
'-jwt V
jwt
j3wt
+ - 2V
- - e ~j3wt + ----c;
e
+ - + -2V
-2 e
+ - 2V
-2 e
+ ...
(-37T)2
(-7T)'
2
(7T)
(37T)
Find the amplitudes of harmonics in the waveform of Fig. 20-24.
n = 2, 4, 6, .. .
n=1,3,5, .. .
V
Co = 2
I
20.66
wte~jnwtd(wt)+
V {[ ~jnwt
[~jnwt
]"}
V
= - 2 ~ (-jnwt-1)
- ~ (-jnwt-1)
= ~ [1- e jn ,,]
27T
(-]n)
-"
(-]n)
0
7T n
2 2
jnrr
e = + 1 and An = 0; for odd n, An = 2VI7T n . Thus the series is
f(t) = ...
20.65
(VhT)wt]e~jnwt d(wt)}
Jo
Obtain the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-30.
I
0 < wt < 7T,
and from 7T to 27T, f(t) = O. Then
jnwt
1 1"
.
V [ e·]" V( -jmr + 1)
A = -2
Vsinwte~}nwtd(wt)= -2 ---2-(-jnsinwt-coswt) =
e(
2)
n
7T 0
7T (1-n)
0
27T1-n
In the interval
f(t) = V sin wt;
For even n, An = VI7T(1- n2); for odd n, An = O. However, for n = 1, the expression for An becomes
indeterminate. L'Hopital's rule may be applied; i.e , the numerator and denominator are separately differentiated with respect to n, after which n is allowed to approach 1, with the result that Al = -j(VI4).
The average value is
Ao
1
= -27T Jo(" V
sin w.' d(wt)
= 2 7T [-cos wt]~ = ~
7T
V
Then the exponential Fourier series is
V
~j4wt
V ~j2wt . V ~Jwt V
. V jwt
V j2wt
V
j4wt
--e
+]-e
+--]-e - - e
---e
- ...
157T
37T
4
7T
4
37T
157T
f( t ) = " ' - - - e
20.67
Determine the amplitudes of harmonics in the waveform of Fig. 20-30.
I
The harmonic amplitudes are
(n = 2, 4, 6, ... )
(n = 1)
(n=3,5,7, ... )
V
Co =A 0 = 7T
-
20.68
A voltage waveform is given by
O<t< TI4
TI4<t<3TI4
3TI4<t< T
Determine its Fourier coefficients.
I
By inspection Ao = O. Also, the waveform ha> an even symmetry.
Finally, with the period T= 27Tlw
2V 1T'4
A I = -T
Since
w T = 2'7T,
o
211 f3T'4
cos wt dt - -1:-
= 2V [Sin wT -(sin
wT
4
we obtain
T/4
cos wt dt
3~~~-sin
4
Thus,
Bn = O.
2V IT
+ -T 3T/4 cos wt dt
wT)+(sinwT-sin 3wT)]
4
4
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
Al
V
4V
= - (1 + 2 + 1) = TT
4V
and
nTT
TT
,
n = 1,5,9, ...
An = -4V
( nTT
n=3,7,1l, ...
o
20.69
D 483
n = even
Obtain the frequency spectrum for the waveform of Prob. 20.68.
I
See Fig. 20-36, and compare with Fig. 20-27.
c'"
Fig. 20-36
20.70
Find the average power in a re$istance
5 sin 3wt + 2 sin 5wt A.
R
= 10 .0, if the current in Fourier-series form is
I The current has an effective value leff =
power is P = l~ffR = (64.5)10 = 645 W.
20.71
V!(1O)2 + !(5)2 + !(2)2 = \1'64.5 = 8.03 A.
i
= 10 sin wt +
Then the average
Obtain the result of Prob. 20.70 by adding the harmonic powers.
I The total power is the sum of the harmonic powers, which are given by! VrnaJrnax cos O. But the voltage
across the resistor and the current are in phase for all harmonics, and
On = O.
Then
v R = Ri = 100 sin wt + 50 sin 2wt + 20 sin 5wt
and
20.72
P = ~ (100)(10) + !(50)(5) + !(20)(2) = 645 W.
Find the average power supplied to a network if the applied voltage and resulting current are
v = 50 + 50 sin 5 x 10 3t + 30 sin 10 4t + 20 sin 2 x 10 4t
i = 11.2 sin (5
3
V
4
x 10 t + 63.4°) + 10.6 sin (10 t + 45°) + 8.97 sin (2 x 10 4t + 26.6°)
A
I The total average power is the sum of the harmonic powers:
P = (50)(0) + !(50)(11.2) cos 63.4° + !(30)(1O.6) cos 45° + H20)(8.97) cos 26.6° = 317.7 W
20.73
Obtain the constants of the two-element series circuit with the applied voltage and resultant current given in
Prob. 20.72.
I The voltage series contains a constant term 50, but there is no corresponding term in the current series, thus
indicating that one of the elements is a capacitor.
must be a resistor.
leff = Y!(11.2)2
Since power is delivered to the circuit, the other element
+ !(1O.6)2 + !{8.97)2 = 12.6A
The average power is P = l~ffR, from which R = P/ l~ff = 317.7/159.2 = 2.0.
At w = 10 4 rad/s, the current leads the voltage by 45°. Hence,
1
1 = tan 45° = w CR
or
1
C = (10 4 )(2)
= 50
jLF
Therefore the two-element series circuit consists of a resistor of 2.0 and a capacitor of 50 jLF.
484
20.74
D
CHAPTER 20
The voltage wave shown in Fig. 20-37 is applied to a series circuit of
trigonometric Fourier series to obtain the voltage across the resistor.
R = 2 kll
L = 10 H.
and
Use the
v. V
Fig. 20-37
I
The applied voltage has an average value Vrna /7T. The wave function is even and hence the series contains
only cosine terms, with coefficients obtained by the following evaluation integral:
600
n7T
1 J"'/2
An=300coswtcosnwtd(wt)= (1
2)COS2
7T
7T - n
V
~",/2
Here, cos n7T/2 has the value -1 for n = 2, 6,10 .... , and +1 for n = 4, 8,12, ... , For n odd,
2 = O. However, for n = 1, the expression is indeterminate and must be evaluated separately.
cos n7T/
TABLE 20.1
n
nw, rad/s
R,kfl
nwL,kfl
Zn,kfl
8n
0
1
2
4
6
0
377
754
1508
2262
2
2
2
2
2
0
3.77
7.54
15.08
22.62
2
4.26
7.78
15.2
22.6
0°
620
75.1°
82.45°
84.92°
1 J"'/2
2
•
300 [wt· sin 2wt]"'/2
300
A = 300cos wtd(wtl ,= - + --=) 7T ~",/2
.
7T
2
4
~",/2
2
V
v = -300 {7T
1 + - cos wt + -2 cos 2wt - -2 cos 4wt + -2 cos 6wt - ... }
V
7T
2
3
15
35
In Table 20.1, the total impedance of the serie~; circuit is computed for each harmonic in the voltage
expression. The Fourier coefficients of the current ~.eries are the voltage series coefficients divided by the Zn;
the current terms lag the voltage terms by the pha~;c angles On'
Thus,
I = 300/7T
o
2
mA,
. _ 300/2
0
4.26 cos (wt - 62 )
I) -
mA,
.
12
=
600/37T
~ cos
°
(2wt -75.1 )
mA, ...
Then the current series is
._300
1-
300
0
600
°
27T + (2)(4.26) cos (wt - 62) + ~3;(7.78) cos (2wt -75.1 )
600
0
600
°
157T{15.2) cos (4wt - 82.45 ) +- 357T(22.6) cos (6wt - 84.92) - ...
mA
and the voltage across the resistor is
vR
= Ri = 95.5 + 70.4 cos (wt -
62°:, -I- 16.4 cos (2wt -75.1°)
- 1.67 cos (4wt - 82.45°) -I- 0.483 cos (6wt - 84.92°) - ...
20.75
V
Sketch the spectra of the applied voltage and uR to show the effect of the inductance on the harmonics.
Assume w = 377 rad/s.
I
Figure 20-38 shows clearly how the harmonic amplitudes of the applied voltage have been reduced by the
lO-H series inductance.
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
D 485
~",v
3OO/fr
o
2
(a)
20.76
3
4
5
6
o
7
234567
Spectrum of u
(b)
A current waveform is shown in Fig. 20-39a.
Spectrum of
Fig. 20-38
UJt
Sketch its derivative.
I The derivative is shown in Fig. 20-39b.
____,-____~~----+-----~----_,r_--~~----_.--~wl
~A'~
d(wl)'
20tfr
-fr
()
I
fr
2fr
10
wl
-20/fr
Fig. 20-39
20.77
The current in a lO-mH inductance has the waveform shown in Fig. 20-39a.
the voltage across the inductance, given that w = 500 rad/s.
Obtain the trigonometric series for
I The derivative of the waveform of Fig. 20-39a is graphed in Fig. 20-39b. This is just Fig. 20-22 with
V= -20hr.
Hence, from Prob. 20.47
di
80.
.
.
d(wt) = - 7T 2 [sm wt + ism 3wt + } sm 5wt + ... ]
and so
20.78
VL
A
di
400[.
\.
\.
]
= Lw d(wt)
=- 7
sm wt + '3 sm 3wt + "5 sm 5wt + ...
v
In Prob. 20.68, let w = 1. Obtain the trigonometric Fourier series for the waveform given in Prob. 20.68.
Sketch the given waveform. Assume V = 7T / 4.
I The sketch is shown in Fig. 20-40. Using the Fourier coefficients obtained in Prob. 20.68, with
w = 1,
the required Fourier series is
v(t) = cost-icos3t+}cos5t-···
(1)
486
D
CHAPTER 20
""/4
~%
1112.
0
t
-rrr
T
-7T"/+
20.79
Fig. 2()'40
If the voltage wave of Prob. 20.78 is applied to a series RL circuit, having
R = In
and
determine the phasor currents for the first five harmc.nics of the input voltage wave.
I From
(1) of Prob. 20.78, the phasor voltages are
VV = le w
J -
l
1
:!oe
~jl80°
The admittances for the various harmonics are
.
1
Y(Jn) = l+jn
Y(j5) = ~ e~j788°
a.nd
Hence,
A
A
20.80
Obtain the current in the circuit of Prob. 20.79 in
I
+ 0.105 cos (3t - 251.6°) + 0.039 cos (5t -78.8°) +...
Ps
or
= vsis = (~ cos 5t)[0.039 cos (51 --78.8°)] = 0.0078 cos 5t cos (5t -78.8°)
Ps = ! (0.0078) cos 78.8° = 0.7575 mW
Sketch the frequency spectrum of the waveform given by
1
f ()t = 4
-;:1 (.sm t + :21.sm 2t + :31.sm 3t + ... )
I See Fig.
20-41.
0."
tJ./
Fig. 20·41
20.83
A
What is the average power associated with the fifth harmonic current in the circuit of Prob. 20.79?
I
20.82
time domain.
The required current is given by
i(t) = 0.707 cos (t - 45°)
20.81
th,~
A
Repeat Prob. 20.82 for
f
I See Fig.
20-42.
()t = -1(1 + -2 cos t
TT
TT
:2
+~
.3
2cos 4t + ... )
cos 2t - -
15
L = 1 H,
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
0 487
c,.,
6 .40.)
0.(
Fig. 20-42
20.84
Find the amplitude of the third harmonic in the waveform shown in Fig. 20-43.
I
Because the function is an even function, only cosine terms are nonzero.
4lT/2 2t
A
3
= -T o T
-
Thus,
21T
2
4
(3t) dt = - 2 (cos 31T - 1) = - - 2
T
91T
91T
cos -
fff)
J7vv
T
20.85
2T
~t
.
Fig. 20-43
Determine the amplitude of the fifth harmonic of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-44.
I
Because of even symmetry,
A5
4 [
e
Bn = O.
Thus,
(2
21T
= 4 Jo t cos "4 (St) dt + J1
cos
21T
]
4 (
51T)
"4
(5t) dt = 251T 2 cos "2 - 1 = -
4
251T 2
L
t
20.86
Fig. 20-44
Obtain the amplitude of the fundamental of the waveform shown in Fig. 20-45.
I
r
2 [(bT at . 21T
r a(t - T) 21T ]
B =1' Jo bTslllTdt+JbT -(l_b)TcosTtdt
A
_2[(bT at
21T
a(t-T)
21T
] a(cos21Tb-l)
1' Jo bTcosTtdt+JbT - (l_b)Tcosrtdt = 21T2b(1-b)
1 -
1
Thus,
C =' I A2
1
a sin 21Tb
= 21T 2b(1-b)
+ B2 = aYl - cos 21Tb
VII
Y21T 2b(1- b)
Fig. 20-45
(1)
488
20.87
0
CHAPTER 20
From the result of Prob. 20.86, obtain the amplitude of the waveform of Fig. 20-43.
I
a == 1 and
Figure 20-43 is a special case of Fig. 20-45, when
Prob. 20.86 yields
yT- C']S 211(0.5)
CI = ,
V211-(O.S)(l - 0.5)
20.88
b == 0.5.
Substituting these values in (1) of
4
11
==±2
Verify the result of Prob. 20.87 by a direct evaluatJOn of the Fourier coefficients for the fundamental of the
waveform shown in Fig. 20-43.
4lT/2 2t
211
2
4
A == - cos -- .. £It == - (-1 + cos 11) == - I
ToT
T
112
112
I
which is the same solution as in Prob. 20.87.
20.89
In a special case, a == 1 and b == 0.75 in the waveform of Fig. 20-45. If this waveform represents the
voltage across a 1-n resistor, determine power com~sponding to the fundamental component of power.
I
From (1) of Prob. 20.86,
1yT- cos 211(0.75)
Cl == V2(112)(075)(1 _ 0.75) == 0.382
or
VI
== 0.382 sin wt
0
. 2
.146slll wt
W
PI == !«(1.146) == 73 mW
and
20.90
(V I )2
PI==~==
V
Compare the power obtained in Prob. 20.89 to the case when the applied voltage has the waveform shown in
Fig. 20-43.
I
From Prob. 20.87,
Thus,
VI
==
4
2
11
.
Sill
(4)2 . 2
PI == (112)2 Sill wt
v
wt
1 (' 4
-;-
PI == -2
, ?T
W
)2 ==82.13mW
which is (obviously) greater than the power (73.0 mW) calculated in Prob. 20.89.
20.91
Determine the Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-46.
I
Thus,
f(t)
== 10 cos
1ft
1-;;
2 lTn
t
20
A == 10 cos '!!- dt == o
To
T
11
4lT/2
11t
211nt
A == lOcos -- cos - - dt
n
ToT
' T
Hence,
40 (1
1
211t
f(t) == --; 2 + '3 cos -f
--
and
1
411t
1
611t
15 cos T + 35 cos T
fco
10
--t-----'----4-~'L
T
'l-r
~T
Fig. 20-46
-.,. )
CIRCUITS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCES
20.92
0
489
Determine if the functions shown in Fig. 20-47 are odd or even.
I
(a) Even,
(b) odd.
_~_+---1-_~t
_T
'i
Fig. 20·47
20.93
Repeat Prob. 20.92 for the functions shown in Fig. 20-48.
I
(a) Odd,
(b) odd.
1fl+>
d V/
_T/-,..
-l
7"h
Lbj
20.94
Fig. 20-48
Repeat Prob. 20.92 for the functions of Fig. 20-49.
I
(a) Even,
(b) odd.
fit)
--~~--~----~f
Fig. 20·49
(6)
20.95
Determine the coefficients of the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-3.
I
20.96
Evaluate C 2 and C 3 for the waveform of Prob. 20.95.
I
20.97
(1)
From (1) of Prob. 20.95:
Find the coefficients of the exponential Fourier series for the waveform shown in Fig. 20-43.
I
!
C0-2
- 2lT/2 -2 ( (-T) e -j2""IT d(_- - -2C 2 2
n
ToT
4
1T n
n odd
490
20.98
0
CHAPTER 20
Repeat Prob. 20.97 for the waveform of Fig. 20-44.
Co = ~
I
e =~
n
20.99
4
[eJo te-jhnr/4 dt + Jl(3 e- j2"nt/4 dt + J4 - (t - 4)e- j2"n r/4 dt] = --h
(cos 1Tn - 1)
1T n
2
J
Repeat Prob. 20.97 for the waveform of Fig. 20-45.
e
I
=
n
~ [(bT .!!!... e-j2"nIlT dt + (
T Jo
I
or
20.100
-a(t - T) -jhnrlT dt]
JbT (l-b)T e
bT
en
1=~{V2(1-cos21Tnb)
47.- 2 n 2b( 1 - b)
Repeat Prob. 20.97 for the waveform of Fig. 20-46.
TI2
20.101
~-I
1Tt -j2"nrIT dt =10
e n = T-l f-T/2 10 cos-e
T
2T
I
Z
[j("IT)(1-2n)r
+ e -j("IT)(1+2n)r dt]
e
f
=
-1'2
20 cos 1Tn2
1T(1-4n)
A series RC circuit, having R = 1 nand C = 1 F. is excited by a voltage source of the waveform of Fig.
20-40. Assuming w = 1 rad/s, determine the phasor current for the nth harmonic.
I In terms of exponential Fourier series we have
Consequently,
-j(,,/2)(n -I)
I == e _ _ __
n
n- j
Hence,
20.102
Repeat Prob. 20.101 if the input voltage has the waveform of Fig. 20-1.
I In this case:
1
Yn= l-(j/n)
20.103
n
Determine the average power for a network having
v = 2 cos (t
+ 45°) + cos (2t + 45°) + cos (3t - 60°)
V
i = 10 cos t + 5 cos (2t - 45°)
and
I
20.104
'lO
1T(n - j)
I = --,Jc-_
P = H2 x lO) cos 45' +
HI x 5) cos 90° = 7.07 W
In a three-phase network we have
ia = 15 sin (wt - 30°)
A
A
Determine it'
I Since
i,
20.105
In a network
I
Thus,
v
= -ia
-
ib
= 15 sin (wt + 150°) + 0.5 sin (3wt + 135°)
= 2 sin t + sin 3t and
i
= sin 2t + 0.5 sin 4t. What is the average power?
p = vi == (2 sin t + sin 3t)(sin 2t + 0.5 sin 4t)
P=O.
A
/7
CHAPTER 21
i / Laplace Transform Method
21.1
The Laplace transform method is a powerful technique for solving circuit problems. We define a Laplace
transform as follows:
Let f(t) be a time function which is zero for t=:;O and which is (subject to some mild conditions) arbitrarily
defined for t > 0. Then the direct Laplace transform of f(t) , denoted .P[f(t)], is defined by
.P[f(t)] = F(s) =
r
f(t)e- SI dt
(1)
Thus, the operation .P[ ] transforms f(t), which is in the time domain, into F(s) , which is in the complex
frequency domain, or simply the s domain, where s is the complex variable a + jw.
Using this definition find the Laplace transform of (a) the unit-step function and (b) the exponential decay
function Ae -al.
I
.P[u(t)] =
(a)
(P[A e -al] =
(b)
21.2
oL
1
00
(P['
oL
Sill
]
wt =
(.
o
)
Sill
wt e
1
(l)e- SI dt = - S
[e-SI]~
1
=S
100 A e -ale -si dt= -- A- [-(a+S)I]OO
Ae
=a+s
o
0
s+a
-sld [-S(Sinwt)e-SI-e-slwcoswtJoo
w
t=
2
2
= -2--2
s +w
0
s +w
Find the Laplace transform of a derivative df(t)ldt .
.p[ df(t)]
= (00 df(t) e-sl dt
)0 dt
dt
I
Integrating by parts,
1.5
21.4
oo
o
Find the Laplace transform of sin wt.
I
21.3
l
'p[d~~)]=[e-S1(t)]~+
r
-
f(t)(-se-SI)dt=-f(O+)+s
r
f~t)e-Sldt=-f(O+)+sF(s)
Prepare a table of Laplace transforms of some commonly encountered functions.
I
See Table 21.1.
The initial-value theorem states that
f(O+) =
21.5
!i..ll! sF(s)
(1)
Apply this theorem to find the current i(O+) in a circuit, if the transform of the current is
J(s) _ 2s + 10
- s(s + 1)
I
21.6
i(O+) = lim sJ(s) = lim s[ 2(S + 11°)] =2 A
s-+oo
s-+oo
ss +
The voltage across a circuit is given by
v = 4e- 1 V.
What is the initial voltage?
I
21. 7
Express v of Prob. 21.6 in the transform domain.
Prob. 2l.6.
I
From Table 21.1:
Then apply the initial-value theorem to verify the result of
.P[4e- l ] = _4_ = V(s)
s+1
v(O+) = s_oo
lim sV(s) = s_oo
lim
s(~I)
=4V
S+
491
492
0
CHAPTER 21
TABLE 21.1 Table of Transform Pairs
F(s)
j(t)
1 df(t)ldt
2
sF(s) --
d 2f(t)
dt (0+)
s2F(s) -
3
dnf(t)
dt n
snF(s)_sn-Idf(o )_Sn-2d2f_ ... _dr-I(0)
dt +
dt 2
dt n- I
+
4
g(t)
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
=
r
0
~10. + g(O+)
f(t) dt
s
the unit-step function
u(t)
8(t)
the unit impulse function
t
t" -1/(n - I)!
n is an integer
E
-at
lE
-at
n-I
s
1/s
1
1 Is"
1 Is"
1/(5 + a)
1/(.\ + af
(n - l)!/(s + aY'
-at
t E
sin wt
cos wt
sin (wt + 0)
cos (wt + 0)
-at •
E
Sill wt
-at
E
cos wt
-at .
tE
Sill wt
tE -at cos wt
+ w 2)
+ w 2)
[s sin 0 + w cos 0]/(s2 + w 2)
[s cos 0 - w sin 0]/(s2 + w 2)
2
WI [(s + a)2 + w ]
(s + a)/[(s + a)2 + w 2]
2CJ1(S + a)/[(s + a)2 + W 2]2
[k + a)2 - w 2]/[(s + a)2 + W 2]2
WI(S2
S/lS2
t ~ 0 and
considered as being multiplied by u(t).
It is assumed that all f(t) exist for
The transform of the voltage across a circuit is
I
f(t) = (]
t < O.
for
qs:, ,= 1/s(s + 1).
Determine the initial voltage.
S_'OC
The circuit of Fig. 21-1a is labeled in the time domain.
Draw a corresponding circuit in the transform domain.
R
R
0
L
~qo+)
L
-
L ((0+ )
( h.J
tAJ
I
Each of the functions from 7 to 19 can be
v(O+) = lim sV(s) = lim [
s+(
1)] =OV
sss_OC
21.9
sf(O+) -
dT
5
6
7
8
9
10
21.8
f(O+)
Fig. 21-1
Denoting the initial current in the inductor i(O _) by a voltage source Li(O + ), we obtain the circuit of Fig.
21-1b.
21.10
The current in an RL series circuit is given by
'" di
"-. t 4'1= 0
dt
Express the current in the s domain.
I
or
2[ 2
~ + 4i] = 2[81(s) -
i(O+)]
2i(O+)
l(s) =, 2s + 4
+ 41(s) = 0
(1)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.11
493
If the initial current in the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 21.10 is 5 A, determine i(t).
I
From (1) of Prob. 21.10 we have:
10
J(s)
5
= 2s + 4 = s + 2
Thus
21.12
0
A
Determine the inverse Laplace transform of
F(s) _
3s + 15
- (s + 1)2 + (3)2
I
In order to use Table 21.1 of Laplace transform pairs, we rewrite F(s) as
3(s+I)+12
F(s)
3(s+l)
12
= (s + 1)2 + (3)2 = (s + 1)2 + (3)2 + (s + 1)2 + (3)2 = FI(s) + F2(S)
Now using results 9 and 10 of Table 21.1, we obtain
5£-l[F(s)]
21.13
= f(t) = 5£-l[FI(S)] + 5£-I[F2(s)] = 3e-
cos 3t + 4e- 1 sin 3t
(1)
Combine the trigonometric functions in (1) of Prob. 21.12 to express the result in terms of e - I and a sine
function.
I
It may be shown that
A cos x + B sinx =
v' A2 + B2 sin [x + tan-I (AIB)] = v' A2 + B2 cos [x -
From (1) of Prob. 21.12, we let A=3 and
f(t) = e-'(3 cos 3t + 4 sin 3t) = 5e-' sin (3t + 36.9°).
21.14
1
B=4.
tan-I (BIA)]
tan-I (AIB)=tan- 1 (3/4)=36.9°
Hence,
and
Express the voltage of the circuit of Fig. 21-2 in the s domain, if v(O+) = 0.
-t"lr (of )
Fig. 21-2
I
By KCL we have
1 dv
2v + - - - u(t) =
2 dt
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides
2V(s) +
1
2[sV(s)
or
21.15
V(s)
=
°
- v(o+)]-
1
S=
°
2
s(s + 4)
(1)
Solve for v(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-2, using the result of Prob. 21.14.
I
In order to use Table 21.1, we rewrite (1) as
V(s) = __
2_ = kl + ~ = (k l + k2)S + 4kl
s(s+4)
s
s+4
s(s+4)
Equating the coefficients in the numerator yields
kl
Thus,
0.5
and
=
°
k2
=
and
4kl
= 2.
-0.5
V( ) _ 0.5
-0.5
s-s+s+4
and
Finally,
=
kl + k2
V ()
t
= oL(0-1(0.5
S - s0.5)
+ 4 = 0.5(1 - e- 41 )
=
0.5(1 - e- 41 )u(t)
v
t2:0
v
494
21.16
0
CHAPTER 21
According to the final-value theorem we have
= lim sF(s)
f(CYJ)
$--+0
Apply the final-value theorem to (1) of Prob. 21.14 to obtain the steady-state value of v(t).
I
Vsteady ,tate
= lim sV(s)
s-o
-= lim s [ 2 4)]
( = 0.5 V
s-o
ss
+
which agrees with the result of Prob. 21.15.
21.17
The current (in the s domain) through a circuit is gh'en by
6
/(s)-
- 5(:;+2)(s+3)
What is i(oo)?
I By the final-value theorem we have
i(oo) = lim
s/(s) = lirn
(
2~~s + 3) = 1 A
S~O
,~o s s +
21.18
The splitting of V(s) into two functions in Prob. 21.l5 is done on the basis of partial-fraction expansion.
general, the F(s) whose inverse transform is required can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials,
In
A(s)
a I,m
sm-\+"'+as+a
F(s) = __ = ~__ ta m -\
\
0
B(s)
s" + bn_\sn \ + .. , + h\s + ho
Furthermore, the denominator of F(s) can be factored as
B(s) = (s + a\)(s +
n
°
2 )'"
(s + an) =
TI (s + a\)
;=1
where each value s = -a\ is a root of B(s).
To develop the general method, first consider F(s) for which A(s) is of lower degree than B(s); that is,
m < n. In addition, it is assumed that B(s) has di~tinct roots (each of the a; is different). For this situation,
F(s) can be expanded as
A(s)
K\
K2
Kn
~
K;
F(s) = = - - + - - - + ... + - - = L . J - B(s)
s+a\
5--a2
s+a n ;_\s+a;
A method to evaluate K\ is to multiply both sides of Eq. (1) by (s + a\) which gives
(s + a\)A(s)
B(s)
-'-----:...:,---'--'- =
By setting
s
=
-al'
K + (s "- a ) [ -K2- + ... + -Kn- ]
\
\ S + a2
s + an
(1)
(2)
the right-hand side of Eq. (21 is zero except for K\ so that
K = (s t a\)A(s) I
\
B(s)
s- -"'1
Repetition of the process for each root yields the value of K; for each term in Eq. (1).
then be expressed as
K = (s -+ aJA(s)
,
B(s)
I
(3)
S=-"',
Apply this procedure to obtain the partial-fraction expansion of
8(s + 2)
(s -+ l)(s + 3)(s + 5)
K\
K2
K3
F(s) = s -+~- + s + 3 + s + 5
F(s) =
I
From Eq. (3)
K =(S+l)F(S)1
\
s=-\
=~~~~I
(s+3)(s+5) s--\
K =(S+3)F(S)1
= ~i~~~1
2
s=-3 (s+1)(s+5) s=-3
The general result can
=
8(-1+2)
=1
(-1+3)(-1+5)
=
8(-3+2)
=2
(-3+1)(-3+5)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
K3 =(S+5)F(S)1
=
s--5
0
495
8(s+2)
I = 8(-5+2) =-3
(s+1)(s+3) s--5 (-5+1)(-5+3)
These values give
123
F(s) = s + 1 + s + 3 - s + 5
21.19
Obtain f(t) for the F(s) of Prob. 21.18.
I
21.20
f(t) = 5£-I[F(s)] = 5£-1(_1_ + _2_ _ _
3_) = e- I + 2e- 31 _ 3e-51
s+l
s+3
s+5
Obtain the partial-fraction expansion of
4 (s + I)
F(s) = S(S2 + 2s + 2)
I The roots of the denominator of F(s) are s = 0,
-1 ± j1.
The partial-fraction expansion of F(s) is
Kl
K2
K3
F(s) = - +
+ ----"-s
s + 1 - jl
s + 1 + jl
The values of Kl' K 2 , and K3 are found by use of Eg. (3) of Prob. 21.18:
K
1
= sF(s)
Is-o =
4(s + 1) I
S2 + 2s + 2 s=o
K2 =(S+1-jl)F2(S)!
K 3 =(S+1+jl)F(S)1
s=-I+jl
=
=2
4(S+1).!
= __2_=v'2€-jI35"
s(s+l+Jl) s=-I+jl -l+jl
I
. =
4(s+1~
=_2_._=v'2€+j135"
s=-I-}1 s(s + 1- Jl) s--I-jl -1 +}1
The resulting F(s) becomes
2 v'2€ -jI35" v'2€ +jI35"
F(s) = - +
1 . +
.
s
s + - Jl
s + 1 + Jl
21.21
Determine f(t) for the function F(s) of Prob. 21.20.
I From Table 21.1
f(t) = 2 + v'2€ -jI35" . €(-1 +jl)1 + v'2€ +jI35" . €(-I- j l)1
Rearrangement of the terms gives
f(t) = 2 + v'2€-/[€ +j(/-135") + €-j(/-135")]
The use of Euler's identity,
cos x == !(€jX + €-jX),
permits f(t) to be expressed as
f(t) = 2 + 2v'2€ - I cos (t - 135°)
21.22
In Prob. 21.18, we assumed that A(s) is of lower degree than B(s); that is, m < n.
For the case where A(s) is of the same degree as or higher degree than B(s), that is,
rewritten as
m '2: n,
F(s) can be
(1)
where (1) is obtained by long division.
remainder Al (s) / B(s). Hence obtain
Then the rules developed in Prob. 21.18 may be applied to the
14]
f(t) = 5£_I[S2 + 7s +
S2 + 3s + 2
=
5£-I[F(s)]
I Performing the required long division and factoring the denominator yields
4s+12
Al(S)
F(s) = 1+ (s+1)(s+2) =1+ B(s)
The partial-fraction expansion of Al (s) / B(s) is
496
0
CHAPTER 21
Al(S)
4s + 12
K2
- = -- - - = -Kl- +-B(s)
(s+I)'s+2)
s+1
s+2
Evaluation of Kl and K2 gives
K = 4s + 121
= 8
1
S +2
s=-1
K = 4s + 121
= -4
2
s+1 s=-2
and
which result in
8
4
F(s) :, 1 + - - - - s+1 s+2
The inverse transform is obtained
f(t)
=
5t'-I[F(s)] = 8(t)
+ 8€
4€ -21
-I -
Tht term 8(t) is the unit-impulse function.
21.23
Consider F(s) with repeated roots:
A(s)
F(s) = (s + a)3 =
Kl
K2
K3
(1)
(s-:j. a)3 + (s + a)2 + (s + a)
Multiplication of both sides of Eg. (1) by (s + a)3 gives
in which the degree of A(s) is no greater than 2.
(s + a)3 F(s) = Kl + K2{s + a) + K3(S + a)2
Setting
(2)
s = -a in Eg. (2) yields
(3)
K2 is obtained by differentiating both sides of Eg. (2) with respect to s and setting s = -a.
d
and for
"
The result is
ds. [(s + a) F(s)] = K2 + 2K3(S + a)
(4)
d [(.I + a) 3 F(s)] 1s=-a
K2 = ds
(5)
s =-a
s ,: -a determines the value of K3 as
Differentiating both sides of Eg. (4) and setting
2
d [(s + a)3 F(s)] 1s=-a
K3 = 2:1 ds2
(6)
For the general case of repeated roots F(s) is expanded as
F(s)
=
A(s)
(s+a)k
=
_!i~_ +
(s+at
The constants Kl to Kk are evaluated in a fashion
term has the form
~;imilar
K2
(s+a)k
Kk
1
+".+-s+a
to the development in Egs. (1) to (6).
1
,i"- 1
k
1
Kv = (v _ 1)1 ~{;-;=T [(s + a) F(s)] '=-a
(7)
The general
(8)
Apply (8) to obtain the partial-fraction expansion of
s+2
F(s) = ss+1
(
)3
(9)
I The expansion for F(s) is
By use of Eq. (2) of Prob. 21.18.
Ko
= I
sF(s)
",0
=~I
(s + 1)
s=o
=2
The coefficients Ku K2, and K3 are determined flom Egs. (3), (5), and (6), respectively, as
0 497
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
KI = (s
s + 21 , - - I
+ 1)3F(s) I ,=-1 = -s-
K2 = -d [(s + 1) 3 F(s)] 1
ds
,--I
K3=~2
d [S+2]1
= -ds
-S
= --21
2
== -2
,--I
S
,--I
2
d [(S+1)3 F (S)]1
ds 2
,=-1
These values of the K terms yield
=~2
2
F(s) =
21.24
=-1
d:[S+2]1
ds
S"--I
1
s- (s + 1)3 -
=~[~]I
=-2
2 S ,=-1
2
2
(s + 1)2 - (s + 1)
(10)
Find the inverse transform of (9) of Prob. 21.23.
I To obtain the inverse transform we use the partial expansion of (9) as given by (10). Hence,
f(t) = 2 - ~2 € - t
21.25
-
2t€ - t
-
2€ - t = 2 - € - f ( ~2 + 2t + 2)
Certain useful properties of Laplace transforms are summarized in Table 21.2.
delayed unit step function to illustrate entry 1 in Table 21.2.
Apply Laplace transform to a
TABLE 21.2 Properties of the Laplace Transform
Property
Time domain
Frequency domain
1 Time delay
f(t - T)u(t - T)
€
f(t)
F(s)/[I-€T']
2 Periodic function
f(t) = f(t + uT)
O:St:5t
-'TF(s)
F(s) =
3 Time scaling
f(at)
4 Frequency differentiation (multiplication by t)
tf(t)
r
where
f(t)€ -si dt
1
- F(s/a)
a
_ dF(s)
ds
f(t)
5 Frequency integration (division by t)
6 Frequency shifting
f(t)€ -af
F(s + a)
7 Initial-value theorem
lim f(t) = f(O+)
}i.ll! sF(s)
8 Final-value theorem
lim where limit exists
t~O
lim sF(s)
,~O
I
Evaluation at the indicated limits gives
5£[ u(t - T)] =
G)€
-sT
== 5£[ u(t)]€ -sT
The effect of the delay in the application of the step function by T seconds is reflected in the € -,T term which
multiplies the Laplace transform of the unit-step function. In the general case, delay in the time domain is
indicated by the € -,T factor in the frequency domain.
21.26
Determine 5£[ te -f].
I
where
f(t) = € -t.
By use of entry 4 in Table 21.2
5£[tf(t)] = _ dF(s)
ds
Performing the requisite differentiation,
and
498
0
CHAPTER 21
dF(sl
1
--ds-=(s+1)2
W[
so that
-II
tE
oL
1
= (s + 1)2
which is entry 10 in Table 21.2.
21.27
Apply the frequency-shifting property to evaluate .:t·te-'].
5£[t€ -I] = .5"[. -J(t)] = F(s + 1)
I
and where f(t) = t.
By use of entry 7 in Table 21.2
5£[ t]
1
=, "2
s
= F(s)
which causes
21.28
The function
5
I(s) , = s+2
is the frequency-domain response of an RL circuit. Determine f(O+) and lim f(t).
(_00
I
From the initial-value theorem
i(O+) = lim sl(.,) = lim
s_~
s_~
S
5S
+2
= 5A
5S
= 0
and from the final-value theorem
lim i(t) = lim d(s) = lim
21.29
s-O
5-+0
I_X,
S
+2
Find the time-domain current i(t) if its Laplace transform is
J(s) =,
s -10
--4--2
S
I
+s
Factoring the denominator,
,=
J(s)
s - 10
/(s - j)(s + j)
we see that the poles of J(s) are s = 0 (double pole) and
The partial-fraction expansion of J(s) is therefore
J(s) =
! - 10 ~ s
s
s = ±j
(simple poles).
(O.S -- j5) _1_. - (0.5 _ j5) _1_.
S-]
s+]
and term-by-term inversion using Table 21.2 gives
i(t)
21.30
=
1 -lOt - (0.5 + j5)e il
-
(0.5 -- j5)e- il = 1 -lOt - (cos t - 10 sin t)
Obtain the transformed equivalent circuits for R, L, and C, including initial conditions.
I
The transformed network equivalents for the three elements R, L, and C are based on the Laplace
transforms of their respective volt-ampere characteri~,tics. These relations are
5£[v(t) =
Ri(t)]~
5£ [ v(t) = L
.'£ [ v(t) = -1
C
since
V(5) = RJ(s)
di(t)]
Tt
~ V{!') =
I'
-x
.
sLJ(s) - Ll(O +)
]
v(O+)
v(t) dt -. V(s) = - 1 J(s) + Cs
s
fo
(1)
(2)
(3)
i(t) dt = q(O_)
and q(O_)/C is v(O_). By continuity of capacitanc,~ voltage, v(O_) = v(O+), which is the term appearing in
Eq. (3).
Equivalent circuit representations for the relations in Eqs. (1) to (3) are shown in Fig. 21-3.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
; (t) 1
R
2
O---M/'....._-o
+
v (f)
I (s)
R
1
+
-
V
!!1!.. ~~-----4rrOlnfOl!Oi',\..-~~
(tJ
-
!ii~
V (s)
of •
2
0
; (t)
-.
~ J i(t)dt
C
1
+
v (t)
I(.)=C. V(.)-C.,(O+)
•
., (0+ )1.
+ _·-V (s)-- -
0
(I)
~
~Y~
2
I(
0
+_V(d_(e)
I
C
1(.)+
.. -
(d)
.,(t)=
C.,(O+ )
-
I (s)
db
1
0
+ V (5)
2
0
-
(h)
(8)
21.31
-
V(.)= L.,(.)- Li(O+)
Li(O+ )
(C)
V(.)=
(~)
0
(b)
.,(t)= L di
dt
v
2
N\f
-0
(0)
+
499
., (.) = RI (s)
.,(t)=Ri(t)
-
0
Fig. 21·3
Find the transformed network representations of independent voltage and current sources.
I
The transformed network representations of current and voltage sources are simply the Laplace transforms
of the time functions which define the source current and voltage as illustrated in Fig. 21-4.
+
., (t)
V (s)
(b)
(0)
i (t)
I (s)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 21·4
500
21.32
0 CHAPTER 21
Draw circuits showing dependent sources in the transformed domain.
I See Fig. 21-5.
+0
+0
., (t)
A.,(t)
V (s)
-0
AV(s)
-0
(0)
(b)
+0
+0
., (t)
g.,(t)
V (s)
-0
gV(s)
-0
(d)
(c)
; (t)
1
r; (t)
I (s)
J
rl (s)
(e)
(I)
Ai (t)
I (s)
1
AI (s)
(g)
21.33
In an RL series circuit
find i(t) for t > O.
R
Fig. 21·5
(h)
= 5 n, L = 2.5 mH,
i(O +)
and
= 2 A.
If a source of 50 V is applied at
t = 0,
I In the s domain we have
sL/(s) + RI(s) - Li(O +) = V(s)
[0
or
I(s) =
.()t = w-l(lOs
Thus,
21.34
1
oL
-
-
's
(-8)
+ s + 2000
g
----
s+2000
)-10
- 8 e -20001
A
In the circuit shown in Fig. 21-6a, an initial current il is established while the switch is in position 1. At t -:= 0
it is moved to position 2, introducing both a capacitor with initial charge Qo and a constant-voltage source V2 .
Obtain the s-domain circuit.
I The s-domain circuit is shown in Fig. 21.6b.
RI(s) + sL/(s)·in which
Vo=QoIC
and
i(O+)=i\=V\IR.
T'le s-domain equation is
.,
[.11,0+)
+
I(s)
Vo
se
+ sC
=
V2
S
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
e
R
D
501
R
sL
Vo
le
se
~----------~+-.-----------~
(b)
(a)
Fig. 21·6
21.35
Find the Laplace transform of e- ar cos wt, where a is a constant.
I Applying the defining equationX[f(t)] =
W[ - a l ]
e cos wt =
oL
21.36
If
X[f(t)] = F(s)
I By definition,
J; f(t)e- SI dt
to the given function, we obtain
x
-(.<+a)1 d [
-(
s +)
a cos wte -(s+a)1 + e -(s+a)l·
w sm wt
s+a
cos wte
t=
2
2
=
2
2
o
(s + a) + w
0
(s + a) + w
]X
l
show that
X[e-a'f(t)]
=
F(s + a).
X[f(t)] = J(~ f(t)e- Sl dt = F(s).
X[ e-a1f(t)] =
Apply this result to Prob. 21.35.
Then
r
[e-a1f(t)]e- st dt =
r
f(t)e-(s+a)1 dt = F(s + a)
(1)
Applying (1) to line 17 of Table 21.1 gives
W[ - al
]
e cos wt = (
oL
S
S +a
)2
2
+a +w
as determined in Prob. 21.35.
21.37
Find the Laplace transform of
f(t) = 1 - e- al, where a is a constant.
r
(1 - e-al)e- SI dt = re-SI dt -
X[l- e- al ] =
I
= [_
! es
21.38
SI
+ _1_ e-(s+a)I]X = !
s +a
.0
s
r
e-(s+a)1 dt
__1_ =
s+a
__
a_
s(s + a)
Determine
I Using the method of partial fractions,
and the coefficients are
1- 2
A=-2-
I
s - a s=O
X-1[
Hence
1
=-2
C = s(s
a
1
S(S2 -
a
2
] = X- 1[ -lIa
s
)
2
2
]
+ X- 1[ 1/2a
s +a
]
1
+ a)
Is=a = 2a1
+ X- 1[ 1I2a
2
2
]
s- a
The corresponding time functions are
W -1 [
oL
1
S(S2 -
]
a
2
)
al
l I I (e + e -al)
= - -12 + - 1 2 e -at + - 1 2 ea
= - - 2 + -2
= -12 (cosh at - 1)
a
2a
2a
a
a
2
a
502
21.39
0 CHAPTER 21
Find
I Using the method of partial fractions, we have
s+1
s(s + 2)2
Then
Hence
X-'
[
S
+-11
B =s -
1
s +1 1
A = (s + 2)2 S~O = 4
2
S
S(S2
+1
S
+ 4s + 4)
B,
B2
-j---+--S +2
(s + 2)2
A
=-I
]
X-"
=
and
2
s=-2
-. ] X-' [ I ]
[s'] + X-' ['
s +2 +
(s + 2)2
2:
The corresponding time functions are found in Table 21.1:
w-,[
J
oL
S(S2
21.40
s+l
= -1 - -1 e -21 + -1 te -21
+ 4s + 4)
4 4
2
In the series RC circuit of Fig. 21-7, the capacitor has initial charge 2.5 me. At t = 0, the switch is closed
and a constant-voltage source V == 100 V is applied. Use the Laplace transform method to find the current.
lOO Y
+
Fig. 21·7
I The time-domain equation for the given circuit after the switch is closed is
Ri(t) +
~ [Q" + J: i(r) dr] = V
1 6 [(-.::.5 x 10- 3 ) + (' i(r) dr] == V
50 x 10
Jo
Qo is opposite in polarity to the charge which the source will deposit on the capacitor.
transform of the terms in (1), we obtain the s-domain equation
or
lOi(t) +
1 /
o (s) -
2.5 >< 10 -3
J(s)
50 )<:tc~:~ + 50 x 10
J(s) = ~
or
6
(1)
Taking the Laplace
100
s
S
15
(2)
+ (2 X 10 3 )
The time function is now obtained by taking the i:JVerse Laplace transform of
i(t) ==
21.41
x-,[--.]~--]
=
3
s + (2)< 10
15e- 2x ,03
,
A
)
In the RL circuit shown in Fig. 21-8, the switch is III position 1 long enough to establish steady-state conditions,
and at t = 0 it is switched to position 2. Find the resulting current.
~
SOY
J(XI Y
250
0.01 H
Fig. 21·8
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
D
503
I Assume that the direction of the current is as shown in the diagram. The initial current is therefore
io = -50/25 = -2 A.
The time-domain equation is
25i + 0.01
~ = 100
(1)
Taking the Laplace transform of (1),
25/(s) + O.Ols/(s) - O.Oli(O+)
=
100ls
Substituting for i(O+),
25/(s) + O.Ols/(s) + 0.01(2)
100
I(s) = s(O.Ols + 25)
and
= 100ls
10 4
s(s + 2500)
0.02
O.Ols + 25
2
s + 2500
Applying the method of partial fractions,
10 4
s(s + 2500)
-;-----:::::-::-:~
A
B
= -s + ----=-=:-:-::s + 2500
4
with
4
Then
I(s)
4
10
s + 2500
A =
= S-
B= -10
s
=4
1
s-O
4
s + 2500
2
s + 2500
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of (2), we obtain
21.42
i=
1
s ... -2500
=-4
4
s
6
s + 2500
4 - 6e- 2500' A.
(2)
According to the Heaviside expansion formula, if all poles of R(s) are simple, the partial-fraction expansion and
termwise inversion can be accomplished in a single step:
(1)
where a p a 2, . .. , an are the poles and Q'(a k ) is dQ(s)lds evaluated at
Apply (1) to determine
X
I Here
pes) = 250
-I[ (s + 100)(s
250
]
+ 50)
Q(s) =
s = ak •
= f(t)
l + l50s + 5000
Q'(s) = 2s + 150
and
f,( )
250 - lOO, 250 -50, t =e
+- e
-50
50
Hence,
21.43
l'
_
5 e
100,
+ 5e -50,
Apply (1) of Prob. 21.42 to obtain
f,()
,t
=
X-I [
2
4.5s
1.25 ]
(l+4X106)(s+103) - s+103
I In this case we have: pes) = 4.5l, Q(s) = S3 + 103s2 + 4 X 106s + 4 X 109,
10 6 , a I = - j2 X 10 3, a2 = j2 x 10 3, and a3 = _10 3• Then
(1)
Q 'Cs) = 3s 2 + 2 X 103s + 4 X
f,()- P(-j2x103) -j2XIO',
P(j2X103) j2XI03,
P(_103) _10',
25 _10 3,
t e
+
e
+
e
- 1 e
Q'(-j2 x 10 3)
Q'(j2 X 10 3)
Q'(_103)
.
J'
= (1.8 - jO.9)e-j2XI03, + (1.8 + jO.9)ej2XI03, - 0.35e- 103 ,
= -1.8 sin 2000t + 3.6 cos 2000t - 0.35e _103,
= 4.02 sin (2000t + 116.6°) - 0.35e- lO "
21.44
In the series RL circuit of Fig. 21-9 an exponential voltage
t = O. Find the resulting current.
(2)
u = 50e -1001 V
is applied by closing the switch at
504
0
CHAPTER 21
100
v
0.2 H
Fig. 21·9
i~
I The time-domain equation for the given circuit
Ri + l.
di
dt
=
(1)
U
In the s domain, (1) has the form
R/(s) + sL/(s) - Li(O+)
V(s)
=
Substituting the circuit constants and the transform of the source,
50
or
lO/(s) + s(0.2)/(s) = s + HiD
(2)
V(s)
/(s)
= 50/(s + 100) in (2),
250
(s + 100)(s + 50)
=
Now, using the result of Prob. 21.42,
. = oL
cp-l[/()]
S
I
21.45
250
=:50 e -50, = - 5e -lOO, + 5 e -50,
=- e -lOO, + ---50
50
A
The series RC circuit of Fig. 21-10 has a sinusoidal voltage source u = 180 sin (2000t + cP) V and an initial
charge on the capacitor Qo = 1.25 me with polarity as shown. Determine the current if the switch is closed
at a time corresponding to cP = 90°.
400
v
+
25,.F
Fig. 21·10
I The time-domain equation of the circuit is
40i(t) + 25 x \0
6
(1.25 x
11) 3
+
f:
i( r) dr) = 180 cos 2000t
(1)
The Laplace transform of (1) gives the s-domain equation
40/(s) +
or
1.25 x 10- 3
25 x 10 6S
/(
4 X 10 4
+ - - - /(s) =
S
180s
-;:---"""7
S2
4.Ss!
s) = (S2 +4 x
which is the same as (1) of Prob. 21.43.
106K~ + 103 )
-
S
+ 4 X 10 6
1.25
+ 10 3
Hence, frolr. (2) of Prob. 21.43 we have
i(t) = 4.02 sin (2000t + Il6.6°) - 0.35e -10
21.46
(2)
3
,
Find the initial current in the circuit of Prob. 21.45.
I Applying the initial-value theorem to (2) of Prob. 21.45, we obtain
i(O+) = lim [s/(s)]
S~OO
= 4.5 -1.25 = 3.25 A
A
(3)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.47
D
505
Verify the result of Prob. 21.46 from circuit considerations and from (3) of Prob. 21.45.
I At
t = 0 the current is given by the instantaneous voltage, consisting of the source voltage and the
charged capacitor voltage, divided by the resistance. Thus
io = (180 sin 90° The same result is obtained if we set
21.48
I~~5XXI~0:3) /40 = 3.25 A
t = 0 in (3) of Prob. 21.45.
In the series RL circuit of Fig. 21-11, the source is u = 100 sin (500t + cP) V.
if the switch is closed at a time corresponding to cP = o.
Determine the resulting current
v
Fig. 21·11
I The s·domain equation of a series
RL circuit is
R/(s) + sUes) - Li(O+)
cP
The transform of the source with
= 0
V(s)
=
(1)
is
V( ) = (100)(500)
S
Since there is no initial current in the inductance
5
X
5/(s) + O.OIs/(s) = S2 + 25
10
X
S2 + (500)2
Li(O+) = O.
4
104
or
Substituting the circuit constants into (1),
5 X 10 6
/(s) - ~------c;---­
- (S2 + 25 X 104)(s + 500)
(2)
Expanding (2) by partial fractions,
-l+j)
(-I-j)
/(s) = 5 ( s + j500 + 5 s - j500
10
(3)
+ s + 500
The inverse Laplace transform of (3) is
i = 10 sin 500t - 10 cos 500t + lOe - 5001 = lOe - 5001 + 14.14 sin (500t - 45°)
21.49
Rework Prob. 21.48 by writing the voltage function as
u = lOOej5001
Now
V(s) = lOO/cs - j500),
A
(1)
V
and the s-domain equation is
5/(s) + O.OIs/(s)
=
100
'500
s- J
or
/(s)
10 4
= -:----===-.,....--=c:-::.,.(s - j5(0)(s + 5(0)
Using partial fractions,
/(s) = 10 - jlO + -10 + jlO
s - j500
s + 500
and, inverting,
i = (10 - jIO)e i500 • + (-lO + jlO)e- 50o • = 14.l4e i(5oo'-,,/4) + (-lO + jlO)e- 5001
A
(2)
The actual voltage is the imaginary part of (1); hence the actual current is the imaginary part of (2).
i = 14.14 sin (500t - 1T/4) + lOe -500.
21.50
A
In the series RLC circuit shown in Fig. 21-12, there is no initial charge on the capacitor.
at t = 0, determine the resulting current.
If the switch is closed
506
0 CHAPTER 21
2H
IH
sov
0.5 F
Fig. 21·12
,
The time-domain equation of the given circuit is
Ri + L
Because
i(O +)
=
0,
~d~t' + .~I': Jo(' i(r) dr == V
(1)
the Laplace transform of (I) is
.
1
)
V
R/(s) + sLIIs)
. + -c
s /(s == -s
(2)
1
50
2/(s) + Is/(s' + 0.5s /(s) ==
(3)
s
or
50
/(s) ==
Hence
S2
50
(4)
+ 2s + i = (s + 1 + j)(s + 1 - j)
Expanding (4) by partial fractions,
i2S
/(s) == (s
-t:t+ j)
j25
- (s + 1 - j)
(5)
and the inverse Laplace transform of (5) gives
i == j25{ e(- 1- ilt - e(-l ri)l} = 50e -I sin t
21.51
A
In the two-mesh network of Fig. 21-13, the two loop currents are selected as shown.
equations in matrix form.
50
Write the s-domain
2H
-I
;2
2F
v
50
Fig. 21.13
,
Writing the set of equations in the time domain,
5i l +
i
[Qo+
L
il(r)dr] +5i2 == v
and
(1)
Taking the Laplace transform of (1) to obtain the corresponding s-domain equations,
(2)
When this set of s-domain equations is written in matrix form,
21.52
Obtain a circuit in the s domain corresponding to the circuit of Fig. 21-13.
,
See Fig. 21-14.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
D 507
50
V(I)
Fig. 21·14
21.53
In the two-mesh network of Fig. 21-15, find the currents which result when the switch is closed.
50
100 V
Fig. 21·15
I The time-domain equations for the network are
.
lOll
di l
di2
+ 0.02 dt - 0.02 dt = 100
0.02
di
.
dt2 + 51 2 -
0.02
di
dtl
=0
(1)
Taking the Laplace transform of set (1),
(10 + 0.02s)I/(s) - 0.02sI2(S) = l00ls
(5 + 0.02s)I2(S) - 0.02sI1 (s) = 0
(2)
From the second equation in set (2) we find
(3)
I2(S) = I 1 (S)C /250)
which when substituted into the first equation gives
s + 250 ] 10
3.33
II(s) = 6.67 [ s(s + 166.7) = -; - s + 166.7
i l = 10 - 3.33e-16671
Inverting (4),
(4)
A
Finally, substitute (4) into (3) and obtain
I2(S) = 6.67( s + :66.7)
21.54
i2 = 6.67e-166.71
whence
Apply the initial- and final-value theorems in Prob. 21.53.
I The initial value of i l is given by
.
.
. [ (S++1667
250 )] =6.67A
.
11(0+)=hm[sIl(s)]=hm
6.67
s_x
s_t%
S
and the final value is
The initial value of i2 is given by
i2(0+) = 5lim
[SI1(S)] = lim [6.67( S +. :667)]
= 6.67 A
_00'"
.
$_X>
and the final value is
i2(OO) = 5-0
lim [SI2(S)] = 5_0
lim [6.67( S + :667)]
=0
.
A
508
21.55
D
CHAPTER 21
Verify the results of Prob. 21.54 from Fig. 21-15.
I Examination of Fig. 21-15 verifies each of the above initial and final values. At the instant of closing, the
inductance presents an infinite impedance and the currents are i{ = i2 = 100/(10 + 5) = 6.67 A.
steady state, the inductance appears as a short circuit; hence i{ = 10 A, i2 = O.
21.56
Then, in the
Solve for i{ in Prob. 21.53 by determining an equivalent circuit in the s domain.
I In the s domain the 0.02-H inductor has impedance
Z(s)
=
0.02s.
Therefore, the equivalent impedance of
the network as seen from the source is
Z(s) = 10 + (0.02~1(5) = 15(s + 166.7)
0.02s + 5
s + 250
and the s-domain equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig, 21-16. The current is then
V(s) _ 100 [
s -+ 250 ] _
[ s + 250 ]
I{(s) = Z(s) - -s- 15{s.t=-166.7) - 6.67 s(s + 166.7)
This expression is identical with (4) of Prob. 21.53, and so the same time function i{ is obtained.
100/s
Z(s)
Fig. 21·16
21.57
In the two-mesh network shown in Fig. 21-17 there is no initial charge on the capacitor.
i{ and i2 which result when the switch is closed at t = O.
Find the loop currents
100
--;,)
50V
-~
0.2 F
400
Fig. 21·17
I The time-domain equations for the circuit are
lOi{ +
0~2
l'
i{ dr + 10(, ,= 50
The corresponding s-domain equations are
50
1
1O/t (s) + -02 I\(s) + 10/2(s)'~ -. S
Solving,
which invert to
21.58
S
5
I{ (s) = s + 0.625
A
1
1
Iz(s) = ~ - s + 0.625
/2 = 1- e-O,6251
A
Referring to Prob. 21.57, obtain the equivalent impedance of the s-domain network and determine the total
current and the branch currents using the current-division rule.
I The s-domain impedance as seen by the voltage SO'Jl'ce is
Z(s) = 10 + 40(1I0.2s) =, 80s + 50 = lO(s + 5/8)
40+1I0.2s
8s+1
s+1/8
The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 21-18; the resulting current is
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
VIs) '" 50/5
D
509
Z(5)
Fig. 21·18
1 s = V(S) = 5 s + 118
()
Z(s)
s(s+5/8)
Expanding I(s) in partial fractions,
1
4
i=1+4e- sII8
+-from which
A
s
s+5/8
Now the branch currents II(S) and 12(S) can be obtained by the current-division rule.
we have
I(s) = -
40
)
5
I\(s) = I(s) ( 40 + 1/0.2s = s + 5/8
1/0.2s
1
)
S-
12(S) == I(s) ( 40 + 1I0.2s ==
-
and
1
s + 5/8
Referring to Fig. 21-19,
A
and
A
lll(') J;)
1(5)
;: l' 1/0.2.
n
40
Fig. 21·19
21.59
Find i in the circuit of Fig. 21-20, if the initial conditions are all zero and the switch is closed at
0.5 F
sov
5
n
5n
Fig. 21·20
I The network has an equivalent impedance in the s domain
2
Z(s) == 10 + (5 + lIs)(5 + 1I0.5s) = 125s + 45s + 2
10 + lis + 1I0.5s
s(lOs + 3)
Hence the current is
I( ) _ V(s) _ 50
s(lOs + 3)
s - Z(s) - S (125s 2 + 45s + 2)
4(s + 0.3)
(s + 0.308)(s + 0.052)
Expanding I(s) in partial fractions,
1/8
3118
I(s) == s + 0.308 + s + 0.052
21.60
and
. 1 -0.30S< +-e
31 -0.052<
z=-e
8
8
Apply the initial- and final-value theorems to the s-domain current of Prob. 21.59.
I
A
t = O.
510
21.61
0
CHAPTER 21
Verify the results of Prob. 21.60 from the circuit of Fig. 21-20.
I Examination of Fig.
21-20 shows that initially the total circuit resistance is R = 10 + 5(5) I 10 = 12.5 nand
thus i(O +) = 50112.5 = 4 A. Then, in the steady statl~, both capacitors are charged to 50 V and the current is
zero.
2
21.62
Find the Laplace transform of t e 3 ' by applying the shifting property, item 6 in Table 21.2.
I 2:(t 2) = 2/s3. Then 2:(t 2 e3') = 2/(s - 3)3.
21.63
Find 2:(e- 2' sin 4t).
I 2:(sin4t)=4/(l + 16). Then, by the shifting property,
2:(
21.64
Find
e
2:[F(t)]
-2,
4)
4
t = (;+:;~2 + 16 =
.
Sin
4
S2 + 4s + 20
t > 21T13
t<21T13
F(t) = {~os (t - 21T13)
if
I
2:(cos:) =
s
-2--
+1
S
Then using line 1 of Table 21.2,
2:[F(t)]
21.65
2
If
=
L
=
e -2"s/3
2:[F(t)]
2:[f(t)]
I
21.67
Given
"/3
o
e-S'(O) dt +
f~
e- H cos [t - (21T13)] dt
21T13
x
L
o
2:[F(at)] =
10r
-:'"s/3
se , e -su cos u du = s· +- 1
10r
e-S'F(at)dt=
2:(sin tit) = tan -1(11 s).
10r e-SU,aF(U)du=~F(~)
a
a
e-S(ula)F(ll)d(ula)=!
a
Apply the result of Prob. 21.66 to find 2:(sin atlt).
(f)(sin
at) -_ -1 eL(f)(sin
at') -_ --1 tan
--at
at.
Cl
eL
-1( - 1)
s Ia
1 tan
= -
a
_I(a)
s
(f)(sin
at) _- tan - I (a)
--t
s
Thus,
eL
If F(t) has period
T > 0 then show that
2:{F(t)} =
I We have
= L~
e- s(u+2,,/3) cos u du
0
= F(s), show that 2:[F(at)] = (lIa)F(sla,.
I
21.68
se- 2 'TTs/3
-s'2-+-1-
Verify the result of Prob. 21.64 by applying (1) of Prob. 21.1.
I
21.66
=,
2:{F(t)}
r
e-SlF(t) dtj(1- e- ST )
(1)
= (00 e-S'F(t) dt = (T e-stF(t) clt + f2T e-S'F(t) dt + f3T e-S'F(t) dt + ...
In the second integral let
10
t
10
T
= u + T, in the third integral let
2T
t = u + 2 T,
etc.
Then
2:{F(t)} = JOT e-SUF(u) du + LT e-S(U+T)P(lt + T) du + LT e- S(U+2T)F(u + 2T) du + ...
= LT e-SUF(u) du + e- sT LT e-SUF(u) du + e- 2sT LT e-SUF(u) du + .. ,
=
(1 + e- sT + e- 2sT + ... ) LT e'SUp(u) du = LT e-SUF(u) du/(1- e- ST )
where we have used the periodicity to write
1+ , +
F(u + T) = F(u) , F(u + 2T) = F(u), . .. , and the fact that
,2 + ,3 + ..
1
1-,
1,1 < 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.69
D
511
Graph the function
(a)
F(t) = {~in t
O<t<1T
1T < t< 21T
extended periodically with period 21T.
(b) Find .:e{F(t)}.
I
(a)
The graph appears in Fig. 21-21.
F(t)
I
(b)
From (1) of Prob. 21.68 since
=
2"s
1
1- e
2"s
{e-SI(-Ssint-cost)}!"
S2 + 1
0
1
1- e
2"s
{1+e-"S}
1
S2 + 1
= (1- e "S)(S2 + 1)
1- e1
1
=
21.70
The current, in the s domain, in a circuit is
e -sI F(t) dt = 1 - e1-2"s
"
o
Fig. 21-21
we have
T = 21T,
2
!t'{F(t)}
,... t
J(s) = 3/(s + 2).
1"
0
•
e -sI Sin
t dt
Determine the initial and final currents.
I By the initial-value theorem:
By the final-value theorem:
i(oo) = lim sJ(s) =
s_o
21.71
i(t) = .:e-1[J(s)] =
Thus,
Q
.:e- 1 {
We have
2
= 2,
Q
3
21
A
s+2
i(oo)=OA
2S2-4
(s + 1)(s - 2)(s - 3)
}
p(s)=2i-4, Q(s)=(s+1)(s-2)(s-3)=s3-4i+s+6, Q'(s)=3i-8s+1,
Then the require" inverse is, by the Heaviside expansion theorem,
= 3.
P(-1) -I
P(2) 21
Q'(-I) e + Q'(2) e
Find
.:e- 1 (_3_) = 3e-
i(0+)=3A
Find
,
21.73
= 0A
Verify the results of Prob. 21.70 by expressing the current in the time domain.
I
21.72
ls+2
P(3)
31 _
-2
+ Q'(3) e - 12 e
.:e- 1 {
-I
+ -±.
21
-3 e
3s+1
}
(s _1)(S2 + 1)
+ 14
31
4 e
= _
.!.
6e
-I _
~
21
3e
+~
31
2e
Q1=-1,
512
D
CHAPTER 21
2
Q/(s) = 3s - 2s + 1, a l = 1, a 2 = j,
Then, by the Heaviside expansion formula, the required inverse is
I We have P(s) = 3s + 1, Q(s) = (s - 1)(s2 + 1) ,= S3 a3 = - j
since
S2
+ 1 = (s - J)(s + J).
+ s -1,
/
P(l) t
P(j) it
P(-j) _it _ 4 i
3j + 1 it
-3j + 1 -it
Q/(l)e+ Q '(j)e +Q/(_j)e -i e +=2_ 2j e +_2+ 2j e
= 2e t + (-1 - ~ j)(cos t + j sin t) + (-1 + !i)(cos t - j sin t)
= 2e t - cos t + ~ sin t - cos t + ~ sin t = 2e t - 2 cos t + sin t
21.74
The voltage across a circuit is given by
d2~
-,+v=t
dr
The initial conditions are
v(O + ) = 1 and
dv Idt( (I + ) = -2.
Find v(t).
I Taking the Laplace transform of both sides:
S2V(S) - sv(O+) -
+ V(s) = l/s 2
V(s)(/ + l) - s + 2 = 1//
or
1
V(s) = /(S2 + 1) +
Thus,
s
2
1
;Z-=-i ,,' ~2 + 1 =?-
s
+
+1 -
S2
3
S2
+1
v(t) = 2- I V(s) = t + cos t - 3 sin t
Hence,
21.75
ti(O+)
The current in a circuit is given by
2
d i
di
.
2t
- 2 -' 3 -' + 21 = 4e
dt
dt
i(O +) = - 3 A and dil dt(O +)
Find i(t) if the initial conditions are
(1)
= 5 AI s.
I From (1) and the initial conditions:
/(S)(S2 - 3s + 2) + 3s - 14 = 4/(s - 2)
-3s 2 + 20s -- 2~·
-7
4
4
/(s)= (s-1)(s-2)2- = s-l + s-2 + (S-2)2
or
Thus,
21.76
i(t)
Solve for i(t) if i(O+)
=
'-7e t + 4e 2t + 4te 2t
= 0,
dildt(O+) = 1 and
2
d i
di
.
-t.
- 2 + 2 - -- 51 = e sm t
dt
dt
Taking Laplace transforms and substituting initial cc'nditions yields
1
2
2
s + 2s +
/ s _
/ + 2s + 3
_._ 1 [
1
]+2 [
1
]
( ) - (S2 + 2s + 2)(S2 + 2s + 5) '-"3 (s + 1)2 + 1
"3 (s + 1)2 + 4
2
s /(s) - 1 + 2s/(s) + 5/(s) =
or
Hence,
21.77
i(t)
The current in a circuit is periodic.
governed by
= ~e-!(sil1
t + sin 2t)
A
Two values of the current are
i(O+) = 1,
i(1T12)
I In the transform domain:
2
s /(s) or
di
•
SI(O+)
/(S)(S2 + 9) - s - A
'-"lit
(0+) + 9/(s) =
= '-2!.--
s -' 4
Solving for /(s) and breaking into partial fractions yields
where
S2
s
+4
di
A = - (0 )
dt +
=
-1.
Find i(t) if it is
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
4(
S) A
s
I(s) = 5" S2 +9 + S2 +9 + 5(S2 +4)
.
I(t)
or
=
A.
4
5" cos 3t + "3
Sin
3t +
i(i)=-1=-4-~
A=I~
or
i(t) = ~ (cos 3t + sin 3t) + ~ cos 2t
Hence,
21.78
1
5" cos 2t
The currents in a coupled circuit are given by
di{
Tt
=
The initial conditions are
.
.
21{ -31 2
and
i{(0+)=8A
and
Determine i{(t).
i 2(0+)=3A.
I In the transform domain, the equations become
and
Solving for I{(s) yields
8s-17
5
3
I{(s) = (s+I)(s-4) = s+1 + s-4
21. 79
or
A
The charge q in an electric circuit is given by
d2
d
dt; + 8 d; + 25q = 150 = E
If all initial conditions are zero, determine the current through the circuit.
I In the s domain we have
or
150
Q(s) = S(S2 + 8s + 25)
and
i(t) =
Repeat Prob. 21.79 if
s
6(s + 4)
(S+4)2+9
24
(s + 4)2 + 9
Q = 6 - 6e- 4 ' cos 3t - 8e- 4 ' sin 3t
or
21.80
6
~;
=
50e -4, sin 3t
A
E = 50 sin 3t.
I Proceeding as in Prob. 21.79, we have
150
Q(S)(S2 + 8s + 25) = Z--9
s +
or
150
Q(s) = (S2 + 9)(l + 8s + 25)
75
1
75
s
75
1
75
s+4
=-------++---c;--26 S2 + 9 52 S2 + 9 26 (s + 4)2 + 9 52 (s + 4)2 + 9
Thus,
and
21.81
q(t) = ~(2sin3t - 3 cos3t) + ~e-4'(3 cos3t + 2 sin 3t)
. ) dq
I(t = dt
=
75 ( 2 cos 3t + 3 Sin
. 3t
) - 52
25 e -4'(.
52
17 Sin 3t + 6 cos 3t )
The mesh currents in an electric circuit are given by
.
di{
di2
.
- 51 {-d- t + 2 -dt + 101 2 = 0
D
513
514
D
CHAPTER 21
I
Transforming and applying the initial conditions yields
55
/j(s)(s + 20) + 15/2 (s) = S
/j(S)(S + 5) -/2(s)(2s + 10) = 0
Solving for
/2
(S):
55
1
2
/2(S) = s(2s + 55) = ; - 2s -:;~~~
21.82
or
A
The current in a circuit is given by
d2 •
de! + 8i = 4 cos wt = v(t)
2
i(O +)
Determine i(t) if the initial conditions are
I In
=
dildt(O +)
and
10 A
2
= - 24s
--2
S
or
.
l(t)
Repeat Prob. 21.82 for
w
2
= 4,
=
w = 2
2
10 cos 2t + -( - " 1 - (cos 2t - cos wt)
41)
-- 4)
= l+4
2s
+ (s2+4f
v(t) = u(t - a).
the transformed domain:
2[S2/(S) -lOs) + 8/(s)
e- as
=-s
10s
e - as
/(s) = - - + -
or
S2
+4
Repeat Prob. 21.82 if
8
(1- - -s)
S
S2
+4
t> a
t< a
i(t) = {1O cos 2t + A[1 - cos 2(t - a))
10 cos 2t
Thus,
I In
i(t) = 10 cos 2t + !t sin 2t
and
is the resonance frequency.
Repeat Prob. 21.82 if
I In
v(t) = 8(t).
this case we have
2[l/(s) -lOs) + 8i(s) = 1
or
/(s)
i(t) = 10 cos 2t +
Thus,
21.86
s +w
and explain its significance.
lOs
21.85
s +4
From (1) of Prob. 21.82 we have
/(s)
21.84
(1)
+w
+- (-Z-S- -~)
10s
2
+
s +4
w -4
I(s) =
Thus,
I
o.
the transform domain, with the given initial conditions, we have
2[s /(S) - lOs _. 0) + 8/(s)
21.83
=
l
=
lOs
1
l + 4 + 2(S2 + 4)
*sin 2t
Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular pulse :;hown in Fig. 21-22a.
{Lt)
/( (i)
--------
-+--~--+-t
~t-
T
\
_ «.(f_T)
L..-----(J)
Fig. 21-22
D
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
I The given pulse may be synthesized as [(t) = u(t) - u(t - T), as shown in Fig.
21-22b.
515
Then
1 1 _ T, 1 - e - Ts
F(s)=2[u(t)-u(t-T)]=s-se
=
s
21.87
Solve Prob. 21.86 by applying differentiation and shifting theorems.
I Differentiating the pulse with respect to
transform is 1 - e - Ts.
t gives the two impulses shown in Fig. 21-23, whose Laplace
Hence,
2[~ [(t)] =
sF(s) - [(0+) =
1- e-
Ts
or
F(s)
= 1-
es
Ts
~[f(t)
L -__
~
________
~t
T
Fig. 21-23
21.88
Find and compare the Laplace transforms of the following two functions:
gl(t) = e-a(t-Tlu(t - T)
g2(t) = e-atu(t - T)
where T is positive.
The two signals are depicted in Fig. 21-24. It is important to note that although gl(t) is the exponential
function e- at delayed at T, g2(t) does not involve any shifting; it is simply the signal e- at multiplied by the
delayed unit step u(t - T). Thus g2(t) = 0 for t < T. The Laplace transform of gl (t) is obtained by
at
direct application of the shifting theorem. Since the Laplace transform of e- is 1/(s + a), the Laplace
at
transform of the shifted e- is
1
_T,
G (s ) = - - e
I
s+a
The signal g2(t) may be formed by first shifting e-atu(t) to the left by T, multiplying it by u(t), and then shifting
it back by T. This process is illustrated in Fig. 21-24c to e. The Laplace transform of e-a(t+Tlu(t) is
2[e-a(t+Tlu(t)] = e-aT2[e-atu(t)] = e- aT _I_
s+a
Now shifting the function e-a(t+Tlu(t) to the right by T gives
(1)
o·~--~-------===~
(0)
1
o
• I
Fig. 21-24
516
21.89
D
CHAPTER 21
Verify (1) of Prob. 21.88 by using (1) of Prob. 21.1.
I The result can be verified by substituting g2(t) directly in the Laplace transform integral.
f
(00
[1
]
-aT
G2(S)=2[g2(t)1=Jo~e-aIU(t-T)e-Sldf= r_e-ale-Sldt= - S+ae-(s+a)1 r= :+a e- TS
21.90
00
00
Determine the Laplace transform of the triangular pulse shown in Fig. 21-25a.
1~
oTT
T
_~(t_L)u(t--2T)
• t
T
2
(b)
Fig. 21·25
I The triangular pulse is considered to be the sum of three ramp functions as shown in Fig. 21-25b. The
expression for the pulse signal is given by
2(t 2:T) u (t -"2T) + T
2 tu(t) - T
4 (t g(t) = T
T)u(t - T)
Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of the ast equation, we get
G(s) =
21.91
~
TS2
-
-±e- Ts12
TS2
-+-
-~.1"!,z
e- Ts =
~
TS2
(1- 2e- Ts12 + e- TS )
(1)
Obtain the Laplace transform of the pulse of Fig. 2l-25a by differentiation.
I We take the derivative of the original pulse sigm,l with respect to t successively until impulses occur. The
first and the second derivatives of g(t) are shown in Fig. 21-26b and c.
The Laplace transform of d 2g(t)/dt 2, as obtained by inspection, is
2[ d~~t) ] =
~ (1- 2e- Ts12 + e- Ts )
Using the derivative theorem, we write
2[ d!~t) ]
j (1- 2e- Ts12 + e- Ts )
= s2G(S) - sg(O .. )·- g(I)(O_) =
Solving for G(s) from this equation gives the same result as in (1) of Prob. 21.90, since g(O_) and g(J)(O_) are
zero in this case.
c~""
.. t
OTT
2"
(4)
dq(t)
2
dI
T
0
-~
T
2"
d 2q(tl
T
2"
(b)
~B(I-T)
---;;;z -}8 (I)
0
.. t
T
T
4-8(1-{)
• t
Cc)
Fig. 21·26
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.92
D
517
Find the Laplace transform of the periodic signal shown in Fig. 21-27.
I~
oTT
2T
3T
..
Z
Fig. 21-27
I We notice that the waveform of this periodic signal during one period is described by the triangular pulse in
Fig. 21-25, whose Laplace transform is given by (1) of Prob. 21.90.
Prob. 21.25 we have
Therefore from line 2 of Table 21.2 of
TSI2
1
[2
-Ts12
-Ts]
2 1- eGT(s) = 1 _ e Ts TS2 ( 1 - 2e
+ e ) = TS2 1 + e Tsl2
21.93
Determine the Laplace transform of the unit impulse train shown in Fig. 21-28.
9T'/ )
1
t t t
t
L
_8(1)
OL----~T:----;:2~T:--~3T;---4f;T;----5T
I The Laplace transform of g(t) for
° t< T
~
is
2[5(t)] = 1.
GT(s) = 1
21.94
I
Fig. 21-28
Thus from Table 21.2 we obtain
1
-e Ts
Find the Laplace transform of the train of pulses shown in Fig. 21-29.
Fig. 21-29
I Proceeding as in the last two problems,
G(s) = 1- e-'
s
21.95
Given:
x+3i+2x=3,
i(O+)=O,
and
s
and
x(O+)=-l.
Solveforx(t).
I In the transformed domain:
S2X(S) - sx(O+) - i(O+) + 3sX(s) - 3x(0+) + 2X(s) = 3/s
X(t) = (~ - 5e- t + ~e-2t)u(t)
or
21.96
For the network shown in Fig. 21-30, write the general mesh equations (in terms of symbols) including all initial
conditions.
R.=30hms
v (I)
Fig. 21-30
518
D
CHAPTER 21
I
21.97
The required equations are
Write the transformed equations corresponding to tile general equations of Prob. 21.96.
I
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the loop equations, we get
V(s)
=
(R1 + R Z )I1(S) + Ls/1(S) - Li1(O.) - R2/2(S) - LsI2(S) + Li 2(0+)
1
vc(O+)
0= - R2/1 (s) - Ls/1 (s) + Li 1 (0 +) + R2/2(S) + Ls/2(S) - Li 2(0+) + -C 12(S) + - s
s
Rearranging terms, these equations become
21.98
Substitute the numerical values from the circuit of Fig. 21-30 in the transformed equations of Prob. 21.97.
Solve for i1(t) in terms of v = Vu(t) and the unknown initial conditions.
I
Substituting the values of the network parameters in the transformed equations, we get
V(s) + iL(O+)
=
(s + 6)/1(S) - (s + 3)/2(S)
(1)
S 12(S)
.
vc(O+)
-IL(O+) - - s - = ·_(s + 3)/1(S) + s + 3 +
where i 1 (0+) - i 2 (0+) has been replaced by
Solving for 11(S) from (1) and (2) yields
iL(O~),
(1)
(2)
which is the initial current in the inductor L.
[V(s) + i L(O+ )](s + 3+ lis) + (s + 3)[ - i L(O+) - vc(O +) Is]
1 (s) - "---..:.--'------"--'--'...:..:..:.....1
(s+6)(.>t3+lIs)-(s+3)2
[V(s) + i L(0+)](S2 +:ls + 1) + (s + 3)[ -iL(O+)s - vc(O+)]
.h 2 + lOs + 6
Taking the inverse transform of 11 (s) finally gives
i1(t) =
~
u(t) + [0.178V
+ 0.19i L(0+) - 0,42vc(0+)]e-0788'u(t)
+ [-0.012V - 0.19i L (0 ,.) + 0.087vc(0 + )e- 254 'ju(t)
21.99
Find the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 21-30.
I
From (1) and (2) of Prob. 21.98 we have
1 ( s) =
-,-(s_+_6~)[=-----"iL..o.(0-,+),-s_- vJO.)]
-
2
+ s (s + 3)[ V(s) + iL(O+)]
3s:: + \Os + 6
Taking the inverse transform yields
i2(t) = [0,42V + 0,45i L(0 +) - 0.99vc(0 + )e-
0788
']u(t)
+ [-0.087V - 1.451 L (0 +) + 0.657v c (0 + )e- 254 'ju(t)
The voltage across the capacitor for
(1)
t ~ 0 can be obtained from
(2)
Substituting i2(t) from (1) in (2):
vc(t) = 0.5Vu(t) + [-0.5341/ - O.57i L(0+) + 1.25vc(0 + )]e -0 788'U(t)
+ [0.034V + 0.57i L(0 + ) - 0.25v c (0+ )]e -254'U(t)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.100
Write the loop equations for the transformer shown in Fig. 21-31a.
corresponding equivalent circuit.
D
519
Obtain the transformed equations and the
+
V2(S)
(hJ
I
Fig. 21-31
For the transformer circuit shown, the loop equations in the time domain are
Taking the Laplace transforms of this set of equations, we get
V1(s)
=
L1sI1(s) ± MsI2(s) - Ljij(O+) =+= Mi 2(O+)
V2(s) = ±Mslj(s) + L 2s1 2(s) - L 2i 2(O+) =+= Mij(O+)
where plus and minus signs are used in front of M to indicate variations in winding orientations of the
transformer. The two transform equations are represented by the circuit of Fig. 21-31b.
21.101
Let r == 1/ L. Write the node equations for th~ transformer of Fig. 21-31 a, in the time domain and in the s
domain. Obtain an equivalent circuit in the s dpmain.
I
The node equations are
I
il(t)=r j
('
Jo+
vl(r)dr+rM
('
Jo+
v 2 (r)dr+i\(O+)
Taking the Laplace transforms on both sides of these equations, we get
The corresponding transform network is shown in Fig. 21-32.
+
+
Fig. 21-32
520
21.102
D
CHAPTER 21
Find the transform network in loop form for the network shown in Fig. 21-33a.
I See Fig.
21-33b.
RI
::0 't. L~C 1
T
R2
v (I)
vc(l)
(0)
+
V\s)
(h)
21.103
Fig. 21-33
Repeat Problem 21.102 to obtain the transform netwJl'k in node form.
I See Fig. 21-34.
VIs)
il(o+)
"2(0+)
s-- -s-
Fig. 21-34
21.104
In the network of Fig. 21-35a, S is switched from a neutral position to position a at t = O. At
moved from a to b. Obtain transform networks corr,~~ponding to these switching operations.
I See Fig.
21.105
t = T,
S is
21-35b and c.
Find iL(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-35a.
I From Fig.
21-35b:
v
LsIL(s) = - - RJl (s) + LiL(O+)
s
Solving for IL(s), and since iL(O+) is zero, we get
The inverse Laplace transform of IL(s) is
iL(t)
(1- e-
= :
I
R1IIL )
005t<T
(1)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
D
521
1
v-=-
I..
v
s --
Fig. 21·35
At
t = T+,
the switch is moved from position a to position b.
Substituting
t == T+
in (1) yields
(1- e- RtT +/ L )
iL(T+) == :
t
which is the initial inductor current at t == T+. Now the transform equivalent network for t> T is shown
in Fig. 21-35c. Notice that the equivalent-voltage source has a voltage strength of Li L(T+), which corresponds
to an impulse in the time domain. The state-transition equation of the network for t> T is written from
Fig. 21-35c.
Solving for IL(s),
The inverse Laplace transform of IL(s) is
(l_e- R,T+IL)e-(Rt+ R2)(t-T)/L
iL(t) = :
t>T
I
21.106
Sketch the complete waveform for i L (t) for
I
t > O.
See Fig. 21-36.
i,(/)
.l.
Rlr--r-----------~-~-~-~-~~-------~ (1- e-R1T+IL) e-(R1+R2 )(t- niL
RI
~----~-------=~======--I
T
Fig. 21·36
522
21.107
D
CHAPTER 21
In the network of Fig. 21-37a, SI is closed at ( = 0, with vc(O +) = O. After SI is closed for T seconds, S2 is
closed. Corresponding to this switching, obtain the transformed equivalent circuit.
I See Fig.
21-37b and c.
R
StiT~O
'\IV'v
11+ 'c
e
v-=-
-1
t-:..T
52
111
(0)
R
v+l
s
'\IV'v
-1
1 ]e,c
e,yc
lo +I • O
(b)
R
1
'\IV'v
r-1
T+
eJ
Vc (5)
I
1
Fig. 21-37
(c)
21.108
Find vc(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-37a.
I
From Fig. 21-37b we have
Vc(s)
Rsv - ~
+ CvdO+)
CsVds) =
Solving for Vds) from this expression, and since vc(O+) is zero, we have
V
Vc(s)
= s(1 + RCs)
The inverse transform of Vds) is, simply,
vc(t) = V(1- e- tIRC )
0«< T
(1)
Thus the capacitor voltage rises exponentially toward IV' volts with a time constant of RC. At ( = T seconds,
the switch S2 is closed, and SI remains closed. The transform network for ( > T is shown in Fig. 21-37c.
The initial voltage on the capacitor at ( = T+ is obtained by substituting ( = T+ in (1); then we have
vd T +) == V(I- e- T +/ RC )
For
(>
T,
(2)
from Fig. 21-37c, we obtain
CsV (s) =
C
~
Rs
-
Vc~2
R
- Vc(s) + Cv (T+)
R
C
Solving for Vds) from this expression, we get
(3)
The inverse transform of Vds) is
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
~ (1 -
vc(t) = [
e -2(/- T)IRC)
+ vc(T+)e -2(/-T)IRC ] U(t -
D
523
(4)
T)
where vdT+) is defined in (2). When t approaches infinity, vdt) approaches V/2. This result may be
obtained by letting t approach infinity in (4) or by applying the final-value theorem to (3). Substituting vdT+)
from (2) in (4) and simplifying, we have
vd t ) =
21.109
Sketchvdt)for
e-
TIRC
>!
[~ + V( ~
andfor
e-
TIRC
- e-TIRC)e -2(/-T)/RC ]u(t -
T)
<!.
I See Fig. 21-38.
V~----------------------------
[f +V(t - e- TI RC)e- 2 ( 1- T)/RC]U(/_T)
O~~--------------------------~I
(0)
Vr---------~~--------------
~~~~~L-~~==~____-----
[~+ V( ~ - e- TIRc) e -2(1- T) RC]uV- T)
(b)
21.110
Fig. 21·38
For the network shown in Fig. 21-39a, obtain the transform network.
I See Fig.
21-39b.
L
--
~
i"l'luttl~
iL (I)
fR.
-+______________
L -_ _ _ _ _ _
fR'
~----
__
et
+
Vc (I)
~
(0)
L'L (0+)
+
/(5)=
I
S
Cs
(b)
21.111
Vc
Fig. 21-39
For a step input I, determine the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 21-39b.
I The circuit is in the s domain. Thus,
(1)
524
D
CHAPTER 21
Next, the current in the capacitor is equated with lhe difference between
through R z . Thus
IL(s)
+ CvC<0+)
and the current
Solving for Ve(s) in (1) and (2), we get
Ve
For a step-function input,
_ RI/(s) + (RI + Ls)CvC<0+) + LiL(O+)
1+(R I +Ls)(Cs+IIR z)
( s)
I(s) = lis;
VC<s) =
21.112
(3)
(3) becomes
IRI + s(RI + Ls)CvC<0+) + LsiL(O+)
s[LCs z + (RIC + LlRz)s + 1 + RIIR z]
Obtain the steady-state voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 21.111, and show that the result is
independent of initial conditions.
I By the final-value theorem:
IRI + s(RI + Ls)Cve(O+) + sLiL(O+)
2
LCs + (RIC + LlRz)s + 1 + RIIR z
lim ve(t) = lim sVC<s) = lim
Hoo
5-0
5-0
which is independent of ve(O+) and iL(O+).
21.113
Verify that the result of Prob. 21.112 can be directly obtained from the circuit of Fig. 21-39a.
I In the steady state, the inductor acts as a short circuit and the capacitor acts as an open circuit; thus the
current i(t) is divided between RI and R z. We easily observe that
.
hm lI (t)
'_00 e
21.114
RIR2
1+ R z I
= R
Obtain the s-domain circuit corresponding to the circuit of Fig. 21-40a.
I See Fig.
21-40b.
2 pF
lv'1x 1O- 4 c052 x 107 t] oft)
~--~------~------+~--~r-~-----+~~
I
t
I
id )
I
5000
vI
(t)
50pF
~. x 10"
---5-
~------
t
V2 X 10-4 5
52
+4 x
10'~
4000
0
__----~~~--~r---~----~--~
+
~r, (s)
+
2X10'IO
- - 5--0
100/,
(~)
VI (.)
4000
\
Fig. 21·40
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.115
D
525
Determine V2 (s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-40b.
I From Fig.
21-40b, with zero initial conditions,
4
V\(s)
-\2
-\2
v'2 X 1O- s
+50xlO sVI (s)+2xlO S[VI(S)-V2(S)]- 2
\4 =0
500
s +4xlO
\2
V2 (s)
2 x 10- S[V2(S) - VI (s)] + 400
+ 100/\(s) = 0
The constraint equation for the dependent source is
Combination of the three equations yields
VI (s)(2 x 10- 3 + 52 x lO- 12s) - V2(s)(2 x 1O- 12s) =
~ x 1O-4~4
s +4xlO
- VI (s)(2 x 1O- 12s - 0.2) + V2(s)(2.5 x 10- 3 + 2 x 1O- 12s) = 0
The third step is to obtain the simultaneous solution for V2 (s), which, after rearrangement of terms, is
V (s) 2
21.116
-
(/
+4X
2v'2 x 10 6 (s _lOll)
10 14 )(s2 + 53.4 X 10 8s + 5 X 10\6)
Obtain the partial fraction of V2 (s) in (1) of Prob. 21.115.
(1)
Hence determine v 2 (t).
I From (1) of Prob. 21.115 we have
V
_
2(S) - (s - j2
X
2v'2 X 10 6s(s _lOll)
10 )(s + j2 X 10 7 )(s + 0.94 X 107 )(s + 53.3
7
K\
--..!---:
S - j2 X 10 7
+
Kr
s + j2 X 107
+
K2
s + 0.94
X
10 7
X
10 8 )
K3
+ -_""":""_-."
s + 53.3 X 10 8
Solving for K I , K 2, and K3 yields,
K2 = 1.022
K3 = -0.0105
or
21.117
Obtain the transformed network for the circuit shown in Fig. 21-41a.
I See Fig.
21-41b.
6n
+
8n
110V
2H
B
lei\~
10
A
+
+
110
s
-
~
8
~
6
2s
B
Fig. 21-41
526
21.118
D
CHAPTER 21
Determine the current i\(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-41a.
I
i \ (0 +) = 110 (3 + 8) = 10 A, the mesh equations are
With the initial condition
110
- -s- + (3 + s)/\(s) -10+ 8[/I(s) - (s)] =0
-8[I\(s) - 12(S)] + (6+ 2s)/2(S) =0
Rearrangement of terms gives
1\ (s)(l1
110
s
+ s) - 8/2(S) = -- + 10
+ 12(s)(14 + 2s) = 0
-8/\ (s)
After simultaneous solution and factoring,
lO(s + l1)(s + 7)
I\(s)= s(s +3)(s + 15)
80
1
16
s+3
80 e -3t + -16 e -15t
. ()
t = -154 -- -I
9
9 9
or
21.119
154 1
==9 ~ -9
t = 0.1 s
1
s+15
A
I
Determine i2(t) at
+9
in the circuit of Fig. 21-41a.
I From the mesh equations of Prob. 21.118 we have
40(s + 11)
88 1
12(S) = s(s + 3)(s + 15) == 9 ~
80
-9
1
8
1
s + 3 - <) s + 15
Consequently,
or at
21.120
i 2 (0.1) = 2.994 A
t=O.ls
Replace the circuit to the left of AB (Fig. 21-41) h} its Thevenin equivalent and solve for i2(t).
I VTh(S) and ZTh(S) are found from Fig. 21-42a and b, respectively.
of the given circuit, as shown in Fig. 21-42c.
10
+
110
-S
~
3
A
+
Thus we obtain the Thevenin equivalent
A
.\
8
~r
8
~
8
(a)
I.,{.S)
(b)
Z = 8(s+3)
s + 11
A
--,
+
80
V =-
6
2$
8
Cc 1
Fig. 21-42
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
I From Fig.
21-42a
VTh(S) = I(s) x 8
D
527
-(110/ s) + (3 + s)/(s) - 10 + 8/(s) = 0
and
_ (1lO/s) + 10
I( s) l1+s
from which
v
and, after rearrangement,
Th
(s) = 80(s + 11) = 80
s(s+l1)
s
The Thevenin impedance is computed from the circuit of Fig. 21-42b as the parallel combination of the 8-0
resistance and the (3 + s)-O impedance.
Z ()
= 8(3 + s) = 8(3 + s)
S
Th
8+3+s
l1+s
Finally, from Fig. 21-42c:
40(s + 11)
S(S2 + 18s + 45)
80/s
12(s) == [8(3
+ s)/(l1 + s)] + (6 + 2s)
Upon factoring,
12(s) == s(s
40(s + 11)
+ 3)(s + 15)
which is the same result as obtained in Prob. 21.119.
21.121
The current in a transformed circuit is given by
Is _ S2 + 6s + 5
( ) - S(S2 + 4s + 5 )
Find i(t).
S2 + 6s + 5
1
-j
I(s) = s(s+2+jl)(s+2-jl) =s+ s+2-jl
I
t == 0
A! -F capacitor initially charged to 1 V is discharged at
Determine i(t) for t > O.
I
j
+
s+2+jl
i(t) = 1 + 2e -2t sin t
or
21.122
Thus,
d'l
-dt + 2i + 2
By KVL:
_ro
R == 2 nand
i dt = 0
2
[I(s) + q(O+)] = 0
s
+ 2/(s) + -
[sl(s) - i(O+)]
or
It
across a coil having
Since the capacitor was initially charged to 1 V,
2q(0+)
s
1
s
---==-1
Thus,
21.123
I(s) = S2
1
+ 2s + 2
(s
+ If + 1
or
i(t) = e -t sin t u(t)
-101[ (s)
+ (s + 20)/2(s) =0
For a transformed network we have
(s
Determine i2(t) at
+ 20)/[ (s)
100
-10/2(s) == -
S
t = 0.1 s.
I Solving for lis) yields
I (s) ==
2
S(S2
or
At
21.124
t = 0.1 s
= 3.33 _ _
5_ + 1.67
s
s + 10
s + 30
i2(t)=3.33-5e-lOt+1.67e-30t
A
1000
+ 40s + 300)
==
1000
s(s
+ lO)(s + 30)
i 2 (0.1) = 1.574 A
The capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 21-43a is charged to 10 V.
I See Fig.
21-43b.
Obtain the transformed network,
L = 1 H.
528
D
CHAPTER 21
~
'l.{l.
IF
;I-
"
'2.
!>
(~)
l b)
21.125
Determine the current i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21·43a.
I
From Fig. 21-43b:
10
10
----2(s + 1)
/(s) == s[2 + (2/s)]
21.126
Fig. 21-43
i(t) == 5e- 1
or
In the circuit of Fig. 21-44a, the switch is moved from a to b at
I
t == o.
A
Obtain the transformed network.
See Fig. 21-44b.
6
Fig. 21-44
21.127
Determine i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-44a.
I
21.128
From Fig. 21-44b:
30
/(s) == 3s
10
or
+ 6 == S+2
i(t) = lOe -21
Obtain the transformed circuit for the circuit of Fig. 21-45a.
I
See Fig. 21-45b.
~1* 0
(')
21.129
l2<
Fig. 21-45
Find i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-45a.
I
21.130
A
From Fig. 21-45b:
lO/s
/(s) == 2s
+ (1 /2s)
10
=
2(S2~- 1)
or
i(t) == 10 sin 1/2
Find the transformed circuit for the circuit of Fig. 21·46a, where S is moved from a to b at
I
See Fig. 21-46b.
(h)
Fig. 21-46
t == o.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.131
529
Solve for i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-46a.
lOs
I From Fig.
J(s) = 2(S2
21-46b:
Thus,
21.132
D
+
Ss
Ss
n == ?+
! = S2 + ~
i(t) == S cos (tI2)
A
Determine the transformed circuit corresponding to that shown in Fig. 21-47a.
I See Fig.
21-47b.
Fig. 21-47
21.133
Solve for i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-47a in which the switch is moved from a to b at
I From Fig.
21-47b:
+ (1 16s) + (1 13s)]
10
+ 1 == s + ~
A
What is the voltage across the 3-F capacitor in the circuit of Prob. 21.133 at
the s domain.
v
I
At
21.135
W
= 6s+3 = 2s
i(t) == We -112
or
21.134
~
W
J(s) == s[1
V
3 F(S) == (s)
J(s)
20
20 ( I
=""3s"" = 3s(2s + 1) =="3 S -
t = 1,
v(l)
=
2s
2)
+1
t = 1 s.
or
V
20
-t/2
()
t == - (1- e
)
3
2.62 V
21-48b.
. .h
Fig. 21-48
Solve for i(t) in the circuit of Prob. 21.135.
I From Fig.
21-48b
W-W
/(s) = s[2 + (1I3s)
21.137
Formulate the problem in
Obtain the transformed circuit for that shown in Fig. 21-48a in which the 3-F capacitor is initially charged to
20 V, the 6-F capacitor to W V, and the switch is closed at t == O.
I See Fig.
21.136
t == O.
Hence,
i(t) == 5e-
Determine the voltages on the capacitors at
t = Is.
I
V
t14
5
A
s _ 20 _ J(s) _ 20 _
20
== 20 _ 20
s
3s - s
3s( 4s + 1)
s
3
3 F( ) -
or
20
+ (1I6s)] == -4s-+-1 == s + ~
(! __1_) = 40 + 20 _1_
s
s
+~
3s
3 s+
~
530
D
CHAPTER 21
At
t = Is,
v, F(I) = 18.525 V
V (s)
= 10 + J(s) = 10 + __2~_.
s
6 F
6s
s
or
At
21.138
= 10
+ 10
3
s
~ -
.if!e-
(! __4_) = 40 _ 10 _1_
4s + 1
s
!
At what instant will the voltages across the capacitors of the circuit of Fig. 21-48a be equal?
T be the required time.
Obviously, this can happen at
Then, from Prob. 21.137, we must have
T=
00.
At what instant will the voltage across the 3-F capacitor be one-and-a-half times the voltage across the 6-F
capacitor?
I
Let T be the required time.
Then:
35
or
Thus,
21.140
3 s+
3s
CI4
v",,(I} = 10.737 V
t=ls,
I Let
21.139
6s( 4s + 1 }
V 6F (t) ,=
3"e
-T14 _
-
20
3"
T= 2.24 s
Obtain the transformed circuit corresponding to that shown in Fig. 21-49a, where S is moved from a to b at
t = O.
I
See Fig. 21-49a.
2.H
.L
."
Fig. 21-49
21.141
Determine the voltage across the 2-H inductor in
I
21.142
thl~
circuit of Prob. 21.140.
1
V2 H(S)
= - s[(1.5/s) + 2] = - 2(s+·O.75)
or
The switch S is closed at t = 0 in the circuit of Fig. 21-50a.
I See Fig.
V
O75C
2 H(t) = _0.5e- .
V
Obtain the transformed circuit.
21-50b.
Fig. 21-50
21.143
Determine i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-50a.
I
J
(s) =
0.3 + (lO/s)
1
]
0.5s + 20 = 2s + lO(s +4iij
or
i(t) = 0.5 + 0.le- 40c
A
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.144
D
531
The current through a circuit is given by
Is _
( ) -
,
7s+2
S3
+ 3i + 2s
Find i(t).
21.145
Is =
7s + 2
=!
() s(s + 2)(s + 1)
s
__6_ + _5_
s+2
i(t) = 1- 6e- 2 • + se-'
,
Find its value at
t = 0.5 s.
I s
()
=
ss+13
(1)
l + Ss + 6
Ss + 13
(s + 2)(s + 3)
= _3_ + _2_
s+2
s +3
i(t) = 3e- 2 • + 2e- 3 •
or
At
t = 0.5 s
we have
i(O.s)
(2)
= 1.55 A.
What is the initial current in the circuit of Prob. 21.14s?
time domain.
,
Solve the problem in the s domain as well as in the
From (1) of Prob. 21.145, by the initial-value theorem:
i(O+)=limsI(s)=lim s(Ss+13)
,_00
,_00 Sl + Ss + 6
SA
From (2) of Prob. 21.14S:
i(O+)
21.147
=
.-0
lim 3e- 2 • + 2e- 3 • = 3 + 2 = SA
The current in a circuit is given by
I(s) = 2(s + 1)
S2 + 1
Find the instant when the current is
(a) zero and
,
2(s+1)
2(s+1)
l+j 1-j
S2 + 1 = (s + j)(s - j) = s + j + s - j
I(s) =
(b) a maximum.
i(t) = (1 + j)e-i' + (1 - j)e i' = 2 cos t + 2 sin t = 2v'2 sin (t +
or
(a) For
(b) For
21.148
i=O we must have t= -1I"/4s or 311"/4s, etc.
i=2v'2 (or maximum) t= 1I"/4s.
The voltage across a circuit is given by
vs
- (s + 1 )(s + 3)
( ) - s(s + 2)(s + 4)
,
What is the voltage at
At
21.149
A
The current in a circuit is given by
I(s)=
21.146
or
s+1
t = 0.1 s?
Vs = (s + l)(s + 3) = ~ ! + ! _1_ + ~ _1_
or
() s(s + 2)(s + 4)
8 s 4 s+2 8 s+4
v(O.l) = i + le- o.2 + ie- O.4 = 0.831 V
t=O.l,
Determine the initial and final voltages across the circuit of Prob. 21.148.
,
By the initial-value theorem:
.
. s(s+1)(s+3)
v(O+) = hm sV(s) = hm S (S + 2)(S + 4) = 1.0 V
5 _ 00
5 _ 00
By the final-value theorem:
.
. s(s+1)(s+3)
v(oo) = 5-0
hm sV(s) = 5-0
hm S (S + 2)(S + 4) =
3
8
V
i)
532
D
21.150
CHAPTER 21
Find vet) from
Yes) = [(/ + 1)(s2 + 3)]ls[(S2 + 2)(~2 + 4)].
31
I
Yes) =
1
III
8 S + 8 s + jV2 + 8 ~tl2 +
3
1
3
1
16 s + j2 + 16 s - j2
vet) = ~ + He N2c + e- N2C ) + k(e;2C + e- i2C ) = ~ +
21.151
Find i(t) if
J(s)
=
or
V
1
1 1
1
-s(-s-+-1""""')2:-(s-+-2) =, 2: S - (s + 1)2 - 2(s + 2)
i(t) = t - te- C- te- 2C
A
Find vet) if Yes) = 3sl[(S2 + 1)(/ + 4)].
3s
3s
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
Yes) = (S2 + 1)(s2 + 4) = (s + j)(s - j)(s + j2)(s - j2) = 2: s + j + 2: s - j - 2: s + j2 - 2: s - j2
I
21.153
cos 2t
J(s) = 1 I[s(s + 1)2(s + 2)].
I
21.152
! cos V2t + i
The current in a circuit is given by
J( ) _
1
s - (5-+-1""')("-s-+-2~)2
What is its value at
I
1
J(s)- (s + 1 )(s + 2)2
or
i(t) = e- t - te- 2t - e-- 2t ,= e- c- e- 2t(1 + t)
At
21.154
t = 0.25 s?
t=0.25s,
"-----S + 1 (s + 2)2 S + 2
i(0.25) = 20 mA
The current in a circuit is given by
/
J(s) = (/+1)2
At what instant does the current reach its maximum value?
S2
1
1
j 1
1
1
j 1
= - - - + - -- + - - - - - -(s + j)2(S - j)2
4 (s + j)2 4 s + j
4 (s - d
4 s- j
I
-:---".--~
i(t) =
For i max ,
c
I + te l"c ) + 4:j (e- IC" 4:1(te-
2:
tcos t +
2:1 sin t
di 1dt = 0 requires that
o = cos t Solving for t yields
21.155
"1
elC) ==
t sin 1 + cos 1
or
tan 1 = 211
t = 1.07 s.
In a circuit, the current is given by
S2 + 2s + 1
J(s) = (s + 2)(S2 + 4)
What is the value of the current at
/ + 2s + 1
S2 + 2f + 1
1 1
7
s
1 1
J(s) = (s + 2)(S2 + 4) = (s + 2)(s + }2)(s - j2) = 8 s + 2 + 8 S2 + 4 + 4: S2 + 4
i(t) = le- 2C + ~ cos 2t + 1sin 2t
I
or
At
t = 0.5 s?
t = 0.5 s,
i(0.5) =
Ae-
I
+
~
GOS
1+
k sin 1 =
0.624 A
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.156
D
The natural response of a circuit is given by
d 2i
dt
di
dt
.
-+3-+2/=0
2
Determine i(t) if the initial conditions are
dildt(O +) == 0.
i(O+) = 1 and
I Taking the Laplace transform and using the initial conditions yields
(S2 + 3s + 2)/(s) = s + 3
/(s) = (s +
i(t) = 2e-
Thus,
21.157
or
Repeat Prob. 21.156 if the initial conditions are
c
-
e-
2C
~~: + 2) == -s-~-1 -
s-+-2
A
i(O+) = 2 and
dildt(O+) = 1.
I Proceeding as in Prob. 21.156 yields
(S2 + 3s + 2)/(s) = 2s + 7
2s + 7
/(s) = (s + l)(s + 2)
i(t) = 5e- c - 3e- 2C
Thus,
21.158
or
5
s+l
3
s+2
A
The current in a circuit is given by
2
d i
dt
di
dt
.
-+2-+1=0
2
Theinitialconditionsare
I In this case
i(O+)=l
and
dildt(O+) =0.
Findi(t).
/(s) is given by
/()_
s+2
_ s+2 _ 1
1
s - S2 + 2s + 1 - (s + 1)2 - s + 1 + (s + 1)2
Thus,
21.159
i(t) = e -c(1 + t)
Repeat Prob. 21.158 for the initial conditions
dildt(O+) = 1.
2s + 5
2
3
/(s) = (s+1)2 = s+l + (s+1)2
I
i(t) = e -C(2 + 3t)
or
21.160
i(O+) = 2 and
A
A
The current in a circuit is given by
2
d j
•
•
dt 2 + 41 = Sill t - cos 2t
The initial conditions are
i(O+) = 4 A
and
dildt(O+) = -2 A/s.
Determine i(t).
I Taking the Laplace transform of both sides yields
(S2 + 4)/(s) - si(O+) -
or
/(s) =
4s - 2
S1 + 4
+
Thus,
21.161
i(t)
i(0+)=4A
and
4i =
s
4s
- 2
l I s
1
=--+--+
+
--,-;---,
(l + 4)(S2 + 1)
(S2 + 4)2 S2 + 4 S2 + 4 3(S2 + 4)
3(S2 + 1)
(S2 + 4)2
=4 cos 2t + 0.833 sin 2t + 0.33 sin t - 0.25 t sin 2t
Determine '(s) from
with
~ (0+)
dildt(O+) = -2A/s.
A
533
534
D
CHAPTER 21
I Taking the Laplace transform and substituting t he initial conditions yields
s(s + I)I(s)
21.162
A coil having
mine i(t).
2
2
= 4s + 2 + ? + ?
R = 3 nand
L = 10.61 mH
di
L dt + Ri = Vrn sin wt
I
or
jllOv'2
1
2(3 - j4) s + j377
s
Deter-
-3
11Ov'2(377)
10.61 x 10 sI(s) + 3I(s) = S2 + (377)2
or
11Ov'2(377)
( ) - [S2 + (377)2](10.61 X 1O- 3s + 3)
7-:-::---:-:-:- --:=:= -
2(s + 1)
2
2
2
4s + 2
= s(s + 1) + S4(S + 1) = + s + 1 + i'
is suddenly connected across a 11O-V 6O-Hz source.
I s -
or
I(s)
11Ov'2(377)
10.61 x lO-\s + j377)(s - j377)[s + (3 x 10 3/10.61)]
jllOv'2
l
4(1l0v'2)
---- +
------.--2(3 + j4) s _. /377
52
s + (3 x 10 3/10.61)
Hence, after some manipulation:
i(t)
21.163
= 1l~v'2 sin (377t - 53.13°) + 4(1l5~v'2) e·28275C = 31.108 sin (377t - 53.13°) + 24.886e -28275c
The 2-F capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 21-51a is ,;harged to 10 V and S is closed at
transformed network.
t = O.
Obtain the
I See Fig. 21-51b.
+
V(S)
2.
( "')
21.164
21.165
Fig. 21-51
Determine V(s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-51b.
I
10
/{
1
I}
40
V(s) = s[1 + (1/2s)]
1+(1/2s) + 3s + 2: = 12s2 + 12s + 1
Find u(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-51a.
I
V( )
40
s = 12s2 + 12s + 1
40
= (s + 0.09175)(s + 0.90825)
or
21.166
u(t) = 49(e- O. 09 '7SC - e-O.90825C)
(1
1)
s + 0.09175 - s + 0.90825
V
At what time does u(t) reach its maximum value?
I For
u rnax ' we must have
duldt = 0
-0.09175e-o.o9175,· + 0.90825e -O.90825T = 0
or
Thus,
21.167
40
= 0.8165
eO.8125T = 0.90825/0.09175.
Hence
T = 2.82 s.
What is·the maximum value of u in the circuit of Prob. 21.165?
I
urnax
occurs at
T = 2.82 s,
from Prob. 21.166.
Therefore,
urn = 49(e(-O.09175)(2.8;) - e<-O.90825)(2.8 2)) = 34 V
21.168
Find the current through the I-H inductor in the circuit of Fig. 21-52.
Fig. 21-52
A
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
I In the transform domain, by KVL,
D
535
we have
10
(s + 20)/1 (s) + 10/2(s) = S
Solving for II (s) yields
I s _
I(
) -
S(s + 10)
S(S2 + 30s + 150)
S(s + 10)
s(s + 6.34)(s + 23.66)
3.33
=+
18.3
68.3
- ---..,----:-----,6.34 x 17.32(s + 6.34)
23.66 x 17.32(s + 23.66)
il(t) = 3.33 +0.167e -6.341 - 0.167e-23661
A
S
or
21.169
In the circuit of Fig. 21-53a, S is moved from a to b at
domain.
t = O.
Obtain the corresponding circuit in the s
I See Fig. 21-53b.
\I, (~)
ID' T
S
10"
VC
,,-,..10
,
Fig. 21-53
21.170
Find the voltage across the 5-MO resistor in the circuit of Fig. 21-53a.
I From Fig. 21-53b:
(3 x 1O- 6s + 1O- 6 )VI (s) -1O- 6sV(s) = 3 x 10- 3
Solving for V(s) gives
V(s)
or
21.171
500
500
-1020
=
s2 + 0.8s + 0.1
(s + 0.155)(s + 0.645) s + 0.155
v(t) = 1020(e-o.6451 - e-O.1551)
V
1020
s + 0.645
+--~
What is the current through the 1-I'F capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 21-53a at
t = 1 s?
I
At
21.172
i(l) = 204(e- o.645 - e- OI55 ) 10 (, = -67.68I'A
t= 1
Determine the instantaneous voltage across the 1-I'F capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 21-53b.
I
VI
P.F(t) = 10
6
1:
i l p.F(t) dt
From Prob. 21.171:
VI
p.p(t) = 204
1:
(e-O.6451 - e-OI551) dt = 204 (- 4.9 + 6.45e
-0.1551
-1.55e-IIM51 )
V
536
D
21.173
CHAPTER 21
Find i\(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-54.
~2ft
t,.
e }~.__- -'"
,.{2-
Fig. 21-54
I The mesh equations in the transform domain an:
J
(s + l)I\(s) - 2s12(s) = -.
-2sI\ (s) + (4s + l)I2(s) = 0
S
Solving for It(s):
0.2
4s + 1
I\(s) = s(5s + 1) = ~ - s +0.2
21.174
V4
H(t)
=
4
~
Tt
or
From Prob. 21.173:
i 2(t) = O.4e -O.2e
A
v
v 4 H(t) = 4(0.4)( ·-0.2)e -0.2e = -0.32e -02e
Thus,
21.176
A
Determine the voltage across the 4-H inductor in the circuit of Fig. 21-54.
I
21.175
i\ (t) = 1 - 0.2e -02e
or
How much energy is stored in the two inductors c-f the circuit of Fig. 21-54 under steady state?
I Since
i\(oo) = lA
W\
Since
i2(OO) = 0 A
W4H =OJ
How much energy is stored in the 4-H inductor at
H
= !(1)2(1) =0.5 J
t = 0.1 s?
I
21.177
Determine vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-55.
/1-4
C,
/.(l...
Fig. 21-55
'V\ (s) - 'Vo(s)
It(s) = 1 + {I 1[1 + (1 Is)]}
I
'V\(s)
_ ['V\(s) - 'Vo(s)][-3(s + 1)] _ (~ _s_
)
1 + [s 1(1 + s)]
2s + l
- 2s + 1 + s + 1 + 1 'Vo(s)
Substituting 'V\(s) = 51s
and solving for 'Vo(s) gives
v: (s) -_
o
Hence,
21.178
20(s + 1)2
_ 4
-0.75 + jO.25
-0.75 - jO.25
- - +
+ ----,--'--s(8s 2 + 12s + 5)
s s + 0.75 + jO.25 s + 0.75 - jO.25
vo(t) = 4u(t) + e -0.75\0.5 sin 0.25t - 1.5 cos 0.2St)
A square pulse of 1 V and of 1-s duration is applied across a coil having
Find the current.
V
R = 1 0. and
L = 1H
at
t = O.
D
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
di
dt
I
-
1 - e -s
J(s) = - s(s + 1)
Thus,
J(s)(s + 1) = V(s) =
or
1
e -s
s(s + 1)
1
s
= -- - -- = - - -
s(s + 1)
!s
1
s+1
(1- e- -
i(t) = (1- e-t)u(t) - [1- e-(t-.l]u(t -1)
Hence,
21.179
.
+I=V
537
S
)
e- s
e-s
+s
s +1
A
Obtain the Laplace transform of a train of pulses of period b and width a.
I The Laplace transform of a single pulse is (1ls)(1- e-
OS
).
From line 2 of Table 21.2 we obtain
1 - e- os
F(s) = s(1 _ e bs)
21.180
If .P[f.(t)] = F.(s) and .P[f2(t)] = F2(s),
convolution of f. (t) and f2(t) as given by
f(t) = .P-·[F.(s)F2(s)]
the product of F.(s) and F2(S) is .P[f(t)] obtained from the
=f.(t) * f2(t) = f f.(T)f2(t -
f
T) dT =
ft(t - T)f2(T) dT
(1)
Using (1), evaluate
f(t)
and verify that
f(t) = .P-·[Ft (s)F2(s)],
-= ft (t) *fz(t) = J: u(t where
F.(s)
= 1 Is
T
(2)
T)e- dT
and
F2(S)
= 1 I(s + 1).
I Integrating (2) we obtain
Otherwise
f(t) =
21.181
'p-.[_1_]
= .p-.[! - _1 ] = 1- es(s + 1)
s
1+s
A 3-V rectangular pulse of O.l-s duration is applied to an RL series circuit, with R = 2 0. and
at t = o. Determine i(t).
3(1-e- 0.1s ) 6(1-e- 0.1s )
-0.1s
I
J(s) = s(0.5s + 2) = s(s + 4)
= "4 (1 - e
) S- s +4
4
4t
l
Thus,
i(t) = 1.5(1- e- )u(t) -1.5[1 - e- (t-0 .• ]u(t - 0.1)
A
6
21.182
t
(1
L = 0.5 H,
1)
Qualitatively sketch i(t) of Prob. 21.181.
I See
Fig. 21-56.
i
+---~~-------.t
t-:. o. I ~
Fig. 21-56
21.183
Repeat Prob. 21.181 for an RC series circuit having C = 0.5 F. Other data remain the same as in Prob.
21.181.
3(1- e- o. ls )
3(1- e- ols )
1.5
(e- o.... )
I
J(s) = s[2+(1I0.5s)] =
2(s+1) = s+l -1.5 s+l
or
i(t) = 1.5e -t - 1.5e -(t -0 .• lU(t - 0.1)
A
538
D
21.184
CHAPTER 21
Sketch i(t) of Prob. 21.183.
I See Fig. 21-57.
(.
Fig. 21-57
21.185
Determine the voltage across the capacitor of Prob. 21.183.
3(1- e- )
-0.1s (1
1)
= 2(s + 1)(0.5s) = 3(1 - e
) S- s+1
vdt) = 3(1- e- C) - 3 [I -e -V-O.ll]U(t - 0.1)
V
I
Thus,
21.186
Ob
J(s)
Vd s ) = Cs
A voltage of waveform of Fig. 21-58 is applied to the circuit of Prob. 21.181.
I
0.,
21.187
Determine i(t).
V
f
S
Fig. 21-58
OIS
OoIS
1 [(1_e)]
(1_e
)
_
[1
1
1]
s2(0.5s + 2) = 20 S2(S -+~4) = 20(1 - e 0.1s) 2S2 - 8s + 8(s + 4)
I
J(s)
Thus,
i(t) = (lOt - 2.5 + 2.5e -4C)U(t) - [lO(t -·0.1) - 2.5 + 2.5e- 4(C-0 Il]U(t - 0.1)
=
o.T
Sketch i(t) of Prob. 21.186.
I See Fig. 21-59.
.
t
- 1 ' - - - - - - ------...
~t
21.188
Fig. 21-59
Repeat Prob. 21.183 for the waveform of Fig. 21-58.
I
Hence,
J(s)
1[
(l_e- OIs )
0
]
= o.T s2[2 + (1I0.5s)] =
5(1-e- .... )
s(s + 1)
-0.55
= 5(1 - e
i(t) = 5(1 - e- C) - 5[1- e-(C-O.ll]u(t - 0.1)
)
(1S - s +1)
1
A
A
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.189
J(s)
Vc(s)
5(1- e-
oIS
)
= Cs = (O.5s)(s)(s + 1) =
vc(t)
Thus,
01
')
10(1- eS2(S + 1)
-O.ts
= 10(1- e
(1
1
);z - ;
1)
+ s+1
= lO{[(t -1 + e- C) u(t) - [(t - 0.1) - 1 + e-<t-Ol)]u(t - O.I)}
Sketch the current obtained in Prob. 21.188.
I See Fig.
21-60.
~---o...:-~,-s--------f.
21.191
539
Repeat Prob. 21.185 for the waveform of Fig. 21-58.
I
21.190
0
Fig. 21-60
Sketch the voltage determined in Prob. 21.189.
I See Fig. 21-61.
K..-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,
21.192
f
Fig. 21-61
A voltage of waveform of Fig. 21-62 is applied to a series RL circuit, having
o. Determine i(t).
R = 1 nand
L = 1 H,
t=
Fig. 21-62
I The waveform may be synthesized by using unit steps. Thus,
v(t) = u(t - 1) + u(t - 2)
+ u(t - 3) -
3u(t - 4)
Hence, by inspection:
i(t) = [1 - e-(t-1)]u(t - 1)
21.193
+ [1- e-(t-2)]u(t - 2) + [1- e-(t-3)]u(t - 3) - 3[1-
Sketch the current of Prob. 21.192.
I See Fig. 21-63.
t.
-f----,,-.--:---,,.-----
t
Fig. 21-63
e-(C-4)]u(t - 4)
at
540
21.194
D
CHAPTER 21
Given:
I
21.195
F.(s) = 1 I(s - 2) = F2(S).
f(t)
L
2
e (l-T) e
2T
d'T
= Te 2l I:) = te 2l
Find .:e-. [F. (S)F2(S)] by convolution for
.:e-·[F.(s)F2(s)] = .:e-.[ (s
and
~ 2)2] = te 2l
F.(s) = F2(S) = lI(s2 + 1).
('
()d
t
1.
1.
t
1.
fi()
t = )0 sin t sin t - 'T 'T = - 2. cos t + 4 Sill t + 4 Sin t = - 2. cos t + 2. Sill t
I
21.196
=
Find f(t) by convolution.
A capacitor C initially charged to a voltage Vo is connel;ted to a voltage source V having an internal resistance R.
Write an expression for
I
Vc>
the voltage across the capacitor, in the time domain.
The required equation is (see Fig. 21-64)
dV
V
Vc
e
C--'-+-=dt
R
R
(1)
(2)
with
Fig. 21·64
21.197
Obtain an expression for
I
Vc
in the transformed doma.in.
From (1) and (2) we have
Vc(s)
V
C[sVc (s) - v c
(0· )] + -R- = -Rs
"OS + (VI RC)
Vc(s);; s[s + (lIRC)]
or
21.198
Solve for vC<t) for the circuit of Fig. 21-64, if S is clm.ed at
I
21.199
(1)
o.
t=
From (1) of Prob. 21.197
In the circuit of Fig. 21-65, the switch is moved from 1 to 2 at
t
= 0,
i L (0 +)
with
= 0.5 A.
Fig. 21·65
I
By KVL:
~ + 100i =
10
100 sin 10 3t
5
100J(s) +O.l[sJ(s) -0.5] = S2 + 10':
or
Hence,
21.200
0.1
i(t) =
_1_
sin (10
v'2
3 / __
or
J(s) =
~) + e- IOOOl
4
Sketch i(t) of Prob. 21.199 showing the two components of the current.
I
See Fig. 21-66.
2
6
0.5s + 1.5 X 10
6
(l + 10 )(s + 1000)
A
Solve for i(t).
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
0
541
t
I
/'SteOdY
state
Fig. 21-66
21.201
In the circuit of Fig. 21-67, S is closed at
Write the loop equations in the s domain to solve for i I and i 2 •
t = O.
v
L
Fig. 21-67
I The required equations are
which simplify to
(1)
(2)
21.202
Solve for 12(s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-67 using Cramer's rule.
I From (1) and (2) of Problem 21.201
v- VC<O+)
1
RI + Cs
12 (s) =
1
Cs
s
LI (0 ) + Vc(O+)
RI + Cs
1
Cs
21.203
L
+
S
-'---c----1~----:-1----;--
Cs
1
R2 + Ls + Cs
If 12(s) of Prob. 21.202 takes the form
write the form of the solution and sketch iz<t) showing all its components.
2
I
12(s) =
a2s + als + ao
s(s + a)(s + 'Y)
Thus,
Hence we obtain the sketch shown in Fig. 21-68.
kl
k2
k3
= s + a + s + 'Y + S
542
0 CHAPTER 21
Fig. 21·68
21.204
If 12(s) of Prob. 21.202 is of the form
write the form of solution and sketch i 2 (t).
I
The given 12(s) may be written as
Thus,
which is sketched in Fig. 21·69.
12
/\_-!<I f - a f sin ({3t+O)
,
\
,',
... -,
I
\
/"
--t--f,--+,--I-'-.-...l........
1
,
I
/
\
a .. " " ' · · . , -
-
.....
,< __ _
,
\'
', ...'
Fig. 21·69
21.205
If 12(s) of Prob. 21.202 is of the form
write the form of solution and sketch i2(t).
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
0 543
I Proceeding as in the previous two problems, we may write
i2(t) = KI + (K2t + K 3 )e- U1
which is sketched in Fig. 21-70.
----~------
K.
Fig. 21-70
21.206
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-67 in the s domain.
I See Fig. 21-71.
R,
v
s
Fig. 21-71
21.207
In the circuit of Fig. 21-72, choose node 1 as the reference node.
solve for v2 {t).
C,
Write a set of integrodifferential equations to
R,
.,... ~f
V.... oL..!..
Fig. 21-72
I The required equations are
Cl
~
[V2 -
(V4
+ Vm sin wt)] +
~
V2
I
21.208
Obtain V2 (s) from the equations of Prob. 21.207.
I The equations in the s domain are
= 0
544
0 CHAPTER 21
v'nwSCI
1)
( sC I + -RI V2 - (sC I)V. = ----.S' + M2
(~
1 )
V", wsC I
1)
- (sC I)V2 - ( sL V3 + sL , + sC2 + sL V. = - S2 + w 2
Solving for V2 by determinants, we obtain
VmwsC!
S2 + w 2
0
C~ + ~)
(SC! +
~
0
s~)
0
(SC! + sC2 +
-------se,
C~ + ~J
sL
)
I
sL
1
sL
VmwsC!
/+W 2
V=
2
--se,
0
l
1
sL
-SCI
s~)
(SC 1 + sC2 +
(w v,J S3 + (~~iR2 )S2 + ( ~~n )s
________________________
2 2 [3 ( LR 2+ R 1C
(S + w ) s +
I
2
__________
(1
~2
___________________
1
1 )]
1):~
R 2)
(
+ R IC! s + LC2
+ LC!+ !
R LC s + LC C R
2
!
2
I
In the above equations V2, V3, and V. stand for 1I2(s), V3(S), and V.(s), respectively.
21.209
The voltage V2 (s) obtained in Prob. 21.208 may be written in the general form
a 3s:; + a 2s 2 + als + a o
_
V2 (s) 2
2 -.')=-----,2;;-'------'---...,(s + w )(S + b 2s + b,s + b o )
Depending on the circuit parameters, V2(s) may have one of four forms.
corresponding forms of solutions, v 2 •
I
Write these forms of Vis) and the
The required forms of V2 (s) are
(/3S' t a2s 2 + a 1s + ao
V2(s) = (/+w:)(s+8)(s+a)(s+y)
o
V2(s)
()
=
2
a3s + G 2S + a 1s + ao
(S2 + w:)(s + 8)(s + a)2
_ a3s3+a2s2+als+aO
(S2 + w 2 )(s + a)3
V2 s -
The corresponding forms of solutions are:
v2 = Kl sin (wt + 01) + K2E -a, + K3 E-al + K.E - y l
°
+ (K3 t + K.)E
2 K! sin (wt + °1) + K2E
2 = Kl sin (wt + °1) + (K2t2 + K3t + K.)E
v2 = Kl sin (wt + 1) + K2E -al + K3E -al sin (f3t + 03)
V
V
21.210
=
-SI
-al
-al
The node equations for a circuit are
0.OO2V 1 + 5
V 2 (0+)=
lOOY
f
VI dt - 0.002v 2 = 0
-0.OO2Vl
and all other initial conditions are z,~ro.
• dV
+ 0.OO3v 2 + 10 Tt2
Determine VI (s).
= 0.01
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
.
5V (s)
0.002VI (s) + _ 1 s
Solving for VI (s) yields
I
-
0.002V2(s) = 0
21.211
545
- O.OO2VI (s) + 0.003V2(s) + 10 4 [sV(s) - 100] = 0.01
s
V s _
I(
D
) -
100(s + 1)
S2 + 2510s + 75,000
Obtain a circuit which will satisfy the equations of Prob. 21.210.
I
See Fig. 21-73.
....
(0 V
Fig. 21-73
21.212
The voltage across a 2-H inductor is given by
V (s) = 80s + 5000
L
S2 + 80s + 2500
I
2si (s) - (2)(1) =
80s + 5000
L
S2 + 80s +2500
i
_ S2 + 120s + 5000
L(S) - s[(s + 4W + (3W]
or
Thus,
iL(t)=2-e- 4 0'cos30t
and
21.213
A
The current through a O.l-H inductor is given by
-s + 100
iL(S) = s(s+100)
If
i L(O+)=-lA,
I VL = L(diLldt)
findvL(t).
yields
Thus,
21.214
Find iL(t) in the circuit of Prob. 2l.213, and explain how vL(t) can be obtained without specifying iL(O+).
I
From Prob. 21.213:
Thus,
i s = -s + 100 = !
L() s(s + 100) s
i L(t)=1-2e- loo ,
VL(t) can be obtained directly from (1) and
21.215
__2_
s + 100
A
v L = L d[iL(t)]ldt.
(1)
The initial value iL(O+) is implicit in (1).
The current in a 20-I'F capacitor is given by
i ( )_
30
c s - S2 + 3000s + 2 X 106
I
Since
vc = -1c
l'
0
i c dt
V ()
1 i ) VC<O+)
30
10
c s = Cs c<s + - s - = (20 X 1O-6)s(s2 + 3000s + 2 X 106) + S
1O(s2 + 3 X 10 3s + 2.15 X 106)
S(S2 + 3000s + 2 X 106 )
546
0 CHAPTER 21
21.216
Determine vc(t) of Prob. 21.215 at
10.75
1.5
0.75
Vc(s) = -s-- -- s + 1000 + s + 2000
I
vc(t) = 10.75 - 1.5e-loool + 0.75e-20001
Thus,
At
21.217
t = 1 ms.
t= 1 ms,
VC<s) = (60s + 8 x 10 4 )/(s2 + 106 ).
The voltage across a 2-I'F capacitor is given by
Find idt).
I
Taking the inverse transform yields
21.218
In an RL series circuit the initial current through the inductor L is
across a battery of voltage Vat t = 0, find i(t).
I
L
1(0 +) = 10 ,
If the circuit is connected
~
d,: + Ri= V
V
or
L[sl(s) --1(0+)] + RI(s) = s
or
l(s)(Ls + In
V
= -
s
(1)
+ LI(O+)
Thus,
(2)
.() _ V ('I
and
21.219
It---+
R
In the circuit of Prob. 21.218, let
R~O.
.
0
V)e -RIlL
-R
Solve for i(t).
I From (2) of Prob. 21.218, with R = 0, we obt'lin
A
21.220
At
t = 0,
S is closed in the circuit of Fig. 21-74.
Find vdt) and idt).
All initial conditions are zero.
1
Fig. 21-74
I
In the s domain we have
~ = Vds) + Vc(s) + CsV (s)
s
R
R
Thus,
21.221
Sketch vc(t) and idt) of Prob. 21.220.
I
See Fig. 21-75.
c
arld
or
Vds)
id t ) = C
=
~s [S+(;/RC)]
~
[vd t )]
= le-211RC
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
0 547
~(t)
l
3
...
S
-L
2
Fig. 21-75
21.222
Assume that the switch in the circuit of Fig. 21-74 is closed a long enough time for the transients to die out.
Next, S is opened. Find vdt) and ic(t).
I In this case, we have C initially charged to a voltage RI/2 and discharging through R for
VC ()
t
21.223
RI
="2
e -IIRC
and
. (t) _
lc
-
Plot vdt) and idt) of Prob. 21.222 on the graph of Fig. 21-75.
magnitude of the curves.
-
t > O.
Thus,
I -IIRC
2
e
Note any significant changes in the shape and
I See Fig.
21-75. The second current function differs from the first by being negative and having twice the
time constant. The second voltage likewise has double the time constant of the first, but it is an exponential
decay rather than a rise.
21.224
Obtain the areas under the two current curves of Fig. 21-75; compare and explain the results.
I The first area is IRC/2, the second is - IRC/2. They should be equal and opposite because they are
charged dimensionally, the one being the charge stored during voltage buildup and the other being the charge
delivered during voltage decay.
21.225
With zero initial conditions, S is closed at
t = 0 in the circuit of Fig. 21-76.
Determine i(t) and v(t).
1"
6.t1-
ISV
\r
0./1.1
Fig. 21-76
I The circuit has a time constant
_155 (~)-2
3 - A
0.1
T= 3 + [(3 x 6)/(3 + 6)] = 0.02 s
Thus,
21.226
i = 2(1-
e-II0.02)
= 2(1-
Sketch v(t) and i(t) of Prob. 21.225.
I See Fig.
21-77.
e-
50/
)
A
Isteady 'tate -
a nd
di 10 e -so,
v= L di=
v
548
D
CHAPTER 21
10
t
-If -'4
~
t
21.227
Fig. 21·77
In the circuit of Prob. 21.225, after the circuit has reached steady state, the switch is opened.
voltage across and the current through the inductance. Plot v(t) and i(t).
I
In this case
/L(0+)=2.0A
and
Determine the
T=(0.1I9:1<,.
di= - 18 e -901
v= L v
dt
The plot is shown in Fig. 21-77 as a continuation of v(t) and i(t) of Prob. 21.225.
i = 2e- 901
Thus,
21.228
A
anci
Compute and compare the areas under the voltage curves of Fig. 21-77.
represent? Explain.
Dimensionally, what do these areas
I
The areas, which are flux linkages dimensionally, are plus and minus 0.2, respectively. The result simply
shows that the total flux built up during the first transient collapses during the second transient.
21.229
The circuit of Fig. 21-78 is under steady state with l:he switch at position 1.
position 2. Solve for the circuit current for t > C.
At
t= 0
the switch is moved to
2!l
4H
6V
Fig. 21·78
I
For
which transforms to
As
+ 2i = 12
4s/(s) - 4i(0+) + 2/(s) =
~2
Hence
i(0+)=6/2=3A
6(s + 1)
(1
1)
(1
0.5)
/(s) = s(2s + 1) = 6 S - 2s + 1 = 6 S - s + 0.5
i(t) = 6(1-- O.5e- OSI )
A
Without solving for i(t), find the steady-state cUrfl~nt in the circuit of Fig. 21-78.
I
(1)
i(O +) = i(O _) is the steady-state current with the switch in position 1,
From (1) and (2),
21.230
.11
4.1t
t>O,
Applying the final-value theorem to (3) of Prc·b. 21.229, we have
~~S :
lim i(t) == lim
s[ S
5-.11
1_=
?)]
=
6A
(2)
(3)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.231
For the circuit shown in Fig. 21-79, solve for i l and i2 if the switch is closed at
of additive polarity.
t = O.
D 549
The mutual inductance is
480
••
= 1.6
LI
~27 0
~L2 = 0.9 H
H
~
240 V
L12=O.72 H
I
The circuit equations are, for
1.6
di
Fig. 21-79
t> 0,
.
Ttl + 48/ 1 -
0.72
di2
Tt
=
240
-0.72
di
di2
.
Ttl + 0.9 Tt + 27/2 = 0
These equations in the transform domain become (zero initial values)
(1.6s + 48)/\ (s) - 0.72s12(s) = 240/s
-O.72sl\(s) + (0.9s + 27)/2(s) = 0
Solving for I\(s) and 12(s) and taking their inverse transforms,
i2(t) = -3.33e- 75t + 3.33e-75tI4
il(t) = 5 - 2.5e- 75t - 2.5e-75tI4
A
21.232
Sketch il(t) and i2(t) of Prob. 21.231.
I
A
Show their components also.
See Fig. 21-80.
12.
.01
,,,
lof
If.
/8
-3
Fig. 21-80
21.233
Find i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-81, where S is closed at
I
t = 0 and the circuit is initially unenergized.
Writing the node equation:
1
1
1)
( 48 + 1.6s + 48 V(s)
Thus,
v(t) = 120e -1St V
and
i(t) =
Js (240 -
=
240
(48)(s)
or
V(s)=~
s + 15
120e -1St) = 5 - 2.5e -1St A.
550
0 CHAPTER 21
Fig. 21-81
21.234
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-81 in the s domain.
I
See Fig. 21-82.
Fig. 21-82
21.235
Find the current in a series RC circuit, if the capacitor is initially uncharged and the applied voltage has the
waveform of Fig. 21-83.
v
Fig. 21-83
I
dq
By KVL:
R dt +
1
__
_ { Vt/t o
0
C q -- v -
(1)
Taking the Laplace transform of (1) and applying tte initial condition,
RsQ ()
s
Now,because
i=dq/dt
and
+ -1 Q()
s = -V fro le _" d t = -V ( 21
C
to
q(O+)=O,
1
V
I(s)
= sQ(s) = Rto
s(s
to
0
l(s)=5Q(s).
V
(,-r o'
s
- 21
s
e - r0 ,
-
Solving(2),with
to e -r0, )
s
(2)
-
a=lIRC,
thengives
V e- ro'
+ a) - - - - - - - - - - == I\(s) + 12(s) + 13(s)
Rt" s(~ + a)
R s+a
Inverting (3) termwise, we have
Then, by the shifting theorem,
Similarly,
Finally,
21.236
with
a = lIRC
Apply the final-value theorem to find the steady-state current in the circuit of Prob. 21.235.
I
iss = ,_0
lim sl(s) = (CV/to) - (CV/to) = 0,
from (3) c,f Prob. 21.235.
(3)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.237
0 551
A series RLC circuit has R = 250 n, L = 10 mH, and C = 100 I-'F. Assuming zero initial conditions, use
Laplace transforms to determine the (natural) current for a unit impulse voltage input.
I The circuit voltage equation is, for an initially uncharged capacitor,
~ J: i(T) dT + Ri + L ~ = v(t)
(1)
With the given numerical values, (1) becomes
10
4
J: i(T) dT + 250i + 10-
~ = 8(t)
2
(2)
Taking the Laplace transform of (2) yields
4
10 I(s) + 250/(s) + 1O- 2sl(s) = 1
(3)
s
whence, using partial fractions,
lOOs
I(s) = S2 + 25,ooos + 10 6
Inverting,
21.238
100.16
s + 24,960
lOOs
(s + 24,960)(s + 40)
i(t) = 100. 16e-249601 - 0.16e- 401
Solve for i 2 (t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-84, where S is closed at
60
t = 0 with zero initial conditions.
720
"',Av----.
.,
6H
(4)
A
L lz -18 H
I---~N'\r--..,
0.16
s + 40
~
iz
72H
Fig. 21-84
I The circuit equations in the transform domain become
15)
60
( 6s + 6 + 2s 1\ (s) - 18s12(s) = S
Solving for 12(s) gives
I(s)2
where
So = 6.782,
12(s) =
Sl'=
si
=
(SI-SO)(S2-S0)
=
Inverting,
21.239
lOs
lOs
S3 + 8s 2 + 9s + 5
0.609 + jO.607.
-lOs o
[
-
] _1_
The method of partial fractions then gives
+[
s+so
-lOs 1
]
(SO-SI)(S2-SI)
_1_ + [
-lOs 2
] _1_
s+s\
(SO-S2)(SI-S2) S+S2
-1. 763
{0.882 - jO. 726
.)}
6782 +
+ (complex conjugate
s+ .
s+s\
i 2(t) = -1.763e-67821 + {(0.882 - jO.726)e-(0 609+JO 607)1 + (complex conjugate)}
=
-1.763e-6.7821 + {1.142e-0.609Ie-J(0.6071+39.s0) + (complex conjugate)}
=
-1. 763e -6.7821 + 2.284e -0.6091 cos (0.607t + 39.5°)
A
In the circuit of Fig. 21-85, when VLIC = RI = R2 = R, the circuit becomes purely resistive and experiences
no transients. Verify this phenomenon of universal resonance by a Laplace transform solution of v(t).
I In view of the initial conditions
i l (0 +)
=
0 and
i2 (0 +) = I,
we obtain the transformed equations
552
0 CHAPTER 21
+
;2
11
<R
S
I
l'
t-;....O
v
R2
Je
:~ L
Fig. 21-85
Solve the second and third equations, respectively, fm 11 (s) and 12(s), substitute in the first equation, and use
R2 = LlC to obtain
V(s) = RI
v(t)
when.;c
s
and the circuit does not undergo any transients.
21.240
For the general circuit of Fig. 21-85, write all the initial conditions in the transformed domain.
I
v(O+) = R21
Since
R21 = L
-dv (0
we obtain
21.241
(t > 0)
RI
=
dt
+
dil
Tt
e
In an RLC series circuit we have
R
=
dv
dil
I
dt ( 0 +) = - R 2 Tt (0 + ) + C
and
(0+)
)= - - -R~) I
C
v(O+)/s = R2/(s)
01"
[~~ (o+)J/s = (~- :~)/(S)
or
L
L = 0.1 H.
200 nand
Find C for the circuit to be critically damped.
I In the transformed domain, the denominator of the polynomial is [s2 + 2000s + (10/ C)].
damping, the roots must be real and coincident. This occurs when C = 10 /-LF.
21.242
For the value of C determined in Prob. 21.241, Hnel the voltage across the capacitor if 100 V is applied to the
circuit at t = o.
I In the s domain we have
(S2
+ 2000s + 10 6) I (s) = 100
(lOs) or I(s)
Vc(S)
=
!c~2
s
Thus
1000
=
(S2
S
21.243
For critical
+ 2000s + 10
6
=
)
1000
(s + 1000)2
8
=
S
10
(s + 1000)2
vdt) = 100[1- (1 + 1000t)e- 1000'j
V
Sketch the voltage across the capacitor of the circUit of Prob. 21.242.
I See Fig. 21-86.
r
Fig. 21-86
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.244
553
How long does it take the capacitor of Prob. 21.242 to get within 5 percent of its final value.
vC<oo) = 100
which yields
21.245
D
or
0.95
1 - (1 + lOOOt)e-l0001
=
t = 5 ms.
The dc sources V and I are simultaneously turned on in the circuit of Fig. 21-87.
the voltage across the capacitor in the s domain, with zero initial conditions.
R
L
Write the equation governing
a
+
v
+
c
I
Fig. 21-87
I The required equations are
I
I(s) - CsVC<s) + s
=
0
sLI(s)
V
s
+ RI(s) + Vc(s) - -
=
0
Eliminating I(s) yields
(sL
21.246
+ R)[ CsVc(s) -
fJ +
~
V s V + I (sL + R)
c( ) - s[l + Cs (Ls + R)]
or
Determine the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Fig. 21-87 under steady state.
I
.
.
[V + l(sL
vc<oo)=hmsVc(s)=hm 1 r'~(Ls
5-0
21.247
VC<s) =
+ '-'
5-0
+ R)]
+ R) = V+IR
In the circuit of Fig. 21-88, SI is opened and S2 is closed at t = O. Write the mesh equations in' the
transformed domain. Also write an expression for the voltage across the switch S2'
Fig. 21-88
I Let the initial current through Ll be 10 , Then, the required equations are
(LIS
VS2 (s)
21.248
+ RI +
=
M
L
~s)/l(S) = ~ + LIo
J/(
[ (V - 10R)s - C
10
12(s) =0
R
)
s2 + L
s +I
LC
Obtain a circuit in the s domain corresponding to the circuit of Fig. 21-88.
I See Fig. 21-89.
I
Cs
F'ig. 21-89
554
21.249
D
CHAPTER 21
In the circuit of Fig. 21-67,
mine i2(t).
I
L=O.lH,
C=lOp,F,
R.=25n,
R 2 =200n.
and
If V=90V,
deter-
From Prob. 21.202 we have (with zero initial cond\tions):
v /{ s [2
(R2 1) 1 ( R2)]}
s + 1~- + R.C S + LC 1 + R.
12(s) = R.LC
( 1)
For the given numerical values, (1) becomes
36 x 10 5
1 (s) - --,,----2 - S(S2 + 6000s + 9
i 2 (t)
Thus,
21.250
R2 = 600 n
Repeat Prob. 21.249 for
I
0.4[1 - (1
and
10
36 X 10 5
s(s + 3000)2
)
+- 3000t)e- 3000 ,]
A
V = 250 V.
In this case we have
1 (s) 2 -
10 x. 10 6
+ 1O,000s + 25
S(S2
=
10 6
s(s + 5000)2
10
~c----
i2 (t)
Thus,
21.251
=
X
6
X
10
6
)
0.4[1 - (I + 5000t)e -5000,]
X
A
Plot the results of Probs. 21.249 and 21.250 on one graph.
I See Fig. 21-90.
0.+
0.,.
0"
o~~--~--+---~--~.------~~t,~.
Z.O
1.0
21.252
Fig. 21-90
Determine the current in the transformed domain iJ the circuit of Fig. 21-91, in which S is opened at
and the initial conditions are zero.
t= 0
Fig. 21-91
I Designating the currents as
f
I. and 12 as shown ill Fig. 21-91, we have
= I.(s) + 12(s)
and
(sL + R2)/2(s) =
C~ + R.)/.(s)
Solving for 12(s) yields
(1)
21.253
Find the voltage across the current source in the circuit of Fig. 21-91 in the transformed domain.
I
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.254
Determine the current in the inductor of the circuit of Fig. 21-91 if
RI =0, and R2 =900.
1= 1 A,
L = 0.1 H,
0 555
I~
p,F,
C = I~
P, F,
C=
I Substituting the numerical values in (1) of Prob. 21.252 gives
.2..
I ( )
2 S
x 10 6
16
=
S(S2 + 900s + t,;
X
10 6 )
Taking the inverse transform yields
i2(t) = 1 + 1.25e- 450r sin (600t - 127°)
21.255
A
Sketch the current obtained in Prob. 21.254 and verify that the circuit is slightly underdamped.
I See Fig. 21-92.
Fig. 21-92
21.256
Find the voltage across the current source in the circuit of Fig. 21-91 if
R I =1600, and R 2 =900.
I
L = 0.1 H,
Substituting the numerical values in (1) of Prob. 21.253 yields
VI(s)
=
160[sz
+ (900 + \X6~?6
)s + (;~or 10
vl(t) = 90 - 21. 125e- 25or
and
21.257
1= 1 A,
Sketch v/(t) obtained in Prob. 21.256.
I See Fig. 21-93.
(fJ
160
,<;0
6
]/S[S2 + 2500s + -t,;
+ 91. 125e-225or
v
x10
6
]
556
21.258
D
CHAPTER 21
In the circuit of Fig. 21-91, 1 = 1 A, L = 0.1 H, and C = '~ J.tF. Find the condition for universal
resonance. Determine the current through the inductor for this condition.
I For universal resonance we must have
R - R I -
2 -
fI:. - (
0.1
Vc - V(\60/9) x
10
6
=
75 n
Thus, from (1) of Prob. 21.252 we have
750
12(s) = s(s + 750)
21.259
and
A
How much power is delivered by the current source ill the circuit of Fig. 21-91 under the condition of universal
resonance.
I Since R, = R2 = V LlC = 75 n for universal
re~;onance, (1) of Prob. 21.253 yields
or
Power = "/(/) = 75(1) = 75 W
Thus,
21.260
Draw the s-domain circuit corresponding to that
~hown
in Fig. 21-94a.
I See Fig. 21-94b.
(a.)
21.261
(b)
Fig. 21·94
Write the node equations for the circuit of Fig. 21-94b and obtain the voltage V2 (s).
I The required equations are
Solving for V2 (s) yields
V (s)
=
2
21.262
V
R I R 2C,C2
/{S[S2 + (_~_
+ _ 1 + _ 1 )s + ~1---=-]}
.R;'C
R,C,
R C,
R,R C,C
2
Obtain an s-domain circuit for that shown in Fig. 10-128, where
V2 by R, and V, by V.
2
2
Cl = C2 = C,
2
R, and R2 are replaced by L,
I See Fig. 21-95.
v
s
Fig. 21-95
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.263
The capacitor C2 of Fig. 21-94
(in the s domain).
I By nodal analysis:
IS
replaced by an inductor L.
+ ~ + Cs)V, (s) + (- ~)V2(S) = ~
(~
R,
R2
R2
sR,
(-
~)Vl(S)
+ (~ + ~)V2(S) = 0
R2
R2
sL
1
21.264
1
( 6s
1
60
+ 6 + 15)
2s 1, (s) - 18s/2(s) = -;
-18sl, (s)
+ (72s + 72)/2(s) = 0
lOs
(s
+ 6.782)[(s + 0.609)2 + (0.607)2]
i2(t) = 2.28e-06091 sin (0.609t
Hence,
A bridge circuit in the s domain is shown in Fig. 21-95.
expression for V2 (s).
I
M = 18 H, and
t = 0, solve for
s domain are
or
21.265
LIc(I+~2)]}
In the circuit of Fig. 21-88, let V = 60 V, R, = 6 n, R2 = 72 n, L, = 6 H, L2 = 72 H,
C = fs- F. Let S, be always open, and S2 always closed. If the 60-V battery is connected at
i2 (t).
I The loop equations in the
557
Determine the voltage across the inductor
V
V2(s) = Vc(s) = R C(S+:2)/{S[S2+(:2+ /c)s+
Hence
0
+ 129.4°) _1.76e-67821
Choosing node 3 as the reference node, obtain an
By nodal analysis
C~ + ~ + sC )V2(s) + (-sc - S~)V4(S) =
~s (-sC-~)V(S)+(~+2sC)V(S)=~(~+sc)
sL
sL
s sL
-sC
2
4
Solving for V2 (s) yields
(S 4-
V2(s) = -
21.266
1 ) /{ (4
C 2L 2 s
s S
2 3 2 2
2
1 )}
+ RC
s + LC s + C2LR s + C2L 2
(1)
Determine I(s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-95.
I By mesh analysis we have
-C~)/(S) Hence,
21.267
I(s)
=
V( 4 2R 3
R
s +T s +
R = V LlC
For the special case
I(s).
I
2 2
2R
LC s + CL 2 s
+ (SL + R + s~)/2(S) = 0
1
+ L 2C2
)/{
(4 + RC
2 3
s +
S S
From (1) of Prob. 21.266, we obtain, for
1
+ L 2C 2
)}
( 1)
=
R2 = LlC,
i(t)
or
VIsR
=
VIR
Determine the voltage across R of the circuit of Fig. 21-95 if the battery is suddenly connected to the circuit at
t = 0 for the special case when R = V LI C.
I Substituting
R2
=
LlC
in (1), by Prob. 21.265, yields
V (s) __ V(s - RI L)
2
s(s+RIL)
Thus,
21.269
2 2
2
LC s + RLC 2 S
in the circuit of Prob. 21.265, show that the circuit is purely resistive and find
I(s)
21.268
RI,(s)
v2 (t)
=
V(I- 2e-
RIIL
The equation of motion of a flywheel is
dw
10 Tt
+ 0.05w
= T
)
558
0
CHAPTER 21
At t = 0, with zero initial conditions, the torque
flywheel at t = 20 s.
I
10
s
+ 0.05) = --'
At
O(s)
=
s(s
+ 0.005)
e-0005t)
w(20) = 200(1 -- e 0005 X 20) = 19.03 rad/s
t=20s,
pw 2 =
Energy stored =
HlO)(19.03)2 = 1811.21
What is the steady-state energy stored in the flywhf:el of Prob. 21.269?
I
Steady-state stored energy =
P(ws )2 = !(Wflim s 0(S)]2 = HlO)[lim
( + ~ 005) J2 =
5-0 s s .
200 k1
s--+O
After the flywheel of Prob. 21-269 has reached its steady speed, the torque is removed.
does the flywheel make after 20 s?
I The equation for
Since w(O+)
=
dw
di
or
+0.05w=0
we have
and
s0(s)
=
=
+ 0.005)]
200/[lO(s
+ 0.005)]
or
rad
t=20s,
() (20)
=380.65 fad
Figure 21-96a shows a circuit in the s domain.
I See Fig.
+ 0.05) - w(O+) = 0
O(s)
0(s) = 20/[s(s
Finally, at
O(s)(lOs
200 rad/s, from Prob. 21-270,
O(s)
Since () = w,
How many revolutions
w becomes
lO
21.272
1
or
w(t):= 21)0(1 -
Thus,
21.271
Determine the energy stored in the
In the s domain we have:
O(s)( lOs
21.270
T = 10 N . m.
or
60.58 revolutions
Obtain the corresponding circuit in the time domain.
21-96b.
+
-fH
T
lr,lt)
-
(~- <Z
+ -1.r-
~e )kLt-)
-t
(It)
21.273
(6)
Obtain the s-domain circuit corresponding to the circuit of Fig. 21-97a.
I See Fig. 21-97 b.
21.274
Determine Vo(s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-97b.
I
By KCL we have
I. (s) - 3/. (s) + lo(s) = 0
Thus,
VO(s)
=
or
I.(s) = 0
since
12(s):5 = (1O/s)5 = 50/s
\I; (tl
Fig. 21-96
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
t")
.:z
I.())
.....
Vo(.v
(0
~
Fig. 21-97
c..b
21.275
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the circuit of Fig. 21-97 b.
I To find Zo(s) we apply a voltage Vo(s) as shown in Fig. 21-98a. Then by KCL we have
or
and
or
Thus we obtain the Thevenin equivalent of Fig. 21-98b.
(b)
21.276
Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 2l-97b.
I
In this case
Hence we obtain the circuit of Fig. 21-99.
Fig. 21-99
21.277
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-IOOa in the s domain.
I See Fig. 21-IOOb.
Fig. 21-98
0 559
560
D
CHAPTER 21
/.
b
Fig. 21-100
21.278
Obtain the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit for Fig. 21-100, at the terminals ab.
I To find IN(s), we apply a short-circuit ab as shown by the dashed line in the circuit of Fig. 21-100b and notice
that
IN(s) = Isc(s).
Then, by nodal analysis,
41 (s) + I(s) =
and
~~~
~;/(s)
or
= sV(s)
(10/5) - V(s)
Hence
1(5)
=
=
V(s)
or
5
= -
s
I(s)
2/(s)
\0
2s + 5
Thus,
To obtain Zo(s) we use the circuit of Fig. 21-1OIa, from which,
5/(s) = sl-'(s) = -5 V(s)/2
So,
V(s)
=
I(s)
C
=
0
And lo(s) = O. Thus, Zo(s) = 00.
Thus, we obtain the circuit of Fig. 21-101b.
r. Cs)
1"
J (,) _\'
i"
Tit
'
0
Fig. 21-101
D
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.279
561
Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit of Fig. 21-101a in the time domain.
I
We obtain the required circuit directly from the circuit of Fig. 21-101b.
21-102, since
5£-1( 2s-40+ 3 ) =
_20e-(S/2)t
Hence we obtain the circuit of Fig.
u(t)
r--------~
1..-_ _ _ _ _ "
21.280
Fig. 21-102
Draw the s-domain circuit for the circuit of Fig. 21-103a, in which S is moved from 1 to 2 at
I
/(s)
t = O.
= Cv(O+) = (1)(2) = 2 A
Hence we obtain the circuit of Fig. 21-103b.
IF
'2.
2..(2..
(£)
21.281
Find i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 21-103a for
I
t> O.
By nodal analysis, from Fig. 21-103b,
+ s + D= 2
/(s) = 2V(s) = 12/(3s + 2)
V(s)O
21.282
Fig. 21-103
+ 2)
or
V(s) = 6/(3s
or
i(t) == 4e -2tI3 U(t)
A
The current through a IF capacitor in a network is given by
/(s) _
12(s + l)(s + 3)
- (s + 2)(s + 4)(s + 5)
Find the voltage v(t) across the capacitor.
I
Vs = /(s)
( )
Cs
.2. !
=
s(s
12(s + l)(s + 3)
==
+ 2)(s + 4)(s + 5) 10 s
+ _1_ + 2 _1__ 32 _1_
s +2
2 s +4
5 s +5
Thus,
21.283
The voltage across a O.l-H inductor in a certain circuit is given by
current i(t) through the inductor.
I
or
21.284
/(s)
= V(s) =
Ls
lO(s + 1)
s(s2+2s+2)
V(s)=(s+1)/(s2+2s+2).
= ~ + 7.07 ~ +
s
s+(l-jl)
i(t) = [5 + 7.07e- t cos (t - 135°)]u(t)
Find the
7.07 ~
s+(l+jl)
A
The current in a circuit is given by /(s) = (4s + 12) /(S2 + 8s + 16). If this current flows through a 4-0 resistor,
which is an element of the circuit, determine the power dissipated in the resistor at t = O.
I
Thus,
i(O+)
= lim s/(s) = ~(4s + 12) = 4 A
s~~
s
+ 8s + 16
562
0
21.285
CHAPTER 21
Find i(t) for the circuit of Prob. 21.284.
I
i(t)=5r'(
=
21.286
4s+12 )=:t:_,[~~+12]
s2+ 8s + 16
(S+4)2
4,;e-1(_1_)
- 4:t:-' [--~--J
= 4es +4
(5 + 4)2
'(0)
.
/()
+ == hm s s
I
21.287
I
.
== hm
,-.~
s
s(s
+ 1)
2
+s +1
Find the initial current.
= 1A
Obtain i(t) in the circuit of Prob. 21-286, and verify its result.
I
.():t: - I (
t =
I
=e
At
21.288
s-~w
A
(1_ t)
= (s + 1) l(s2 + s + 1).
1(.,)
The transient current in an ac circuit is given by
4t
-112
+1 )
+s +1
:t: - I [
S
S2
cos
t = 0 we have
20
t+
=
01
e
S
+~+
j]
,;e -I [
(s + D' + ~'= .
--112.
sm
20
S
(s +
2(cos 20
t
t= e .
+i
!? + ~
t+
01
]
1:t: - I [
+0
sin
20 t)
012
]
(s + D2 + ~
A
i(O + ) = 1 A.
The charge on a capacitor connected in series with an inductor, with the combination connected across a voltage
source, is given by (d 2q Idt 2) + 9q = cos 2t, with the initial conditions q(O +) = 1 and q( 7T12) = -1.
Find q(t).
I In
the s domain we have
S2Q(S) - sq(O+) - (7(0+) + 9Q(s) = sl(s2 + 4)
or
Q(s) =
s+4(0+)
s
s
4(0+)
s
i + 9 + (S2 + 9)(S2 + 4) == s·! + 9 + S2 + 9 + 5(s' + 4)
s
4 (
=:5
S2
)
q(t) =
t = 7T12,
q = -1
s
+ 9 + s' + 9 + 5(S2--=-~:;
or
At
4(0+)
yields
4(0+) =
4
li( 0+).
¥.
Hence,
V(oo)
= lim sV(s) =
,,_0
C
s(s -1- <1)
= ~a = 2
If
or
v(oo) = 2 V,
V(t) = 2(1 - e- os ,)
and
Two node voltages
a = 0.5
VI
v(l) = 2(1- e- os ) = 0.787 V
or
and v, are related by
dV
-dt I --2) I + 3v 2 = 0
( 1)
dV 2
Tt -- .): + 2vI = 0
Determine
I
VI (t),
if
VI (0 +)
= 8V
and
(s - 2)VI (s)
or
(2)
v 2 (0 +) = 3 V
From (1) and (2) with the given initial conditions, we obtain
Thus,
find v(l).
1
(1
1)
V(s) = s(s + 6:5) = 2 ~ - s + 0.5
Thus,
21.290
Iim __ L._
s-O
! cos 2t
V(s) = 11[s(s + a)].
The voltage at the node of a circuit is given by
I
1
:5 cos 3t + --'3- sm 3t + :5 cos 2t
q(t) = ~ cos 3t + ~ sm 3t +
21.289
s
5(S2 + 9)
V ( )
I S
+ 3V,(s) =, 8
8s - 17
= s' - 3s - 4
2V, (s) + (s - 1) V, (s)
8s - 17
5
:=
3
3
= (s + 1)(s - 4) = s + 1 + s - 4
V
D
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.291
Do (1) and (2) of Prob. 21.290 represent a physically realizable circuit?
I
21.292
VI(t)~ 00
No, the circuit is not physically realizable since
563
Explain.
as t~ 00.
The same is true for v 2 (t).
A network is governed by the equation
d 2x
dx
t-+2-+tx=O
2
dt
x(O+) = 1 and X(-7T) = o.
with
I
dt
Determine x(t).
In the s domain we have
d 2
- ds [s X(s) - sx(O+) - x(O+)]
-1
X/(s) = - i +1
A = TT12.
or
Since
X(s)~O
s~oo,
as
TT
X(s ) ="2
Thus,
Verify that the conditions x(O+)
=
-
tan
-I
s
X(s) = - tan -\ s + A
and
= tan _1(1)
~
x(t) = (sin t) It
and
1 and X(TT) = 0 are satisfied by the solution obtained in Prob. 21.292.
I
x(t)
=
2
3
t1 ( t -
Thus,
21.294
t + . .. )
3!
t
= 1 - 3!
+ ...
x( TT) = (sin TT) ITT = 0
and
41
A voltage v = 2e- V is applied to an LC series circuit having
Determine q(t), the charge on the capacitor, if q(O+) = 4(0+) = O.
I
L
= 1.0 Hand
The equation governing q is
2
d q
2 -41
+q= e
dt
-2
2
Q(S)(S2 + 1) = s + 4
or
q(t) =
and
21.295
i=
.( "4
TT)
or
cos t + 4 sin t)
I
=
~;
At
Wstored
= iCv
2
c
t = TT 14 s.
= f?(-4e- 41 +sint+4cost)
2 ( - 4 e -4~/4 + sm
•
TT
17
"4
0 396 A
+ 4 cos"4TT) =.
How much energy is stored in the capacitor of Prob. 21.294 at
I
t = TT 14 s?
= i(q2IC)
t=TTI4,
Thus,
21.297
f? (e -41 -
2
Q(s) = (S2 + l)(s + 4)
or
Determine the current in the circuit of Prob. 21.294 at
I
21.296
= 0
-ix'(s) - 2sX(s) + 1 + 2sX(s) - 2 - X/(s) = 0
or
21.293
d
+ 2[sX(s) - x(O+)] - ds X(s)
q=
1~ (e-~ - cos
Wstored
i + i)
4 sin
= 0.255 C
= (0.255)212 = 32.426 mJ
The current in a circuit is related to the input voltage e - I by
The initial conditions are
d2 •
d·
-'+5~+6i=e-1
2
dt
dt
i(O+) = dildt(O+) = 1. Determine i(t).
C = 1.0 F
at
t = O.
564
0
CHAPTER 21
I In the s domain,
2
di
1
s I(s) - si(O +) - dt (0 +) t 5[s/(s) - i (0+)] + 6/(s) = -s-+-1
or
2
1
I(s)(s + 5s + 6) = --1 + s + 1 + 5
and
21.298
or
s+
i(t)
= (~e-r
+ 3e
2r -
1
s+6
I(s) + -=---- (s + 1)(s2 + 5s + 6)
S2 + 5s + 6
~e-3r)u(t)
At t = 0,
domain.
S, is opened and S2 is closed in the circuit of Fig. 21-104a.
I See Fig.
21-104b.
A
Draw the corresponding circuit in
I2.V
( b)
21.299
Fig. 21·104
Write a set of equations to solve for I,(s) and 12(s) in the circuit of Fig. 21-104.
I The required equations are
-~~)
+ 61 ' (s) - 612 (s) = -6S
2s
21.300
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-105a in the s domain.
I See Fig.
21.105b.
v,
Fig. 21·105
t~e
s
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.301
In the circuit of Fig. 21.106a the capacitor C2 has no initial charge. Other initial conditions are as shown. Draw a
corresponding circuit in the s domain.
I
See Fig. 2l.106b.
(b)
21.302
Fig. 21-106
Replace the current source by a voltage source in the circuit of Fig. 21.107 a.
I
See Fig. 2l.107b.
(0
s
",'--t+
Fig. 21-107
21.303
D 565
Verify that V(s) in the two circuits of Fig. 21-107 is the same.
I
From Fig. 21.107a, by nodal analysis,
~ = V(s)
s2+4
2
+ V(s) +
10s
V(s)
O/s)+4
or
V(s) =
25s\1 + 4s)
(3 + 7S)(S2 + 4)
Similarly, from Fig. 21-107b,
1 ( 10s
2
S2
+ 4 - V(s)
)
V(s)
=
V(s)
10 + (lis) + 4
or
V(s) =
25s\1 + 4s)
(3 + 7S)(S2 + 4)
566
21.304
0
CHAPTER 21
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-108a in the s domain.
I
See Fig. 21-108b.
R,
~,
C:I.
RI.
...----'V'\I\.-------f~-r--I_ I+~
\r:, fo )
CJ
V"
~~
L-__------------~---
R.,
Fig. 21-108
21.305
Draw the circuit of Fig. 21-109a in the s domain.
I
See Fig. 21-109b.
L,S
(b)
21.306
Fig. 21-109
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 21-110a in the s domain, at the terminal ab.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
D
567
,--,
I
~L.
'- ,_J
~______~__________L--.b______ l
,
(
In..
b
(6)
Co)
(e)
h
Fig. 21-110
I First we convert the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit of Fig. 21-110b and then proceed
in the steps indicated in Fig. 21-110c to f. From Fig. 21-110f we obtain
2s
/(s) = (S2 + 9)(4s 2 + 4s + 3)
Finally,
Z
Th(
and
2s
VTh(S) = /(s)(l) = (S2 + 9)(4s 2 + 4s + 3)
s)=(4/+2S+2) 1)/[1+ 4/+2S+2J=4/+2S+2
2s+1
(
2s+1
4s 2 +4s+3
568
21.307
D
CHAPTER 21
A capacitor C is discharged through a resistor R, with an initial voltage V;, across the capacitor.
expression for the instantaneous stored energy in the capacitor.
I
Obtain an
If v is the voltage across the capacitor at some time t, then
l~,J
C[sV(s) -
or
V~)
t
= 0
or
V(s)
=
Vu
s+(l/RC)
Thus,
and
21.308
(1)
If the capacitor of Prob. 21.307 is initially charged te 400 V with
C = 50 /l-F
and
R = 100 kO,
how much
energy is dissipated in the resistor after 600 ms?
I
From Prob. 21.307:
w(600 ms) = 4e- 2 (06)'5 = 3.14 J
Thus,
21.309
0=
4.0 -- 3.14 = 0.86 J
How long does it take the resistor of Prob. 21.308 to dissipate 98.2 percent of the energy stored in the capacitor?
I
21.310
W di"ipatcd
and
w.)
Initial stored energy,
= 4.0 J
Energy dissipated = (0.982)(4) = 3.928 J
Energy stored at time T = 4 - 3.928 = 0.072 J
From (1) ofProb. 21.307, 0.072=4e- 2Tl5 or
T=lOs.
A 100-/l-F capacitor initially charged to 24 V is discharged across a series combination of a l-kO resistor and a
200-/l-F capacitor. Find the current after 1 s.
I In
the s domain we have
6
6
10 /(s) + 24 + 10 /(s) + 10 3 /(s) = 0
100 s
s
200 s
10
0.024
+ 1 + -5) = - s
s
s
[(s) ( -
or
i(t) = -0.024e- 15 '
and
or
A
(Compare this solution with that of Prob. 15.23.)
21.311
Solve Prob. 15.24 in the s domain.
I
Thus
21.312
and
Solve Prob. 15.30 by using a Laplace transform.
I In
the s domain we have
1)/(s) = (3 + 0.167s
i(t)
Thus,
21.313
v c2 (0.1) = -6.215 V
=
24
-;
or
-8e -2,
/(s) = - 0.5: +
1= -8C ~ 2)
i(I)=-1.08A
and
Solve Prob. 15-34 by using a Laplace transform.
I
For an RC circuit we have
R/(s)
or
I
s
Vu
s
+ -c /(s) + - = 0
10
/(s) = - s + 0.5
and
or
5)
lOO
( 10 + -; /(s) = - -si(t) = _lOe- os ,
A
/(s) = _ 0.024
s + 15
D
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.314
An inductor L, initially storing an energy Wo, is discharged across a resistor R.
I
569
Obtain an expression of w(t).
w(t) = !L[i(tW
where i(t) is governed by
(sL + R)/(s) = U o
10
I(s) = s+RIL
or
Thus,
where 10 = y2WoI L.
Finally,
21.315
w(t)
= OL/~)e(-2RIL)t = Woe-(2RIL)t
Solve Prob. 15.57 in the s domain.
I In the s domain we have
lO[sl(s) - i(O+)] + 5/(s) = 0
21.316
i(t) = 8e- o.St
or
0.5
( ) = s + 2.5
Is
and
i(t) = 0.5e -25t
or
(
1.28
Is) = s + 10.94
and
i(t)
or
I(s)
A
100[sl(s) - i(O+)] + 250/(s) = 0
A
l00[sl(s) - i(O+)] + 1094/(s) = 0
=
1.28e -I094t
A
Solve Prob. 15.66 in the s domain.
I
21.319
and
Solve Prob. 15.62 in the s domain.
I
21.318
8
I(s) = s + 0.5
Solve Prob. 15.59 in the s domain.
I
21.317
or
200[sl(s) - i(O +)] + 350/(s) = 0
=
0.714
s + 1.75
and
i(t) = 0.714e- L75t
A
Solve Prob. 15.78 in the s domain.
I In the s domain we have
[S2 l(s)-si(O+)- ddti (0+)] + 6 [si (s) - i(O+)] + 0'.2 I (s) = 0 or I(s) _
24
_ 24 ( 1 _ _
1_)
- - S2 + 6s + 5 - '4 s + 5 s + 1
A
or
21.320
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, C = 14.28 mF,
switch is closed at t = O. Find i(t).
R = 45 n,
L = 5 H,
and the capacitor is charged to 50 V.
The
I In the s domain we have
.
10 3 J(s)
5[/(s) s - 1(0 +)] + 45/(s) + '4.28s +
s50 = 0
10
2
2
I(s) = - S2 + 9s + 14 = s + 7 - s + 2
21.321
s70) = - s50
and
-10)
50s
VL(s) = sU(s) = SS ( S2 + 9s + 14 = - (s + 7)(s + 2)
What is the voltage across the capacitor of Prob. 21-320 in the s domain?
I
21.323
I(s) ( Ss + 45 +
Determine the voltage across the 5-H inductor in the circuit of Prob. 21-320 in the s domain.
I
21.322
or
I(s)
Vc(s)
=
70 (
Cs = S
10)
S2 + 9s + 14
= -
700
s(s + 7)(s + 2)
In the circuit of Fig. 15.24, C = 0.04 F, R = 10 n, and L = 1 H. With the capacitor charged to 20 V, the
switch is closed at t = O. Find the voltage across the induct or in the s domain.
I Let I(s) be the circuit current. Then
570
0 CHAPTER 21
sI(s)
I(s) = -
S2
20
~lCIS + 25
= - (s
VL (S)
= sLJ(S) = -
(S
What is the voltage across the inductor of Prob. 21.323 at
,
(1)
+ 5)2
20s
and
From (2) of Prob. 21.323:
At
21.325
I(s)
20
0.04s = - - ;
20
or
21.324
+ 101(s) +
vL(t) = -20(e-
5t
5te-
-
t
5t
(2)
+ 5)2
=
1 s?
5t
= -20e- (1- 5t)
)
t = 1,
How much energy is stored in the induct or of Prob. 21.323 at
t = 1 s?
I From (1) of Prob. 21.323:
W L = !(1)(-0.135)2 =9.08mJ
and
21.326
In the circuit of Fig. 15.24, C = 76.92 mF, R= 4 n, and L = 1. The capacitor is charged to 100 V and
the switch is closed at t = O. Determine the volta.ge across the capacitor in the s domain.
I Proceeding as in Prob. 21.323:
I(s) ( s
3
76.92s
100
)
= - -s-
100
or
I(s) = '-
S2
(1)
+ 4s + 13
I(s)
Vc(s) = (~s = --
and
21.327
10
+ 4 -+-
1300
S(S2
Determine the current in the circuit of Prob. 21.326 at
From (1) of Prob. 21.326:
+ 4s + 13)
t = 0.1 s.
100
I(s) = - (s
+ 2 + j3)(s + 2 -
j3)
Thus, from the Laplace transform tables:
i(t) = - 33.33e -2t sin 3t
21.328
i(O 1) = - 33.33e -2(01) sin 3(0.1) = -8.06 A
or
Obtain an expression for the charge on the capacitor of Prob. 21.326 in the s domain.
I Since
i
=
I(s) = 5Q(S) - q(O+)
dqldt,
Q(s) = ~(s) + q(O +)
Thus,
s
s
From Prob. 21.326, finally,
Q(s) = _
S(S2
21.329
3
+ (76.92:< 10- )(100)
100
+ 4s + 13)
+ 7.692
100
= _
S
S(S2
+ 4s + 13)
s
In the circuit of Fig. 15.24, C = 62.5 mF, L = 2 H, and R = 12 n. The capacitor is charged to 100 V and
the switch is closed at t = O. Determine the voltage across the capacitor after 1 s.
•
In the s domain:
I(S)(2S
and
or
62.5s
+ 6s + 8
+ Vo = ___ ~~ + 100 = _ 100 + 200
-
V (s) = I(s)
c
Cs
s
50
I(s) _
or
Thus,
+ 12 -+- 1000) = _ 100
s
- S2
s(s+4)(s+2)
vc(t) = 100(2e- 2t
-
e- 4t )
v c (l)= 25.23 V
s
s+4
V
(1)
s+2
(2)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.330
Find the energy stored in the inductor of the circuit of Prob. 21.329 at
I
D
571
t = 0.5 s.
From (1) of Prob. 21.329, we have
50
J(s) = - (s+4)(s+2)
and
i( t) = 2S( e - 41 - e - 21 )
At
i(O.S) = 2S{e -4(0.S) - e -2(OS)1 = -5.81 A
t = 0.5 s,
(1)
Stored energy WL = !L(i)2 = H2)(-S.81)2 = 33.8J
21.331
At what instant does the energy stored in the inductor of Prob. 21.329 equal the energy stored in the capacitor.
I
For
Wc = WL
we must have
~C(Vd2 = ~L(iL)2
From (1) of Prob. 21.330 and (2) of Prob. 21.329, we obtain
62.5 x 1O-3[100(2e- 21 - e- 41 W = 2[2S(e- 41 - e- 21 W
Solving for t yields
21.332
t = 0.751 s.
In the circuit of Fig. 15.24, we have L = 4 H, R
600 V. If the switch is closed at t = 0, find i(t).
I
= 40 n, and C = 0.01 F, which is initially charged to
Proceeding as in Prob. 21.329:
1)
600
J(s) ( 4s + 40 + O.01s = - -s-
i(t) = -lS0te -SI
Thus,
21.333
150
J(s) = - (s + 5)2
or
A
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, L = 2 H, R = 12 n, and C = 62.5 mF. The initial conditions are
100 V and i L (0 +) = 1.0 A. The switch is closed at t = O. Find i(t).
I
vc(O+) =
In the s domain:
.
1000
vc(O+)
2sJ(s) - 2I L(0+) + 12J(s) + 62.Ss J(s) + - s - = 0
2
J(S)(2S +I;S+16)=_100 +2
s
or
J()
s
or
=-
50
s
(s+4)(s+2) + (s+4)(s+2)
Hence,
21.334
A
Find the voltage across the inductor of Prob. 21.333 at
(1)
t = 0.5 s.
I VL(s) = sLJ(s)
or
or
21.335
VL(O.S) = 9.03 V
What is the voltage across the capacitor of Prob. 21.333 at
I
(1)
t = 0.5 s.
We find vc(O.S) from the KVL equation.
and
From (1) of Prob. 21.333:
UR(O.S) = 12{27e- 4(0.S)
From (1) of Prob. 21.334:
Hence,
-
26e- 2(0.S)]
=
-70.93 V
vL(O.S) = 9.03 V
vc(O.S)
= 70.93 - 9.03 = 61.90 V
572
21.336
D
CHAPTER 21
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, R = 16 n,
and dildt(O+) = -240, find i(t).
I
L = 2 H,
and
C = 0.0122 F.
If the initial conditions are
In the s domain:
2s2I(s) - 2si(0+) - 2 ~ (0 +) + 16sI(s) - 16i(0 +) +
I(s)(2s2 + 16s + 81.96) =
or
-
480
In the circuit of Fig. 15-24, R = 12 n,
switch is closed at t = O. Find i(t).
I
L = 1 H,
which is initially charged to 60 V.
..
-60
S2 + 12s + 100
60
(s + 6 + j8)(s + 6 - j8)
A
24
I(s)(6s + 24) - 6i(0+) = s
24
4
I(s)(s+4)--=10
s
4
24 1
(1
1)
(1)
I(s)o=s0+4) + 10 s+4 = s- s+4 +2.4 s+4
or
i(t) = 1.0 - e- 41 + 2.4e- 41 = 1 + 1.4e- 41
or
A
Find the voltage across the coil of Fig. 15-41.
I
Reo == 10 n,
For the coil we have
Thus,
Vco(s)= (sLc+Rc)I(s)=
Leo = 6 H.
(6s + 10)(4 + 2.4s)
(
4)
48
10
10
s(s+4)
=14.4 1- s+4 + s+4 + s - s+4
Veo(t) = 14.40(t) - 57.6e- 41 + 48e- 41
or
.-
10 - 10 e- 41 = 14.40(t) + 10 - 19.6e- 41
Solve Prob. 15.143 by the Laplace transform method.
I
In the s domain:
3
20 x 10- [SI(S) -
~~] + 40I(s) = ~~
I(s) =
or
i(t) = 0.2:> + e -20001
Thus,
500
s(s + 2(00)
1.25
+ ---=-::-;:--;::s + 2000
A
Find i(t) in the circuit of Fig. 15-45.
I
2 x 106I(s) + 10 I(s). = ~
35 s
s
6
In the s domain:
i(t)
Thus,
21.342
C = 0.01 F,
and
i(t) = ·-7.5e-- 6/ sin8t
In the s domain:
or
21.341
- 240
(s + 4 + j5)(s + 4 - j5)
= -;-----:----:c-:::-;---:--__:_=:_
Solve Prob. 15.137 by the Laplace transform method.
I
21.340
I (s) ::: 0
A
r(f)=~--­
or
Hence,
21.339
0.0~22
In the s domain:
I(S)(S + 12 + _1_) = _ 60
O.Ols
s
21.338
- 240
J(s) - S2 + 8s + 40.98
or
i(t) = -48e-' 41 sin 5t
Hence,
21.337
='
I(s) = 12 X 1~-6
s + 70
or
12e -1170
/-LA
Solve Prob. 15.155 by the Laplace transform method.
I
or
i(O+) = 0
)
18
3IC<s) + ~~ Id s ) + s = 0
In the s domain:
IC<s)
18
= -
(3s + 2)
6
(s + I { l.5)
or
A
v
The
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
21.343
In the s domain:
6I(s)
+ 5sI(s) =
18
-
18
I(s) = s(5s + 6) = 3
or
s
i(t)=3(1-e- 12 ' )
Hence,
21.344
(1~ - 5s 5)
(1 1)
+6 = 3 ~ - s + ~
A
Solve Prob. 15.157 by the Laplace transform method.
I
0.5 x 106 I(s)
In the s domain:
6
I(s) = _ 20 X 10- X 500 = _ 40
250(s + 2~O)
S
or
10
6
20
+ 500s I(s)+ -;
X
10-
+
2~O
=
0
6
i(t) = -40e -,/250
or
/-LA
Solve Prob. 15.159 by the Laplace transform method.
I
In the s domain:
(0.5s
80
or
21.346
I(s) = s(s
4
20
20
40
+ 2)1(s) - 0.5(4) = s
4
20
16
or
+ 4) + s + 4 = -; - s + 4 + s + 4 = -; - s + 4
In the circuit of Fig. 21-111, S) is closed at
t
= 0, and
S2 is opened at
i(t) = 20 - 16e -4,
t = 4 ms.
A
Determine i(t) for
f()~IL
0./ H
Fig. 21-111
I
For
O:s t :s 4 ms:
50I(s)
+ O.lsI(s) =
100
s
-
where t is measured in milliseconds.
For
4 :s t < 00:
or
Thus
10 3
or
I(s) = s(s + 500)
i(t) = 2(1- e-'I2)
i( 4) = 1.729.
100
s
150I(s) + O.lsI(s) - 0.1 i(4 x 10- 3 ) = i(t) = 1.062e
Hence,
-1.5,
+ 0.667
or
I(s)(O.ls
100
+ 150) = -s- + 0.1729
A
t being in milliseconds.
21.347
573
Solve Prob. 15.156 by the Laplace transform method.
I
21.345
D
Determine the voltage across the capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 21-112 if S is closed at
Sov
Fig. 21-112
t = O.
t > O.
574
D
CHAPTER 21
I
By nodal analysis:
50 - Vc
10
= Vc
+ 2 X 10-6
10
dvc
25
s[s + 10 5] I
or
dt
X
10
5
or
where t is in microseconds.
21.348
In the s domain, the energy in a network is given by
(s + 48)
W(s) = (s -- I)(s + 2)(s + 3)
Express the energy in the time domain.
.
s + 48
4712
46
4512
W(s) = (s + l)(s + 2)(s + 3) = s + 1 - s + 2 + s + 3
(1)
or
21.349
Determine the initial and final energies from W(s), and verify that the result is consistent with that of (1) of
Prob. 21.348.
I
From (1):
21.350
w ()
0
w(O)
47
2
·
().
s(s + 48)
,= s·~'O
IIm (S + 1)(s + 2)( s + 3)
IIm sW s
= S~OO
.
45
2
= - - 46 + - = 0
.
s(s + 48)
_
Find the instantaneous power in the network of Prob. 21.348.
p(/)=
dw
dt
P(s) = sW(s) - w(OJ ,= sW(s)
or
=
s(s+48)
=_47_1_+~_135_1_
(s + l)(s + 2)(s + 3)
2 s+1 s+2
2 s+3
w
Thus,
Determine the initial and final powers from P(s) of Prob. 21.350.
I
21.352
0
w(oo) ,= ~~To sW(s) =~!To (s + l)(s + 2)(s + 3) - 0
I
21.351
=
P
(0)
r
/(s
+ 48)
=s~(s+1)(s+2)(s+3)=lW
In the circuit of Fig. 21-113, S is closed at
t = O.
I
t
.
p(oo) = lim sP(s) = 0 W
S~O
Find the current in the 10-0 resistor in the s domain .
loll..
loo V
Fig. 21-113
(1)
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
I From Fig. 21-113:
I(s)
=
D
575
II(s) + 12(S)
100
0.01s1 1 (s) + 5/ 1 (s) + lOll (s) + 10/2(s) = s
Solving for II(s) and 12(S) yields
3333
I(s) = 6.67s + 6666
s(s + 833)
Thus,
21.353
12(S) = 6.67s + 3333
s(s + 833)
and
II(s) = s(s + 833)
Including initial conditions, write a set of equations in the s domain to determine the current through the
inductor in the circuit of Fig. 21-114, where S is closed at t = O.
loo"", H
too
V
Fig. 21·114
I The mesh equations are
33/1 (s) - 3/2(S) =
i2 (0 + )
where the initial current
21.354
=
100
-
S
100/(70 + 30) = 1 A.
In the circuit of Fig. 21-115, S is opened at
t = O.
Determine the voltage across the 200-!} resistor.
looo.{2..
{OOFf
+
~
-
gOO[2..~
fSOV
Fig. 21·115
I The initial condition is
vC<O+)
= 180(80011800) = 80 V.
800/(s) + 200/(s) +
:~~ I~) = ~O
V2000(s) = 200/(s) =
or
I(s)
= ~5
s +110
200(~5)C: 10) = s ~61O
v
Thus,
21.355
t > 0:
Now, for
Find i in the circuit of Fig. 21-116, where S is opened at
t = O.
(0 jl...
'?6 V
Fig. 21·116
.
I The initial condition is:
36
1(0+)= 10+2 x
6
"9 =2A
3/(s) + 6/(s) + O.lsl(s) - 0.1 (2) = 0
Thus,
2
I(s) = s + 90
or
i(t) = 2e -;90,
A
576
21.356
D
CHAPTER 21
In the circuit of Fig. 21-117, S is moved from 1 to 2 at
Determine the voltage across the resistor.
~l";J1.";.o
E
•
'lA
t = O.
16tJ{1.
J
i:: -fH
1
I
(100 + 4s)J(s) -- 4(2) = 0
v (S ) =
RJ( ) = 2(100)
s
R
21.357
The switch is moved from 1 to 2 at
t= 0
2
J(s)=s+25
or
v
or
s+25
Solve for i.
in the circuit of Fig. 21-118.
I
L'c(O.) = 2 V
For
t>O:
Thus,
21.358
Fig. 21-117
J(s)
2 4 2
1
or
4J(s) + =- - +- = J(s) = 1 + 2s
0.5s
s s
s
i(t) =0 0.5e --05,
A
In the circuit of Fig. 21-118, let S be closed on position 1 at
Determine i.
t= 0
=
1(
2
1 )
s + 0.5
and moved to position 2 after 2 s.
.2. V
Fig. 21-118
I
For
0 :s t :s 2s
we have
4J(s) + J(s) = ~
0.5s
s
D
V s - -J(s) -- - -1- - - 2 ( -1 - -1
-)
cO- Cs --s(s+!)- s s+!
Thus,
vC<t) =, 2( 1- e-(/2)
and
At
1
J(s) = 2(s +
or
vC<2) = 2(:.- e-
t = 2,
1
)
V
= 1.264 V
Now proceeding as in Prob. 21.357,
4J(s) + J(s)
0.5s
Hence,
21.359
=_
1.264 + ~
s
s
i(t) =
or
J(s)
=
0.684
s(s + ~)
1.368(1- e-(/2)
A
= 1.368(!
s
__
1_)
s+!
In the circuit of Fig. 21-119, obtain an equation for the node voltage v in the s domain and list all the initial
conditions.
"If
c
o,sF
Fig. 21-119
D
577
1=1.0A.
For
LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
I
The governing equations are
I1 (s)
.
1 (s)
V(s) = 5/1(s) + 5s/1(s) = 10/2(s) + 2 _ 2 _
5
+ 12(S) = I(s) = -s
S
Eliminating I1 (s) and 12(S) yields
50
dv
2
V(s)(5s + 15s + 2) = - + 5sv(0+) + 15v(0+) + 5 -d (0+)
s
t
The initial conditions are
v(O+) = (10)(5) = 50 V
21.360
and
In the circuit of Fig. 21-119, R 1 =60n,
zero energy stored in Land C, find v(t).
I
R 2 =90n,
L=O.IH,
C= 17.78 JLF,
and
Proceeding as in Prob. 21.359, we have
Initial conditions:
dV
dt
v(O+) = 90 V
6
8100) = -24.75 x 10 3 Vis
(0+) = (10
17.78 - D.1
The equation for V(s) is
6
(
6
2
10 )
1
3
_ 60 X 10
O.ls + 150s + 17.78 V(s) - 17.78 S + 0.ls(90) + 15(90) + 5(-24.75 x 10 )
After combining terms and inverting:
v(t) = 30[2 + (1 - 75t)e- 750 ,]
21.361
In the circuit of Fig. 21-120, S is opened at
t = O.
V
Determine I(s).
Fig. 21-120
I
vC<O+)=OV
and
6O[sl(s) - i(O+)] + 30/(s) + I(s)
s
or
21.362
I(s)
=:
i(0+)=120/30=4A
=
120
s
240s + 120
240s + 120
6Os 2 + 30s + 1 = (s + 0.46)(s + 0.036)
Write a set of transformed equations to solve for i in the circuit of Fig. 21-121 where the switch is closed at
t = O. State all initial conditions.
2.H
6v
Fig. 21·121
578
D
CHAPTER 21
I
6
i(O+)= [3(3 +3)]/(3+3+3) =3A
At node 1:
(6/s) - V1(s)
3
-
V1(s)
=6 +
V1(s) - V2 (s)
3
12
5V1(s) - 2V2 (s) = s
or
Similarly, at node 2, with
i(O+) = 3,
we have
v1 (s) -- 2V,(s)
=
.•
or
!
and
(1)
2
_~(S)
s
9_ ~ + 3
s
S
Vd
)
2s
= I(s)
(3)
Equations (1) to (3) are the required equations.
21.363
For the circuit of Fig. 21-122, write a set of equations to solve for I(s).
Include all initial conditions.
Fig. 21-122
I
The initial conditions are
30
iL(O+)= 4+6 =3A
v (0 ) =J30)(6) = 18 V
c +
4+6
The governing equations are
Ids)
30
51c (s) + -S- + v c (0 + ) = - S
and
(2)
/7
CHAPTER 22
L/State Variables Method
22.1
Express the following second-order differential equation as a set of two first-order differential equations:
1
d
d
--{ + 6 dY + 5y = u(t)
dt
I Let
(1)
t
9 + 6y + 5y =
u(t)
x 2 (t)
y(t)
=
xl(t)
=
Now (1) may be written as
9=
or in terms of
22.2
Xl
-6y - 5y
+ u(t)
and x 2 the required equations are
Express the result of Prob. 22.1 in a matrix form.
I
22.3
Write the result of Prob. 22.2 as a vector equation.
I
Identify the components of the vector.
[x] = [A][x] + [B][u]
-
-
x=
or
-
where
A or [A] =
[0
1]
-5 -6
-
A.i + Bit
(1)
Bor[B]=[~]
X or [x] =
[;:J
and Xl and x 2 are components of the vector X, also known as state variables for a physical system represented by
(1) of Prob. 22.1. Hence (1) is known as the state equation and i as the state vector.
22.4
Express
ji'(t)
+ 49(t) + y(t) - 6y(t) = u(t) as a state equation.
I Let
Then
X3
=
Y=
-4,9 -
Y + 6y + u
Xl = x 2
Rewriting these equations in matrix form we obtain
1
o
-1
or
22.5
X
A
x + B
u
As a general rule, the number of state variables in a system is the same as the number of energy storage
elements in the system. Apply this rule to find the number of state variables in the system of Fig. 22-1.
~F
~--
~b
?? N U T
Fig. 22-1
I Since there are two energy storage elements-the mass and the spring-the system may be described in
terms of two state variables.
579
580
22.6
D CHAPTER 22
The equations of motion related to the dynamics of a system are
~ + 3i + 2i =
dt
i + 3x + 2i = 0
v
Express these equations as a state equation.
I
Let
i = y\, X = Y2'
and
i =
»2 = Y3
so that
i =
»3'
The given equations then become
di= - I3'
- X2'
+V
dt
i = -3x - 2i
and
or
The three first-order equations are
»1 = -3Yl -2Y3 +
V
Hence, the state equation is
,v= Ay + Bu
where
_ [-30 00 -2]1
A =
-2
22.7
-3
0
,§ =
[~]
and
y = [~:]
Y3
How many state variables may be associated with lhe circuit of Fig. 22-2?
variables.
I
Specify a set of possible state
The energy storage elements are Land C, and hence there are two state variables iL(t) and vc(t)·
Fig. 22·2
22.8
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig.
I
22-2 in matrix form.
The equations governing the state variables iL 2nd Vc are
or
and
C
dV
Tte
=
'
I,
or
dV e
dt
1,
C'
-=-1
In matrix form, the state equation becomes
y= Ay
or
22.9
(1)
Notice that (1) of Prob. 22.8 is of the form (dy/dt) - ay = 0, which is a scalar equation, and has a solution of
the form x(t) = x(O)e''', where x(O) is the initial condition. Assuming that this form of solution is applicable
to the vector equation (1), write the form of the solution. Also express the exponential as a series.
I
The form of solution is
where y(O) is known as the initial state.
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
D
581
Since
we may also write
AI
-
-
A 2t 2
A 3t 3
2!
3!
e = I + At + - - + - - + ...
where
22.10
AI
1== identity matrix and e is defined as the state transition matrix.
Obtain the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-3.
Fig. 22·3
I
From the given data:
diL
or
Tt
.
(1)
3 Vc
dV
e
1=1e
dt
and
Since
1
=
iR + iL + ie = 0, we have
(2)
Expressing (1) and (2) in matrix form:
22.11
Write the general state equation in terms of R, L, and C for the circuit of Fig. 22-3.
I
Proceeding as in Prob. 22.10, we have
Tt
diLl
[
[ dVe =
C
IL
][.]
_! __1_
dt
22.12
L1
0
Vc
RC
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-4.
Fig. 22·4
I
or
At node 1:
dV
Vc
ve-v
3 -e+ - + - - = 0
dt
2
1
dVe
Vc
V
-=--+dt
2
3
(1)
582
D
CHAPTER 22
At node 2:
Vc -
V
.
v
= 1/. + 4'
and
(2)
or
Writing (1) and (2) in the form
dy
-dt
-
=, Ay
we have
22.13
The circuit of Fig. 22-4 is slightly modified by adding a capacitor across the inductor as shown in Fig. 22-5.
Write the corresponding state equation.
Fig. 22-5
I In this case
(1) of Prob. 22.12 remains unchanged:
dV e
Vc
v
-+-
dt
2
3
Since there are three energy storage elements, we have three state variables-vc, v, and i L •
must have three independent equations governing tht: state variables. Thus,
diL
v =5 -
Vc -
diL
or
dt
v
At node 2:
-1--- =
or
dv
dt
Vc
2
dt
v
4' + 2
_
v
5
dv
dt + iL
5v _ ~
8
2
(3)
dt
22.14
diL
dt
dv
dt
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-6.
Fig. 22-6
I From Fig.
22-6:
.
-{ =
diL
L_VL+VC
4-
Therefore, we
(2)
dV e
Hence,
( 1)
4
V
L
=-
dt
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
diL
.
-=-1
Thus,
dt
-v e
L
or
and
dV e
dt
Thus,
22.15
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-7.
-
-
i,
i2
+
c
Fig. 22-7
I
From Fig. 22-7
dVe
1.
Cl
1.
C
dt
~
di l =
-=0--1 --I2
0
~dt [~~12. 1
or, in matrix form,
22.16
=
V
L,
dt
1
L,
1
Ll
_
e
RI
i,
L,
1
C
_ R,
L,
0
R2
L2
0
+0 _ ~
L,
1
C
[}[ -:~:l
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-8.
IV
4.f1...
Fig. 22-8
,
From Fig. 22-8:
0.5
0.25
diL
Tt
dVe
Tt
= -
=
.
-41L
.
1L
+ Vc
1-
or
Vc
+ -1-
or
Thus, the state equation becomes
d [iL]
dt Vc =
22.17
.
-=21
[-8-4 -42] + [0]4 1
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-9.
IV
Fig. 22-9
L
D
583
584
D
CHAPTER 22
I
From Fig. 22-9:
Hence,
22.18
Obtain the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22·1'J.
,(2..
~~I
ill< (B:;A
o. SF
10
Fig. 22-10
'------'---
I
1 dil.
10 Tt = vn
From Fig. 22-10:
diL
or
Tt
or
dt
=
dV el
dVC2
dt
or
lOvC2
+ 2VC2
= - 2V Cl
.
= -41 /. + 4vCI - 4VC2
+ (4)(5)
° -4lO][i 1+ [0]°
l
Hence,
22.19
-2
4
2
VC)
VC2
20
Obtain the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-11.
")./=
54
r~~-~
'3?>H
-4J"L
-
IOV
------'----L
I
Fig. 22-11
1
10
+3 c
3
dil.
dt
--=--v
From Fig. 22-11:
dv c
or
Hence,
or
22.20
d
"it
dt
[i]
[1
v: [0! ._l]l·i]
-;. v:. + :
=
y
A
y
1.
1
5
--v-21.8 C 4
-=-1
+
0][10]
-!
B
5
ii
A general approach to obtaining the state equations is to use planar graph theory.
following definitions are required.
To apply this technique, the
Tree: A set of branches that connects all nodes of the network but contains no loop. (More precisely, this
structure is called a spanning subtree.) The number of branches in a tree is one less than the number of nodes
in the network. Any tree provides a unique path between any two nodes. A given network may have a
number of distinct trees.
Cotree: The complement of a tree, that is, the set of all branches of the network that does not belong to the
given tree. A branch of the cotree is called a link (of the given tree).
If a tree is augmented by any single link, the resultmg structure has exactly one loop. From this fact, it can
be proved that the set of loops generated by bringing the links into the tree one at a time constitutes a basic set
of loops. The number of loops in a basic set equals the number of meshes in the network, and a basic set
shares with the set of meshes the property that any loop in the network can be constructed from loops belonging
to the set. On this basis draw the graph of the circuit of Fig. 22-12a.
I
See Fig. 22-12b.
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
D 585
b
L
....---4---~3
4
(b)
(a)
22.21
Fig. 22·12
Using the concepts of Prob. 22.20, the following procedure is used to write the state equation.
1.
In the graph corresponding to the circuit, choose a normal tree, one that contains all voltage sources and the
maximum possible number of capacitors. All current sources and inductors are left for the cotree.
Resistors may be in either the tree or the cotree. As far as possible, control voltages should also be in the
tree and control currents in the cotree.
2.
To each capacitor assign a voltage and mark its polarity; to each inductor assign a current and specify its
direction. These capacitor voltages and inductor currents are the state variables.
3.
Using KCL, write a node equation at each capacitor. Using KVL, write a loop equation for each basic
loop composed of an inductor link and a path in the normal tree.
4.
If resistor voltages occur in the KVL equations of rule 3, use KCL to equate VR / R to a sum of link currents.
Similarly, if resistor currents occur in the KCL equations, use KVL to set iRR equal to a sum of basic loop
voltages.
.
5.
Substitute the expressions of rule 4 into the equations of rule 3, thereby obtaining the state equation.
Apply the above procedure to obtain the state equation of the circuit of Fig. 22-7.
I
We proceed as follows:
1. Select a tree with all the capacitors and none of the inductors (Fig. 22-13a).
2.
Use the tree-branch capacitor voltage Vc and the link inductor currents i l and i2 as state variables.
reference direction for each state variable is shown in Fig. 22-13a.
3.
Write KCL for the capacitor at the + end.
C
dvc
.
.
Tt + 11 + 12 =
0
The
(1)
Write KVL for the basic loops indicated in Fig. 22-13b.
LI
i,
di l
-d + v R + Vs - Vc = 0
t
'
di2
L2 -dt + v R 2 - Vc = 0
(2)
(3)
V,
(b)
Fig. 22·13
586
D
CHAPTER 22
4.
In (1), only state variables occur, and no further si,mplification is needed.
U R, in terms of the state variables:
5.
Now (1), (2), and (3) become
dUe
1.
-d-t = 0 - C 11
1.
-
C 12
RI
I
Dc-
di2 = __
dt
I
-L
.
11
Us
+O--L
I
~I
Dc
In (2) and (3), express uR , and
I
+ 0 _ R2 i
L
~2
2
2
or, in matrix form,
{}
22.22
l
0
C
R1
LI
LI
0
L2
1
C
0
R2
L2
[l+fl
Similar to the classical solution of Prob. 22.9 and it:. solution by the Laplace transform method, we may also
solve the vector state equation by the Laplace transform method. Write the form of solution to
f= Ay+ Bu
I
In the transform domain we have
1'(s) = [si where
Ar 1/(0+) + [si -
[si- A]-I = ;{J(s) is the state-transition matrix.
y(t)::: eA1f(0!-) t
22.23
And
ArIBu(s)
;{J(t)=e A1 so that
J.'o e;(t-T) BU(T) dT
The equation det Isi - A 1 is called the characteristic equation, and its roots are known as the eigenvalues of A.
Find the eigenvalues of the circuit of Prob. 22.8.
R
L
1
C
s+ -
I
det Isi -
AI =
1.=0
or
2
si
or
R
L
1
s +-s+-=O
LC
LC
which are the natural frequencies of the circuit.
22.24
Find the eigenvalues for the circuit of Fig. 22-3.
I
From Prob. 22.10,
- I' 0
A=
- -1
Thus,
The eigenvalues are
22.25
det Isi - A I =
S" S2
1sI
=
~
s- +!
1-- 0
-3 ± -0f- 48
--12--
or
6s 2 + 3s + 2 = 0
.
= -0.25 ±JO.52
Determine the natural frequencies of the circuit of Prob. 22.11.
D
587
I The normal tree is shown in Fig. 22-14b, with the capacitor in the tree and the inductor in the cotree.
KVL,
By
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
I The natural frequencies are the eigenvalues which are given
s
2
1
1
s +-s+-=O
or
1
C
by
RC
LC
Thus,
22.26
Find the eigenvalues of the circuit of Prob. 22.14.
I The eigenvalues are given
by
Thus,
22.27
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-14a.
-
iL.
2H
40
t
+
Vc
IF
50
i,
(~)
(,,)
Fig. 22-14
diL + 51.
°
or
(1)
l -dt+ i L - i s +-=0
4
or
(2)
2 Tt
L -
Vc =
By KCL at the plus end of the capacitor,
dvc
Vc
Rewriting (1) and (2) in matrix form,
!!.- [ iL ] = [
dt
22.28
Vc
-2.5
-1
0.5 ][iL] [0]
-0.25
Vc
+ is
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-15a.
- ;1
-
12
;,
IH
2H
10
+
+
Vc-
2F
Vc
;2
V2
VI
V2
VI
(b)
(a)
Fig. 22-15
588
D
CHAPTER 22
I
The normal tree is shown in Fig. 22-15b.
By KVL in loop 1,
(1)
or
(2)
or
and in loop 2,
By KCL at the plus end of the capacitor,
2
dV e
.
.
Tt + '1 + '2 = 0
-d [~1'2
dt
1 [-0.5
=
0.5][
~1'2 1+ [-0.5V
1
-v
o
-2
0
-0.5
Vc
(3)
or
o
-O.S
1
]
2
0
Vc
Observe that the components of the forcing vector are not the forcing functions
combinations of these functions. Such will generally be the case.
22.29
v,(t) = Se -21
Given
V1
and v 2 ' but linear
in the circuit of Fig. 22-16a, obtain the state equation.
30
0.2 F
20
0.3 F
V.(I)
0.2 H
Fig. 22·16
(b)
(a)
I
It is clear that the two capacitors and the voltage source cannot all be placed in a (normal) tree.
Fig. 22-16b, the 0.2-F capacitor is assigned to the cotree. By KVL,
0.2
~dti
-
V
+ 2i = 0
di
dt
or
= - 10·1 + 5 V
Thus, in
(1)
By KCL at the plus end of the 0.3-F capacitor,
0.3
or, since
~~ +i-0.2~~v'd~v)
- v.;v =0
dv
2
2
- = -2i - - v - - v
dt
3
15'
v. = -2v.,
(2)
In matrix form, the normal equations are
!!.-[i]=[-lO
dt v
-2
22.30
5
-·2/3
][i]v + [-2v./15
0
]
A linear system is described by the matrix
A=
~ _~
!]
Use the power-series expansion to calculate the stat(: transition matrix at
I
From Prob. 22.9:
-
cf>(t)
= e A = I- + AI- -1- A 2
1
t
-
2
2!
t = 0.1 s.
3
-, t
+ A·
- + ...
3!
We will use only the first three terms to approximate 4>(0.1), because, as will become evident, higher-order
terms become insignificant for the given values.
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
A- t= [ -31 42](0 .1) = [0.1
-0.3
-2
--
[
1 2][
A =AA= -3 4
1 2] [(1-6)
-3 4 = (-3-12)
1 0.2]+[-0.025
,j;(0.1) = [01 0 ]+[_00 . 3
1
0.4
-0.075
Thus
22.31
0.2]
0.4
(2+8)]
(-6+16)
10]( 0.01) = [-0.025
10
2
-0.075
D 589
=
[-5
-15
10 ]
10
0.05]
0.05
0.05]=[ 1.075
0.05
-0.375
0.25]
1.45
Refer to Prob. 22.30. By means of the Laplace transform, find an exact expression for ,j;(t), and use it to check
the approximate calculation of ,j;(0.1).
I
,j;(t) === y-I[(si - A)-I]
We have
For the given matrix
A,
si - A === [ s ; 1
s -=-2 ]
4
and so
(1)
The inverse Laplace transform of the matrix (1) is obtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform of each
element. All elements have the same poles (the eigenvalues of A),
SI =
5.v15
2 + ] -2-
S2 ===
5.v15
2 - ] -2- = s~
Now,
where
SI) (
.)
51/2
(.ITF
- 4
] (SI - 4
e
v15
3. v15 )
cf>J1 ===.LCO-I[ S2 _s5s
+ 10 = 2s _ 5 e 1 + complex conjugate === v15 v 15 cos -2- t - sm -2- t
1
51/2
2
]
e
( . v15 )
S2 _ 5s + 10 === v15 4 sm -2- t
-I[
51/2
-I[ s2-5s+10
-3
] e
(
. v15 )
cf>21===y
===v15 -6sm2- t
51/2
-I[ s2-5s+10
s-l
]
e
(.ITF v15
. v15 )
cf>22===y
===v15 v15cos-2-t+3sm2- t
cf>J2 === Y
Substitu tion of
t === 0.1
gives
cf>(01)===[ 1.068
.
-0.384
0.256]
1.452
which shows that the approximation in Prob. 22.30 was quite good.
22.32
The differential equation of a certain electromechanical system is
y + 3y + 2y === f(t)
Use the state-variable method to obtain the complete response of the system to the driving force
(unit-step function), given the initial conditions
f(t) === u(t)
590
D
CHAPTER 22
I Choosing the state variables
state equation
x I === y,
X2
=
Y
and carrying out the reduction process, we obtain the matrix
The solution to the matrix state equation is now givt:n by
Only the first component of x(t) is of interest; thus,
x (t) = y(t) === [2e- 1- e- 2/ , e- I
I
-I
=== e - e
22.33
-
° ]dT
e- 2/ 1[Oj + j"1 [2e- U- T) - e- 2U - T), e-(/-T) - e- 2U - T)1[
1.
0
U(T)
r
-21
-2U-T)}(1) d _ 1 1 -21
+ Jo {-U-T)
e
- e
T- 2- 2e
Solve the state equations
di
4'I+-e
1
-===-
dt
subject to the initial condition
I
I
As
-I
2
dv= - 3 v+e - I
dt
Vis
i(O+) = 1 A and v(O+) === 2 V.
The equations in matrix form are
v
° -3O][i]+[~e:l]
vel
[ -4
0] (sJ- A)
- _I ,= [s + 4
!!.-[i]===[-4
dt
A- ===
Here
° -3
with
°
°
-I
s+3 ]
=
°
11
__
[
s+4
1
0
__
s+3
and
Consequently,
[
22.34
The
i(t)]===[ev(t)
A matrix
41
~]
°
for the circuit of Fig. 22-17 is
A=
[-'0.5
0.5
-2.5]
-3.5
Determine the eigenvalues.
I
[si_
A l=[s+0.5
- 0.5
det Isi Thus, the eigenvalues are
2.5]
s + 3.5
AI = (s + 0.5)(s + 3.5) + (2.5)(0.5) =
SI' S2 =
-3, -1.
S2
+ 4s + 3 = (s + 3)(s + 1) =
°
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
D
591
Fig. 22-17
22.35
The state equation of a second-order system is
Obtain the state-transition matrix in the s domain.
,
Since
A= [ _~ _~]
[sI _ A] = [
22.36
SI]
-s s +2
In the circuit of Fig. 22-2,
time domain.
I
R = 3 n,
[sI - A
and
L
r
I
=
1]s cf>(s)
-
2
1
[s+2
s + 2s + S -S
=
= 1 H, and C = O.S F. Obtain the state transition matrix in the
From Prob. 22.8:
A2=[ -67 -23]
The state transition matrix is now written
1 -33
1 -22
cf>(t) = I + At + 2f A t + 3! A t + ...
=
[1 2t3-t +3t 'it+ - t'it+ +.. ... .
-
72
53
~
2
-e-I + 2e= [ 2e- 1 - 2e- 21
21
22.37
3
-e- I + e- 21 ]
2e
-I
-e
-21
If the input to the circuit of Prob. 22.36 is a unit step and the initial state is zero, solve the state equation.
I
For a unit-step function applied at
('
t = 0,
the complete solution of the state equation for
f'[ ;:-(I-T)
-(I-T)+2 -2(I-T)]
_2:- (I-T) dT
i(t) = <I>(t)i(O) + )0 <I>(t - T)Bi(T) dT = <I>(t)i(O) +)0
t
> 0 is
2
or
where the state variables are
(1) becomes
(1)
Xl
= iL
_
x(t)=
22.38
x 2 = VC"
and
[
If the initial state of the network is zero,
e - I - e -21 ]
1-2e- l +e- 21
i(O) =
0,
t>O
The dynamic equations of a network may be written as
A--()
B-~)
X t + I\t
(1)
y(t) = Ci(t) + Di(t)
(2)
di(t) =
"Tt
where i(t) are the state variables, i(t) are the input variables, Y(t) are the output variables, and A, B, C, and D
are constant matrices. Write the corresponding equations for the circuit of Fig. 22-2 for a voltage input v(t).
592
D
CHAPTER 22
I The state equation is (see Prob. 22.8)
which corresponds to (1) above.
The output equation is
fj == 0
which corresponds to (2),
22.39
(or null matrix).
Obtain the A, 8, C, and fj matrices for the circuit of Fig. 22-18.
+
vIII
1/1
111
Fig. 22-18
I The state equations are
R~C
- [A=
1
Therefore
and
L
Since the output variable is also the state variable vI' the output equation is simply
and
22.40
Write the state equation for the circuit of Fig. 22-19.
and fj matrices.
C= [1 0]
fj = [0]
If the voltage across C2 is the output, find the..4,
+
R3
1/ III
C2
h
1/2
Fig. 22-19
8, C,
STATE VARIABLES METHOD
I
D 593
From Fig. 22-19,
dv I
V -
VI
VI -
v
V2 -
VI
C -=--+-I dt
RI
R2
dV 2
C2 (j(=
L
current through Cl
•
R;-2 -1 1
di l
di= v
current through C2
•
2 -
voltage across L
R3 1 1
Rearranging, these equations are written
1 ( 1
dVI
(j(
dV 2
A matrix
1)
+ R2
RI
1
dt
= C R
di l
1
2
di=r
The
Cl
= -
1
VI
1
C R v2
VI 2
2
2
1 .
-
C2
1I
R3 .
V2
-y l l
is now obtained from the coefficients associated with
1 ( 1
- Cl
A=
RI
1 )
+ R2
C I R2
VI' V 2 ,
0
1
C2R 2
C2R 2
C2
1
L
R3
0
The fj matrix is determined from the coefficients of V; that is,
Since the output variable is also the state variable
C = [0
Therefore the output equation is
1
+ C I R 2 v2 + CIR I V
V2 •
we have
1 0]
fj = [0]
L
and i l in the state equations.
CHAPTER 23
\\
Two-Port Networks~
23.1
A general two-port network is shown in Fig. 23-1a, for which we have
and
In (1) and (2) (ill' i 12 , iw i 22 ) are known as the impedance or i parameters.
parameters of the network of Fig. 23-1b.
-
11
Using this definition, find the i
,- ----- --- ---- -
---
I
1
---,
2 I
,,+
,
2
+
2
1
+
+1
I
I
I
Iv,
v·1
,
2
1
V2
I
L
2
_________________
t
,
~
(b)
Fig. 23-1
I The loop equations for Fig. 23-1b are
VI = (tA + tc)il + te l 2
Defining the coefficients of the currents in (1) and (2} above, the i parameters are
23.2
Draw the i-parameter circuit for the circuit of Fig. 23-1 b.
I See Fig. 23-2. Note that the i parameters are expressed in ohms and the i parameter model includes two
controlled voltage sources. The broken line joining the ports is included when a common connection is used.
11
--
1'-----------------,
I
1
2
1
+ I
I
+
I
v,
I
I
2
I _______________
L
23.3
I
I
Fig. 23-2
Establish experimental procedures to determine the i parameters of a two-port network.
I Refer to Fig. 23-3. From Fig.
From Fig. 23-3b:
23-3a:
V, =ZIJII
V2 = Z2JI 1,=0
VI
=
V2 =
Consequently,
594
I
~
il2i21
2'2)2 I, =0
TWO·PORT NETWORKS
Inpu
I'ort
· v·l'
1
']v.
2
2
1
D
595
Output
port
(a)
-
']v.
I 1 -0
·vr
2
1
Inpu
port
2
1
Output
port
(b)
Fig. 23·3
23.4
Determine the i parameters for the circuit shown in Fig. 23·4.
source.
The output port includes a controlled voltage
r---- --- ----- --,
I
I
an
1
211
2
I
I~
+
I
Output
V 2 port
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...J
Fig. 23·4
I Since the actual parameters of the circuit are known, and the circuit is relatively simple, the i parameters
may be determined by writing the two loop equations
VI
=
Simplifying,
[3 + (6 + j4)]il + [6 + j4]i2
VI
=
V2 - 2il = [6 + j4]il + [6 + j4]i2
V2 = [8 + j4]il + [6 + j4]I2
[9 + j4]il + [6 + j4]i2
Thus the i parameters are
i
23.5
ll
=(9+j4)!l
i I2 =(6+j4)!l
i 21 =(8+j4)!l
i 22 =(6+j4)!l
Draw the i-parameter model for the circuit of Fig. 23-4.
I See Fig. 23-5.
r -
I
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
I
+
+I
I
I
I
I
:(6+;4)1 2
I
~
~
1
12
-,
2 I
I
I
.
I
(8+;4)1 1 '
2
V2
l
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .JI
23.6
Fig. 23·5
The following open-circuit currents and voltages were determined experimentally for an unknown two-port:
VI = 1()() !.SE. V
VI = 30 !.SE. V
V2= 75 LQ::
V2= 50 !.SE.
V
I 2 =5LQ::
A
11 =
Determine the i parameters.
V
12.5 LQ:: A
12 =0
jl~o
596
D
CHAPTER 23
I
_
VI
ZII=-=-
_
Z21
23.7
=
= lOO = 80
30
= 5=60
=~=60
12.5
= 5 = 100
12.5
II
v2
-=-
II '2~()
50
Draw a i-parameter model for the circuit of Prob. 23.6.
I See Fig. 23-6.
r-------------,
1
2
I
I
.2
__
+
V2
IL
23.8
________
~
___
-1
Fig. 23·6
Determine the i parameters for the network of Fig. 23-7.
1,
~~
:-r,:
I /c./l.
+
~lc.rL
\t
I~
+
V~
Fig. 23·7
I The loop equations become
Thus,
23.9
Determine the i parameters of the general T network shown in Fig. 23-8.
Fig. 23·8
I Using the experimental procedure of Prob.
23.10
In a ~ network
23.3:
.21 = 3 &. 0, .22 = 4 /90° 0, 2:3= 3 / -90° O.
Find the i parameters.
I From the results of Prob. 23.9:
i
lI
== 3 !.J!. + 3 L-90° == 4.242 / -45°
i
l2
= i ZI =
i22
ZJ = 3 /-900 0
== 4 /90° + 3 /-90° = 1 /90° 0
n
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.11
Determine the i parameters of a T network having
I
2, = (3 + j2) n, 22 = 1 /-90°,
and
D
597
2, = (3 + j4) n.
Proceeding as in Prob. 23.10:
= 2, + 23 = (3 + j2) + (3 + j4) = 6 + j6 = 8.484 /45° n
i12 = i 21 = 2, = 3 + j4 = 5 /53.13° n
ill
i22 = 22 +
23.12
23 = - j1 + 3 + j4 = 3 + j3 = 4.242 /45° n
Draw the i-parameter model for the circuit of Prob. 23.10.
I
See Fig. 23-9.
X,
~
+
+
V,
_ _ _ _ _ _. L -_ _ _ _~_---_ _
-
23.13
Fig. 23-9
Draw the i-parameter model for the circuit of Prob. 23.11.
I
See Fig. 23-10.
1,
-+______-
_ _ _ _ _ _.1.-_ _ _ _
23.14
Fig. 23-10
Determine the i parameters of the network shown in Fig. 23-11.
II
--...
+
VI
•
""'" J'., 1
i)
212
+
-
VV'v
&
-12
(2+/3)0
SO
•
+
V2
Fig. 23-11
I
Writing the loop equations yields
V2 - 212 = - j611+ (2 + j3 - j6)12
VI = (5 - j6)11 + (2 - j6)12
V2 = (- j6)11 + (4 - j3)12
i l2 = (2 - j6) n
i 21 = (-j6) n
j6) n
and
i 22 =(4-j3)n
VI - 212 = (5 - j6)11 - j612
or
Hence,
23.15
il1 = (5 -
The following open-circuit currents and voltages were determined experimentally for an unknown two-port.
Measurements were made at 300 Hz.
598
0
CHAPTER 23
11
= 208.1 /54.8'
= 53.24 / -133°
= 133.1 /-at:
= 79.8 /25.54°
12~() = 10 &..
Determine the equivalent i parameters.
_
208.1 /54.8°
1O&..
'=2081/54.8 =(12+JI7)0
_
Z21=
133.1~.
zll=
I
0 '
1O&..
5324(- 133 0
Z12='
Z22
23.16
=
4~
°
.
=lJ.31/-133 =(-9.08-J9.73)0
'=1331/-133°=(-9.08-j9.73)0
79.8~
0 '
4 &..= 19.95 /25.54 = (18 + J8.6) 0
A 20-V 300-Hz source is connected to the input port of the circuit of Prob. 23.15 and a 10-0 resistor to the
output port. Draw the equivalent i-parameter modd.
I See Fig. 23-12.
Fig. 23-12
23.17
Determine the output current in the circuit of Prob. 23.16.
I From Fig. 23-12 we obtain
20+ jO= (12 + j17)II
Solving for
+ (-9.08 - j9.73,i2
0= (-9.08 - j9.73)II + (28 + j8.6)I2
12 yields
266.17 L±6.98"
12 = 450.17 &3.3~: = 0.59 /-16.37° A
23.18
Similar to the i parameters, we define the admittance or
11 = YIIVI + Y12 V,
Using this definition, find the
Y parameters
Y parameters by
12 = Y21 VI + Y22V2
(1)
of the circuit of Fig. 23-13.
+
I
+
I
Input
port
I
I
I
VI
2
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
V
Output
2 port
I
I
I
~
Fig. 23-13
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
D
599
I From Fig. 23-13 we obtain
i l = (YA + YB)VI - YBV2
(2)
Comparing (1) and (2) yields
23.19
Draw a y-parameter model for the circuit of Fig. 23-13.
I See Fig. 23-14.
r- - - - - - - - I
+
------~
1
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
+
I
Y21 VI
I
I
I
2
I
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -..JI
L
23.20
Establish experimental procedures to determine the
I Refer to Fig.
Y parameters
Fig. 23-14
of a network.
23-15a, from which
il=YllVlj
i2 = Y21 VI v,~o
From Fig. 23-15b:
il
=
Y12 V2j
i 2 =Y22 V2
V,-O
Consequently:
Input
port
vr
2
1
+t
I
2
Input
port
Output
port
V 2 -0
1
-t
I
2
1
+
VI -0
I
2
1
(a)
-
l
2
Output
port
(h)
Fig. 23-15
23.21
Determine the
Y parameters
for the circuit shown in Fig. 23-16a.
I
The Y parameters may be determined by writing the two node equations.
admittances,
lOO kfl:::} 10 J.LS
75 kfl:::} 13.33 J.LS
Converting the impedances to
50 kfl:::} 20 J.LS
Figure 23-16b shows the circuit expressed in terms of admittance.
il
Thus, the
=
[13.33 + 1O]10-6VI
Y parameters are
Yll = 23.33 J.LS
-
[1Oj1O- 6 V2
yn
= 30 IJ- S
600
D
CHAPTER 23
~1
l00kfl
2
AA
'V
+
~
~ 75kfl
VI
-
12
..
V2
50kfl
2
(a)
2
+
+
2
Fig. 23-16
(b)
23.22
Draw a y-parameter model of the circuit of Prob. 23.21.
I See Fig. 23-17.
+
+
Fig. 23-17
23.23
The following short-circuit currents and voltages wen! determined experimentally for an unknown two-port:
11 =3 mA
I1 = -1 mA
12 = -0.6mA
12 = 12mA
V2 =40V
VI
Determine the
I
24 V
11,=0
y parameters.
- = ~I
YII
-
Y21
23.24
=
VI
\
11,=0
= 0.003
24
12 \
=~
_ =
VI V,=O
= 125 J-tS
-0.0006
24
= -25 J-tS
Draw the equivalent y-parameter model of the circuil of Prob. 23.23.
I See Fig. 23-18.
2
+
+
125 liS
~
<~
I
2
Fig. 23·18
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.25
D
601
If a 100-V dc source is connected to the input port and a 5-kO load to the output port of the circuit of Prob.
23.23, determine the current and power drawn by the load.
,
With the circuit shown in Fig. 23-19 and
- Y21 VI = LY22
Substituting 100 for
VI'
+ 200 X
load and admittance
-( -25 X
1O-6]V2
and solving for
= 1/5000 = 200 /oLS,
6
6
1O- )VI = [300 X 10- + 200
we have
X
1O- 6 jV2
Y2 ,
25(100)
= 500Y2
Applying Ohm's law to the 5000-0 load,
f load
5
= 5000 = 1 mA
The power drawn by the load is
llood
2
+
+
Y12 V 2
100 V "'ji:
VI
Yu
~
(
~
~
V2
Y22
50000 (
Y21 VI
Fig. 23-19
2
23.26
Determine the current input from the 1OO-V source in the circuit of Fig. 23-19.
I The node equation for node 1 is
Substituting the known values of
il
23.27
Obtain the equivalent
-
YI
and
Y2 ,
and solving,
(-25 x 10- 6 )5 = (125 x 10- 6 )100
Y parameters
= 12.4 mA
for the two-port network of Fig. 23-20.
v,
1,
4000
il
n:
(
50000
vv
V'Z,. XL
$
20000
Fig. 23·20
I The node equations yield
i l = (250 + 2oo)1O- 6 YI - (200 X 1O- 6 )V2 = 450 X 1O- 6 YI - 200 X 1O- 6 Y2
i2 = -(200 X 1O- 6 )YI + (200 + 5(0) x 10 -6Y2= -200 X 1O- 6 YI + 700 x 10 -6Y2
Hence,
23.28
Yll
= 450 /oLS
Y12 = Y21 = -200 /oLS
and
Y2 = 700 /oLS
The Y parameters of a network are YII = 14 mS, Y12 = Y21 = -10 mS, and
input and a 100-0 resistive load at the output, draw the y-parameter model.
Y22 =
12 mS.
For a 50-V dc
I See Fig. 23-21.
'Sw
o·()IS
Fig. 23-21
602
23.29
D
CHAPTER 23
Calculate the current drawn by the load in the circuit of Prob. 23.28.
-
I
Yload =
J
i?- =,
1
lOO = 0.01 S
L
The node equation at node 2 is
-(-1OX1O~3)VI=(12X1O-3-+-0.01)V2
V2 = 22.73 V
Hence,
VI =50V
(given)
V2
22.73
i Joad = ~ = lOO = 0.2273 A
and
and
load
23.30
Determine the input current to the circuit of Prob. 2:'.29.
I
For node 1 we have
i l - (-10 X 1O-')V2 =
Since
23.31
VI = 50 V (given)
V2 = 22.73 V, from Prob. 23.29,
i l = - (0.01)(22.73) + (0.014)(50) = 0.473
and
A
What is the amount of losses in the circuit of Fig. 23·21?
I
23.32
14 X 1O- 3VI
Losses = input - output = (50){0.473) - (22.73)(0.2273) = 18.48 W
Determine the
y parameters
for the general I1 netw<>rk shown in Fig. 23-22.
_+__
~r,~~____I~_---r__~r~~__~
V,
Fig. 23·22
I
23.33
Using the experimental procedure of Prob. 23.20, from Fig. 23-22 we have
In a I1 network we have
Find the y parameters.
Y
I
= 0.2 X 10- 3 L!r S,
.Yl2 = Y21 =
I
Y22 =
23.34
Yz = 0.02 X 10- 3 /-90
-
Y2 =
0
S,
and
Y
3
= 0.25 X 1O~3 /900 S.
-(-jO.02)1O- 3 = (j0.02)1O~3
Y2 -+- Y3 = (-jO.02 -+- jO.25)1O~3 = jO.23 X 10- 3
Find the i parameters of the network of Fig. 23-23, and show that the network is not reciprocal, i.e., i l2
~
i 21 .
--WI.----,----'J::;----~
I~R_)__
~
v_,__________
I
By KVL we have
Hence,
Clearly,
23.35
Fig. 23·23
i 21 = aR2 -+- R3
il; ~ i 21
In Fig. 23-2 we have obtained a two-generator equivalent two-port network.
equivalent network corresponding to that of Fig. 23-2.
Obtain a one-generator
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
I
We add and subtract
il2l,
from (2) of Prob. 23.1.
D 603
Thus, (1) and (2) become
which are represented by the circuit of Fig. 23-24.
+
v
;2.
Fig. 23-24
23.36
The voltage-current relationships of a two-port network, of the type shown in Fig. 23-1a, are expressed as
VI
=
AV2 - Ell
11 = CVl
(1)
612
-
(2)
The parameters A, E, C, and 6 are known as transmission parameters. Notice that the negative signs
associated with EI2 and 612 arise from the assumed direction of 12, Develop experimental procedures to
determine these constants.
I
By open-circuit and short-circuit tests, as in Probs. 23.3 and 23.20, we have
~ = ~: 11
(3)
2 =0
(4)
(5)
(6)
23.37
Draw circuits to represent (3) and (4) of Prob. 23.36.
I
See Fig. 23-25.
+
+
A 13
+
a
c D
1)
Fig. 23-25
(1))
23.38
Express the i parameters in terms of the
I
Solving for
VI
and
V2 in
y parameters of a
two-port network.
(1) of Prob. 23.18 we obtain
-
V2 = -
Y21 Y11
.i +.i
Y
where
Hence,
Y
j2
=
-
j-
Z 21 1
-
+ Z 22
j2
604
23.39
D
CHAPTER 23
Express the ji parameters in terms of the i parameters of a two-port network.
,
Solving for
i, and i2 in
(1) and (2) of Prob. 23.1, we obtain
_
Hence,
i
'2
YI2=--=-
a,
where
23.40
For a two-port network show that
,
From Probs. 23.38 and 23.39 we obtain
(1)
(2)
Hence,
23.41
Express the
A, E, C, [)
parameters in terms of the i parameters for a two-port network.
From (1) and (2) of Prob. 23.1 and from (1) and (2) of Prob. 23.36 we obtain
,
A=~"
E=il.zZZ-iI2izl.
Z21
23.42
For a reciprocal two-port network show that
,
C=J-
Z21
Z2l
and
[)=~22
Z21
AD -- BC = 1.
From the results of Prob. 23.41 we obtain
Z lZ22 -
Zl2 Z 21
(Z21)2
since
23.43
i
l2
=
i 2l
for a reciprocal network.
Hybrid or h-parameter models of two-port networks include admittance and impedance parameters such that we
may write
V\ = h,J, + h\2V2
i2 = h2.i, + hnV2
Establish experimental procedures to determine the
,
23.44
(1)
(2)
J; parameters.
The h parameters are given by
Draw an h-parameter model of a general two-port nttwork.
, The general equations are (1) and (2) of Prob. 23.43, which are represented by the model shown in Fig.
23-26.
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
.- - - - - - - - I
1
- - - - - -
-
- -1
h"
2
+ I
I
h12 V2
I
I
h2111
f
I +
I
I
I
I
I
VI
h22
V2
I
f
I
I
I
2
I
I
--------------------I
23.45
D 605
Fig. 23-26
A two-port network containing a common-emitter transistor amplifier is connected to a 2-mV signal source and a
1O-k!1 resistor load as shown in Fig. 23-27a. The h parameters for the two-port are
h, = hl2 = 3.4 X 10- 4
hi = hll = 1.4 k!1
hf = h21 = 44
ho = h22 = 27 ILS
In the above we have used the following h-parameter descriptive symbols and names
hll = hi = short-circuit input impedance, !1
hf = short-circuit forward current ratio
hl2 = h, = open-circuit reverse voltage ratio
h21 =
h22 = h" = open-circuit output admittance, S
Draw the equivalent h-parameter model.
,
See Fig. 23-27b.
2
Transistor
network
lOkSl
2
(a)
-11
h,
+
+
IIf l l
VI
-
12
2
V,
ho
R10ad
2
Fig. 23-27
(h)
23.46
In the circuit of Prob. 23.45, determine the voltage across the load.
,
Using the circuit of Fig. 23-27 b, the loop equation for the input port is
VI - h,V2 = 11hi
The node equation for the output port is
Substituting the given parameters,
0.002 - 3.4 x 1O-4 V2
-44/1 = [27
X
=
1400/1
(1)
10- + 100 X 1O-6]V2
0
Ip and then substituting into Eq. (1):
1I = -2.886 X 1O-6V2
0.002 - 3.4 x 1O- 4 V2 = 1400(-2.886 X 1O-6)V2
(2)
Solving Eq. (2) for
V2 = -0.54 V
606
23.47
23.48
23.49
D
CHAPTER 23
,
,
Calculate the load current in the circuit of Prob. 23.45.
What is the voltage gain of the circuit of Prob. 23.45')
Av =
V2
VI
0.54
= -. 0.002 = -270
A 0.020-V 100-kHz source and a 2000-0 resistor load are connected to the respective input and output ports of a
certain common-emitter transistor amplifier. The parameters of the equivalent two-port are fill = 1.2 kO,
fi l2 = 0.001, fi 21 = 45, fi22 = 100 ILS. Determine the voltage across the load.
,
The circuit is similar to those of Figs. 23-26 and 2J-27.
Thus, for the input port, we have the loop equation:
0.02 - 0.001 V2 = 1200/1
For the output port the node equation is
-45/1 = (100
v, =
Solving for V2 yields
23.50
23.51
23.52
,
,
W- 6 + 500
X 1O-6)V2
--1.33 V
What is the load current in the circuit of Prob. 23.49'1
I 1.
-1.:.3
2001)
= ---- =
-666 r/lA
Determine the voltage gain of the circuit of Prob. 2:1.49.
Av
Obtain the current gain
,
A;
=
121/1
=
V2
1.33
= -66.65
VI = -- 0.02
for the circuit of Fig. 23-27.
By current division we have
= (lJfi!'.l!'.!~_ =
j
2
(l/fiJ -+- RL
A
or
23.53
X
12
I,
fii,
1 + hoRr.
fir
1 + hoRL
(1)
Obtain an expression for the voltage gain for the circuit of Fig. 23-27.
,
At the input port:
(1)
At the output pon:
(2)
Eliminating 11 from (1) and (2) yields
A = ~2 = ____ . .~-~firLR-,L,,---=~_
v V,
fi;{1-+-hoRL)-hrhrRL
23.54
In the circuit of Fig. 23-27 we have fi, = 10000,
Determine the current and voltage gains.
,
fir~' 4
X
10- 4,
fir
= 50,
From (1) of Prob. 23.52:
A=
50
, 1 + 25 x 10
From (3) of Prob. 23.53:
6
X
2000
=47.62
(3)
fio = 25 ILS,
and
R L = 2000 O.
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.55
D 607
The equivalent two-port network of a common-base transistor amplifier has the following parameters:
hi = 35 0, hI = -0.98, (= 260 X 10-°, ho = 0.3 ILS. Assuming a sinusoidal input voltage of I mY and a
load resistance of 10.0 kO, determine the voltage across the load.
,
Using the circuit of Fig. 23-27 b, the loop equation at the input port is
0.001 - 260 x 1O- oV2 = 35/ 1
The node equation at the output port is
-(-0.98)/1
=
(0.3
X
10- 6 + 100
X 1O-6)V2
V2 = 0.26 V.
Solving for V2 yields
,
What is the voltage gain of the amplifier of Prob. 23.55?
23.56
23.57
V2
0.260
Av = VI = 0.001 = 260
In Prob. 23.43 we have defined the
by
h parameters. The inverse of the h parameters is the g parameters defined
i1 = gll·C\ + gl/2
V2 =
g21
V1 -+
ill
(1)
i1
(2)
Establish experimental procedures to determine the g parameters.
I
The g parameters are obtained from open-circuit and short-circuit tests as given by
_
g12
.
23.58
11
= -1-
Iv ~O
2'
Draw a g-parameter model to represent (1) and (2) of Prob. 23.57.
,
See Fig. 23-28.
I,
+
+
V,
Fig. 23-28
23.59
Find the
ii parameters of the common-emitter connected transistor circuit of Fig. 23-29.
r
R,
I
•
V,
Fig. 23-29
,
For the input loop:
For the output node:
23.60
The input impedance of a network is defined by
impedance of the network shown in Fig. 23-30.
tin =
VII i 1 .
According to this definition, find the input
608
D
CHAPTER 23
hi
11';:
VI
,
~
h, V2
<h
+
hO
"~[
2
Fig. 23·30
Referring to Fig. 23-30, the loop equation for the input port is
VI - h,V2 = hll
(1)
The node equation for the output port is
-- -[-ho + --1]
-h/
I
= '/,
Zload
Solving for
V2
and substituting into (1):
V = -
.
fi/IZload
hoZload
2
- -fi/li loa d =h'/
--
V -h
+1
I
hoZl0ad
,
+1
I
I
Solving for VI'
V.
Z. = ~'. =/t.
Hence,
23.61
In
I.
h,h(Z10ad
I
hoZload
+1
The output impedance of any two-port may be determined from the ratio of output voltage to output current,
with the source voltage set to zero. That is,
Z
2
out
=V- !
1-2
e·
on
=0
In accordance with this definition, find the output impedance of the network shown in Fig. 23-31.
h,
11r;..
'J
~12
2
~
h, V2
>
V2
ho
Zlood
hIll
2
Fig. 23·31
, Referring to Fig. 23-31 where the source voltage is set to zero but the source impedance is maintained, the
loop equation for the input port is
- h 'vl= (hi +
is )i
(1)
l
The node equation for node 2 at the output port is
12 - 11,1, = hoV2
Solving for I" substituting into Eq. (1), and then rearranging the terms,
r-,..
V,
_----=:._
L'out 2
/[ -
1 - 1
ho
fi fi ]
fi + i
_~
I!.
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.62
D
609
Given the following two-port parameters:
hi = 1.4 kO
h, "" 3.0 X 10- 4
ii = 40
ho
I
Zgen = 1.2 kO
""
25 J.LS
Zload"" 15 kO
Determine the input impedance.
,
Z
In
23.63
4
h -
=
ii,iirZ'oad = 1400 _ (3.0 x 10- )(40)(15,000) = 12690
hoZload + 1
(25 x 10 6)( 15,000) + 1
,
Find the output impedance of the network of Prob. 23.62.
,
23.64
Z
l/[ii - hi_h,h(
]
+ Zs
=
out
4
= 1/[25 X 10- 6 _ (3.0
x 10- )40]
1400 + 1200
0
= 49 kO
Determine the voltage gain of the network of Prob. 23.62.
,
A =
_ -hI Zload _ _ _
v hi(hoZload + 1) - h,hlZload
-40(15,000)
1400[(25 x 10 6)(15,000) + 1] - (3.0 x 10 4)(40)(15,000) = -343.8
i\ and
0
The minus sign indicates a 180 phase shift between
23.65
What is the current gain for the network of Prob. 23.62?
A . = _ _ hI
, hoZload + 1
,
23.66
00
In
/[
-
,
100 x 10
-6
0.001( 45) ]
- 1200 + 1000 = 11.63 kO
Determine the voltage gain of the network of Prob. 23.66.
A =
v
-45(2000)
= -66.7
1200(100 x 10- 6 x 2000 + 1) - 0.001(45)(2000)
,
Find the current gain of the network of Prob. 23.66.
45
Ai = (100 x 10 6)(2000) + 1
=
37.5
Using the Ft parameters of Prob. 23.55 and assuming a source resistance of 800 0, determine the input
impedance.
,
Z
6
x 10- )(-0.98)(10,000)
(0.3 x 10- 6)(10,000) + 1
= 35 - (260
In
23.71
(0.001)( 45)(2000)
= 1250
(100 x 10 6)(2000) + 1 1
From Prob. 23.61:
Zout = 1
23.70
of the network if the source resistance is 1000 O.
What is output impedance of the circuit of Prob. 23.66?
,
23.69
Zin
From the result of Prob. 23.60:
Z = 12 -
23.68
40
= 29
(25 x 10 6)(15,000) + 1
Using the Ft parameters of Prob. 23.49, determine the
,
23.67
VI.
= 37540
.
What is the output impedance of the network of Prob. 23.70?
,
Z
out
=
1/[(0 3
.
x
10- 6) _ (260 x 10-°)(-0.98)] = 1 65 MO
35 + 800
.
610
23.72
23.73
23.74
D
CHAPTER 23
,
,
Determine the voltage gain of the network of Prob. 23.70.
_ _ _ _-,--_ _
--'-(-_0.9.3)(10,000)
= 260.3
Av = 35[(0.3 x 10 ")(10,000) + 11- (260 x 10 ")(-0.98)10,000
Calculate the current gain of the network of Prob. 23.70.
--0.98
Ai == 0.3 x 10 "(1-0,-00-0-)-+-1 = -0.98
The input, or the driving-point, impedance of the ladder network shown in Fig. 23-32 is given by
1
Zin = Z. + - - - -
(1)
Y2 +
Z3
+Y4
--
1
_
Z
+~
5
Y"
...
Apply this result to obtain the input impedance of the network of Fig. 23-33.
-
,
{/[- s+s+(lIs)
1]}
Zin=z,.=s+ 1
=
s" + 3s" +
s3+2s
1
Fig. 23·32
Determine the open-circuit transfer impedance, Z.2' of the network of Fig. 23-33.
23.75
Fig. 23·33
,
At the output node:
At node 3:
Hence,
23.76
Find the
z parameters of the
network of Fig. 23-34.
Fig. 23·34
,
23.77
Since
i.
and
i2
are not independent, the
z paraml!ters cannot be found.
y parameters of the network of Fig. 23-34.
Since i, = - i2 , from (1) of Prob. 23.18, with
Find the
,
112 = 0,
we obtain
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
With
V.
= 0,
_
1
Yll =
R
_
+
It;
,
1
= -
R
_
and
R
1
Y22=
R
V.
Since
..
Xa.
•
!"
't-
V~
Fig. 23-35
= V2:
with
i2 = 0
i •• = R
and
i 2• = R
with
i. == 0
i. 2 = R
and
i22 = R
Obtain the
,
23.80
= -
Determine the i parameters of the network of Fig. 23-35.
r.
23.79
1
Y2.
we have
Y21
23.78
_
and
Since
V.
y parameters
and
V2
of the network of Fig. 23-35.
are not independent, the
y parameters cannot
be found.
Find the i parameters of the network of Fig. 23-36 .
....
Fig. 23-36
2i. =(2+2+4)i=8i=2V2
and
-
V.
=
i ..
i. =0:
Find the
2
n=Z.2
(l)i. + 2(1. - i) = (1)i. + 2(1. - H.) =
Thus,
23.81
V2
11
z2.=-=-=2:=1
Thus,
V. ill
=
=
~
H.
n
or
y parameters of the
network of Fig. 23-36.
Fig. 23-37
-
V.
I. = 1 + 1 ==
V.
T
and
I.
_
1
V =Y •• =2:
•
and
S
12
_
I_
V = Y.2 = - 4" = Y21
•
D
611
612
D
CHAPTER 23
v. =0:
Hence
23.82
Verify that the results of Probs. 23.80 and 23.81 are correct by applying the formulas obtained in Prob. 23.39.
~z = Z•.z22 - Z12Z;. = (~)(2) - (1)2 = 4
,
_ _ Z22 _ 2 _ 1 S
Y •• - ~z - -4 - -2
Y22
-
-
= Y.2 = -
Y21
Z,.
=, ~- =
~
Z.2
uA
=-
1
-4 S
z
5
"4 = 8" s
z
23.83
Verify the result of Prob. 23.40 for the circuit of Fig. 23-36.
,
It is to be verified that
( ~ )( ! ) =
23.84
Find the
, 12 =
z parameters of the network of Fig.
I.
0:
Eliminating
V.
23-37.
= 1.5V. - 0.5V2
yields
-81. = 2.5V2
Eliminating
V2
yields
-[=
z ••
= 0:
or
23.85
or
_
Thus,
I.
Determine the
y parameters
V.
=
Z22
= ~
2.5V.
l
= --
!V2
0
23
= -0.40
I z = V2(~ + t)= ~V2
;:'2=O)(n=0.40
= V.(1.5)
Y•• =1.5
Thus,
z2.=-3.20
of the network of Fig. 23-36.
I.
and
Y21 = 4
.v12 = -0.5
V. =0:
or
23.86
,
Y22
= -0.5
Verify the results of Probs. 23.84 and 23.85 by applying the results of Prob. 23.39.
~z = (-0.4)( ~) -- (-3.2)(0.4) = 0.8
_
1.2
Yll =
23.87
(2)( i) = ~
Find the
0.8 = 1.5 S
_
0.4
Y.2 = - 0.8 = -0.5 S
z parameters of the circuit of Fig.
3.2 4
Y2. = 0.8 = S
and
0.4
0
Y22 = - 0.8 = - .5 S
23-38.
Fig. 23·38
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
,
12 = 0:
Referring to Fig. 23-38,
- V.
(2+1)(I-4V.)+V.
I = I. - 2 = - ---'-'--1-'-'-----'-
-
-3 ( 1.-
or
V.
2
-)
-
-
-4V. +V.=I.-
_
Thus,
z ••
=
V.
i =
•
- = (-I. - 2"
9V.) (1) = 1.(1- ~
V2
V.
2
or
15V. =4i.
4
15 0
X
i. =0:
V2 V2 - 3(i2 - 5V211)
12 - T =
2
Thus,
i22 = 21i2 =
_
-&)
Z
2.
V2
1
=-=-=--0
I.
5
or
v
fs 0
or
23.88
A ladder network is shown in the s domain in Fig. 23-39.
/'a.s
f, Vs
~I
11
Fig. 23-39
=! + -:-1"-.[1""""+--'(""""711.,-2-=,s
s
1 + 1 + (11 2s)
_
2s
_
Z.2 = 4s + 1 = Z2.
Similarly,
and
y parameters of the network of Fig. 23-39
2
ii --Z - -c )2_(2s +5s+1)(2s+1)
Obtain the
llZ22
z-
y••
Z.2
-
s(4s+1)2
=~22=(2S+1)
.:lz
4s+1
s(4s+I)2
1252 +75+1
- = - = _ i. 2 = _ 2s [
Y2.
ii z
(4s+1)
Y.2
_
Y 22
and
23.90
V'J,
)-!,-J
••
,
.,.
Proceeding as in Probs. 23.74 and 23.75, we obtain
i
23.89
..,,1,.
},
l'
v,
,
Find the i parameters.
Determine the
..4, B, C,
i..
= -=- =
.:lz
=
2S2 + 5s + 1
s( 4s + 1)
_
2s + 1
Z22 = 4s + 1
from the results of Prob. 23.88.
45 2
(45+1)2
=
1252 +75+1
5(45+1)2
s(25+1)(4s+l)
1252+75+1
s(4s + 1)2 ] = _
12s2+75+1
(2s 2 + 5s + l)s(4s + 1)2
s(4s + I) 12s2 + 7s + I
25 2(4s + I)
1252 + 75 + I
(4s + I) (2s 2 + 5s + I)
12s 2 + 75 + I
and fj constants of the network of Fig. 23-40.
2./",
I,
+
v,
Fig. 23-40
D
613
614
0 CHAPTER 23
- (1 + -2)-1 .- 1-
V1 =
1
or
1
S
- (
VI [1.5 + (2Is)]
= 0.5 + (5Is) + (4Is2)
V,s(1.5s + 2)
+ Ss + 4
=
C=
-
2
VI
(sI3)+3
2V1
s+6
1
-
B=
23.91
Verify that
I
AD - BC =
l.
=-
,= V
,
1
1
VI
12
~
s +- 6
2
=
V1(s" + 6s + 8)
2(s + 6)
V I (/+8s+8)
2(s + 6)
- 11
S2 + 8s + 8
D= ~= - ' 2 c - - 12 S + 6s + 8
2(s + 6)
S + 6s + 3
= -2-----
1 for the circuit of Fig. 23-40.
From Prob. 23.90 we have
AD _ BC = (0.5s" + Ss + 4) (s"!:.~~.2:~ _
(0.5s 2 + 3s + 4) (S2 +- 6s + 8)
23.92
V1(0.5s" + 3s + 4)
2
0.5s + Ss + 4
11 = s(1.5s +2)
V2 0.5s 2 + 3s + 4
(!.2 + s_4_)
+6
=V(!.+l-'-'~-)=
1
-
V2 =
O.5~2
Hence,
V=
2)-
0=-/1+1.5+~1
1
s(1.5s + 2)
= 1
2(s + 6)
2
(/ + 6s + 8) (0.5s + 3s + 4)
Find the hybrid parameters h11 and h21 for the circuit of Fig. 23-41 (which represents a transistor).
I,
+
'V,
v...
R2.
Fig. 23·41
-
(1- a)/IR,R,
V= --
" .
R2 + R,
h = VI =R + (l-a)!!.l~~ = R 1 (R 2 +R,)+(1-a)R"R,
11
11
h
23.93
Find the
i
parameters
i12
and
i22
R2 + R,
1
21
= -
R2 + R3
(l-a)R2
(aR3+R2)
a - - - - - - - = - -'--:::-"-___-=..:..
R2 + R3
R2 + R3
for the circuit of Fig. 23-41.
I
23.94
Determine the input impedance, in terms of the i p~rameters, for the circuit of Fig. 23-42.
vs
Fig. 23-42
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
0
615
I
Thus,
Find the output impedance for the circuit of Fig. 23-42.
23.95
I
First, we set
Vs
= O.
Then,
-
I
=
I
-il,l,
- -
and
Rs + ill
Thus,
23.96
Calculate the input impedance of the circuit of Fig. 23-36.
I
From Prob. 23.80,
ill = ~ 0.,
i l2 = 1 = i 21 ,
and
The source impedance is 2 0., and
i22 = 2 0..
ZL
= 20..
Thus,
_ 5
(1)2
Zi = 2 - 2 + 2 = 2.250.
23.97
What is the output impedance of the circuit of Prob. 23.96?
_
(1)2
I
Zo = 2 - 2 + 2.5 = 1.780.
23.98
Express the i parameters in terms of the fi parameters of a two-port network.
I
We rewrite (1) and (2) of Prob. 23.43:
12 =
VI = hllII + h l2 V2
fi 2Jl + fi 22 V2
h22 h12 11 = --- VI - --12
Solving for 11 :
I:1h
I:1h
(1)
or
where
In terms of i parameters:
(2)
Comparing (1) and (2) yields
Similarly,
23.99
t.. h/fi22
ill
=
i
= -fi21/h22
21
and
and
i)2 = fi 12 / fi22
i22 = 1/h22
Find the i parameters of the circuit of Prob. 23.54.
I
fill = fii = 10000.
t..h
fi 21 =
hf
= 50
fi l2 = fir = 4 X 10-
4
fi22 = fia = 25 ILS
6
= (1000)(25 X 10- ) - (50)(4 X 10 -4) = 5 X 10- 3
5xlO- 3
4xlO- 4
_
Zll = 25
6 = 2000.
i l2 =
6 = 160.
xlO
25xlO50
_
1
4
Z21=-25XlO-6=-2Mo.
and
z22=25XlO 6=4 x lO 0.
616
23.100
0 CHAPTER 23
Determine the i parameters of the network of Prob. 23.62.
~h = (1.4 x 10-')(25 x 10-') -- (3 x 10- )(40) =23 x
I
ill
Z21
23.101
=
920 n
i
=
3xlO- 4
25 x 10 6
_
and
= -1.6 Mf!
6
12
= 120
1
= 25 x 10
Z 22
4
6
= 4 X 10 0
Verify the result of Prob. 23.62, using the i paramelers obtained in Prob. 23.100.
6
i
=i -
il1i21
i22
11
on
+ ZL
=920+
(12)(1.6 x 10 ) =12690
4 X 10 4 + 15 X 10 3
Verify the result of Prob. 23.63, using the results of hob. 23.100.
I
23.103
23 X 10-3
5
6
2 x 10
=
40
25 x 10
=-
I
23.102
10- 3
4
ZOU!
= Z 22 -
ipi'l
-
-
RS+ZII
4
= 4 >:
10 +
(12)(1.6 X 10")
1.2 x 103+920
=
49 kO
Find the ii parameters of the circuit of Fig. 23-43.
tXII.~t=u
r.,
'-
I I RI
"'"
-+-"""'--+---\
..,.
'/es-+
fl.
V,
'
V,.
1-
Fig. 23-43
- _-[(1-a)R"j_-[R I +R I R 2Cs+(1-a)R 2
VI-/IRI+/ I 1+R Cs -/1
1+R Cs
2
2
VI
Hence,
-
I1 =h'l
=
]
~~=!~IR2CS + (1 - a)R2
1+R 2 Cs
Similarly,
23.104
Determine the parameters
ill
and
i'2
for the circuit of Fig. 23-43.
I
23.105
by current division
Find the i parameters of the network of Fig. 23-44a.
-I-
V,
j~,T
( "')
I
1,
R
~
-:~
\II
i
R,
tt)
R,
~
~t
v I-
Fig. 23-44
(from symmetry)
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.106
617
Find the i parameters of the network of Fig. 23-44b.
I
23.107
0
From the results of Prob. 23.9 we have
Under what condition would the two networks of Fig. 23-44 be equivalent to each other?
I
For equivalence the i parameters of the two networks must be the same.
23.105 and 23.106 we must have
Ry
Hence, from the results of Probs.
= ~Rd
which is identical to the wye-delta equivalence condition.
23.108
Consider the circuits of Figs. 23-8 and 23-13. Find the conditions under which the IT network of Fig. 23-13 will
be equivalent to the T network of Fig. 23-8.
I
For Fig. 23-8:
Solving for
11 and 12 yields
(1)
(2)
where
Xz = 7.17.2 + 7.27.3 + Z3 Z 1'
For Fig. 23-13:
(3)
12 =
-
YBV1+ (YB+ Ye)V2
(4)
Comparing (1) and (3), and (2) and (4), yields
and
23.109
Find the conditions under which the T network of Fig. 23-8 will be equivalent to the IT network of Fig. 23-13.
I
For Fig. 23-13:
Xy = YAYB+ YBYe + YeYA.
Fig. 23-8:
VI = (7. 1+ 7.3)i1+ t/2
where
For
For equivalence, therefore,
and
23.110
Obtain the i parameters for the network of Fig. 23-45a.
'1.tl..
,- -- -- ",1,- --
--I
I
I
: l.s.Jl..
•
,,
, 1ft
0
,12-:
I,
I,
C")
I
Fig. 23-45
First, we obtain the equivalent T circuit of Fig. 23-45b. Then, we use the result of Prob. 23.1.
ill = 3.5 n, i 2l = i12 = 2 n, and i21 = 5 n. (Note construction by dashed lines in Fig. 23-45b.)
Hence,
618
23.111
0 CHAPTER 23
Repeat Prob. 23.110 by converting the T network te •.in equivalent IT network.
I The construction is shown by the dashed lines in Fig.
23-45b, from which we obtain the circuit of Fig. 23-46,
from which:
ill
=
~II_
1I
=
l,zO
(15.75)(4.5) =3.5H
15.75 + 4.5
i
and
~21_
=
22
= (6.75+4.5)9 =50
9+6.75+4.5
121,zc
Fig. 23-46
23.112
For the lattice network of Fig. 23-47, find the i parameters.
Fig. 23-47
I
i
Hence,
23.113
Find the
=
21
y parameters of the
~21
",
II i,"o
8- 4
2
=
20
=
i
12
network of Fig. 23-47.
I
from Prob. 23.112
_
i22
6
3
_
Yll = X = 32 = 16 = Y22
_
z
23.114
Verify that
2' 21
Y 12 =.- --.i
2
1_
= - -32
= - -16 = Y 21
from symmetry
illYll - i 22 Y22 = 0 holds for the circuit of Fig. 23-47.
I From Probs. 23.112 and 23.113:
23.115
Find the
.4, B, C, and D parameters for the network of Fig. 23-47.
-
I
1
C = -::Z21
Obtain the
I
6
zl2
2
- X 32
B= -;::-'- = - = 16
Z21
1
= - = 0.5
a.nd
2
AD - BC =
Check:
23.116
i22
A=-::-=-=3
ii parameters of the
-
2
6
i22
D=-::-=-=3
Z21
2
(3)(3) - (16)(0.5) = 1
network of Fig. 23-4 7 .
ii = ~ = 32 = ~~
II
i22
6
3
h
i
2
6
1
3
= - -21= - - = - 21
i22
TWO-PORT NETWORKS
23.117
_
1
gll =
_
g21
1
_
g)2
i 11 = (;
=21
2
= -
~2
i
2
1
= - (; = -
3
11
1
= i 11 = 6 = 3
and
~z
_
g22
32
16
= i 22 ="6 ="3
The network of Fig. 23-47 is connected to a source having a 2-0 internal resistance, and a 4-0 load is connected
across the output port. Determine the input impedance.
I From the results of Prob. 23.94,
23.119
619
Determine the g parameters of the network of Fig. 23-47.
I
23.118
0
Determine the output impedance for the circuit of Prob. 23.118.
I From the result of Prob. 23.95:
i -
0-
=
22 -
R=12=21
+ = =6 s
11
2(2+)26
= 5.5 0
~
CHAPTER 24
Review Problems~
Note:
24.1
In this chapter we review the topics presented in the preceding chapters.
specific order.
A pair of conductors accumulate a 25-nC charge ",hen they are connected across a 240-V source.
the capacitance.
q
2.5
X
Determine
10- 9
C= - =, - - - - = 104 f.tf.tF
V
240
I
24.2
The problems are not arranged in any
An RC series circuit, having R = 10 kO and C = 150 f.tF, is connected across a 13.2-V battery, at t = O.
Determine the voltage across and the current through the capacitor at t = 0, if the capacitor was initially
uncharged.
I
Since the capacitor acts as a short-circuit at
t = 0,
V
13.2
i (0 ) = -- = - - - -3 =0.132 mA
24.3
R
+
C
10
X
10
Determine the steady-state charge in the capacitor. and the voltage across it, in the RC circuit of Prob. 24.2.
Also, find the voltage across the resistor.
I
Vs> =
Vbatte,y
= 13.2 V
q" = 150 x 10 -" x 13.2 = 1.98 mC
24.4
Three capacitors having capacitances 125 f.tF, 65 IotF, and 425 IotF are connected in series.
capacitance?
C1e
I
24.5
6( 1251 -- 651 + 4251)
C,' = 38.9 J.I. F
If the capacitors of Prob. 24.4 are connected in parallel, what is the equivalent capacitance?
I
24.6
= 10
Ce = 10- 6 (125 + 65 + 425) = 615 f.tF
Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit of Fig. 24-1.
IOL.J--l
--~L
-L
--!
t,.7~rr:.
Fig. 24-1
I
Ce,pmllel
1
C = 10
e
620
= 650 x
10 -, + 0.75
X
6( 101 + 1.4
1
1)
6
+ 5 = 1.014 x 10
10- 6
or
= 1.4 X
10- 6 F
10- 6
Ce = 1.014 = 986 nF
What is the total
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.7
A 100-V battery is connected across the terminals ab of the circuit of Fig. 24-1.
10-/-LF capacitor.
I
Charge, q = CV = 986 x 10- 9 (100) = 98.6 /LC.
For capacitors in series, the charge must be the same.
24.8
Obtain the voltage across the
6
- - - - ; 6- =
10 X 10-
9
.86 V
What is the voltage across the parallel-connected capacitors in the circuit of Prob. 24-7?
Thus,
24.9
621
Thus,
98.6x 10-
q
V10 "F = 10 X 10- 6
0
Vpaullel
=
98.6 X 10- 6
1.4 x 10 6 = 70.43 V
Determine the voltage across the 5-/-LF capacitor in the circuit of Prob. 24.7 by applying KVL.
same result is obtained from charge calculations.
Verify that the
I From Probs. 24.7 and 24.8, by KVL
V5
+ 70.43) = 19.71 V
= 98.6 X 105"F
5xlO 6
6
V
Otherwise:
24.10
= 100 - (9.86
"F
=
19.72 V
Express 0.0025 m 2 in mm 2•
I
24.11
Express the following voltages in engineering notation:
0.000 000 056 2 V; 0.000001 7 V; 0.084 V.
4000 V; 58,000 V; 735,000 V; 6,875,000 V;
I
Engineering notation
3
4000 V = 4 X 10 V
58,000 V = 58 X 10 3 V
735,000 V = 735 X 10 3 V
6,875,000 V = 6.875 X 10 6 V
0.000 000 056 2 V = 56.2 X 10- 9 V
0.000 0017 V = 1.7 X 10- 6 V
0.084 V = 84 X 10- 3 V
24.12
=0
=0
=0
R = 400 MO = 400
X
10 6 0
V = 24 kV = 24
X
10 3 V
Use
V
24 x 10
1= - =
R
RH = 0.0100[1 + 0.00393(80 - 20)]
(Ohm's law).
3
400 x 10 6
= 60 x 10
-6
= 60 /-LA
RH = 12.4
X
10- 3 0 = 12.4 mO
Determine the resistance of the cable in Prob. 24.13 if it is cooled to -50°C.
0.0100 = RL {I + 0.00393[20 - (-50)]}
24.15
I = VI R
The resistance of a certain annealed copper cable is 10.0 mO at 20°C. During normal current-carrying
operations the cable temperature rises to 80 cC. Determine its resistance at the operating temperature. The
temperature coefficient for annealed copper is 0.00393.
I
24.14
=0
Determine the current I in a 400-MO resistor when 24 kV is applied.
I
24.13
=4kV
=58kV
735 kV
=6.875MV
56.2 nV
1.7 /-LV
84 mV
Express the following voltages in engineering notation:
I
X
10- 3 = 7.84 mO
10,000 V; 0.000005 V; 500 V; 0.00012 V; and 50 V.
10,000 V 10 X 10 3
0.000005V=o5 x 10- 6
500 V
0.00012 V = 120 X 10- 6
50V
=0
RL = 7.84
= 10 kV
=5/-LV
= 500 V
= 120 /LV
= 50V
622
24.16
0 CHAPTER 24
What is the resistance of a 2-m-long aluminum wire having a diameter of 10 mm.
2.826 x 10- 8 0. m.
e
R= L =
A
I
24.17
-8(2)
.826 x 10
= 719
78.54 x 10 6
Calculate the resistance of an annealed copper bus of !iength 10 ft and cross section
of the material is 10.3710· cmillft.
I
24.18
2
The resistivity of aluminum is
6
I
cmil = 1.273 A(lO ) = 1.273 ( '2 x 6)10
6
3.819 x 10
=
A piece of wire has a resistance of 11 0 at 20°C.
= 0.00393.
pe
6
R= A =
X
10- 6 = 719
f..I.
0
t in by 6 in, if the resistivity
10.371(10)
3.819 x 10
6 = 27 f..I.O
What is its resistance at 40 °C if the temperature coefficient
Cl'
I
24.19
R40 = R2o [1 + Cl'( 40 - 20) 1= 1111 + 0.00393( 40 - 20)] = 11.80
Determine the conductance of each of the following resistors: 250, 60 kO, 1.2 MO.
I
G=
2~
=0.040S
G = 60 ~OO = 16.667
,
G=
24.20
X
1
== 833
1.20 x 10 6
The resistance of a conductor is 800 at 40°C.
X
6
10- S = 16.7 f..I.S
10- 9 S = 833 nS
What is its resistance at 20 °C if
Cl'
= 0.OO39?
I Proceeding as in Prob. 24.18,
R 40 = 80 = R 2o l1 + 0.0039(40 - 20)]
Thus,
24.21
R 20 =, 74.2 0
A copper coil has a resistance of 1620 at 60°C.
= 0.00393?
What is the percent decrease in resistance at 20 °C if
Cl'
I
R60 = 162 = R 2o [1 + 0.00393(60 - 20)]
Percent decrease =
24.22
162 -140
---~
or
R 20 = 1400
x 100 = 13.58%
Determine the resistance of a 564-m-long aluminum conductor of cross section 40 mm by 20 mm.
8
= 2.826 X 10- 0. m.
Given:
PAl
2.826 x: 10- 8
R = 0]'4 )(0.02 x 564 = 0.02 0
I
24.23
A copper bus has a cross section of 0.5 in by 6.0 in. Calculate the area in circular mils (cmil).
I
24.24
cmil = 1.273A(10 6 ) = 1.2730 x 6) 106
If the bus of Prob. 24.23 is 200 ft long, what is the resistance?
I
24.25
Given:
X
106
P = 10.371 O· cmillft.
10.371(200)
Tiz)(1Q6 = 543 f..I.O
A 30-m-long conductor, of cross section 20 mm by 200 mm, has a resistance of 212 f..I.O.
conductivity of the material?
I
24.26
R=
=3.82
R=~
aA
or
e
30
6
a = RA = 212 x 10-6(20 x 200)10-6 = 35.38 x 10 S/m
What is the area in circular mils of a 4.0-in-diameter round wire?
I
What is the
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.27
A 4·in·diameter wire is 1000 ft long.
R - 17(1000) - 06
- 16 x 10 6 - 1. mD.
Determine the area of cross section of a 30·m·long conductor having a 212·/-LD. resistance if the resistivity of the
.
material is 2.826 x 10- 8 .0.. m.
A =
I
pe =
R
R
2.826 x 1O- (30) = 0.004 m2
212 x 10- 6
24.29
Calculate the conductance of the following resistors: 50 kD.; 465 D.; 0.018 D.; and 0.0004 D..
1
1
1
1
I
G 1 = 50,000 = 20 /-LS
G2 = 465 = 2.15 mS
G 3 = 0.018 = 55.6 S
G 4 = 0.0004 = 2500 S
24.30
Determine the resistance of the following conductances:
I
24.31
623
Determine its resistance if the resistivity of the material is 17.0. . cmillft.
I
24.28
0
1
0.0041 S; 3.25 S; 180.55 S; and 1000 S.
1
RI = 0.0041 = 244.0.
1
R2 = 3.25 = 0.308 .0.
1
R4 = 1000 = 0.001 .0.
R3 = 180.55 = 5.5386 mD.
Connect twelve 6·Y batteries to obtain a 12-Y output.
current rating of the connection?
If each battery can deliver 5 A of current, what is the
I The connection is shown in Fig. 24·2. Since each parallel path can deliver 5 A, and we have 6 paths, the
total current rating is
6 x 5 = 30 A.
+
6V
+
12 V
+
6VT
0
24.32
Fig. 24·2
Repeat Prob. 24.31 for an 18-Y output connection.
I See Fig. 24-3. Current rating = 4 x 5 = 20 A.
+II~
+II~r----+~IIt----,
6V
6V
6V
+II~
1
6
+~III-----+.,.~I,t------.
+1111
+~II1-------f+IIII---~
'V
6V
61~
6V
6V
6V
+~II----'-1+IIIt----i
+1111
6V
6V
6V
+
-
Fig. 24·3
18V
24.33
Repeat Prob. 24.31 for a 36-Y output connection.
I See Fig. 24-4. Current rating = 2 x 5 = 10 A.
+ I11
6V
+III~III
6V
6V
+ ~
6V
+1111
6V
+1111
6V
+1111
6V
+1111
6V
+II~
+~II
6V
6V
+
36V
Fig. 24·4
624
24.34
D
CHAPTER 24
Verify that the power rating of the battery connections in Probs. 24.31 through 24.33 does not change with the
type of connection.
I
24.35
Power for the three connections = 12 x 30 = 18 x 20
= 36 x
10 = 360 W.
Design a series·parallel arrangement of forty 6·V batteries to obtain an output of 24 V.
I Since each battery is rated at 6 V, the number of series·connected batteries per branch required to obtain
24 V is
4
26 = 4 batteries per branch
The number of parallel branches is
40
'0 branches
4
Thus, the required arrangement is 10 parallel branches, each containing 4 batteries in series.
24.36
How much current will be supplied by each battery of Prob. 24.35 if the "arrangement" is connected across a
4·0 resistor?
I
Since the "arrangement" has 10 parallel paths,
24.37
Find the resistance of each resistor from the data of Fig. 24·5.
~4
12 V
18 V
V
114 V
DC
Fig. 24-5
een.
I
As indicated in the diagram, a current of 6 A is passing through each of the resistors, and the voltages
measured across RI' R 2' and R 3 are 12 V, 24 V, and 18 V, respectively. From Ohm's law,
VI
12
R =-=-=20
I
24.38
I
2
A 240-V dc source is connected to an 8-0 resistor.
three different power formulas.
I
p =
~2
=
(2~0)2
18
R 3 = -6 =30
R = 24 =40
6
6
Determine the heat power expended in the resistor, using
= 7200 W
V 240
1= - = =30A
R
8
P = VI = (240)(30) = 7200 W
24.39
Which of the following combinations of current and time will result in the greater expenditure of heat energy in
a 0.50-0 resistor: 150 A for 1 s, 60 A for 3 s, or 25 A for 40 s?
I
Combination
150 A, 1 s
60 A, 3 s
25 A, 40 s
WR = (150)\0.5)(1) = 11,250J = 3.13 W· h
W R = (60)"(115)(3) = 5400 J = 1.50 W· h
W R = (25)\115)(40) = 12,500 J = 3.47 W· h
--------------------
The 25-A 40-s combination will result in the greater expenditure of heat energy.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.40
Figure 24-6 shows a plot of the voltage impressed across a 10-0 resistor.
expended by the resistor in 8 s.
t
WR = Pt = V~
R
I
WR =
40
I
.IS 30
Cl
> 20
f--21
t
'11
10
(30)2(2)
10
+
(40)2( 4)
(10)2(2)
10
+ 10
W
R
D 625
Determine the total heat energy
=
180
+
640
+
20
=
840 J
.
-21i
0
24.41
4
2
6
8
11111t
Fig. 24-6
Obtain a series-parallel arrangement of fifty 12-V batteries to provide a 120-V output.
120 = 10 b attenes
. .m senes.
.
I 12
~
..
0
.
.
10 = 5 parallel branches each contammg 1 senes-connected battenes.
24.42
Repeat Prob. 24.41 for thirty-six 6-V batteries to provide an output voltage of 18 V.
18
I 6
336 =
24.43
.,.
= 3 battenes m senes.
.. 3 b
..
.
12 parallel branches each contammg
attenes m senes.
A 6-V battery, a 12-V battery, and a 360-0 resistor are connected in series.
circuit if the battery voltages are additive.
12 + 6
1=--=50mA
360
I
24.44
Repeat Prob. 24.43 if the battery voltages are subtractive.
12 - 6
1=~=17mA
I
24.45
Determine the voltage required to pass a 150-/-LA current through a lO-MO resistor.
I
24.46
R=
420
16 X 106 = 26.3 /-LA
Determine its resistance.
V2
P = 12R = If
V2
P =
R=
or
A soldering iron consumes 6 kW' h energy in 12 h at 120 V.
I
24.49
V
1=
An electric heater draws 2000 W at 100 V.
I
24.48
V= RI = 10 x 10 6 x 150 X 10- 6 = 1500 V
How much current must flow through a 16-MO resistor to obtain 420 V across it?
I
24.47
Determine the current through the
6000 = P(12)
or
P
(100)2
2000
= 50
What is the power rating of the soldering iron?
= 6000 = 500 W
12
How much current is drawn by the soldering iron of Prob. 24.48?
I
P= VI
or
I
P
=
V=
500
120
=
4.17 A
626
24.50
0
CHAPTER 24
Determine the resistance of the heating element of the soldering iron of Prob. 24.49.
I
24.51
R=
V
-i =
120
:U7 =28.750
Which of the following combinations of current and time will result in the greatest expenditure of energy in a
10-0 resistor: 50 A for 1 s; 80 A for 0.5 s; 10 A for 10 s; or 1 A for 1000 s?
(50)~(l()(1) = 25 kJ
(80)2(10)(0.5) = 32 kJ
(10)'(1))( 10) = 10 kJ
(1)2(10)<1000) = 10 kJ
Thus 80 A for 0.5 s results in maximum energy.
24.52
A motor field circuit, consisting of four coils of wire connected in series, is connected to a 240-V dc driver.
Each coil has a resistance of 26 O. Sketch the circuit and determine (a) the resistance of the field circuit;
(b) the circuit current; (c) the total heat -power loss: (d) the voltage drop across each coil; (e) the total heat
energy expended in 8 h of operation.
I
The circuit is shown in Fig. 24-7.
240·V
'--_ _ _ _ _~~
_ _ _ DC supply
(a)
Req s =, 26 x 4 = 1040
(c)
240
104 = 2.308 A
P = /2R = (2.3081 2(104) = 553.9 = 554 W
(d)
V = /R = (2.308)(26) = 60 V
(e)
W = Pt = 554(8) = 4432 = 4.43 kW· h
(b)
24.53
Fig. 24-7
/ =
E
R=
Assume the voltage sources in Fig. 24-8 are 100 V. 200 V, and 125 V for El' E 2 , and E 3 , respectively, and
resistors Rp R 2 , R 3 , and R4 are, respectively, SO, 100,200, and 150. Determine the current.
.
-
-
E,
E2
El
-
V
Vz
RI
Rz
Gen
r
-~~
+
aen
)
I (
\.
v,
V.
Ra
R.
Fig. 24-8
REVIEW PROBLEMS
D
627
I Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
100 + 200 - 125
24.54
175
= 501
1= 3.5 A
What is the voltage across each resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-8.
I
24.55
= 51 + 101 + 201 + 151
= IR[ = 3.5(5) = 17.5 V
V3 = IR3 = 3.5(20) = 70 V
= IR2 = 3.5(10) = 35 V
V4 = IR4 = 3.5(15) = 52.5 V
V[
V2
It is desired to obtain 48 V from a 240-V system using a 1000-n rheostat. Determine the required slide setting.
I See Fig.
24-9.
Fig. 24·9
48
240
or
= 0.20
20 percent of the input voltage
Thus, the resistance embraced by the output terminals must be
0.20( 1000)
24.56
=
200 n
Derive a general voltage divider equation for the circuit of Fig. 24-10.
V7
-
R,
Il..
!
-+-
R".
-rv:l--
R'7
~
f11.;t~
24.57
Fig. 24·10
I
(1)
(a) Using the voltage-divider equation, determine the voltage between terminals 3 and 4 in Fig. 24-11;
determine the voltage between terminals 5 and 7.
(b)
9.0 V
7
60n
50n
2
I (a)
70n
20n
80n
.
3
Fig. 24·11
6
R T = 50 + 20 + 70 + 80 + 60 = 280 n
V3 . 4
R 3 .4
= VT R = 9.0
T
(b)
V5 .7
= VT
R
R57
T
= 9.0
140
280
= 4.5 V
20
280
= 0.64 V
628
24.58
0
CHAPTER 24
Determine the equivalent resistance of a group of paralleled resistors whose values are 5 kO, 10 kO, 2 kO, and
50kO.
1
1
III
Req = 5000 + 10,000 + 2000 + 5i~ooo
I
= 200
X
10- 6 + 100
X
10- 6 + 51)0 X 10- 6 + 20
or
24.59
10- 6 = 820 X 10- 6
R"q == 1219.50
Determine the equivalent resistance if the resistors .)1' Prob. 24.58 are connected in series.
I
24.60
X
R eq = 5 kO + 10 kO
-I-
2 kO + 50 kO = 67 kO
A 2400-0 resistor is connected in parallel with a 9hlO-0 resistor.
What is the equivalent resistance?
I
24.61
Solve Prob. 24.60 by using conductances.
I
Gp = G)
1
1
R
24.62
-
+ G2 = 2400 + 9100 = 416.h7 x 10
- -
eq,P -
1
-- ---
-6
+ 109.89 x 10
1
-----;c
Gp -- 526.55 x 10
-6
= 526.55 x 10
-6
S
-18990
6 -
Derive the general current-divider equation of N conductances connected in parallel.
I
Let Jp be the total current supplied to the circuit.
Ip
Then,
=, VpG p
where
(1)
Thus,
24.63
Determine the current in the 6200-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-12 by the current-divider equation.
39200
6200n
1-560 mA
5640
75000
J',I'J'U--~
15120
--A,,/\/\r---------'
I
Fig. 24-12
The total conductance of the parallel section is
G P -
1
1
1
1 _
-6
-6
-6
-6
3920 + 6200 + 564 + 7500 - 255.1 x 10 + 161.3 x 10 + 1773.0 x 10 + 133.3 x 10
= 2322.7
X
10- 6 S
Gk
161.3 X 10- 6
-3
Jk = Jp -G =0.560
6 =38.9X 10
A=38.9mA
p
2322.7 x 10
24.64
What is the voltage across the parallel-connected resistors in the circuit of Fig. 24-12?
I
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.65
0
629
How much current is drawn by the 564-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-12?
I
Since the voltage across the parallel section is 241 from Prob. 24.64, the current through the 564-0 resistor
may be determined by Ohm's law:
I
24.66
=
0 .427 A
=
427 mA
Calculate the power drawn by the 6200-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-12.
I
From Prob. 24-63,
1= 38.9 mA.
P = 12R = (0.0389)2(6200) = 9.38 W
Hence,
24.67
V
241
R = -564
= -
A 240-V dc generator supplies power through a 300-m cable to a heating load whose resistance is 5.76 O. The
two conductors that make up the cable are each size AWG 8 copper wire. Determine the current in the cable if
the resistance of AWG 8 wire is 2.061 O/km.
I
Reable
= 2(0.3)(2.061) = 1.2370
see Fig. 24-13a
Then from the equivalent circuit of Fig. 24-13b:
Re
= 1.237 + 5.76 = 6.997 0
V
1=
R=
240
6.997
=
34.3 A
:]=---------mm Qb.------i ~~
g
(11)
I
1.237 n
5.76 n
~V =~'--____~_.b_le_~~~~~~~~~_:J_.le_r
___'
(b)
24.68
Fig. 24-13
In the circuit of Prob. 24-67 determine (a) the voltage drop in the cable; (b) the power loss in the cable; (c)
the power drawn by the load; (d) the current in the cable if an accidental solid short occurs across the heater
terminals.
I
(a)
Veable
= IReable = 34.3( 1.237) = 42.4 V
(b)
Peable
= 12Reable = (34.3)2(1.237) = 1455 W
(c)
P load = 12Rload = (34.3)2(5.76) = 6777 W
(d) A solid short across the heater terminals bypasses the heater, leaving only the cable resistance to limit
the current.
V
240
1= R = 1.237 = 194 A
24.69
A 12-V dc source with an internal resistance of 2 0 is connected through a switch to an 18-0 load as shown in
Fig. 24-14. The voltmeter connected across terminals T" T2 is a digital voltmeter (DVM) whose internal
resistance of 2 MO draws negligible current from the source. With the switch closed, determine the current to
the load, the voltmeter reading, and the voltage drop within the source.
630
0
CHAPTER 24
r-----
Generator
i --=;
I-
I
I
-
RG - 2.00
1
l________ _
Fig. 24-14
I
Since the DVM draws insignificant current, it can be neglected when making circuit calculations.
Ohm's law to the series circuit,
Applying
V
12
I = - = -_.-- = 0 60 A
R
:~ +- 18
.
Or, using Kirchhoff's voltage law,
L
voltage rises =
L
voltage drops
12
= 181 + 21
I =0.60A
The voltmeter reads the voltage drop across the T" T, terminals, which is equal to the IR drop across the 18-0
resistor. Thus
VT = (0.601(18) = 10.8 V
The voltage drop within the source is
Vdrop.source
24.70
=
(0.60)(2) = 1.2 V
Determine the voltmeter reading in the circuit 01 Prob. 24.69 with the switch open as shown in Fig. 24-15.
Generator
-----/=;1
RG - 2.0 0
Fig. 24-15
Ta
I
L
By KVL:
voltage rists =
L
voltage drops
The only voltage rise is that of the 12-V source; the voltage drops are the IR drop in the 2-0 source resistance
and the voltage drop across the 2 MO of the voltmdl~r.
h
12 = 21 + 2 x lO l
1=6
X
6
10- A = 6 J.LA
The voltage drop across the DVM is
24.71
Repeat Prob. 24.71, neglecting the current drawn by the DVM.
I
12=2/+VT
where
VT = voltage drop across the DVM.
With
1=0,
12=2(0)+\'T
24.72
VT=12V
Plot the voltage-current characteristic of a source that has an open-circuit voltage of 24 V, a source resistance of
0.200, and a current rating of 30 A.
I
VT = 24 - 0.2I T ,
which is plotted in Fig. 24-16.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0
631
. / Open.circuit volts
24C===========-=~
.. 20
:...
1
16
\
... 12
Volts at
rat@d
curr@nt
!l
·s
~
8
24
4
4
12
8
16
20
Curr@nt (IT) amperes
24.73
28 30
Fig. 24-16
A certain dc generator, shown in Fig. 24-17, has a terminal voltage of 240 V when delivering its rated 200 kW to
a load. The internal resistance of the generator is 8.00 mn. Determine (a) the rated current (full-load
current); (b) the open-circuit voltage.
I
240V
Fig. 24-17
I (a)
p= VI
(b) The open-circuit voltage is Ec'
200,000 = 2401
1= 833.3 A
Applying Kirchoff's voltage law,
Ec = 240 + 0.008(833.3) = 246.7 V
24.74
Obtain the percent voltage regulation for the generator of Prob. 24.73.
I
Percent reg. =
VNL - VFL
246.7 - 240
V
x 100 =
240
x 100 = 2.79 percent
FL
24.75
Determine the equivalent resistance of the following series-connected resistors:
I
24.76
Re = 6 + 10 + 5 + 30 = 51 n
The equivalent resistance of six series-connected resistors is 10 kn. If the values of five of the resistors are
1000 n, 2400 n, 1800 n, and 500 n, respectively, determine the resistance of the sixth resistor.
I
24.77
10,000 = 1000 + 2400 + 1800 + 4000 + 500 + R x
or
A 120-V source of negligible resistance is connected in series with the following resistors: 20 n, 200 n, 2000 n,
and 20 kn. Determine (a) the current; (b) the voltage drop across each resistor; (c) the power supplied by
the source.
I (a)
E
1=
R=
120
20+200+2000+20,000 =5.4mA
(b)
V= IR
V20 = 20(0.0054) = 0.108 V
V2000 = 2000(0.0054) = 10.8 V
(c)
24.78
6 n, 10 n, 5 n, 30 n.
P
V200 = 200(0.0054) = 1.08 V
V20.000
= 20,000(0.0054) = 108 V
= VI = 120(0.0054) = 0.648 W
Referring to the circuit in Fig. 24-18, determine (a) the current; (b) the voltage drop across the 6-n resistor;
(c) the power drawn by the 6-n resistor; (d) the energy expended in the 6-n resistor if the circuit is energized
for 20 h; (e) the current if the 24-V generator is reversed.
632
0
CHAPTER 24
+
24 V
6.0 n
2.00
8.00
12V
-- +
L-----~~r-----__in.n~--------~
4.00
Fig. 24-18
36 'i
I
(a)
36 + 24 - 12 == (2 I- 6 + 8 + 4)1
By KVL:
(b)
v = IR = 2.4 x 6 = 14.4 V
(c)
(d)
P = 12R '" (2.4)26 = 34.6 W
= Pt = 34.56 x 20 = 691 W' h
W
36 - 24 - 12 = (2 + 6 + 8 + 4)1
(e)
24.79
1 = 2.4 A
or
1=0
Determine the slide setting required on a 4000-0 rheostat in order to get a 9-V output from a 12-V battery.
Sketch the circuit.
I
24.80
A 10,000-0 slide-wire potential divider rheostat IS adjusted so that the output terminals embrace 8000 O.
Sketch the circuit and determine the input voltage required to obtain a 50-V output.
8000 )
50 == Vr ( 10,000
I
24.81
V T =62.5V
Using the voltage-divider equation, determine the voltage between points c and d in Fig. 24-19.
I
Vcd
•
= 24( 10 I- 40 2~ 20 + 60) = 3.69 V
~
b
100
d
400
200
r
600
800
L------------+~IIf-1- - -
Fig. 24-19
24 V
24.82
Determine the equivalent resistance of the following parallel-connected resistors:
1
1
6
Req(p)
24.83
1
5
1
30
Req(p)
= 20
The equivalent resistance of six paralleled resistors is 0.45 O. If five of the resistors are 30, 40, 20, 80, and
60, respectively, determine the resistance of the sixth resistor.
1111111
0.45
3 4 2 8 6 Rx
I
24.84
1
10
--=-+--1--+-
I
60, 10 0, 50, 30 O.
---=-+-+-+-+-+-
Rx = 1.180
(a) Using the conductance method, determine the battery current in Fig. 24-20;
drawn by the 150-0 resistor.
I (a)
(b)
1
Gp
1
1
1
= 200 + 150 + 120 + lllO
P
= V'/ R
=
0.030 S
==
1 = EG
(48)2/150 = 15.4 W
(b) determine the power
= (48)(0.03) = 1.44 A
REVIEW PROBLEMS
+
~ 48 V
: 200n
~120n
: 150n
0 633
~100n
Fig. 24·20
24.85
Determine the equivalent resistance of each of the following sets of paralleled resistors:
50, 5000; (c) 2 kO, 2 kO; (d) om 0, 100 O.
I
24.86
(a)
100(80)
Req = 100 + 80 = 44.4 0
(b)
Req
(c)
= 0000
R eq = (2000)(2000)
2000 + 2000
1
(d)
Req =
(a) 100 0, 800;
(b)
5(500)
= 5 + 500 = 4.95 0
0.01(100)
om + 100 = 0.009990
Referring to Fig. 24-21, determine (a) the current in the 40-0 resistor; (b) the heat power expended in the
40-0 resistor; (c) the voltage drop across the 20-0 resistor; (d) the voltage drop across the parallel section.
30n
v
-
A
26n
vV
20 n
50A
-AA.
112n
v
40n
AA
Fig. 24·21
y"
I (a)
24.87
24.88
1
G T = 30
1
1
1
+ 26 + 52 + 40 =0.116S
G40 =0.025 S
(0.025)
I k =50 0.116 =1O.8A=I40n
(b)
12R = (10.8)240 = 4665.6 W
(c)
(d)
V20 n = (50)(20) = 1000 V
Vp = (/40 n)40 = (10.8)(40) = 432 V
Twenty 12-0 resistors are connected in parallel, and the combination is connected to a 40·Y source.
Determine (a) the equivalent parallel resistance; (b) the total current supplied by the driver.
(a)
12
Req(p) = 20 = 0.600
(b)
E
40
1= = - =66.7A
Req 0.60
A 120-V dc generator supplies power to an electromagnet through a 150-m cable. The two conductors that
make up the cable are each size AWG 6 copper wire. The resistance of the electromagnet is 6.2 O. Sketch the
circuit and determine the current in the magnet. The resistance of 6 AWG is 1.2970/km.
I See Fig. 24-22.
Rcable=
150 x 2)
( 1000 (1.297)=0.3890
E
1=
120
R = 6.2 + 0.389 = 18.2 A
Q)20V
Fig. 24·22
634
24.89
0
CHAPTER 24
From the data of Prob. 24.88, calculate (a) the voltage drop in the cable; (b) the voltage across the magnet;
(c) the power loss in the cable; (d) the current in th(: cable if an accidental solid short occurs across the magnet
terminals.
I
24.90
= 18.2(0.389) = 7.08 V
(a)
V= IR
(b)
V= 120-7.08= 112.9V
(c)
P = 12R = (18.2)2(0.389) = 128-9 W
(d) 1 =
E
R=
120
0.389
= 308.5 A
A 50-V dc generator with an internal resistance of J.260 is connected to a 12-0 resistor through a switch.
Sketch the circuit and determine the voltage at the ~;enerator terminals with the switch closed.
Fig. 24·23
I See Fig. 24-23. With the switch closed, the output voltage equals the voltage drop across the 12-0 resistor.
VOU!
24.91
= 50( 12-:j~71.26) = 48.9 V
Repeat Prob. 24.90 with the switch open.
I See Fig. 24-24. With the switch open, by apply:ng Kirchhoff's voltage law to loop
50 = ('.261 +
abcda,
VOU!
However, with the switch open
1 = 0;
hence,
Vo " = 50 V.
Fig. 24·24
24.92
Calculate the percent voltage regulation from the results of Probs. 24.90 and 24.91.
50- 48.9
Percent reg. = -4~ x 100 = 2.25%
I
24.93
A certain dc generator is delivering rated 100 A at ::00 V to a load. The resistance of the generator is 0.2 O.
Sketch the circuit, showing a switch between the gen(!rator and the load, and determine (a) the voltage drop in
the generator; (b) the open-circuit voltage; (c) the voltage regulation.
I See Fig. 24-25.
(a)
(c)
24.94
IR
= 100 x 0.2 = 20 V
Percent reg.
=(
VNL -
(b)
VFL ')
--v~~--, 100 =
200 + 20 = 220 V
(220 - 2(0)
200
100 = 10.0%
An audio amplifier acts as a source when it supplies power to a speaker. If the resistance of the amplifier is
80, what should be the resistance of the speaker in order that maximum power may be delivered?
I For maximum power transfer, load resistance = source resistance
or
Resistance of speaker = resistance of amplifier = 8 0
~-]~
\ o.z.n.
2:OC V
~
1
Fig. 24·25
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0
635
For the circuit of Fig. 24-26a, find the input resistance_
24.95
180
1.50
100
-
150
b
1/
IT
l00V
(}----R
200
110
In
120
300
400
140
------~
d
(1/)
1.50
100
R.b
1/
b
110
100 V
~
Red
d
(b)
I
Fig. 24·26
From Fig. 24-26b, for parallel section ab,
1
1
1
Gab = 18 + 15 + 20 = 0.0556 + 0.0667 + 0.0500 = 0.1723 S
1
1
Rab= Gab = 0.1723 =5.80
For parallel section cd, the 12-0 and 14-0 resistors in series total 12 + 14 = 26 O.
parallel combination of 26 0, 300, and 40 0 is
1
1
The conductance of the
1
G ed = 26 + 30 + 40 = 0.0385 + 0.0333 + 0.0250 = 0.0968 S
1
Red
= G
1
= 0.0968 = 10.30
ed
Substituting Rab and Red for the respective parallel sections results in the equivalent series circuit shown in Fig.
24-26b. Thus the overall resistance of the circuit, called the input resistance or driving-point resistance, is
R in = 1.5 + 10 + 5.8 + 11 + 10.3 = 38.60
24.96
Find the input current to the circuit of Fig. 24-26a.
I
24.97
IT
=
100
38.6 = 2.59 A
Determine the current in the 15-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-26a.
I
Using the current-divider equation,
G[5
1[5 == IT Gab
= 2.59
0.0667
0.1723 == 1.00 A
636
0
24.98
CHAPTER 24
What is the voltage across the 11-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-26a?
I
24.99
(2.59)(11) = 28.5 V
p[[
= Vlll ll = 28.5(2.59) == 73.8 W
==
p[[
{~[R
= (2.59)2 11 = 73.8 W
[I
Pll
=
~:: = (2~.:)2 = 73.8 W
Calculate the input resistance of the circuit of Fig. 24-27a.
I
By network reduction shown in Fig. 24-27b to d we obtain
(10 + 50)(60)
I
R
= (10 + 50) + 60 = 30 0
Ree
R
"ag
24.101
~
Using three different methods, determine the power lbsorbed by the 11-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-26a.
I
24.100
Vl l n = III n(11)
(40 + 30)(15) == 12 40
40 + 30 + 15
.
=
b!
+ 12.4)(12) ,: 8 0
18 + 12.4 + 12
.6
= (18
R jn == 45
+ 8.6 == 53.60
What is the input current in the circuit of Prob. 24.100?
I
24.102
Determine the voltage drop in the 60-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-27a.
I
From Fig. 24-27e:
where
lag ~
current in branch ag
and
lab =
currl!nt in branch abf.
1
Gp
Gab!
1
= Gag + Gab! = 12 + 18 + 12.4
== 0.0329 S
Using the current-divider equation,
== 0.0833 + 0.0329
0.0329
C = 0.224 0.1162
=
= 0.1162 S
0.0634 A
Applying Kirchhoffs current law to node b in Fig. 24-27 b
lab ~ Ib!
where
Ib!
= current in branch bf and
Gp
=
Ibe
+ Ibe
== current in branch bee.
1
Gb!
Using the current-divider equation,
1
+ G b. e =, 15 + 40 + 30 = 0.0667 + 0.0143 = 0.0810 S
Ibe =
0.0143
0.0634 (1.0810
=
0.0112 A
Applying Kirchhoffs current law to node e in Fig. 24-27 a
where
Ice
== current in branch ee
I
ct!
=
I
be
Gce
G
p
and
Gp
Gce =
=
led
== current in branch ede.
1
Gce
Using the current-divider equation,
1
+ G,de = 60 + 10 + 50 == 0.0167 + 0.0167 = 0.0334
0.0167 S
0.0167
let == 0.0112 0.0334 = 0.00560 A
Hence the voltage drop across the 60-0 resistor is
V60 n =
160
nR"o n == 0.00560 x 60 = 0.336 V
REVIEW PROBLEMS
-
IT
450
180
a
400
b
-
!
I ..
( } ---R In
120
100
c
I ..
150
D 637
d
J:
600
500
f
g
(a)
-
IT
450
180
a
I.
400
b
c
lib! J:
b
- R ln
120
150
Rc< - 30 0
f
11
~
(b)
-
IT
450
..
12.0 V ~~
180
."""
--
a
'v
b
!I.. I ..
-Rln
~ RI>( -12.4 0
120·
g
f
(d
~
120v~f
450
-Rh
a
~R. R.-860n
/I
Fig. 24-27
(1/)
24.103
Simplify the circuit of Fig. 24-28a to a series circuit.
I See Fig.
Hence determine the input resistance.
24-28b and c, which are obtained as follows:
1
1
1
G p = 30 + 20 + 10 =0.1833S
1
Rep = 0.1833 = 5.460
or
1
1
G adc + G abc = 5.46 + 15 + 40 + 60 = 0.0589 S
1
R;n = 17 + 6.5 = 23.5 0
Rac = 0.0589 = 170
IT =
24.104
V
R. =
on
120
235 = 5.11 A
•
Find the voltage across the 10-0 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 24-28a.
I
Applying the current-divider equation to the three paralleled resistors,
GlO
II()
=
lac
Gp
(1)
Conductances Gp and G 10 for the three paralleled branches were determined in Prob. 24.103 to be 0.1833 Sand
O.I000S, respectively. Substituting these values into Eq. (1),
638
0
CHAPTER 24
•
6.50
400
V
1/..
I ..
:
200
-
h
A
J1
10
100
600
d
150
6.50
400
•
..
~ I..
-Ir
5.460
-
b
I..
SOO
d
150
~
(bl
6.50
•
-IT
--
1/7
~
17.00
c
Fig. 24-28
(e)
(2)
Current lac may be calculated by applying the curn:nt-divider equation to the two paralleled branches in Fig.
24-28.
(3)
Conductances Gp and G adc for the two paralleled branches were determined in part a to be 0.0589 Sand
0.0489 S, respectively.
Substituting the known values into Eq. (3), and (:valuating,
lac
= S.ll
0.0489
0.0589
= 4.24 A
Substituting 4.24 for lac in Eq. (2),
110 = 4.24(0.5455) = 2.31 A
24.105
V IO
= ltoR 10 = 2.31(10) = 23.1 V
Neglecting the voltmeter current, determine the vol1meter reading in the circuit of Fig. 24-29.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0
639
r----------------.,
1I
___
6A
I
1
I
I,
,
f,
30
t
+
34 V
I 1
....
I
i
I
{20
I
,
I
........
I
1
1
I
,
...• \ A
I
1
1!4A
I
I
Cr--...J
I
__ ----------.J
L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
~
Fig. 24·29
I Following the path shown by the dotted line in Fig. 24-29 we obtain
=
VAB
24.106
(2: driving vOltages) - (2: voltage drops) = 0 - [4 x 2 + (-2) x 6] = 4 V
Solve Prob. 24.105 following the path indicated by the dashed line in Fig. 24-29.
I This path includes the driving voltage.
VAB
24.107
=
(2: driving voltages ) - (2: voltage drops) = 34 - (4 x 2 + 6 x 3 + 2 x 2) = 4 V
For the circuit of Fig. 24-30, calculate the input voltage.
-
10 A
+
150
a
b
1.4350
~~
______~~~--------~d
7.5 A
Fig. 24-30
I
Taking path abde,
Vae
=
(2: driving vOltages) - (2: voltage droPS) = 0 - (10 x 15 + 2.5 x 11 + 10 x 13) = -307.5 V
The sign of the answer (+ or -) depends on the direction of travel. If the direction of travel was from e to a
along path edba,
Vea = 0 - [(-10) x 13 + (-2.5)(11) + (-10) x 15] = 307.5 V
24.108
Obtain the voltage between nodes a and e in the circuit of Fig. 24-30.
I Taking path abe
Vac
=
(2: driving voltages) - (2: voltage drops) = 0 - [10 x 15 + 7.5 x 2.231J = -166.73 V
If we take path abde
Vac
= 0 - [10 x 15 + 2.5 x 11 + (-7.5) x 1.435] = -166.73 V
640
D
24.109
CHAPTER 24
What is the voltage between nodes e and b of the
,
24.110
Taking path edb,
~ircuit
of Fig. 24-30?
+ (-2.5) x 11] = 157.5 V
Veb = 0 - [( -10) x :.3
In the bridge circuit of Fig. 24-31, assuming R2 and RI have resistance values of 1000 0 and 10,000 0,
respectively, and the rheostat setting that balances the bridge is 12420, calculate the resistance of the unknown .
•
b.-__.-{
+
}---itd
Fig. 24-31
I
24.111
R x
=
R2
R,heo
R~
=:
1000
1242 10,000
=
124.20
In the circuit of Fig. 24-32, determine (a) the input resistance; (b) the feeder current;
across each resistor; (d) the current through the 21·0 resistor.
(c) the voltage drop
140
ISO
•
12 V
+
190
210
Fig. 24-32
(a)
Req(Pl
21 x 19
= 21 + 19
=
(b)
9.98 n
I =
E
Rio = 16 + 14
12
R = 40
V I6 = 16(0.30) = 4.8 V
(c)
Vba =
2:
driving volts -
+ 9.98 = 40 0
= 0.30 A
V I4 = 14(0.30) = 4.2 V
2: voltage drops = 12 -
[4.8 + 4.2] = 3 V
Thus
(d)
24.112
V=IR
3 =: 1(21)
1= 0.14A
Calculate the current through the 12-0 resistor in the circuit of Fig. 24-33.
200
10 A
14 0
ISO
~~~~-----*-- .~~---~-120
Fig. 24-33
I
1
1
1
G p = 20 + 16 + 12 =0.1958S
(;12
= 0.0833 S
112
0.0833 ]
= 10 [ 0.1958 = 4.25 A
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.113
D
641
For the circuit of Fig. 24-34 determine (a) the input resistance, (b) the input current, (c) the current
through the 500-0 resistor, (d) the power supplied by the generator, and (e) the energy expended over a
36-h period.
loon
£
I
(a)
(500)(400 + 300)
Req = 500 + 400 + 300 = 291.67 0
(b)
1=
(c)
24.114
Fig. 24-34
b
Isoon = 0.613[
E
RiO = 100 + 291.67 = 391.7 0
240
R = 391.7 = 0.613 A
G~~o ] = 0.613[ ~:~~~~] =
0.361 A
(d)
P = El = 240(0.613) = 147.1 W
(e)
W= Pt = 147.1 x 36 = 5296 = 5.30 kW· h
Determine the
(a) input resistance and
150n
(b) input current for the circuit of Fig. 24-35.
500n
11
loon
600 V
1000n
b
4000n
2000n
Fig. 24-35
d
I By network reduction we obtain
(a)
Req(bc)
2000(1000 + 4000)
= 2000 + 1000 + 4000 = 1428.60
100(500 + 1428.6)
Req(ad) = 100 + 500 + 1428.6 = 95.00
Rio = 150 + 95.0 = 245 0
(b)
1=
E
R:" =
600
245 = 2.45 A
on
24.115
What is the current in the 2000-0 resistor of the circuit of Fig. 24-35?
1
Gp = 2000
I
1
+ 5000 = 700 JLS
500 JLS]
12 kG = lab [ 700 JLS = lab(0.714)
lab
=
2.45 [ G
Gabc
]
[ 5.19 X 10G
= 2.45
52
abe + ad
10. X 10
Substituting into Eq. (1) yields
12 kfi = 86.3 mA
24.116
Obtain the input resistance for the circuit of Fig. 24-36a.
(1)
4
]
3
=
0.1209 A
642
D
CHAPTER 24
b~~~
I(~
-----""---+e--- d
f.
"3J6)
e
:1
,(;..Q
(t\,
0..
d
2C1-<'L
SO.Ll. __
27.42n.
c. (
d
~)
~o...
1
"..Q
~~.24. 34.n.
<;
-----J+
I
By network reduction shown in Fig. 24-36 we obtain
40(80 + 7.14)
Rbe = 40 + 80 + 7.14 = 27.42 11
10(12 + 13)
Red = 10+12+13 =7.1411
50(20 + 27.42)
50 + 20 + 27.42 = 24.34 fl
Raf=
24.117
Fig. 24·36
(o{)
Find (a) the input resistance and
RiO = 16 + 24.34 = 40.3 11
(b) the input current for the network of Fig. 24-37.
Hn
,J\/'.-
500n
5kn
~
.¥
y
20kn
¥
140n
AA
vy
100 n
.AAA
VV
b
~
300 n
../V'v
I
(a)
G
-
ad -
Fig. 24-37
1
2000
+
1
5000
+
20,000
,= 750 "S
,...
111
G bc = 140 + 100 + 300 = 20.4B mS
Rbc
Rad
= 1/Gad = 1333.3311
= 1 IG bc = 48.83 n
RiO = 48.83 + 500 + 1333.33 = 1882.211
(b)
I =
E
12
R = T8!i2-:2 = 6.375 mA
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.118
Find (a) the current through the 2-kO resistor and
Fig. 24-37.
I
Gk
Ik = 6.375 x 10
643
(b) the voltage across the 500-0 resistor in the circuit of
1
= 2000 = 500 JLS
-3[ 500
JLS]
750 itS = 4.25 mA
V = /R
24.119
D
= 6.375 x 10- 3 (500) = 3.1875 = 3.19 V
What is the voltage between nodes a and e in the circuit of Fig. 24-37?
I Taking path eda,
Vea =
2: driving volts - 2: voltage drops = 12 -
= 12 - [6.375 x 1024.120
Determine (a) the current through and
under steady state.
3
X
1333.33] = 3.5 V
(b) the voltage across each circuit element in the circuit of Fig. 24-38
8.00
h
[I R ad]
If
250"r
-
8
d
+
2.00
4.00
Fig. 24-38
~
I
(a) At steady state, the capacitor is fully charged, and its charging current is reduced to zero. Hence, there
can be no current in the 2-0 resistor; the charged capacitor acts as an open circuit. The only steady-state
current in the circuit is through the loop formed by the battery, the 8-0 resistor, and the 4-0 resistor.
Applying Ohm's law,
/
=
ss
Eh,!
=
R
120 = 10 A
8+4
(b) The voltage drops across the resistors, as determined from Ohm's law, are
The voltage drop across the capacitor may be determined by applying the voltage balance to nodes a and d.
Thus,
Vad =
(2: driving voltages) - (2:
voltage droPS)
Traveling counterclockwise along path aed,
Vad
24.121
=
0 - [( -10) x 4 + (0) x 2] = 40 V
Obtain the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit of Prob. 24.120 if the switch is opened at
determine the discharge current.
t = 0 +.
Also
I Since the capacitance property of a capacitor delays a change in the voltage across it,
vclt=(o+) = vclt=(o_) =
40 V
The current in the discharge loop, at the instant the switch is opened, may be determined by applying
Kirchhoff's voltage law to that loop. Thus,
2: driving voltages = 2: voltage drops
With the switch open, the driving voltage is zero.
Hence,
0=2i D +4i D +v C
0=(2+4)i D +40
644
D
24.122
CHAPTER 24
Sketch the voltage across and the current through the capacitor of the circuits of Fig. 24-39a and b.
graphs in a normalized form.
Draw the
1000 n
0.0050 F
(---
+
~-ofc
Ebot
,-0
(d
1000 n
0.0010 t'
(--
(/I)
100
RC-5~
80
....._I..i..........-"-LJ-'
Ll..--4--.....-LL....L..J...u~
6
!
8
!
,!
10
!
(
r!
,
I
12
I
« ,
14
I
«
I
,
16
Secnnds
Fig. 24-39
(d
I The current and the voltage in an
RC series are given by
(1)
and
(2)
In normalized forms these become
and
where T = RC = time constant.
For the two circuits the normalized graphs are shown in Fig. 24-39c.
24.123
Sketch
Vc
and
ic
in a series RC circuit as a function of the time constant,
I See Fig. 24-40.
T.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
1~
D
645
.-......,..-""T"-"---,--=__- -
33.3l1i 1+-1I.---+--t--+--/----
Fig. 24-40
5r
24.124
In a circuit similar to that of Fig. 24-39a,
t = O. Obtain (a) the time constant,
capacitor at t = T.
I
Refer to Eqs. (1) and (2) of Prob. 24.122.
(a)
24.125
R = 2 MO, C = 5 JLF, and E
(b) the current at t = T, and
T
= RC = 2 X
bat
= 120 V.
The switch is closed at
(c) the voltage drop across the
Then:
10
6
X
5
X
10- 6
= 10 s
~ = 0.368 2 ~2~06 = 22.1 X 10- 6 A = 22.1 JLA
(b)
i c lt=1T = 0.368
(c)
uc l t =1T = 0.632E = 0.632(120) = 75.8 V
Determine graphically the time constant of a series RC circuit.
I
Since
U
tIRC
),
c = E bat (1- e-
du c
dt
=E
bat
[0- (- _1_
eRC
du c
Tt
It=(O+)
tIRC )]
= E bat e- tlRC
RC
E bat
=
(1)
RC
The slope of the voltage obtained graphically from Fig. 24-41 at
t = (0+)
is
Ebat
Slopet=(o+)=
I
flT
(2)
Thus, equating (1) and (2), we obtain
or
flT=RC=T
O~--~~--------------------
!-AT-J
Time, seconds
Fig. 24.41
646
0
24.126
CHAPTER 24
A 6.0-0 resistor is connected in series with a 2000·ILF capacitor, a 48-V battery, and a switch. Assume the
capacitor has zero initial charge. Determine (al the voltage across the capacitor at the instant the switch is
closed (t = 0 + ); (b) the current to the capacitor at the instant the switch is closed (t = 0 + ); ( c) the voltage
across the capacitor at t = 1 time constant; (d) the current at t = 1 time constant.
I
(a) Since a capacitor delays a change in the voltage across it, and the capacitor has zero initial charge,
vcl,~(n,) = vet-(o.)
= OV
(b) Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
48 = 0 + 6i
veil-IT = 0.632E b... = 0.632(48)
(c)
.I
(d)
24.127
le
I~ IT = 0.368
Eloa
-IT
=
= 30.3 V
0.368( 48)
6.0
= 2.94 A
For the circuit of Prob. 24.126, determine (a) the rate of transfer of energy at t == 1 time constant;
energy stored in the capacitor at steady state; (c) the voltage across the resistor at t == 0.02 s.
I
(b) the
(a)
(b)
(c)
vR
=
E bat
-
Vc
=
Eb • t
E bat (1-
-
-tlRC
e
-0.Q2)
(
)
= 48 - 48 1 - exp 6(2000 x 10-6)
= 48 - 38.93 = 9.07 V
24.128
Assuming a certain driving voltage causes the current to an initially discharged 1000-JLF capacitor to increase at
a constant rate of 0.06 AI s (ie = 0.06t), determiue the voltage across the capacitor at t = 10 s.
I
24.129
Vc
=
c1 Jo(T i dt =
1
1000( 10- 6 )
en 0.06r.it =, 1000(0.06) (t"22)IO = 60 (102 2)
Jo
0
(a) Assuming the resistance and capacitance in Fig. 24-42a are 40 and 1000 JLF, respectively, determine the
current at t = (0 +). (b) Repeat part a for the di~.charge conditions in Fig. 24-42b.
40
+
(
+
111--------'
+
12 V
-
40
----<V't:
0+
r
11r=--------J
12 V
(a)
(b)
Fig. 24-42
(a) Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
E hat =
Vc
+ vR
12 = 0 + 4i
(b) Assuming the capacitor is fully charged before:he switch is thrown to the discharge position,
VCL-IO,)
= !lcL~«()_) =
12V
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law, and recognizing that there is no voltage source in the loop,
(I
24.130
,= 12 + 4i
i = -3A
A 400-JLF capacitor charged to 2500 V is to be discharged through a 50-kO resistor. Determine
recommended minimum discharge time; (b) the capacitor voltage for the conditions in part a.
(a) the
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
(a) 5r
0
647
= 5RC = 5(50,000)(400 x 10- 6 ) = 100 s.
(b) The discharge loop is similar to that shown in Fig. 24-42b.
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
VC.di,+(-iR)=O
The negative sign indicates a discharge current.
Thus,
VC.di , = iR
i = foe-liRe
V . , = foRe-IIRC
C di
Substituting,
Defining,
Vo = foR
VC.di'
Voe-IIRC
=
where
In five time constants,
V
24.131
Determine the equivalent capacitance of the following series-connected capacitors:
140 JLF.
I
--=
Ceq(s)
24.132
2 x 10
+
6
1
18 x 10
+
6
1
60 x 10
1
140 x 10
+---...,.
6
or
2 JLF, 18 JLF, 60 JLF, and
Ceq(s)
= 1.73 JLF
If the capacitances of Prob. 24.131 are connected in parallel, what is the equivalent capacitance?
I
24.133
= 2500e -SRCIRC = 2500e -s = 2500(0.0067) = 16.8 V
C.dis
6
Ceq(P)
+ 18 + 60 + 140) = 220 JLF
= 10- (2
A set of parallel capacitors are connected in series with 300-JLF and 100-JLF capacitors. The paralleled
capacitors are 200 JLF, 50 JLF, and 150 JLF. Sketch the circuit and determine the equivalent capacitance of the
series-parallel combination.
I See Fig. 24-43.
Fig. 24-43
Ceq(P)
= (200
1
10 6
~ = 400
+ 50 + 150)10- 6 = 400 JLF
10 6
10 6
+ 300 + 100
Ceq(s)
=
63.2 JLF
eq(s)
24.134
Determine the equivalent capacitance for the circuit of Fig. 24-44.
750l'F
250l'F
b
~.
1:3 f 1 5 0 n F
8 0 011p C F
1
130l'F
+
1051'F
1-(-
600 V
4
--fl
.....
6
d
:;
Fig. 24-44
6
--=-+-
10 6
750
10
250
Cabe
= 187.5 JLF
10 6
130
10 6
105
Cade
= 58.1 JLF
1
I
Cabe
1
--=-+Cade
Ceq(P)ae
1
C,
10 12
800
= 187.5 X 10- 6 + 58.1
10 6
245.6
10 9
150
-=-+--+-
X
6
10- = 245.6 JLF
C, = 795.75
X
10- 12 = 796 pF
648 0 CHAPTER 24
24.135
Calculate the voltage across each capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 24-44.
I
q = CV""' 796 x 10 - 12( 6(0) ""' 477 nC
For capacitor 1
For capacitor 4
q= CV
477 X 10- 9 ,,", (150
V4 ""' 3.18 V
q""' CV
477 X 10- 9 = (800 x
VI""' 596.3 V
Vca
=
L
1O-12)V
driving volt ages -
L
X
1O- 9 )V4
voltage drops""' 600 - [3.18 + 596.25]
=
0.570 V
The charge in each capacitor of the series branch abc is
q""' CV = (187.5 x 10- 6 )(0.570) = 106.9 x 10- 6 C
Hence the drop in volt ages across capacitors 2 and 3 is
For capacitor 2
q= CV
106.9 X 10- 6 = (750
V2 = 0.143 V
X
For capacitor 3
Vca = V2 + V3
0.570 = 0.143 + V3
V3 = 0.427 V
to- 6 W2
The charge in each capacitor of series branch adc is
q ""' CV = (58.1 x 10 -")(0.570) = 33.12 x 10- 6 C
Hence, the voltage drops across capacitors 5 and 6 an!
For capacitor 5
For capacitor 6
Vca ""' Vs + V6
0.570 = 0.315 + V6
V6 = 0.255 V
q= CV
33.12 X 10- 6 ,,", (105 x 10- ")V,
Vs""' 0.315 V
24.136
In the circuit of Fig. 24-45 under steady state determine
accumulated charge.
(a) the voltage across the capacitor and
(b) the
20000
9V
16,000 0
30l'F
+
t-:O-t
I
Under steady state
le = O.
E
(a)
Fig. 24-45
1=
R=
9
2000 ~:-'16,000 ""' 500 p.A
6
Vc""' voltage across the 1600-0 resistor = IR""' (500 x 10- )(16,000) = 8 V
6
q""' CVe ""' (30< 10- )8""' 240 p.C
(b)
24.137
In the circuit of Fig. 24-45, the switch is opened after the circuit has reached steady state.
vdO+) and (b) the initial discharge current.
I (a)
(b)
Determine
(a)
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.138
The circuit of Fig. 24-46 is under steady state.
accumulated charge.
Determine
+
b
24V -
(a) the voltage across the capacitor and
0 649
(b) the
._---u---Jt
Fig. 24-46
I
(a) Under steady state, the circuit reduces to parallel paths.
24
I1 = 30 + 4 = 0.706 A
Vbc =
24
12 = 10 + 8 = 1.333 A
2: driving voltages - 2: voltage drops
Taking path bdc:
Vbc = 0 - [4/1 + 8( - 12 )] = -[4(0.706) + 8( -1.333)] = 7.82 V
q = CV = (100 x 10- 6)(7.82) = 782 J..tC
(b)
24.139
bc
Repeat Prob. 24.137 for the circuit of Fig. 24-46.
Req(p)
24.140
40(12)
= 40 + 12 = 9.23 0
.1
I H+
=
Vc
R
7.82
= 9.23 =0.85A
A 3OOO-J..tF capacitor is connected in series with a lO-MO resistor, a 60-V battery, and a switch.
(a) the time constant; (b) i c , vc' and v R at t = (0 +); (c) i c , vc' and v R at t = 1 T.
6
6
T = RC = 3000 X 10- X 10 X 10 = 30,000 S
I (a)
()
b
.I
I
I~O+ =
E b ,!
R
Determine
60
= 10 X 106 = 6 J..tA
il'~IT = 0.368(6 J..tA) = 2.21 J..tA
(c)
6
6
vRL~T = iR = (2.21 x 10- )(10 x 10 ) = 22.08 V
VCL~T = 0.632(60) = 37.92 V
24.141
In the circuit of Prob. 24-140, determine
the capacitor.
I
(a)
q= CV
(a) the charge at
t=
and
T
(b) the steady-state stored energy in
6
qL~T = (3000 x 10- )(37.92) = 0.114 C
or
(b)
24.142
A 20-kO resistor is connected in series with a lOOO-J..tF capacitor, a 20-V battery, and a switch.
the time constant; (b) i c ' Vc> and v R at t= IT; (c) i c , vc' and v R at steady state.
6
T = RC = 20,000 x 1000 x 10- = 20 s
I (a)
(b)
i 1I~O+
Eb,!
20
=R
= 20,000
= 1 mA
1
i I~T
Determine
(a)
= 0.368(0.001) = 368 J..t A
VCL~T = 0.632(20) = 12.64 V
(c)
24.143
iss
= 0
V R(ss)
=
issR
=
0(20,000) = 0
Vc
= 20V
In the circuit of Prob. 24.142, obtain the rate of transfer of energy to the capacitor and its energy stored under
steady state.
650
0
CHAPTER 24
I
Rate of energy transfer = power.
Thus:
W" = ~ (1000 X 10- )(20)2 = 0.20 J
6
24.144
In a series RC circuit, R = 160 and C = 2.5 rnI'.
(=0. Evaluate i(O+), vc(O+), and vR(O+).
E 240
i(0+)=R=16=15A
I
24.145
Determine i and
VR
A 240-V battery is connected in series with the circuit at
vc(!)_)~=O
in the circuit of Prob. 24.144, al
v R(0+)=i(0+)R=15 x 16=240V
(=
r.
3
I
r = RC = (2.5 ;< 10- )(16) = 40 ms
il'~T = (0.:368)(15) = 5.52 A
vRL~T = iR= (5.52)(16) = 88.32 V
24.146
In the circuit of Prob. 24.144, determine: (a) the rate of energy transfer to the capacitor at
steady-state stored energy, and (c) the voltage across the capacitor at (= 0.06 s.
I
(a)
(b)
Pc = vcicL~,
= Ebat(l -
Vc
tlT
)
=
240(1-
e-11004)
= 240( 1 - e -006/004) = 186.45 V
at
(=
O.
Evaluate
(a)
iC<oo) = 0
(c)
i(r) = 0.368(24 x 10- 3 ) = 8.8 mA
(d)
vR(r) = (8.8 x 1000) x 10- 3 = 8.8 V
For the circuit of Prob. 24.147, determine under steady state
I
(a) vc' v R; (b) stored energy; and
(c) charge.
(a)
W=
(b)
(c)
24.149
e-
A 24-V battery is connected to a series RC circuit having R = 1 kO and C = 150 p.F
(a) ic(O+) and vc<O+); (b) steady-state current; (c) i(r) and (d) vR(r).
(b)
24.148
(151.68)(5.52) = 837.27 W
W= iCV = h2500X 1O- 6 )(24W=72J
V c(O.06)
I
(b) the
2
(c)
24.147
=
(= r,
q
In the circuit of Prob. 24.147, calculate
power dissipated at t = r.
I
1(150 x
10- 6 )(24)2 = 43 mJ
= CV= 151) x: 10- 6
x 24
= 3.6 mC
(a) the rate of energy transfer to the capacitor at
( = rand
(b) the
PC<r) = vC<rK·(r) = [24(0.632)]0.0088 = 0.1335 W
PR(r) = [i(rWR = (0.008W(1000) = 77.4 mW
24.150
A 100-V battery is connected in series with a 10-0 rt:sistor and a capacitor. If the total energy accumulated in
the capacitor at steady state is 200 J, determine (cl) the capacitance of the capacitor; (b) the accumulated
charge in coulombs.
I
(a)
Wss
=
(b)
24.151
A 600-p.F capacitor is charged to 400 V.
and (b) v c (3s).
I
1CV2
q= CV
200 =
1C( 100) 2
C = 0.04F
q = (0.04)(100) = 4 C
It is then discharged through a 2-kO resistor.
(a)
i(O +) = tOO 12000 = 0.2 A
(b)
or
Calculate:
v c (3) = 400e- 3/i2 = 32.83 V
(a) i(O+)
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.152
Given the following ideal inductors (zero resistance): 2.5 H, 6.3 H, and 5.2 H. Determine
inductance if connected in series; (b) the equivalent inductance if connected in parallel.
I
L eq •s = Ll + L2 + L]
(a)
eq p
24.153
L eq •p
Sketch the current in a series RL circuit connected across a battery at
function of the time constant.
I See Fig. 24-47, where
(a) the equivalent
= 1.33 H
t = O.
Plot the normalized current as a
i norm = iI(VIR).
~,.
1 100
!
t.
66.6
J
33.3
1
~
/
V
-
/
V
o
h
2r
3r
4r
5r
Fig. 24-47
Seconds
24.154
651
= 2.5 + 6.3 + 5.2 = 14 H
111
1
- = -2.5 + -6.3 + -5.2
L •
(b)
0
Develop a graphical method for the determination of the time constant of an RL series circuit.
I Since
. V (1 -e
I="R
-liT)
="RV [1 -e
di
V -(RILll
-=-e
dt
L
and
-(RILll]
t!!.
(0 ) = ~
dt +
L
(1)
Now, from Fig. 24-48:
(2)
For (1) and (2) to be equivalent
Hence,
,,,----
AI
·+-AT-...
Time, seconds
Fig. 24-48
652 0 CHAPTER 24
24.155
The time constant of an LR circuit was determined ta be 2.4 ms from an oscilloscope recording. An ohmmeter
measurement of the circuit indicates the circuit re:;i:;tance to be 2000 n. Determine the circuit inductance.
,
24.156
L
R
L
O.002·l = 2000
T= -
A coil whose resistance and inductance are 2.0 fl and 8.0 n, respectively, is connected to a 12-V battery and a
switch. Determine (a) the steady-state current; (b) the time constant; (c) the current after one time
constant has elapsed; (d) the current after 20 time constants have elapsed.
iss
(b)
= "if"' = 2
T
L
8
=, - = R
2
=
= 6A
4s
iL~lT = 0.632(6) = 3.9 A
(c)
(d) After 20T, which is
20 x 4 = 80 s,
the circuit is at essentially steady state:
iss
== 6 A.
The shunt-field circuit of a certain 30-hp dc moto, has a resistance of 55.0 n and an inductance of 120 H.
Calculate the accumulated energy stored in the magnetic field when the switch is closed and the current attains
its steady-state value. Assume the driving voltage is 240 V dc.
,
24.158
12
E >at
, (a)
24.157
L =4.8H
Iss =
E
240
R = 55
"'~
=4.363A
ss
= ! LI~s = H120)(4.363)2 = 1142 J
A coil is connected in series with a 24-V battery anci a switch as shown in Fig. 24-49a. The inductance and
resistance of the coil are 6.0 Hand 2.0 n, respectively. Determine (a) the time constant; (b) the steadystate current; (c) the current at one time constant; (d) the voltage drop caused by the inductance at one time
constant; (e) the energy stored in the magnetic field when the current reaches steady state.
E
-
24 V
bat
----_....&
24V
Coil
. - - -.......""---~+111-
L - 6.0 H
R -2.00
i" -12 A
------~--~-~---~-~-------
t- 0
(11)
o
3r
Seconds
(b)
Fig. 24-49
,
Figure 24-49b illustrates the v Land i L curves for the circuit.
L
(a)
(b)
T
. =
Iss
==
"j,i
/!E!<!
R
6
=
:2
=
~
=
2.0
= 3.0 s
12 A
(c)
i L • 1T
(d)
v L • iT = (1.368(24) = 8.83 V
(e)
W.p.ss = !Li;s =, !(6)(12)2 = 432 J
= 12(0.632) = 7.58 A
5r
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.159
0
653
In the circuit of Prob. 24.158 obtain (a) the rate of expenditure of heat energy at t = one time constant; (b)
the rate of accumulation of magnetic energy at t = one time constant; (c) the magnetic energy accumulated
80 s after the switch has been closed; (d) the rate of expenditure of heat energy at steady state; (e) the rate of
accumulation of magnetic energy at steady state.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
= i 2 R = (7.584)\2) = 115.0 W
P"'.lT = vLi L = 8.832(7.584) = 66.98 W
Pheat.IT
80 s =
:~ = 26.7 time constants
Hence, current is at steady state.
W",." = !Li~,=432J
(d)
(e)
24.160
Pheat."
=
i;,R = (12)\2) = 288 W
p",." = vLi L = 0(2) = 0 W
An inductor whose resistance and inductance are 2.00 and 6.0 H, respectively, is connected in series with a
10-0 resistor, a switch, and a 12-V battery as shown in Fig. 24-50. Another switch is connected across the 10-0
resistor. If both switches are closed, the steady-state circuit current is
I
"
=
E bat
R
=
~=
2.0
6 0A
.
The energy accumulated in the magnetic field of the inductor at steady state is
2
W"',ss = !2 Li ss
=
!2 (6)(6)2 =
108 J
Opening switch 2 introduces an additional 10 0 in series with the inductor.
a lower value, resulting in the release of some stored energy.
The new steady-state current is
I"
E bat
=
R
=
12
2 + 10
=
This causes the current to change to
1A
The energy remaining in the magnetic field of the inductor, at the new steady-state current, is
W",.,,= !Li~,= !(6)(lf=3J
Thus the total energy released from the magnetic field after switch 2 was opened is
Wre1ea.ed
= 108 - 3 = 105 J
SW2
+ 1111--------<0 --....~....J
12 V
24.161
SW1
Fig. 24-50
Sketch the behavior of the current for the two conditions stated in Prob. 24.160.
I See Fig. 24-51. Note that the time constant of the circuit with switch 2 closed was
L
6
T=-=-=3s
R
2
but the time constant for the circuit with switch 2 open is
L
T
=
6
R = 2 + 10 = 0.5 s
The difference in time constants accounts for the slow buildup of current to 6 A and the rapid decrease to 1 A as
shown.
654
0
CHAPTER 24
6.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -::..-.:;-;..;-=------,
-------------------------,---,
.........J...J...L..LJw...J...w....L..W...J....L.J....l...u..J...L.LJ...LLJ...l..L..l..L.J.......J.',
o
3
9
6
I' ,111111'
I1
12
Time, seconds
24.162
A purely inductive circuit carries a current
as functions of time.
i = I", sin t.
I
~
IIIIIII111
15
l
..
18
Switch 2
opened
Fig. 24-51
Sketch the current and energy stored in the inductor
I See Fig. 24-52.
Fig. 24-52
24.163
What is the equivalent inductance of the following series-connected inductors:
I
24.164
Les = 5 + 1 + 100 + 12 = 118 H
The inductors of Prob. 24.163 are connected in parallel.
-
A lO-H 16-0 coil is connected in series with a 4.0-0 resistor, a 120-V battery, and a switch. Determine (a)
the time constant of the coil; (b) the time constant of the circuit; (c) the steady-state current; (d) the
current at t = one time constant after the switch is dosed.
I
(a)
(b)
24.166
Find the equivalent inductance.
1
1 1
l
1
= - + - + -- + - = 0 773 H
Lep 5 1 100 12
.
I
24.165
5 H, 1 H, 100 H, and 12 H?
Tcoil
=
Tei,e
= LC£il = 10 = 0.63 S
R
cool
16
!~Ci'£ = ~ =0.5s
Rd,e
16 + 4
!!:.ba, "" ~ =6A
(c)
1=
(d)
ill~T '" 0.632 x 6 = 3.79 A
In the circuit of Prob. 24.165, determine
voltage across the coil.
R
16+4
(a) the voltage across the coil at
t=
T
and
(b) the steady-state
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
(a)
Eb,t
(b)
24.167
=
V eoi •
+
Eb,t
120 =
VR
=
V eoi •
+
V eoi •
+
=
iR
120 =
iR
V eoi •
+ 3.79( 4)
+ 6( 4)
V eoi •
V eoi1
V eoi •
0 655
= 104.84 V
= 96 V
An 8.0-H 4.0-0 coil is connected in series with a 2.0-0 resistor, a 6.0-V battery, and a switch. Sketch the
circuit and determine (a) the initial current when the switch is closed; (b) the final current; (c) the voltage
drop across the coil at (=(0+); (d) the current in the 2.0-0 resistor at (=one time constant; (e) the
voltage across the 2.0-0 resistor at ( = one time constant.
I
(a)
i(O+)=O.
See Fig. 24-53.
Fig. 24-53
•
(b)
(c)
24.168
Eb,t
=
v eoi •
6
Eh,t
Iss
= R
+ iR
coil
+ R R =--=lA
4+2
6=
V eoi1
+ 0(2)
veoil(O+)
(d)
il'~T = 0.632(1) = 0.632 A
(e)
v 2 n = 0.632 x 2 = 1.264 V
= 6V
In the circuit of Prob. 24.167, if the 2.0-0 resistor is to be replaced by another that would cause the time
constant of the circuit to be t s, determine the resistance value of the new resistor.
I
or
Thus,
R ekt
= 240=
Reoil
+
R
x = 4+
R
x
and
24.169
A 10-0 resistor, a 24-V battery, and a switch are connected in series with a coil whose resistance and inductance
are 200 and 6.0 H, respectively. Determine (a) the current at the instant the switch is closed «( = 0 +); (b)
the steady-state current; (c) the circuit time constant; (d) the current in the circuit and the voltage across the
10-0 resistor at (= 1T; (e) the energy stored in the magnetic field at steady state.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
i(O+) = 0
iss=
T ei ,
=
1O~20 =0.8A
L ei ,
~
6
02
= 30 = . s
COl
(d)
il'~T = 0.632 x 0.8 = 0.51 A
(e)
24.170
vRI'~T =
iR
= 0.51(10) = 5.1 V
Wss = t(6)(0.8)2 = 1.92 J
A 6.0-H coil whose resistance is 120 is connected in series with a 24-0 resistor, a 144-V battery, and a switch.
The switch is closed at (= O. Determine (a) the time constant of the coil; (b) the time constant of the
circuit; (c) the current at (= (0+); (d) the steady-state current; (e) the energy stored in the magnetic field
at steady state.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Teoil
=
-& = 0.5 s
6
Tei,e=
12+24 =0.17s
il,~o+ = 0
Eb,t
iss = R
c,rc
=~=4A
12 + 24
Wss = !Li~s = t(6)(4)2 = 48J
656
0
24.171
CHAPTER 24
In the circuit of Prob. 24.170, determine: (a) the heat power dissipated by the coil at t = Tcirc ; (b) the heat
power dissipated by the circuit at t = Tci,c; (c) the rate of storage of energy in the magnetic field at t = Tci,c'
I
PH(coil)
(a)
.2R coil
=
I
(b)
(c)
At
t=
iL = (0.632)(4) = 2.53 A
T,
144=vL +2,53[12+24]
VL = 52.99 V
P<I>I'~T = vLiJ. = (52.99)(2.53)= 133.96 W
24.172
A coil whose resistance and inductance are 3.00 and 10 H, respectively, is connected in series with a 2.0-0
resistor, a 60-V battery, and a switch. Determine (a) the time constant of the circuit; (b) the current at
t = (0 +); (c) the steady-state current; (d) the energy stored in the magnetic field at steady state.
I (a)
'cor, '"
(b)
10
-3-+-2 = 2 s
i(O+)=O
.
(c)
Et~_=~=12A
3+2
=
R,clr.;
Iss
(d)
24.173
In the circuit of Prob. 24.172, determine (a) the heat power dissipated by the coil at an elapsed time equal to
one time constant; (b) the rate of storage of ener,~Y at t = one time constant.
I
(a)
Phea!(cOil)
(b)
P<I> = vLi L
At
t=
=
PI/IC"il)I'~T = (0.632 x 12)23 = 172.55 W
i2RcOil
U'~T = (0.632)12 = 7.58 A
60 =
T,
vLI'~T = 22.10 V
24.174
+ 7.58(3 + 2)
P<l>I'~T = 22.1 x 7.58 = 167.5 J
A 6.0-0 4.0-H coil is connected in series with a 2.0-f! resistor, a switch, and a 48-V O-Hz generator. Determine
(a) the circuit time constant; (b) the current at /,=(0+); (c) the steady-state current; (d) the current at
t= IT.
I
4
(a)
Td,c
(b)
= 6+2
= 0.5 S
il, .. o+ = 0
i =
(c)
ss
~£:!~= ~=6A
R,i,c
6+2
il'~T = (0.632)6 = 3.79 A
(d)
24.175
I)},
E ba! = v L + iRcoil + iR
In the circuit of Prob. 24.174, determine, under steady state,
magnetic field.
I
(a)
VR(SS)
(a) v R ; (b)
Vcoil;
(c) the energy stored in the
= i.,R = 6 x 2 = 12 V
(b)
At steady state,
(c)
24.176
48 =
Vcoil(ss)
W<I>(ss)
+ 12
Vcoil(ss)
= 36 V
= lLI~s = H4)(6)2 = 72J
In the circuit of Prob. 24.174 determine (a) the voltage induced in the coil at t = 1T; (b) the rate of storage
of energy in the magnetic field at t = 1T; (c) th(: rate of expenditure of heat energy in the coil at t = 1T.
I
(a)
At
t=
T,
E ba ! = v coil + VR = [v L(coil) + v R(COil)] + v R = VL(coil) + iRcoil + iR
~;;-il
'
48= VL(co;l) + 3.79(6+ 2)
VL(COil)I'~T = 17.68V
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0
657
(b)
At
t=
T,
At
t=
T,
= (17.68)(3.79) = 67.01 W
Po!>
(c)
24.177
PH(coil) = (3.79)26 = 86.18 W
A certain sinusoidal voltage is expressed mathematically by e = 0.40 sin 377t V. Determine (a) the frequency of the wave; (b) the period; (c) the value of the voltage when the elapsed time is 0.01 s.
I
w = 27Tf
(a)
(b)
T=
e = 0.4 sin (377 x 0.01)
(c)
24.178
71 = 601 = 0.0167s
= 0.4 sin (3.77) = 0.4( -0.588) = -0.235 V
= Em sin 27Tft = 200 sin 27T50t = 200 sin 314.16t
e = 200 sin (314.16 x 0.0025) = 200 sin (0.7854) = 200(0.707) = 141 V
(a)
e
(b)
For the voltage wave and time-zero corresponding to Fig. 24-54, angle
100 V. Determine the voltage 0.0080 s after the switch is closed.
I •
I e = Emax sin (wt 24.180
f3)
I
(a)
(a) the frequency;
(b) the period;
w = 208radls
(b)
(c)
f= 60 Hz,
and
Em =
= 100 sin (27T60t - 30°) = 100 sin [27T60(0.008)(57.3) - 30]° = 100 sin (142.81)" = 60 V
The equation for a sinusoidal current wave is
Determine
f3 = 30°,
Fig. 24-54
0
(
\
i = 25 sin 208t
24.181
f= 60 Hz
(a) What is the equation of a sinusoidal voltage wave that has a maximum value of 200 V and a frequency of
50 Hz? (b) What is the value of voltage 0.0025 s after the wave crosses the wt axis going in the positive
direction?
I
24.179
377 = 27Tf
(c) the current at
1
1
1 = 33.1
t = 0.012 s.
208
f= 27T =33.lOHz
27Tf=208
T=
i = 25 sin [208(0.012)
+ ~)
= 0.030s
+ 7T/3] = 25 sin [3.543] = 25( -0.3909) = -9.77 A
The equation of a certain sinusoidal voltage wave is given by e = 120 sin 230t. Determine (a) the maximum
value of the wave; (b) the rms value; (c) the frequency; (d) the instantaneous voltage 0.01 s after the wave
passes the zero-voltage value going in the positive direction; (e) the period of the wave.
I (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Em = 120V
E = 120(0.707) = 84.84 V
w = 230 = 27Tf
rad/s
f =
~3~
= 36.62 Hz
e = 120 sin [230(0.01W = 120 sin (2.3)R = 120(0.7457) = 89.5 V
T=
1
1
1 = 36.6 = 0.027 s
658
24.182
D
CHAPTER 24
A 240-V 25-Hz sinusoidal generator is connected to " 20-0 resistor through a circuit breaker and an ammeter as
shown in Fig. 24-55a. Determine (a) the ammetC!I reading; (b) the period of the wave; (c) the average
power; (d) the equation for the current wave if the circuit breaker is closed 30° after the wave crosses the time
axis going in the positive direction; (e) the instantaneous current when the elapsed time is 0.01 s; (J) the
ammeter reading if the generator is replaced by a 240-V battery.
cr- wl
Ih)
Fig. 24·55
I
I
(a)
=
R
(b)
T
=
~~~
= 240 = 12 A
R
20
..
1
'r = 25 = 0.040 s
j
(c)
P av
= I~R = (12)2(20) = 2880 W
= VRI R ~, (240)(12) = 2880 W
V~
(240)2
= R·~ 2 ( ) = 2880W
(d)
The current wave is sketched in Fig. 24-5Sb.
lm
= 12V2 = 16.97 A
w = 27Tf= 27T(25) ~ 157 rad/s
(e)
i = 16.97 sin [(157 x O.OI)R
i = 16.97 sin (1571
+ 30°)
+ 30°]
Changing radians to degrees,
i
Or, using radians,
= 16.97 sin [(1.57 x 57.3) - 30]° = 16.97 sin (119.96t = 14.7 A
i
= 16.97 sin (1.57 + ~~3) R = 16.97 sin (2.09)R = 14.7 A
IR~' ~~!! = 22~ = 12 A
(J)
~--o+
DC output
I")
Ill)
(d
Fig. 24·56
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.183
659
A sinusoidal current, shown in Fig. 24-56a, is rectified by the circuit of Fig. 24-56b, to obtain the rectified wave
of Fig. 24-56c. Determine the average value of the rectified wave.
1
lav = -2
I
24.184
D
'TT
[LT<
Im sin a da + f2T< -Im sin a da] = 2/m (- cos a
a =0
'TT
'JT
I~ + cos a I~T<) =
2/m (2 + 2) = 2/m
'TT
'TT
Figure 24-57 shows two sinusoidal generators of the same frequency connected in series with a 20-.0 resistor and
a switch. The voltage equations indicate the values of the respective generator voltages for the instant the
switch is closed (t = 0), and for all elapsed time thereafter. Calculate the current at t = O.
'"I - 80 sin 13771 + 60" I
Fig. 24-57
I When the switch is closed, the voltage impressed across the resistor will be (e l + e2 ), and the current to
the resistor will be
. vR
e l +e 2
I=R=-R-
e I = 80 sin (377t + 60°)
where
1=
The current at the instant the switch is closed (t = 0)
.1
Repeat Prob. 24.184 for
is
- 80 sin 60° + 40 sin (-30°) _ 69.28 - 20 _
20
I ,=0 -
24.185
e 2 = 40 sin (377t - 30°)
80 sin (377t + 60°) + 40(sin 377t - 30°)
20
.
Thus,
and
-
20
- 2.46 A
t = 0.02 s.
I The current, after an elapsed time of 0.02 s, is
.1
I ,=0.02
24.186
(a) Write the equation of a voltage wave that has a maximum value of 300 V and a frequency of 25 Hz; (b)
what is the instantaneous value of voltage 10 s after the wave passes the zero position going in the positive
direction?
(a)
e=
10
sin (27Tft + cI» = 300 sin (27T25t)
= 300 sin (157.08 x lO)R = 0 V
The equation of a certain current wave is i = 32 sin 375t. Determine (a) the maximum value of the wave;
(b) the frequency; (c) the period; (d) the instantaneous value of current 0.060s after the wave passes the
zero position going in the positive direction.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24.188
Emax
el,=
(b)
24.187
= 80 sin [377(0.02)(57.3) + 60]° + 40 sin [377(0.02)(57.3) - 30r = 59.41 + 26.79 = 431
20
20
. A
Imax
= 32A
27Tf = 375
1
T=
f=59.68Hz
1
1 = 59.68 =O.017s
i = 32 sin (375 x O.06)R = -15.64 A
The equation of the generated emf of an alternator is e = 100 sin 157t. Determine (a) the maximum
instantaneous voltage; (b) the rms value of voltage; (c) the average value of voltage; (d) the frequency;
(e) the period of the wave; (J) the instantaneous value of voltage when t = 0.020 s.
I
(a)
(b)
Emax
= 100 V
E = 100/V2 = 70.71 V
660
D
CHAPTER 24
(c)
27Tf=15'7
(d)
(e)
T=
(J)
24.189
24.190
1
f=24.99Hz
1
1 ,= 24.99
=0.04s
el'~002 = 0.136 V
e = 100 sin [157(0.02)(57.3W
The equation of a voltage wave is e = 100 sin 18HI and that of its corresponding current wave is i =
20 sin [1881 + (7T12)]. Determine (a) the frequency of the voltage wave; (b) the frequency of the current
wave; (c) the maximum value of the voltage; (d) the equivalent dc value of the current wave.
I (a)
27Tf= 18H
f= 29.92Hz
(b)
27Tf = 18H
f= 29.92 Hz
(c)
Em.. = 100 V
(d)
I=20hl2= 14.14A
From the data of Prob. 24.189, determine (a) the magnitude of the current when the voltage is zero and
the phase angle between the two waves. (c) Sketch the two waves on one set of coordinate axes.
I
(a)
The voltage is zero at
1=0.
(b)
Hence
i = 20 sin (18H x 0 + (7T12)] = 20A
(b)
7T12 rad or 90°.
(c)
See Fig. 24-58.
V',
i
--~---+.~~~----+-.t
Fig. 24-58
24.191
The equation of a current wave passing through a. 10-0 resistor is i = 2.08 sin 10001. Calculate (a) the
average power; (b) the maximum instantaneous power; (c) the power at an elapsed time of 0.001 s.
I
1= 2.08/'\1'"2 = L.471 A
(a)
Pmax = I~axR ~, (2.08)2(10) = 43.26 W
(b)
(c)
24.192
il,~oool = 2.08 sin (1000
x O.OOl)R
= 1. 75 A
If the current of Prob. 24.191 is rectified by a full-wave rectifier, determine the rms and average values of the
output current.
I
24.193
P = (1.471)2(10) = 21.63 W
I,ms
= 2.08/'\1'"2 = 1.471
A
Iav = 2.08(21 7T) = 1.324 A
A 2000-0 resistor is connected across a 240-V 60-H2 generator.
power.
I (a)
(b)
(a) Calculate the current;
I = VIR = 240/2000 = 0.12 A
P = 12 R = <0.12)22000 = 28.8 W
(b) calculate the
REVIEW PROBLEMS
661
A certain incandescent lamp draws lOO W when connected to a 120-V 6O-Hz generator. (a) Calculate the
resistance of the lamp; (b) calculate the current; (c) write the equation of the current wave.
24.194
I
(a)
lOO = (120)2/ R
(b)
lOO = 1201
i
(c)
24.195
R = 144 n
1= 0.833 A
= 0.833V2 sin (21T601) = 1.18 sin 3771
A 440-V 60-Hz voltage wave, when impressed across a certain resistor, dissipates energy at the rate of 10.0 kW.
Determine (a) the rms value of current; (b) the maximum value of current.
I
P=VI
(a)
10,000 = 4401
1=22.73A
Imax = 22.73V2 = 32.15 A
(b)
24.196
D
From the data of Prob. 24.195, obtain (a) the maximum instantaneous value of power;
of power; (c) the resistance of the load.
I
(a)
Pmax
=
VmaJmax
(440V2)(32.15) = 20 kW
=
P av = 10 kW
(b)
10,000 = (440)2/ R
(c)
24.197
(b) the average value
R=19.36.o
Repeat Probs. 24.195 and 24.196 if the input to the resistor is 440 V dc.
I From
(a)
the data of Prob. 24.195,
P=VI
10,000 = 4401
1= 22.73 A
1=22.73A
(b)
For parts a to c of Prob. 24.196, we have
(a)
P max = 10 kW
(b)
P av = 10 kW
10,000 = (440)2/ R
(c)
24.198
R = 19.36.0
(a) Write the equations for the current and voltage waves in Fig. 24-59. Determine (b) the current at
0.1 s; (c) the rms value of the current wave; (d) the average value of the current wave; (e) the average
1=
value if the current wave is rectified.
V..... -30V
'mu -lOA
, - 20 Hz
!!.
6
,-0
I
(a)
(b)
v = 30 sin [21T201 + (1T/6)]
i = 10 sin [21T201 - (1T/2)]
i = 10 sin [125.66 x 0.1 - (1T/2)t
(c)
1= W/V2 = 7.07 A
(d)
lav = 0
(e)
24.199
Fig. 24-59
lav
il,:ol = -10 A
= 1O(2/1T) = 6.37 A
(a) Write the time-domain equations corresponding to the sinusoidal waves in Fig. 24-60. Determine
current and voltage at 1 = 0 s; (c) the rms voltage; (d) the average value of the voltage wave;
average value of the rectified voltage wave.
(b) the
(e) the
662
D
CHAPTER 24
- - - _ 0 wl
I
1-
J
0
I
'- _________ .J
~_.J
Fig. 24-60
0.025.
I
T= 0.025 s
(a)
1
1
T
0.025
f= - = - - =40Hz
v = 140 sin [21T40t + 60°] = 140 sill [251.3t + 60°]
V It~O
(b)
24.200
i = 80 sin [251.3t - 150°]
ilt~() = 80 sin [0 - 150°]
= 140 sin [0 + 60°] = 121.:!4 V
(c)
V =,140 IV2 = 98.99 V
(d)
Vav = 0
(e)
Vav = Vma J21 IT) == 140(211T) = 89.13 V
= -40 A
Two 6O-Hz generators are connected in series and the voltage wave of one is displaced 25° away from that of the
other. The amplitude of each voltage wave is 3:i9.5 v. (a) Draw the phasor diagram; (b) calculate the
magnitude of the resultant voltage; (c) find what .mgle the resultant makes with respect to the others.
I
(a) See Fig. 24-61.
Fig. 24-61
(b)
I vertical = 143.48
(c)
24.201
I vertical
I horizontal
o
339.5
339_5 sin 25"
339.5 cos 25°
I horizontal =, 647.19
a=tan
_I
IV
IJ.j=tan
_I
ET
=
V(143.48)2 + (647.19)2 = 662.9 V
(143.48)
°
647.19 =12.5
Sketch the three voltage waves of Prob. 24.200, and write the equations for these waves.
I
See Fig. 24-62.
e l = 399.5 sin (21T60t + 25°)
eT = 662.9 sin (21T60t
Fig. 24-62
+ 12S)
D
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.202
Two 240-V dc generators, connected in series, have their voJtages in phase opposition.
the phasor diagram, and find the resultant voltage.
I
663
Sketch the circuit, draw
See Fig. 24-63a and b, from which
ET = E. + E2 = 240 + (-240) = 0 V
240V
240V
~
• t:T
E, . . ."------<1-_ _.,. E...
Fig. 24-63
24.203
Repeat Prob. 24.202 for two 6O-Hz generators.
I See Fig.
24-64a and b, from which
ET = E. + E2 = 240 L!r + 240 /180° = 0
e·""t.....-_--I-_ _ _
• £,
Fig. 24-64
24.204
The resultant magnitude of two lO-kHz voltage waves connected in series is 325 V. One of the component
waves has a magnitude of 120 V and is displaced from the resultant by 25°. Draw the phasor diagram and
calculate the magnitude and phase displacement of the other component.
I
ET
E.
ET-E.
E2 =
V(137.35)2 + (174.55)2 = 222.11 V
vertical
horizontal
325 sin 25°
325 cos 25°
0
120
137.35
174.55
a
=
tan
-I( h·
vertical)=
-.(137.35)=3820
tan
174 .55
.
onzonta I
See Fig. 24-65 for the phasor diagram.
Fig. 24-65
0
664
24.205
D
CHAPTER 24
Repeat Prob. 24.204 if the angle between
El
and
I
ET is
160°.
horizontal
v'~rtical
325 sin 160
ET
El
ET -El
325 cos 160°
0
0
120
11 L.16
-425.4
' °
f3 -- tan - I [111.16]
425.4 -- 14 .M
a = 180 - 14.64 = 165.36°
See Fig. 24-66 for the phasor diagram.
_~ET
::--. -... --...,
-- -'--- ---~~rX
-... E
"
24.206
Fig. 24-66
Three 90-Hz voltage waves are displaced from each other by 120°. The respective maximum voltages are 100,
115, and 130 V. Assuming that the three generators are connected in series, draw the phasor diagram and
calculate the resultant voltage.
I See Fig. 24-67.
130V
~~~~-
Fig. 24-67
phasor
v'~rtical
horizontal
100i!r
0
100
130 /120°
112.58
-65
115/240°
-9').59
-57.5
12.99
-22.5
ET
ET = y'(i2.99/ + (-22.5)2 = 25.98
',0
f3 = tan -1 (12.99)
22.5 = .,(i
Thus,
24.207
a
= 180° - 300 = 150°
ET '~25.98 ! 150
0
V
Determine the resultant of the following voltage phcsors. The voltages are in series and the indicated angle is
measured from the 0° reference line: 120 V at 30°; 85 V at -45°; 200 V at 0°; 191 V at 90°; 74 V at 120°. All
operate at 400 Hz.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
phasor
ET =
vertical
665
horizontal
120 /30°
60.0
103.9
85/-45°
-60.1
60.1
200 L!L
0
200.0
191/90°
191.0
0
74/120°
64.1
-37.0
ET
255.1
327.0
~(255.1)2 + (327.0)2 = 414.7 V
[2~~./] = 37.9°
= tan-'
a
ET = 414.7/37.9°
Thus,
24.208
D
Figure 24-68a shows two generators in series supplying current to a 12-0 resistor. (a) Determine the
frequency; (b) write the equations of e, and e 2 for the given time-zero; (c) determine the rms value of e,;
(d) sketch the corresponding phasor diagram.
11'1
I
1- 0
11'2
12n
il'r
I
Fig. 24-68
I
(a)
T
e,
(b)
= (0.02)2 = 0.04 s
10 sin (21T25t - 30°)
=
E,
(c)
(d)
24.209
1
e2
=
5 sin (21T25t + 60°)
= 1O/V2 = 7.07 V
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 24-68b.
In the circuit of Prob. 24.208, determine the resultant
t=O.
horizontal
10 /-30°
-5.00
8.66
4.33
2.50
-0.67
11.16
ET =
a = tan
= v~
R
=
across the 12-0 resistor and the power drawn by it at
vertical
ET
P
Emax
phasor
5/60°
24.210
1
f = T = 0.04 = 25 Hz
-I
V(-0.67)2 + 01.16)2 = 11.18 V
[-0.67]
3440
11.16 = - .
[10 sin (157 x 0 - 30°) + 5 sin (157 x 0 + 60°)]2
12
= [-5 + 4.33f = 37
12
W
m
The voltage equations for three generators connected in series are
e, = 25 sin [600t
Determine
+ (1T/6)]
(a) the rms value of the e, wave;
(b) the frequency of the e, wave;
(c) the period of the e, wave.
666
D
CHAPTER 24
I
(a)
(b)
E, = 251'V2= 17.68Y
27Tf= 600
(c)
24.211
T=
1
f= 95.49 Hz
I
f = 95A9 =O.OlOs
From the data of Prob. 24.210 (a) sketch the three waves on a common time axis using the same time-zero;
(b) sketch the corresponding phasor diagram to scale, and determine the magnitude and phase angle of the
resultant voltage by tip-to-tail addition.
I See Figs. 24-69a and b, respectively, for parts (a) and
ET =
From Fig. 24-69b we have
(b) above.
93.11/35.9°Y
Fig. 24-69
24.212
Verify the result of part (b) of Prob. 24.211 using trigonometry.
I
phasor
vertical
horizontal
25/30°
12.50
21.65
60 /54°
48.54
35.26
20 /-20°
-6.84
18.79
ET
54.2
75.71
ET = V(54.2)2 + (75.71)2 = 93.11 Y
24.213
_, [ 54.2 ] _
°
_
a - tan
75.71 - 35.6
Two generators e, and e 2 are connected in series and supply current to a 10-0 resistor.
are
e, = 12 sin 125.61
c?2 =
The generator volt ages
6 sin [125.61 + (7T/3»)
(a) Sketch the two voltage waves on a common l:ime axis and enter the time-zero line; (b) draw the
corresponding phasor diagram; (c) calculate the ma!{imum instantaneous voltage across the resistor.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
(a)
(b)
D
667
See Fig. 24-70a.
See Fig. 24-70b.
l ;;::/,
f-
wt-
E
I
ch
Fig. 24-70
(et)
(c)
phasor
Thus,
24.214
0
6/60°
5.2
3
ET
5.2
15
(a) the rms resistor current;
I,ms =
il _
1-0.01
= e1 + e21
R
11.41 + 4.46
10
(b) its frequency;
E,m,
15.88/V2 R
=
10
-
27Tf= 125.6
(b)
24.215
12
12&
(a)
(c)
horizontal
ET = 15.88 V
In the circuit of Prob. 24.213, find
I
vertical
or
t = 0.01 s.
1
.12 A
f= 19.99Hz
= 12 sin (125.6(0.01 )57.3r + 6 sin [125.6(0.01)57.3 + 60r
10
1-0.01
=
(c) its value at
1.59 A
A series connection of three 20-Hz sinusoidal generators supplies power to a 40-0 resistor load.
voltages are
The phasor
(a) Sketch the three voltage waves on a common time axis and indicate time-zero; (b) sketch the corresponding phasor diagram and construct the resultant voltage phasor; determine (c) the phasor expression and the
time-domain equation for the voltage across the resistor.
I
See Fig. 24-71a.
(b) See Fig. 24-71b.
(c) From the phasor diagram, or the sketch of the voltage waves, it may be determined that
to zero. Hence the resultant voltage is
(a)
Ca.)
(6)
Fig. 24-71
El and E2 add
668
24.216
D
CHAPTER 24
In the circuit of Prob. 24.215, determine (a) the rms voltage across the resistor; (b) the rms current; (c) the
average heat power drawn by the resistor; (d) the current at an elapsed time of 0.006 s from time-zero.
I
(a)
ET(rm,)
(b)
P=
(c)
il _
(d)
24.217
IOO/V2 = 70.71 V
=
I rms = 70.71/40 = 1.77 A
= eT I
1-0.006
R
(1.77)2(40) = 125 W
l;msR ,;
=
1=0.006
100 sin [21T20(0.006)57.3 + 90r = 1.82 A
40
Three series-connected generators supply power to a 100-0 resistor load.
representing the three generators are
The time-domain equations
(a) Sketch the phasor diagram; (b) determine the resultant rms voltage across the resistor;
average power drawn by the resistor.
I
(a)
See Fig. 24-72.
e'3
(b)
vt~rtieal
36/56°
29.85
20.13
41/76°
39.78
9.92
-69.58
50.55
0.05
80.60
ET
ET
=
Fig. 24-72
phasor
86/-54°
ET(rms)
=
8O.60/V2 = 56.99 V
2
T~m':!.", (5~;) = 32.48 W
P =
(c)
horizontal
V(0.05)2 + (80.60)2 = 80.6 V
E2
24.218
(c) determine the
Two 6O-Hz sinusoidal generators are connected in !ieries and the resultant voltage is connected across a 10-0
resistor. Generator 1 has an rms value of 100 V and a phase angle of 30°. Generator 2 has an rms value of
200 V and a phase angle of -60°. Determine (a) the rms voltage across the resistor; (b) the rms current
through the resistor; (c) the equations for each generator voltage as functions of time; (d) the phasor
diagram showing El' E2 , VR , and IR"
I
(a)
phasor
lertieal
100 /30°
50.00
86.60
-173.21
100.00
-
123.21
186.00
V (-123.21)2 + (186.0? ,= 223.61 V
a = tan - I
200/-60°
-------
ET
ET
=
(b)
(c)
(d)
I rms
=
223.61
----uJ,; 22.36 A
e l = 100v'2 sin [21T60t + 30°]
See Fig. 24-73.
horizontal
(
123.21)
- - = -33 44°
186.0
.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
D
669
Fig. 24-73
24.219
In the circuit of Prob. 24.218, obtain the current at
cycles.
I
t = 0.004 s
and the heat dissipated over a period of two
ilt~0004 = 22.36v'2 sin [377(0.004)57.3 - 33.4]° '= 25.26 A
i = 22.36v'2 sin [377t - 33.4°1
T= 1160=0.01667
t=2T=2(0.01667)=0.0333s
WH = I~msRt = (22.36)2(10)(0.0333) = 166.49 J
24.220
Two 50-Hz generators are connected in series and supply energy to a 10-0 resistor.
the generator voltages are
The phasors representing
El = 50 /30°
(a) Sketch the corresponding sine waves and indicate time-zero; (b) sketch the corresponding phasor diagram
and indicate the resultant phasor; (c) calculate the amplitude and phase angle of the resultant voltage.
I (a) See Fig. 24-74a.
(b)
See Fig. 24-74b.
LE,
--h;f---",","---f"'" eA.lt
(b)
(A)
Fig. 24-74
(c)
phasor
vertical
horizontal
50 /30°
25
43.3
100~
0
ET
25
ET = Y(25)2 + (143.W = 145.46 V
24.221
100
143.3
a = tan -1[25]
143.3 = 9.9°
In the circuit of Prob. 24.220 (a) determine the rms current and the average heat power dissipated;
how much heat energy is expended during three cycles of the current wave.
I
(a)
(b)
I,ms = (145.46/Y2)/1O = 10.29 A
T= 1I50=0.02s
WH = I2Rt = (1058)(0.02 x 3) = 63.5 J
(b) find
670
0 CHAPTER 24
24.222
Figure 24-75a shows a sinusoidal generator connect.~d in series with a switch and a 20-0 resistor.
v R across the resistor is equal to the generator voltage:
vR
Sketch the voltage v Rand i R"
=
The voltage
100 sin (21Tft + 30°)
Also, draw the corresponding phasor diagram .
.--_-<~_iR
JR
1-0
"G
-100 sin
(WI +
30°)
20n
_
(d)
-~,----
Time I
(h)
Fig. 24-75
I The current through the resistor, as determined by Ohm's law, is
i =
R
VR
R
= 100 sin (?~1~t 30°) = 5 sin (21Tft+ 300)
2(1
Note that both i R and vR have the same frequency and are in phase. There is no angular difference between the
current in a resistor and the voltage across it. Expressed as phasors,
Hence, we obtain Fig. 24-75b and c.
24.223
A 258-0 resistor is connected to a sinusoidal generator whose voltage is expressed by eG = 126 sin 1131t.
Determine (a) the rms voltage; (b) the rms current; (c) the time-domain equation for the current wave;
(d) the instantaneous power delivered to the resistor at t = 0.04 s; (e) the average heat power expended by
the resistor; (f) the heat energy expended in 10 s of operation.
I
Ec; = [26
(a)
(b)
IR =
VRF.
1Y2 = 89.1 V
= 89.1 = 0.345 A
(c)
258
i = 0.345v'2 Sil 1131 t = 0.4879 sin 1121 t
(d)
P insl = vi = 126 :;in 1131t x 0.4879 sin 1131t
PI, ~().()04, = 126 sin (1131 x 0.04)R x 0.4.879 sin (1131 x 0.04)R = 119.90 x 0.4642 = 55.6 W
(e)
(f)
24.224
= VI= (89.1)(0.345) = 30.74 W
W = Pay X t =, 30.74 x 10 = 307.4 J
Pa ,
A lO-H induct or of negligible resistance is connected to a 60-Hz sinusoidal driver whose voltage is 120 V rms.
Calculate (a) the inductive reactance; (b) the rms current; (c) the current if the rms voltage remains the
same but the frequency is changed to 10Hz; (d) th.;! polar form for the current and voltage in part (b); (e)
the equations for the voltage drop across the inductance, and the current to the inductance, as functions of time
in part (b).
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
671
XL = 2'TTfL = 2'TT(60)(1O) = 3768 0
(a)
(b)
I,m, =
V,m,
X
120
= 3768 = 0.0318 A
L
XL = 2'TT(1O)(1O) = 628 n
(c)
(d)
0
Assigning the driving voltage as the reference phasor at 0°,
E= 120~
Since the current lags the voltage across the inductor by 90°,
j = 0.0318/-90°
(e)
VL
= 120v'2sin 2'TT60t = 169.7 sin 377t
iL = 0.0318v'2 sin (2'TT60t - 90°) = 0.045 sin (377t - 90°)
Note that the frequency of the current wave is the frequency Of the driver, and the current wave lags the
voltage wave by 90°.
24.225
Repeat parts (a) and (b) of Prob. 24.224 for a frequency of 0 Hz.
I
XL = 2'TTfL = 2'TT(0)1O = 0
I=
~ = 120 = 00
0
XL
If the frequency of the driving voltage is zero (direct current), the inductance will not limit the current.
Hence, when used in dc systems, a coil must be designed with adequate internal resistance, by choice of
conductor size, or connected in series with an external resistor of such magnitude as to prevent excessive current
drain from the generator or battery.
24.226
An ideal 12-V dc source is connected in series with an ideal 4.0-H inductor and a switch.
current 8.0 s after the switch is closed; (b) the steady-state current.
I
IL
.
00
1
1
Xc = 2'TTfC = 2'TT(60)250 x 10
(a)
6
(b)
= 10.61 0
(b)
V
120
1= Xc = 10.61 = 11.31 A
(c)
W= iCV 2 = H250 x 1O- 6 )(120v'2? = 3.6J
(a)
1
1
Xc = 2'TTfC = 2'TT(6)(250 x 10 6) = 106.1 0
(b)
V
120
1= Xc = 106.1 = 1.131 A
(c)
W= iCV 2 = H250 x 1O- 6 )(120v'2? = 3.6J
Repeat Prob. 24.227 for a dc input.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
24.230
E bat
12
= XL = 2'TT(0)4 =
Repeat Prob. 24.227 for a frequency of.6 Hz.
I
24.229
I"
A 250-JLF capacitor is connected across a 120-V 60-Hz system. Determine (a) the capacitive reactance;
the steady-state current; (c) the maximum instantaneous value of energy stored in the capacitor.
I
24.228
(a) the
. If~O = L
VL
12
t = 4" x 8 = 24 A
(a)
(b)
24.227
Determine
X
(
=_1_=
1
6=oo!l
2'TTfC 2'TT(O)(250)1O
1= ~ = 120 =OA
Xc
00
W= iCV 2 = H250 x 10- 6 )(120
fi)2 = 3.6
A 25-Hz 120-V generator is connected to a 1568-0 resistor. Determine (a) the rms current;
heat power expended; (c) the time-domain equations for the current and voltage waves.
(b) the average
672
D
CHAPTER 24
I
E
(a)
1=
A 154-0 resistor is connected to a sinusoidal generator whose voltage is expressed by e = 75 sin 1000t.
Determine (a) the frequency; (b) the rms current; (c) the instantaneous power at t = 0.01 s.
I (a)
e = 75 sin 1000t
I =
(b)
2
(c)
R
(75 sin 1000t)"
R
Determine
(a)
XL = 27TfL ;; 2'1T(25)12 = 1884.960
(b)
V
240
1= XL =, 1884.96 = 0.127 A
(a)
(a) the inductive reactance;
XL = 27T(60)(1.2) =452.40
V
I = X~
(c)
W<t>(max)
=.
208
452.4 = 0.46 A
= ~Li~ax = H1.2)(0.46V2)2 = 254 mJ
An ideal 3-H inductor is connected to a sinusoidal generator whose voltage is expressed by e = 100 sin 400t.
Determine (a) the inductive reactance of the inductor; (b) the rms current; (c) the equation for the current
wave; (d) the energy stored in the magnetic field at the instant the voltage wave goes through zero; (e) the
rate of storage of energy in the field at the instant the voltage across the coil is zero.
I
(a)
XI. = 27TfL =, 400 x 3 = 12000
(b)
1= -
(c)
(d)
V.OO/Y2
= - - . - - =58 9mA
XL
l200
.
Imax
= 0.0589V2 = 83.3 mA
i = 0.0833 sin (400t - 90°)
When the voltage wave goes through zero, the current wave has its maximum value.
W<t>
(e)
=
!Li 2 ,= !(.3)(0.0833)2 = 10.4 mJ
P<t>
= eiJL =, (0)(0.0833) = 0
If the ac source in Prob. 24.235 is replaced by a lOO·\, dc source, what is the current at
I
24.237
Also, calculate the heat energy expended over
W= Pt = 18.22 x 56 = 1020 W' h = 1.02 kW· h
P = 12R = (0.344)2(154) = 18.22 W
(b)
24.236
= 344 mA
154
pi
= [75 sin (1000 x O·01n" = 10 81 W
I' n 01
154
.
R
A 1.2-H ideal inductor is connected across a 208-V 60-Hz driver. Determine (a) the inductive reactance;
(b) the rms current; (c) the peak instantaneous enugy stored in the magnetic field.
I
24.235
f= 159 Hz
~ =?l.i/Y2
A 12-H ideal inductor is connected across a 240-V 25-Hz generator.
(b) the rms current.
I
24.234
P=~=
27Tf = 1000
How much power is dissipated in the circuit of Prob 24.231?
56h.
I
24.233
i = 0.0765V2 sin (27T25t)
v = 120V2 sin (27T25t)
(c)
24.232
=76.5mA
P = 12R = (0.0765)2(1568) = 9.18 W
(b)
24.231
120
R = 1568
.= (-LV)
I
lOO
t= --3
t = 12 s?
x 12 = 400 A
A 240-V 60-Hz 1200-rpm generator is connected across an inductive reactance of 2.00.
rms current; (b) the peak value of the sinusoidal current; (c) the inductance.
Determine
(a) the
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
I =
(a)
I
2
I m3x = 120v'2 = 169.71 A
(c)
2 = 27T(60)L
VL
= 240v'2 sin (27T60t)
L=5.3mH
iL
(b) determine
= 169.71 sin (27T60t - 90°)
2
W= !U = HO.0053)(169.71)2 = 76.32J
(b)
24.239
XL
(b)
(b)
673
~ = 240 = 120 A
For the circuit of Prob. 24.237 (a) write the equations for the voltage and current waves and
the energy stored in the inductor when the voltage across it is zero.
24.238
D
A O.OlO-H ideal inductor is connected to a sinusoidal generator whose voltage is expressed by Vgen =
50 sin 1O,584t. (a) Determine the inductive reactance; (b) determine the rms current; (c) sketch the phasor
diagram and the associated waves for the current and driving voltage; (d) write the equation for the current
wave.
I
(a)
XL = 27TfL = 10,584(0.01) = 105.84 fl
(b)
50/Y2
1= 105.84 = 334 mA
(c)
See Fig. 24-76.
i = 0.334 v'2 sin (1O,584t - 90°)
(d)
A
rz
(a)
24.240
Fig. 24-76
Cb)
Determine the steady-state current in the circuit of Prob. 24.239, if the ac generator is replaced by a 200-V
battery.
I
24.241
A 1000-JLF capacitor is connected in series with a 120-V 60-Hz generator. (a) Determine the capacItive
reactance; (b) determine the rms current; (c) sketch the phasor diagram, and the corresponding current and
voltage waves on a common time axis.
I
(a)
1
1
Xc = 27TfC = 27T(60)(1000 x 10-6) = 2.65 fl
(b)
1= Xc = 2.65 =45.2A
(c)
E
120
See Fig. 24-77.
(it)
. Fig. 24-77
674
24.242
D
CHAPTER 24
A 400-/LF capacitor is connected to a 20S-V 25-Hz driver. Determine (a) the capacitive reactance;
steady-state current; (c) the maximum instantaneous energy stored in the capacitor.
I
1
1
Xc = 21TfC = 21T(:-!5-)4-0-0-x-1O-----;6 = 15.915 fl
(a)
E
le = X~
(b)
W= ~CV2
(c)
24.243
1
21TfC
c
Wmax =, \\400
X
c
Vc
le = :X-~
(c)
VC(maxo=
ql
20S
1= VIX c = - 00 =0
==
X
10 0)
= 5 305 n
.
240
5.3 = 45.2S A
240v'2 = 339.41 V
= CV= 500 >: 10- 6 (339.41) = 170 mC
W= !CV 2 = H500 >< 10- 6 )(339.41)2 = 2S.S0J
egen = 4.6 sin 40,67St.
A 100-/LF capacitor is connected to a generator whose voltage is expressed by
mine (a) the capacitive reactance; (b) the rms cucrent.
Deter-
1
Xc = 21TfC = 40,67S(100 x 10 6) = 0.246 fl
I (a)
Vc
4.6/Y2
le = Xc: =·0.246 = 13.22 A
(b)
A 650-nF capacitor is connected to a IS0-V 55-kHz generator. Determine (a) Xc; (b) the rms current; (c)
the maximum instantaneous charge in the capacItor; (d) the maximum instantaneous energy stored in the
capacitor.
I
(a)
1
Xc = 21T55,000( 650 x 10 9) = 4.452 fl
(b)
1= X~ =, 4.452 = 40.43 A
(c)
q = CV= 650 x 1O-9(IS0v'2) = 165.5 /LC
W= ~CV2 = H650)( 1O- 9)(IS0v'2)2 = 21.1 mJ
V
(d)
ISO
=
A 0.020-F capacitor is connected to a sinusoidal generator. If the current to the capacitor is i 10 sin 30t.
determine (a) the rms voltage across the capacitor; (b) the time-domain equation for the voltage in part a.
I
(a)
Xc = 30(0.02) = 1.667 fl
(b)
24.248
1O- 0 )(20Sv'2)2 = 17.31 J
=00
= _1_ =
1
21TfC 27,'60(500
(b)
(e)
24.247
X
A 240-V 60-Hz sinusoidal driver is connected to a 500-ILF capacitor. Determine (a) the capacitive reactance;
(b) the steady-state current; (c) the maximum instantaneous voltage across the capacitor; (d) the maximum
instantaneous charge in the capacitor; (e) the maximum instantaneous energy stored in the capacitor.
(d)
24.246
20S
15.915 = 13.07 A
1
21T(0)(400x Hl 0)
X=--=
I (a)
24.245
==
In the circuit of Prob. 24.242, calculate the capacitive reactance and the steady current if the 25-Hz driver is
replaced by a 20S-V battery.
I
24.244
(b) the
Vc
In the circuit of Prob. 24.247 determine
stored energy.
I
(a)
(b)
q= CV
Vc
=
IXc = (1O/Y2)(1.667)
=
11.79 V
= 11.79v'2 sin (30t - 90°)
(a) the ch,uge at
t = O.OS sand
(b) the maximum instantaneous
qlt~008 = (0.02 )11.79v'2 sin [30(0.OS)57.3 - 90]° = 0.25 C
W=
! CV 2 =
HO.02)(1l.79v'2)2 = 2.7S J
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.249
1
Xc = 27T0(0.02) =
[C(de)
Vc
200
= Xc = -;;;- = 0
v = 50 sin 36.87° = 30
u = 50 cos 36.87° = 40
Depict
00
V= 50 /36.87° in rectangular form.
Express
I
24.251
675
What is the steady-state current in the circuit of Prob. 24.248 if the ac source is replaced by a 200-V battery?
I
24.250
0
V=u+jv=(40+j30)
V of Prob. 24.250 graphically.
I See Fig. 24-78.
Imaginary axis
;30
---tC--'----'--'---'--+'--Real axis
40
Fig. 24-78
24.252
Determine the resultant voltage of three sinusoidal generators connected in series, whose voltages are
El =100/42°, E2 =60/-36°, E3=50/140°.
I The resultant voltage ET is
ET = El + E2 + E3
Converting the polar form to rectangular form,
El
= 100 cos 42° + j100 sin 42° = 74.31 + j66.91
E3 = 50 cos 140° + j50 sin 140° =
E2 = 60 cos -
36° + j60 sin - 36° = 48.54 - j35.27
-38.30 + j32.14
Returning to polar form,
24.253
Show graphically the operations performed in Prob. 24.252.
I See Fig. 24-79.
E\ -lOO L1!'V
Er -10Sill V
E2 - SO /-3So V
(11)
(11)
Fig. 24-79
24.254
Obtain the product A . B, where
A =4+ j3
I
Multiplying through,
B=5+j6
A- B = (4 + j3)(5 + j6)
A· B = 20 + j24 + j15 + /18
Collecting real and imaginary terms (note
/ = -1),
A· B = (20 - 18) + j(24 +
15~ = 2 + j39 = 39.05 /87.06°
676
24.255
D
CHAPTER 24
A = 35 /40°,
Given
I
24.256
A + A *.
determine
A * = 35 L-4~t = 26.81 - j22.50
A = 35/40° = 26.81 + j22.50
A + A* =
53.62 +jO = 53.62
A/ B where
Evaluate
A = 4 +P
i
I
24.257
= 4 + j3 = (4 + j3)(5 5 + j6
B
j6)
(5 + j6)(5 - j6)
= 20 -
25 - j30 + /30 -- /36
A=4+j3=5ei36~7'
A· B = (5ei3887")(7.81ei5019")
=
61
61
/_
0.64
°
13.32
(4 + j3)(5 + j6).
Use the exponential form to evaluate the product
I
24.258
B = 5 + j6
j24 + j15 -- /18 = 38 - j9 = 39.05/-13.32° =
B=5+j6=7.81ei5019"
(5)(7.8l)e i(3687"+5019")
= 39.05ei87 06" = 39.05/87.06°
Use the exponential form to evaluate (5/36.87°)/(7.81/50.19°).
A
5 i 36 . 8 7"
I
-= =
e
= 064') ,i(36.87"-50.19") = 064 -i 13 . 32 "
B 7.81ei50.19"
.
1.
•
e
Converting to polar form,
24.259
A· B and A/ B, where
A = 4 + j3 = 5/36.87°
Using the polar form, evaluate
I
A· B =
Similarly,
24.260
(5/36.87°)(7.81/50.19°)
B = 5 + j6
= 7.81/50.19°
,= (5)(7.81) /36.87° + 50.19° = 39.05/87.06°
iB = 7.81/50.19°
5 Ll§.E = ~_. le
°_
°_
_
°
7.81' .\6.87
50.19 - 0.64/ 13.32
Simplify the following using polar form:
X
X = ~~~~~~~~
I
=
(40 L300)(60 flQ::)
(70 L-400)(35 /70°)
flQo + 20° + 40° - 70° = 0.98/20°
X = (0.92 + jO.34)
24.261
Rework Prob. 24.260 in rectangular form.
I
40 /30° = (34.64 + j20)
70 /-40° = (53.62 - j45>
-
X =
60 /20° = (56.38 + j20.52)
35/70° = (11.97 + j32.89)
(34.64 + j20)(56.38 + j20.52)
1953'<16 -- j71O.81 + j1127.60 + /410.40
1542.66 + j1838.41
= '
= --~'-:-::---,(53.62 - j45)(I1.97 + j32.89)
641.83 + j1763.56 - j538.65 - /1480.05
2121.88 + j1224.91
Rationalizing the denominator,
(1542.66 + ·jI838.41 )(2121.88 - jI224.91)
3,::73,339.40 - jl ,889,619.66 + j3,900,885.41 - /2,251 ,886.79
X = (2121.88 + jI224.91)(2121.88 - jI224.91) =
4,502,374.73 + 1,500,404.51
=
24.262
5,525,22::~~2~7~~,.~~1,265.75
= (0.92 + jO.34) = 0.98/20°
Express the following complex numbers in rectetngular form:
(d) 70 /-90°; (e) 150 /45°.
I
(a) 50 /80°;
50 /80° = 8.68 + j49.24
(d)
70 /-90° = 0 - j70
(b)
30 /20° = 28.19 + jlO.26
(e)
150 /45° ,= 106.07 + j106.07
(c)
120/180° = -120 + jO
(a)
(b) 30 /20°;
(c) 120 /180°;
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.263
I
24.264
(3 + j7) = 7.62 /66.80°
(d)
(3 - j5) = 5.83 / - 59.04°
(b)
(6-j8)=1O/-53.13°
(e)
(-2-j6) =6.32/-108.43°
(c)
(0 + j4) = 4 /90°
(a)
Determine the conjugate of the following complex numbers:
(-5-j6);
I
24.265
(a) (3 + j7);
Express the following complex numbers in polar form:
(e) (-2 - j6).
(b) (6 - j8);
(a) 3/70°;
(c) (0 + j4);
(b) 5/-40°;
0
677
(d) (3 - j5);
(c) (2+j5);
(d)
(e) (4+jO).
(a)
(3/70°)*=3/-70°
(d)
(-5-j6)* = (-5+j6)
(b)
(5 /-40°)* = 5 /40°
(e)
(4 + jO)* = (4 + jO)
(c)
(2 + j5)* = (2 - j5)
Perform the indicated operations and express the results in polar form:
(a)
(3 + j4) + (5 - j7) + (3 - j6) - (10 - j8)
(c)
3 /30° + 5 /-50°-7 /20° + (6 + j5)
I
(b)
(5 + j9) - (6 + j15) + (4 - j3) + (6 - j5)
(a)
(3 + j4) + (5 - j7) + (3 - j6) - (l0 - j8) = (1- jl) = 1.41 /-45°
(b)
(5 + j9) - (6 + j15) + (4 - j3) + (6 - j5) = (9 - j14) = 16.64 /-57.26°
(c)
3 /30° + 5 / -50° - 7 /20° + (6 + j5) = (2.6 + j1.5) + (3.21 - j3.83) - (6.58 + j2.39) + (6 + j5)
= (5.23 + jO.28) = 5.24 /3.06°
24.266
Perform the indicated operations and express the results in polar form:
()
a
I
(3 + j9)(5 + jlO)(9 - j7)
5(3 + j6)
(a)
(b)
24.267
(17 + j9)(5 - j8)
(4 + j7)(8 - j4)
(3 + j9)(5 + jlO)(9 - j7) = (9.49 LlL.IT')(11.18 ~)(11.4 /-37.87°) = 360 13'2 "00
5(3 + j6)
5(6.71 /63.43°)
. 5~
(17 + j9)(5 - j8)
(19.24 ~)(9.43 /-57.99°)
°
(4+ j7)(8- j4) = (8.06/60.26°)(8.94/-26.57°) =2.52/-63.78
Perform the indicated operations and express the results in polar form:
(a)
I
24.268
(b)
(13 + jI9)(5 - jlO)*52e- i13 •
(14 /30°)(17 /50°)*
4
"
(b)
[(15 - j7)(3 + j2)*]*
(4 + j6)*(3 /70°)
(a)
(13 + jI9)(5 - jlO)*(52e- i134 ") _ (23.02 /55.62°)(11.18 /63.43°)(52 /-13.4°) _
/
°
(14 ~)(17 M)*
(14 ~)(l7 ~)
- 56.23 _125.65
(b)
0
(15 - j7)(3 + j2)*]* = [(16.55/ - 25.02°)(3.61 / - 33.69 )]* = 2 76 /72 400
[ (4 + j6)*(3 /70°)
(7.21/-56.31°)(3 /70°)
..
A coil whose resistance and inductive reactance are 10.00 and 8.00, respectively, is connected in series with a
3.0-0 capacitive reactance. If the circuit current is 30 /20° A, as shown in Fig. 24-80a, determine the
magnitude and phase angle of the driving voltage.
X I., roil - 8.0 n
H cuil - 10 SI
-~~~1_3.on
x,. - 3.0 n
-VT-=~~~~~'VVV\__~~~~~~~~~_--<_IJ_-,
v,
.
"'"
.
---~-----~---------~
IT-30~A
IT - 30
(h)
(d)
Fig. 24-80
rnr.
A
678
0
CHAPTER 24
I The equivalent series circuit is shown in Fig. 24-80b. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
Vr = VR + VL + Vc = I rR + I r(jX1J + lA - jX(J = (30 /20°)( 10) + (30 /200)(j8) + (30 /20°)( - j3)
=
24.269
30 /20°(10 + j8 - j3)
=
(30 /20°)( 11.18 L~!..:..57°)
=
335.4/46.57° V
For the circuit of Fig. 24-81 determine (a) the driving voltage in polar form; (b) the input impedance; (c)
the circuit current; (d) the voltage drop across each cmnponent in the circuit; (e) the equation for the current
as a function of time.
XL -6.0!!
R - 2.0 l!
Coil.·)
XL -2.0n
Vr -70 sin (3771 + 40°)
R - 5.0
I
Fig. 24-81
n
Vr = v'2
70 /4()0 = 49.50 /40° V
~--
(a)
i~
(b)
= (2 + j6) + (3 + j2)
-
(c)
(d)
R - 3.0 n
Ir
VI
=
i~
h
5 = 10 + j8
49.50 /40°
=
12.8r~\8.660
= 12.81 /38.66° fl
/1 'lAO
=
3.86 Ll.l!. A
VCO;IA = lrzco;,A =
(3.86/1.34°)(2 + j6) '" (3.86/1.34°)(6.32/71.57°) = 24.40 /72.91° V
VcoilB
(3.86/1.34°)(3 + j2) '" (3.86/1.34°)(3.61/33.69°)
=
lrzcodB
=
=
13.93/35.03° V
VR = IrR = (3.86 L1-34°)(5) = 19.3/1.34° V
i = 3.86v'2 sin (377 t + 1.34°)
(e)
24.270
For the circuit shown in Fig. 24-82a, (a) determine, the current, and then
showing the net driving voltage phasor and the curre 11 phasor.
IT
(1.0 + /3.0)
(b) sketch the phasor diagram
-/4.0
'-----15.0 +/10 1------'
(b)
(11)
Fig. 24-82
I
(a)
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,
80 /30° + 100 /20° = IA1 + j3) + lA - }4) + lr(5 + }1O)
(163.25 + j74.20) = IA6 + j9)
(69.28 + j40) + (93.97 + j34.20)
(179.32/24.44°)
= lA6 + j9)
= IAlO.82/56.31°)
179.32,&4.41:
°
Ir = 1O.82i2!i.3\:· = 16.57/-31.87 A
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 24-82b.
series-connected driving voltages.
The net driving voltage is the phasor sum of the two
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.271
679
A coil whose resistance and inductance are 60.00 and 0.20 H, respectively, is connected to a 120-V 60-Hz
generator. Determine (a) the inductive reactance; (b) the input impedance; (c) the steady-state current;
(d) the steady-state current if the 60-Hz generator is replaced by a 120-V battery.
I
(a)
XL = 21TfL = 21T(60)(0.2) = 75.4 0
(b)
Zs = (60 + j75.4) = 96.36 /51.49° 0
- VT
120~
IT = Zs = 96.36 /51.49° = 1.25 /-51.49° A
(c)
(d)
With a battery applied,
f= O.
XL = 21T(0)(0.2) = 0 0
24.272
0
For the circuit of Fig. 24-83, find
Vk
Zs = R + jX L = 60 + jO = 600
in terms of
VT •
Ide
=
V
Zdes
=
120
60
=2A
Hence obtain the voltage divider rule.
Fig. 24-83
I
The current in the series circuit is
(1)
where ZT = Zl + i2 + ... + i k + '" + in'
The voltage drop across impedance Zk is
Vk = ITZ k
(2)
Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), we obtain the voltage divider equation
- Zk
Vk=VT ~
ZT
24.273
Using the voltage divider rule, determine the rms voltage across the 5.0-0 resistor in Fig. 24-81.
iT = (2 + j6) + (3 + j2) + 5 =
I
VT = ~
/40° = 49.50 /40° V
-
(
(10 + j8) = 12.81 /38.66° 0
/ A(lO)
V5 n = 49.50 &
5~
12.81 /38.66°
=
11 'l4AOO
19.3 Ll.l:!... V
t---'----.-----.----.- - - - - - - -,
: I.
Fig. 24-84
680
24.274
D
CHAPTER 24
In the circuit of Fig. 24-84, assume ZI=2.8L::.~i:, Zz == 1.9/79°, Z,==1.5/-63°, and VT ==100L!r.
Determine (a) the input admittance of the circuit; (b) the steady-state current supplied by the generator.
I
(a)
YT
=
24.275
1.9
=
0.5263/-79° = (0.1004 - jO.5166) S
Y3 =
1.5
~
= 0.6667 /63° = (0.3027 + jO.5940) S
= 0.3571/56° = (0.1997 + jO.2961) S
Y1 + Y2 + Y3 = (0.1997 + jO.2(61) + (0.1004 - jO.5166) + (0.3027 + jO.5940)
= 0.6028
(b)
Yz =
k
k
}\ = 2.8
+ jO.3735 = 0.7091 L1L~':: S
IT = VTYT = (100 L!r)(O.709 /31.78°) =
70.9 /31.78° A
What is the input impedance of the circuit of Prob. 24.274?
I
1
1
ZT = Y = 0.7091L~1.780
T
= 1.41/-31.78° n
The input impedance may also be determined from Ohm's law:
VT
ZT = IT
24.276
=
100 .~!::
70.91
.780
dJ
=
°
1.41/-31.78 n
Assume R s ' X s ' and EG in Fig. 24-85a are 3.0.0, 4.0 n, and 100 V, respectively. Determine (a) the circuit
current; (b) the equivalent parallel circuit parameters; (c) the feeder current to the equivalent parallel
circuit.
Zs--
Coil
(a)
Ib,
Z,-
IX,
IcI
Fig. 24-85
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I
-
(a)
=
100!.SL
8.330
See Fig. 24-85b
Using Fig. 24-85c as a guide,
-
-
-
EG
EG
IT = IRp + Ix p = Rp + ix =
24.277
681
IT = ZT = 3.0 + j4.0 = 20 /-53.1° A
(3)2 + (4)2
3
(c)
VT
0
100!.SL
100!.SL
p --s.33 + 6.25 /90° = (12.0 -
.
J16.0) = 20 /-53.1° A
From the circuit of Fig. 24-86, obtain the current divider equation; that is, express i k in terms of iT.
Fig. 24·86
I
The total current supplied to the parallel circuit is
iT = VTY T
(1 )
Ik
(2)
where
The current to admittance
Solving Eq. (1) for
VT
Yk
is
VTYk
=
and substituting it into Eq. (2) results in the current divider equation
-
- Yk
~
YT
Ik = IT
24.278
Using the current divider equation, determine the current in impedance
-
I
- Y2
°
Y = (70.91 /31.78)
12 = IT
Z2
of Prob. 24.274.
0.5263 ~
/
°
0.7091 /31.78° = (52.63 -79.00 ) A
T
24.279
A 350-J-tF capacitor, a 10.0-0 resistor, and a coil whose inductance and resistance are 0.030 Hand 50,
respectively, are connected in parallel and supplied by a 120-V 6O-Hz generator. Sketch the circuit and
determine (a) the steady-state current through each branch; (b) the steady-state line current; (c) the input
impedance; (d) the input admittance.
Fig. 24·87
I
The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 24-87.
1
Xc = 21T(60)(350 x 10 6) = 7.58 n
(a)
ZeOi!
=
(5 + j11.31)
=
Z
leOi!
VT
=
XL = 21T(60)(0.03) = 11.31 n
12.37 /66.15° 0
120!.SL
'1
em
= 12.37 /66.15° =9.70/-66.15° A
682
D
CHAPTER 24
IT = le + leo;, + IR = 15.83 L2Q~ + 9.70 /-66.15° + 121.S!..
(b)
= (0 + jI5.83) + (3.92 - j8.87) + (12 + jD) = 15.92 + j6.96 = 17.38/23.60° A
(c)
VT
[20 LQ':
Z;n = IT = 17.:11' i23.600 = 6.90/-23.60° n
From Ohm's law,
-
(d)
24.280
1
Y;n =
i;n =
1
6~9r~'=:z3.600 = 0.1448/23.60° S
In the circuit of Prob. 24.279, calculate the steady-state current if the ac source is replaced by a 120-V battery.
I
ieo;, =
R +- jX,
120
le = ---;;;- = 0 A
24.281
= 5 + jO = 5 n
IR =
120
10 = 12A
For the series-parallel circuit in Fig. 24-88a determine (a) the input impedance;
the voltage drop across i}; (d) the voltage drop a;ross i 2 •
(b) the circuit current;
(1.5 + ;0.50)
1
'V
E•• - 240 /30' v
tI
Q
(0\)
U
IT
ZI
J.
-
tI
(1))
I (a)
Fig. 24·88
From Fig. 24-88b:
(1 + j3)(4 - j2) _ 4 -jl:.~'- j12 - /6 _ 10 + jlO _ 14.14 ~ _
/'1'1 hO
(l+j3)+(4-j2)5+jl
- 5+jl -5.1O/11.31o-2.77~
O
= 2.31
+ j1.54 n
i,n = (1.5 + jO.S) + (2.31
+ jU4) = (3.81 + j2.04) = 4.32/28.17° n
(c)
REVIEW PROBLEMS
-
(b)
1=
240m
4.32 /28.17° = 55.56/l.83° A
Vz! = iz! = (55.56 /1.83°)(1.5 + jO.5) = (55.56 /1.83°)(1.58 /18.44°) =
(c)
VZ2 = IZed =
(d)
24.282
V
Z;n =
0 683
87.79 /20.27° V
(55.56 /1.83°)(2.77 /33.6~) = 153.9 /35.52° V
For the circuit shown in Fig. 24-89, determine (a) the input impedance of the series-parallel combination;
the ammeter reading; (c) the equation for the current wave as a function of time.
(5.0 + i7.0)
Z3
(3.0 + il.O)
"
C
Z2
5.0
Fig. 24-89
I
(a)
(b)
From Fig. 24-89:
Zbe
(5 + j7)5
°
.
+ j7) + 5 = 3.52 /19.47 = (3.32 + J1.17) n
-
1=
V
Z;n
240 L.!L
°
= 6.68/18.95° =35.92/-18.95 A
= (3.32 + j1.17) + (3 + jl)
= 6.68 /18.95° n
Ammeter indicates 35.92 A
i = 35.92v'2 sin (21T25t - 18.95°)
(c)
24.283
Z;n
= (5
What is the input current to the circuit of Fig. 24-89 if the ac source is replaced by a 240-V battery?
I
In this case, the circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 24-90.
R;n = 3 + 2.5 = 5.5 n
I;n =
Hence:
240
"5.5 = 43.64 A
5.0
Q
3.0
"
c
5.0
+
240 V
~----~ A ~--------------------~
24.284
Determine the input impedance of the circuit shown in Fig. 24-91a.
Z\
= (0.054
I
= (1
The circuit impedances are
Z2 = (1 + j2) n
+ jO) n
Z4 = (3 - j3) n
Z3=(0-j4)n
Z5
Fig. 24-90
Z6 = 0.278 /-56.3° n
+ j3) n
By network reduction shown in Fig. 24-91b through d we obtain
Z2 = 1 + j2 = 2.24 /63.43° n
Y2 = ~2 = 2.24
Yj
1
= Z3
k
1
= 4 / -900
Z3 = 0 -
j4
= 4 / -90° n
Z4 = 3 -
= 0.4464 / -63.43° = (0.1997 = 0.2500 /90° = (0 + jO.2500) S
j3 = 4.24 / -45° n
jO.3993) S
(b)
684
D
CHAPTER 24
-
1
Y4 = Z4
1
= 4.24/-45° = 0.2357/45° = (0.1667 + jO.1667) S
YA = Y2 + Y3 + Y4 =
ZA
1
=
Y
(0.3664 + jO.0174) = 0.3668/2.72° S
1
= 0.3668/2.72° = 2.726/-2.7:~ = (2.723 - jO.1294)
n
A
ZB = ZA +
Z5 =
=
4.701/37.64° n
(4.701L.TIM)(0.278/--56.3°)
ZBZ6
Zc = ZB + Z6
=
(2.723 - jO.1294) + (1 + j3)
= (4.701/37.64°) + (0.278 ! -- 56.3°) =
1.307/-18.66°
4.69/34.25°
= 0.2787 /- 52.91°
(0.1680 - jO.2223) n
ZiRPut = Zc + Zl = (0.1680 - jO.2223) + (0.054 + ;0) = 0.3142/-45.04° n
(h)
(a)
24.285
Fig. 24·91
(d)
(d
Determine the potential difference between points Band D and hence the voltmeter reading in the circuit of
Fig. 24-92.
-
11
13261'F
250 V
60 Hz
rvt
v.:-
/1
i;)
~VM
7.96 mH
8
/)
4.0 n
4.0n
c
I
Fig. 24·92
Traveling the path DCB:
ifDB
=
(L driving vOltages) - (2, voltage droPS)
= 0 - (412
+ ( - 4)(13) )
(1 )
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0 685
The current in each of the two branches may be determined by calculating the impedance of each branch and
then applying Ohm's law. Thus,
XL
=
2TrfL
=
21T(60)(7.96 x 10- 3 )
3.000
=
X =
c
1
=2.000
21T60( 1326 x 10 6)
The current in branch ADC is
12
=
250 L!r
(4 _ j2)
13
=
=
250 L!r
4.47 /-26.47°
=
55.90 /26.57° A
The current in branch ABC is
Substituting the values for
12 and 13
250 L!r
(4 + j3)
=
250 L!r
5~
=
50.0 /-36.87° A
into Eq. (1)
VDB = -[4(55.90 /26.5r) - 4(50 /-36.87°)] = -223.6/26.57° + 200 /-36.87°
= (-199.99 - j100.01) + (160.00 - j120) = (- 39.99 - j220.01) = 223.6/-100.3° V
The voltmeter will indicate 223.6 V.
24.286
If the ac generator is replaced by a 250-V battery in the circuit of Fig. 24-92, determine the voltmeter reading.
I In this case the circuit becomes as shown in Fig. 24-93 for which:
X =_1_=
1
=00
c
21TfC 21T0(1326 x 10 6)
The current in branch ADC is
250 L!r
250
12 = 4 + joo = 00 /90°
The current in branch ABC is
250 L!r 250
13 = 4 + jO ="4 = 62.5 A
=
0A
Traveling path DCB,
VDB =
(2: driving voltages) - (2: voltage droPS) = 0 - [4/2 + (-1)(4/3)] = -(4 x 0 - 4 x 62.5) = 250 V
7.96 mH
+
230 V
11
4.0
!
n
un
I.
('
Fig. 24-93
24.287
A 6.0-0 resistor and a 4.0-0 inductive reactance are connected in series with a sinusoidal generator. If the
generator voltage is given as e = 20 sin 157! V, determine (a) the complex impedance; (b) the circuit
current in polar form; (c) the frequency of the alternating current.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
i
= R + jXL = (6+ j4) =7.21/33.69°0
E = 20tv'2L!r
- E
1=
20N2L!r
z = 7.21
~ = 1.96/-33.69° A
f= 25 Hz
686
24.288
D
CHAPTER 24
A coil, a capacitor, and a resistor are connected in series and supplied by a 1.5-kHz generator. The capacitive
reactance is 4.00, the resistor is 4.00, and the coil has a resistance of 3.00 and an inductive reactance of
4.0 O. If the current in the circuit is 10 /20° A, dett~rmine (a) the complex impedance and (b) the phasor
voltage drop across the coil.
I
Z = R + jXL - jXc= 4 + (3 + j4) - j4 = 7 + jO = 7 & 0
Veoil = IZeoil = (10 /20°)(3 + )4) = (10 /20°)(5 /53.13°) = 50 /73.13°Y
(a)
(b)
24.289
Determine the resistance and inductance or capacitance values of series-connected elements that will draw a
current of 20 / - 30° A from a 60-Hz sinusoidal gemrator whose voltage is 100 & Y.
1=
I
~.O / -300 =
f
z
100_&
z
Z = 5 /30° = (4.33 + j2.5) 0
Thus, the impedance has a resistance of 4.330, and an inductive reactance of 2.5 O.
2.5
24.290
ZT = Zl + Z2 + Z3 = 4&+ (6 + j5) + (-j2) = (10+ j3) = 10.44 /16.700
IZl = (2 + j3)(4 &) = (3.61 /56.31°)(4 &) = 14.42 /56.31° Y
IZ2 = (3.61 /56.31°)(6 + ;5) = 28.20 /96.12° Y
IZ 3 = (3.61 /56.31 °)(2 L:~IOO) = 7.22 / -33.7° Y
Vgen = ITzT = (3.61 /56.:T)(1O.44 /16.70°) = 37.69 /73.01 y
(a)
(b)
0
(c)
A certain series circuit is composed of two generators, a 4.0-0 resistor, a 10.0-0 inductive reactance, and a
3.0-0 capacitive reactance. If the generator voltages are 60 sin (1000t + 50°) and 100 sin (lOOOt + 30°), determine (a) the complex impedance; (b) the total driving voltage in polar form; (c) the magnitude and phase
angle of the circuit current.
ZT
I (a)
(b)
= jlO + 4 -- P ,= (4 + j7) = 8.06 /60.26° 0
ET = 42.43 /50° + 70.71 /30° = (27.27 + j32.5) + (61.24 + j35.36) = (88.51 + j67.86) = 111.52 /37.48° Y
- _ ET _ 111.52i37.48° _
°
1- ZT - To6L~0.260 -13.84 /-22.78 A
(c)
24.292
L =6.63mH
A current of (2.0 + j3.0) A is determined to be in Cl series circuit consisting of a sinusoidal generator and the
following impedances: Zl = 4.0 &, Z2 = (6.0 + jS.O), Z3 = -j2.0. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance;
(b) the voltage drop (in polar form) across each component; (c) the generator voltage.
I
24.291
=27T60L
Now,
A 100-Y ac generator is connected in series with a 3.,51 /33.69° 0 impedance, a 5.0-0 capacitive reactance, and a
2.0-0 resistor. Sketch the circuit and determine the reading of a clip-on ammeter hooked over one of the
connecting wires.
I See Fig. 24-94.
Z= 2-
j5 + 3.61 /33.69°
-
100&
= 2- j5 + (3.00 + j2.00) = 5.83 / -30.96°
1= 5.83 /-30.96° = 17.15,21 96° A
Ammeter reads 17.15 A
Fig. 24-94
REVIEW PROBLEMS
24.293
687
A 240-V 400-Hz generator supplies a series connection of three ideal circuit elements. The elements are a
2.0-0 resistor, a 3.0-0 inductive reactance, and a 4.0-0 capacitive reactance. Determine (a) the complex
impedance; (b) the rms current; (c) the voltage drop across the inductance; (d) the steady-state current if
the driver is replaced by a 240-V battery; (e) the steady-state voltage across the capacitor for the conditions in
part (d).
I (a)
Z = 2 + j3 -_ V _
(b)
(c)
24.294
D
1-
Z-
j4 = 2 - j1 = 2.24/- 26.57° 0
240 &:
_
°
2.24/-26.57° -107.33/26.57 A
1= 107.33 A
VL = IjX L = (107.33/26.5n(3/900) = 321.99/116.57°
(d)
The impedance of the capacitor at 0 Hz equals
(e)
At steady state, the capacitor will have attained full charge, and
00.
VI. = 321.99 V
Hence, the steady-state current is zero.
Vc = 240 V.
A high-impedance rms voltmeter is used to measure the voltage drop across each of three series-connected ideal
circuit elements. If the rms readings are 40 V, 25 V, and 60V for VL, VR , and Vc, respectively, determine the
equation for the voltage wave representing the driving voltage whose frequency is 20 Hz.
VT = VR + jVL - jVc = 25 + j40 - j60 = 25 - j20 = 32.02/-38.66°
UT
24.295
= 32.02v'2 sin [21T20t - 38.66°] = 45.28 sin [125.66t - 38.66°]
A 6000-Hz 200-V generator is connected in series with a capacitive reactance of 6.0 0 and a coil whose resistance
and inductive reactance are 4.00 and 2.00, respectively. Determine (a) the circuit impedance; (b) the
circuit current; (c) the phasor diagram; (d) the rms voltage across the capacitor; (e) the rms voltage across
the coil.
I
ZT = 4 + j2 - j6 = 5.66/-45° 0
(a)
- VT
200&:o
1= ~ = 5.66~ =35.36MA
(b)
(c)
ZT
See Fig. 24-95.
Vc = IXc = 35.36(6) = 212.16 V
(d)
(e)
24.296
ZCOil
= (4 + j2) = 4.47 /26.57° 0
VcOil = IZ coil = (35.36)(4.47) = 158.06 V
In the circuit of Prob. 24-295 obtain (a) the maximum instantaneous stored energy in the capacitor and
the maximum instantaneous charge stored.
1
6 = 21T6000C
I
W= H4.42
qmax
24.297
I,m. =35.36A
X
(b)
C=4.42J-tF
1O- 6 )(212.13v'2)2 = 198.9 mJ
= CVmax = 4.42 x 1O- 6 (212.13v'2) = 1.33 me
A coil of 30 mH, a resistor of 10 0, and a capacitance of 350 J-tF are connected in parallel and supplied by a
120-V 60-Hz generator. Determine (a) the current through each element; (b) the total line current; (c)
the circuit impedance; (d) the phase angle between the feeder current and the driving voltage.
I
(a)
XL = 21TfL = 21T60(0.03) = 11.310
VL
120 &:
/ _0(\0
IL = jXl. = 11.31/90° = 10.61 ~ A
688
D
CHAPTER 24
"1
); c
-
le
(b)
120 LQ::
=
°
;7.58~ = 15.83~
IT = IR + le + IL = 12 + j15.83 - jlO.61 = (12 + j5.22) = 13.09 /23.51° A
-
VT
ZT
/")'1' °
120 LQ::
13.09L1lJ1 = - - Zr
IT=~
(c)
24.298
Vc
= -jXc
1
= 27TfC = 27T60(350 x 10 6) = 7.580
ZT=9.17/-23.51°0
A parallel circuit consisting of a 4.0-0 resistor, a 2.0·n capacitive reactance, and a 6.0-0 inductive reactance is
fed from a 30-Hz 240-V generator. Determine (a) the circuit admittance; (b) the circuit impedance; (c)
the feeder current; (d) the time-domain equations for the driving voltage and the feeder current; (e) the
phasor diagram (drawn to scale) showing branch currents, feeder current, and driving voltage.
I
(a)
-
-
-
-
Y T = Yt + Y2 + Y3
11
= -4 +
I
-=--6 + -]
- j2
1
1
ZT = Y = 0.417-L-S3.130 = 2.40 / - 53.13° n
(b)
T
--
- Vr
240 LQ::
IT = iT = 2.4(L'-53.130
(c)
=
100 /53.13°
= 240v'2 sin (27T30t) = 339.41 sin (188.5t)
iT = 100v'2 sin (27T30t + 53.13°) = 141.42 sin (188.5t + 53°)
(d)
(e)
= (0.25 + jO.333) = 0.417 /53.13° S
UT
- _ 240 LQ': _
°
I[ - 6L2!E- -40/-90 A
- _ 240 LQ:: _
°
IR - - 4 - -60LQ::A
- _ 240 LQ:: _
°
le - 2~ -120~A
See Fig. 24-96 for the phasor diagram.
I'--=I:-R----~
Fig. 24-96
24.299
A 400-V 50-Hz generator supplies current to a paralld circuit consisting of a 4.0-0 resistor, a 5.0-0 inductive
reactance, and a 3.0-0 capacitive reactance. Determine (a) the input admittance; (b) the input impedance;
(c) the feeder current; (d) the time-domain equation for the feeder current.
I
(a)
(b)
24.300
-
YT =
1
1
1
ZT =
Y =
4+
_ j3 + J5 = 0.25 + jO.3333 - jO.2 = 0.283 /28.01 ° S
-
1
T
1
0.283Z28.01 0 = 3.53 /-28.01° 0
(c)
- VT
400 LO°
IT = iT = 3.53L~!8.010 = 113.27 /28.01° A
(d)
i = 113.27\1'2 f,in [27T50t + /28.01°] A
In the circuit of Prob. 24.299, find the steady-state
~urrent
if the ac source is replaced by a 400-V dc source.
REVIEW PROBLEMS
I For dc input f = 0,
R = 4 0,
XL =0,
or
IT =
27Tf= 30
(a)
f= 4.77 Hz
XL = 27TfL = 30(4) = 1200
(b)
-
(c)
VL
IL=X=
J
L
1001\12 /40°
0
120~ =0.59/-50 A
(d)
iL = 0.59v'2 sin (30t - 50°)
(e)
Wc = ~ CV 2 = HO.007){100 sin [30(0.1)(57.3) + 40°]} 2 = 9.8 J
= u~ = {lOO sin [30(0.1)(57.3) + 40°]} 2 = 1396 W
p
(f)
R
H
2
A parallel circuit consisting of a 5.0-0 capacitive reactance, a 4.0-0 resistor, and a 2.0-0 inductive reactance is
connected to a 240-V 6O-Hz generator. Determine (a) the circuit admittance; (b) the current to each
component; (c) the feeder current.
I
(a)
(b)
(c)
24.303
VY T = (400)(00 /-90°) = 00 A
A parallel circuit consisting of a 2.0-0 resistor, a 4.0-H inductor, and a 0.0070-F capacitor is connected to a
sinusoidal driver. The equation for the driving voltage is U = 100 sin (30t + 40°). Determine (a) the frequency of the supply voltage; (b) the inductive reactance; (c) the rms current drawn by the inductor; (d)
the equation for the current wave to the inductor; (e) the instantaneous energy stored in the capacitor at
t = 0.1 s; (f) the rate of expenditure of heat energy at t = 0.1 s.
I
24.302
Xe=oo.
1
1
1
Y =-+-:-+-:-=-joo=00/-900S
T
4 JO Joo
And
24.301
and
D 689
YT = ~
+
-~5
+
k
= 0.25 + jO.20 - jO.50 = 0.25 - jO.3 = 0.391 /-50.19° S
- _ 240 LQ:: _
°
le-5/_900-48~A
- _ 240 LQ::
°
4LQ:: =60LQ::A
IR-
-
240 LQ::
°
IL= 2/90° =120/-90 A
IT = IR + IL + le = j48+ 60+ (-j120) =60- j72 = 93.72 /-50.19° A
In the circuit of Prob. 24.302, find (a) the values of inductance and capacitance;
instantaneous energy stored in the magnetic field.
I
XL = 27TfL
1
Xc = 27TfC
2 = 27T60L
1
5 = 27T60C
(b) the maximum
L =5.3mH
C=530.5 J,tF
W<t> = ~ Li~ = HO.0053)(120v'2)2 = 76.32 J
24.304
Two parallel-connected impedances are fed by a sinusoidal voltage wave expressed by Ut = 170 sin (377t + 60°).
The impedances are 2.9 / -16° 0 and 8.5 /10.5° O. Determine the rms current in each impedance and the rms
feeder current.
I
Vr = (170/ V2)
-
/60° = 120.2 /60° V
120.2 /60°
°
IB = 8.5 ~ = 14.14 /49.5 A
-
120.2 M
/..,r.. 0
lA = 2.9/-W =41.45&A
lA = 41.45 A
IB=14.14A
IT = lA + IB = 41.45 /76° + 14.14 /49S = (10.03 + j40.22) + (9.18 + jlO.75)
= (19.21 + j50.97) = 54.47 /69.35° A
IT = 54.47 A
24.305
A branch consisting of a 200-J,tF capacitor in series with a 5.0-0 reistor is connected in parallel with a
(10+ j4.0)-0 impedance. The generator voltage is 100 sin 377t. Determine (a) the current in the series
branch; (b) the current in the (10 + j4.0)-0 branch; (c) the feeder current.
690
D
CHAPTER 24
I
1
1
X =--=
=13260,
c
27TfC
377(200 x 10- 6)
.
(a)
Z= R -
jXc = (5 - j13.26) = 14.17 /-69.34° 0
- VT
1001\,':;/0°
°
Z = 14.17l=-'~;:-340 = 4.99/69.34 A
1=
(c)
24.306
-
Z = (10 + j4) = 10.77 /21.8° 0
(b)
1=
V
Z
:0
100 1\12 &:
10.77 fl!Jr = 6.57 /-21.8° A
(1.76 ~- i",.67) + (6.10 - j2.44)
IT = 4.99/69.34° + 6.57 /- 21.8° =
=
(7.86 + j2.23) = 8.17 /15.83°
Determine the input impedance of a parallel circuil consisting of a 2.0-0 resistor branch, a (3.0 + j8.0)-0
branch, and a branch containing a 4.0-0 capacitive reactance.
1
I
1
Y T = -2 + - - + --:-4 = 0.5 + 0.1171 L-69. W + 0.25/90° = 0.5 + (0.041 - jO.11O) + jO.25
I
3+j8
-]
---
= (0.541 + jO.14) = 0.56/14.51° S
-
1
1
ZT = Y'T =
24.307
A 240-V 60-Hz generator supplies energy to a parallel circuit consisting of a 5.0-0 capacitive reactance, a 2.0-0
resistor, and a (0.10 + j0.40)-S admittance. Determine the feeder current.
1
1
Y T = 5/-90° + 2 + (0.1 + jO.4)
I
IT = VTY'T =
24.308
0.56 Z!{Sl0 = 1.79/-14.51° 0
=
jO.2 + 0.5 + 0.1 + jO.4
(240 LQ~)(0.85 /45°)
=
=
(0.6 + jO.6) = 0.85/45° S
203.65/45° A
A 400-V 50-Hz generator supplies current to a parallel circuit consisting of a (2.0 + j3.0)-0 impedance and a
(3.0 + j4.0)-0 impedance. Determine (a) the input admittance; (b) the feeder current; (c) the timedomain equation for the current in the (3.0 + j4.0)-H impedance.
I
(a)
-
YT
1
=
1
2 + j3 + 3 + j4 = 0.2770 /- 56.31 ° + (Um /- 53.13° = (0.1537 - jO.2305) + (0.120 - jO.160)
= 0.4769/-55.0° S
IT = VTY'T = (400 &:,(0.4769/-55.0°) = 190.8/-55° A
(b)
(c)
24.309
- V
1=
400 &:
Z = (3 + j4)
= 80 /-53.1:r A
i = 80v'2 sin (27T50t - 53.13°)
A branch consisting of a 200-ILF capacitor in series with a 5.0-0 resistor is connected in parallel with a coil
whose resistance and inductance are 10 0 and 0.0106 H, respectively. The generator voltage is 100 sin 377t V
Sketch the circuit and determine (a) the current to th(~ capacitor; (b) the current in the coil; (c) the feeder
current.
I
See Fig. 24-97.
(a)
VT = (1001v'2) &: = 70.71 &: V
I
Xc = 377(203;( 10-6) = 13.260
Zm = (5 _ VT
Im (b)
Zeoil
_
Zser -
j13.26)
70.7 &:
_
/t;.o 'lAO
14.171-69.340 - 4.99 ~ A
"---
= (10 + j4) = 10.77 fl.L78° H
-
_ VT
leoil -
_
70:71 &:
iT = Im + Ieoil =
=
XL
Z . - 1O.77L- 21.780
c<lll
(c)
= 14.17 /-69.34° 0
= 27TfL = 377(0.0106) = 40
_
°
- 6.57 /- 21.78 A
--
4.1)9 /69.34° + 6.57/-21.78°
(1.76 + j4.67) + (6.10 - j2.44)
=
8.17 /15.84° A
REVIEW PROBLEMS
0
691
Fig. 24·97
24.310
In the circuit of Fig. 24-97, the ac source is replaced by a 12-V battery.
to the circuit?
What is the steady-state current input
I
In this case, since the capacitor acts as an open circuit, the current is determined by the resistance of the coil.
Hence,
IT = 12/10= 1.2A
24.311
A 450-V 60-Hz source supplies a phasor current of 5.0 /-60° A to an impedance. Determine (a) the
impedance in ohms; (b) a set of series-connected circuit elements that can be used to construct the impedance
(express the elements in henrys, ohms, and/or farads as applicable); (c) a set of parallel-connected circuit
elements that can be used to make an equivalent impedance.
I
(a)
(b)
.2T =(45 +j77.94)
or
XL = 77.940 = 21T(60)L
R=450
L=0.207H
1
1
Y T =.2 = 90/60° = 0.0111 /-60° = (0.0056 - jO.0096) = Y I
(c)
-
+ Yz
T
-
1
ZI =
Y
1
-
= 0.0056 = 1800
1
Z2 =
I
Thus,
1
Y
= 0.0096 /-90° = 103.92 /90° 0
2
.21 = 180-0 resistor
.22 = 103.92-0 inductive reactance
103.92 = 21T60L
24.312
L = 275.7 mH
Determine the resistance, inductance, and/or capacitive values of parallel-connected circuit elements that draw
a total of 20 / - 30° A from a 60-Hz sinusoidal generator whose driving voltage is 100 ~ V.
Y
I
T
Y
I
= 0.1732 S
Y2 =
= 0.20 /-30° = (0.1732 - jO.1000) S
- jO.l000
Thus, ZI is a resistor of 5.770 and Z2 is an inductive reactance of 100, and
10 = 21T60L
24.313
Repeat Prob. 24.312 for series-connected elements.
iT = ~T
I
ZT
R =4.330
Thus,
24.314
L=26.5mH
20 /-30° =
100_~
ZT
.2T = 5 /30° = (4.33 + j2.50)
2.5 = 21T60L
L =6.63 mH
Determine the ammeter readings in the circuit shown in Fig. 24-98.
t 'V
20 {30· V
Fig. 24·98
692
D
CHAPTER 24
I
A.=5A
-
13
V,
= _
j4
=
20 /3C~
4 L=-9i
r
°
=
5 L.!1!r
i 2 =i3 +i.=5L=.60'-5/1200=0
i l = VT YI = (20 /30°)(0.3 + jO.4) = (20 Ll!r:)(0.5/53.13°)
24.315
A 3 =5A
A 2 =OA
11 = 10 /83.13°
A feeder current of 250 A is supplied to the followmg paralleled impedances:
Determine the
2 1 =5/20°0
current drawn by 2 3 ,
1
1
1
Y T = 5 /20° + 6 L!r + 10 /15° +
I
1
82.= 600
=
0.1879 - jO.0684 + 0.1667 + jO.O
+ 0.0966 - jO.0259 + 0.0625 + jO.1083
= (0.5137 + jO.0140) = 0.5139 LL)574° S
- -[Y3]
[O.l/-ISO] =48.65/-16.56° A
Y =25°0:5139/1.56°
I3=IT
24.316
T
A dc generator supplies a total of 100 A to the following paralleled resistors:
R. =70
R 5 =40
Determine the current in RI and R 6 •
I
Y T = ~ + ~ + .~
+ ~ + ~ + ~ = 1.5373 S
0.1111]
16 = 100 [ 1.5373 = 7.23 A
24.317
A 40 /30°-0 impedance is connected in series with the following paralleled group of impedances:
If the voltage drop across the 40 /30°-0 impedance is 200 L!r V, determine
voltage drop across the paralleled section.
I
(a)
(a) the current in
23 ,
(b) the
By Ohm's law:
-.
1
1
1
1
YT = 3 /60° + 5 /40° + 8 /60° + 4 /- 25°
YT
= 0.1667 - jO.2886 + 0.1532 - JO.1286 + 0.0625 - jO.1083 + 0.2266 + jO.1057
= (0.6089 - j0.4198) = 0.7396 L-34.58° S
The current in 23 is
- - [Y3]
1_"l(l0[ J.1250~ ]
/
°
Y = 5 ~ 0.7396/-34.58° = 0.845 -55.42 A
13 = IT
(b)
24.318
T
Vpmllel sec = ~ = i3 23 = (0 ..345 /- 55 .42°)(8 /60°) = 6.76 /4.58° V
Determine the input impedance for the circuit showlI in Fig. 24-99. The circuit parameters are 21 = (3 + j4),
22 = 9.8/-78°, 23 = 18.5/21.8°. The 400-Hz sinu,;oidal generator has an rms voltage of 100 V.
~~
'-------[~
Fig. 24-99
REVIEW PROBLEMS
-
I
-
-
1
D 693
1
Ypa , = Y 2 + Y 3 = 9.8/-78° + 18.5 /21.8° = (0.0212 + jO.0998) + (0.0502 - jO.0201)
= 0.1070 /48.W S
1
Zpa< = 0.1070 /48.W = 9.345/-48.W = (6.236 - j6.961)
Z;n = Zl + Zpa, = (3 + j4) + (6.236 -
j6.961)
= (9.236 - j2.961) = 9.699/-17.78° 0
24.319
For the circuit section shown in Fig. 24-100,
6/60°. Determine (a) the voltmeter reading;
the current in Zl (assume a 60-Hz driver).
Zl = 4/50°, Z2 = 6/40°, Z3 = 5 /30°, Z. = 2 /20°, Zs =
(b) the ammeter reading,
(c) the time-domain equation for
Fig. 24-100
I
Vs = IsZs = (20 /30°)(6/60°) =
(a)
(b)
Voltmeter reads 120 V
120 /90° V
For the parallel branch,
Y
T
=
6/~0° + 5/~0° + 2/~00 =(0.7708-jO.3782)=0.8585/-26.135°S
- - [ YY] = 20 /30° [0.8585/-26.W
0.1667 ~ ]
°
= 3.88~A
12 = IT
i = 20\1'2 sin (21T60t
(c)
24.320
+ 30°)
A certain series-parallel circuit contains an impedance Zl in series with a parallel combination of Z2 and 23.
The sinusoidal driving voltage is 240 /300V. The impedances are Zl = (1- j1), Z2 = (1 + j1), Z3 =
(1 - j1). Determine (a) the driving-point impedance; (b) the driving-point admittance; (c) the current
supplied by the generator; (d) the voltage drop across Zl.
I
(1 + j1)(1 - j1)
(1+j1)+(1-j1) =1.00
(a)
Z;n = Zl + Zp = (1 (b)
(c)
(d)
24.321
Ammeter reads 3.88 A
T
Y;n
1
=
j1) + 1.0 = 2 - j1 = 2.2359/-26.57° 0
1
Z;n = 2.236/-26.57° = 0.4472/26.57° S
IT = VTY;n = (240 /30°)(0.4472/26.57°) = 107.34/56.57° A
VI = li l
= (107.34/56.57°)(1 - j1)
=
151.78/11.57° V
Determine the ammeter and voltmeter readings for the circuit shown in Fig. 24-101. The 6O-Hz generator
s!:,pplies 240 V _to the circuit, and the impedances are ZI = 3 + j2, Z2 = 4 + j1, Z3 = 2 - j5, Z. = 3 + j6,
Zs=4+j7, Z6=2+j3.
694
D
CHAPTER 24
r----------
-------------~V3
Fig. 24-101
I 2,
= (3
+ j2)
= 3.606 /33.69° n
22 = (4 + jl) = 4.123 /14.036° 0
25 = (4 + j7) '" 8.062 /60.255° 0
24 = (3 + j6) = 6.708 /63.435° 0
- = 4.123
240/J!..
1- 4 '36°
12
/14.036° = 582
. 1 cLl'_
Ammeter A 2 rea ds 58. 21 A
= (3.606~)(4.L!3/14.036°) =
-
(3+j2)+(4+jl)
Zp(l2)
1.
= (5.385 / -68.199~)~~J.708 /63.43SO)
2
(2 - j5)
P().4)
-
21 = (2 - j5) = 5.385 / -68.199° 0
20 = (2 + j3) = 3.606 /56.310 0
+ (3 + j6)
952/2453°0
..
= 70827 / -1606° 0
.
.
= (8.062 /60.255°)(3.h06 /56.310°) = 24932 /57 53° 0
(4+j7)+(2+j3)
Zp(5.6)
2.
.
.
+ 2 P(5.b) = 7.0827 / -16.06° + 2.4932 /57.53°
P().4)
,
2A = (6.8063 -- j1.9594) + (1.3385 + j2.1034)
= (8.1441{ + jO.1441)
2,n =
Z(1.2)ZA
Z(I.2)+ZA
1 952
= I 7(75'8
(.
VI
240/J!..
I, = 2 = 1.5957/20.040°
=
8.1460 /1.0133° 0
=
f!.i841·0543JI-))(8.(1846l404/81.0~3314°)41)
+.
+Ju.
+Ju.
°
150.41 L:.20.04 A
= 1.5957 /20.04° 0
Ammeter Al reads 150.4 A
on
- _ VT _
2 -
14 -
240/J!..
_
1__
°
8.1460/1.0133° - 29.4623 LJ0133 A
Ammeter A4 reads 29.46 A
- _-[ Y3]_
_
[0.1857~9°l=
IC;11'l0A
13 - 14 Y).4 - [29.46 L=.LQll 0.1412 /16.0§:
38.74 L1!.ll.
VI = 13Z) = (38.74)(5.385)
=
208.64 V
V2 = 14 Z(5.6) = (29.46)(2.4932) =, 7:1.45 V
24.322
Voltmeter VI reads 208.64 V
Voltmeter V2 reads 73.45 V
The voltage across a certain parallel section of a 5.eries-parallel circuit is 120 /60° V The parallel section
consists of a (2.0 + j3.0)-0 branch in parallel with a (4.0- j8.0)-0 branch. Determine (a) the current in each
branch; (b) the total current to the parallel section
2A = 2 + j3 =
I
(a)
(b)
24.323
Ammeter A3 reads 38.74 A
-
3.61 /56.31° 0
120LQ!r
lA = 3.61 /56.310 = 33.24 /3.69° A
IT = lA + 18 =
2n = 4 -
j8 = 8.94 /-63.43° 0
..
120/60°
In = 8.94/-63.43° = 13.42 /123.43° A
(33.17 + j2.14) + (--7.