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The Creation of Noli Me Tangere • • • • • • • January 1884 Rizal suggested the creation of the book to his fellow Filipino companions. January 2, 1884 Rizal explained that his plan is did not materialize thus, the gentlemen refused to help Rizal because they are interested in gambling and flirting with Spanish women. Rizal decided to write the novel in Madrid alone towards the latter part of the same year & finished about half of it in the city. When he left for France in 1885, he had written ¾ of the novel in Paris April to June 1886, he had penned the last few chapters of Noli. Finally, It was completed in Berlin, Germany at the end of 1886. And at the onset of 1887, the final draft was ready for publication. While finishing the last draft of Noli, he had apprehensions that it might not be published. One, because he had insufficient money to have it printed. But a friend of Rizal arrived in Berlin to invite him on a Europe Tour. His name is Dr. Maximo Viola, he helped Rizal by delaying his tour to Europe & lending Rizal Php300 to publish the Noli. Despite getting the money Rizal thought of deleting some chapters in the novel to save on the printing costs. The deleted Chapter 25 entitled “Elias and Salome”. The money that Viola lent to Rizal was used to print the first 2000 copies of Noli. WHO IS DR. MAXIMA VIOLA? • He is Rizal’s friend from a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan • The one who financed the printing of the novel giving Rizal P300.00 • He was dubbed in the Philippine history as the “Savior of the Noli.” • Rizal described Viola as the “first to read and appreciate Rizal’s work”. DESCRIPTION o Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere was written in Spanish & pulished in 1887. o Being influenced by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Rizal wanted to publish a book that would play a crucial role in the political history of the country. o Noli Me Tangere, which means “touch me not” in Latin is the first trilogy about the history of the Philippines. o It has 63 chapters & an epilogue. The Noli was dedicated to the country whose miseries & sorrows were brought to light in an attempt to awaken its people to the truths concerning the ills of the society during that time. “Noli me Tangere” is a known Latin phrase that has a biblical connection meaning, “touch me not”. This phrase was spoken by Jesus to Mary Magdalene after he was resurrected, and was in fact recorded in John 20:17: “Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father”. Noli Me Tangere’s objectives: • • • • to defend Filipino people from foreign accusations of foolishness and lack of knowledge; to show how the Filipino people lives during Spanish colonial period and the cries and woes of his countrymen against abusive officials; to discuss what religion and belief can really do to everyday lives; and to expose the cruelties, graft, and corruption of the false government at honestly show the wronged. Noli in a brief summary Juan Crisostomo Ibarra is a young Filipino who, after studying for seven years in Europe, returns to his native land to find that his father, a wealthy landowner, has died in prison as the result of a quarrel with the parish curate, a Franciscan friar named Padre Damaso. Ibarra is engaged to a beautiful and accomplished girl, Maria Clara, the supposed daughter and only child of the rich Don Santia Ibarra resolves to forego all quarrels and to work for the betterment of his people. To show his good intentions, he seeks to establish, at his own expense, a public school in his native town. He meets with ostensible support from all, especially Padre Damaso’s successor, a young and gloomy Franciscan named Padre Salvi, for whom Maria Clara confesses to an instinctive dread. At the laying of the cornerstone for the new schoolhouse, a suspicious accident, apparently aimed at Ibarra’s life, occurs, but the festivities proceed until the dinner, where Ibarra is grossly and wantonly insulted over the memory of his father by Fray Damaso. The young man loses control of himself and is about to kill the friar, who is saved by the intervention of Maria Clara. Ibarra is excommunicated, and Capitan Tiago, through his fear of the friars, is forced to break the engagement and agree to the marriage of Maria Clara with a young and inoffensive Spaniard provided by Padre Damaso. Obedient to her reputed father’s command and influenced by her mysterious dread of Padre Salvi, Maria Clara consents to this arrangement, but becomes seriously ill, only to be saved by a girlfriend. On Christmas Eve, at the tomb of the Ibarras in a gloomy wood, Elias appears, wounded and dying, to find there a boy named Basilio beside the corpse of his mother, a poor woman who had been driven to insanity by her husband’s neglect and abuses on the part of the Civil Guard, her younger son having page disappeared some time before in the convento, where he was a sacristan. Basilio, who is ignorant of Elias’s identity, helps him to build a funeral pyre, on which his corpse and the madwoman’s are to be burned. Upon learning of the reported death of Ibarra in the chase on the Lake, Maria Clara becomes disconsolate and begs her supposed godfather, Fray Damaso, to put her in a nunnery. Unconscious of her knowledge of their true relationship, the friar breaks down and confesses that all the trouble he has stirred up with the Ibarras has been to prevent her from marrying a native, which would condemn her and • Commonly called Ibarra, is FilipinoSpanish and the only descendant of the wealthy Spaniard Don Rafael Ibarra. He was born and grew up in the Philippines, but during his adolescence, spent seven years studying in Europe. • Those years prevented him from knowing what was happening in his country. When he returned to the Philippines, he found his father had died and the corpse was (supposedly) moved to a Chinese cemetery (but the body ended up in a river). • He heard tales of how helpful and kind his father had been and decided to honor the memory of his father by doing as his father did. • Boyfriend of Maria Clara. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin María Clara de los Santos y Alba • Is the most dominant yet weakest representation of women in the setting. When thinking of Noli, the name of María Clara can be seen predominantly as the image of the ideal Filipino woman. • Is the primary female character in the novel. • She is the daughter of Capitán Tiago and Doña Pía Alba. • Is known to be Ibarra's lover since childhood. Padre Dámaso Verdolagas • Was the former curate of the parish church of San Diego. • He was the curate for almost twenty years before he was replaced by the much younger Padre Salvi. • Was known to be friendly with the Ibarra family, so much that Crisóstomo was surprised by what the former curate had done to Don Rafaél. • Described to be a snobbish, ruthless and judgemental extrovert. Eliás • • • • • • • Came from the family which the Ibarra clan had oppressed for generations. He grew up in a wealthy family until he discovered something that changed his life forever. Despite that Ibarra's family subjugated his family, he is entirely indebted towards him. Ibarra, who in turn, saved Elías' life when they tried to kill a crocodile. Elias helped Ibarra again before Ibarra got arrested by burning his house. Elias and Ibarra continued supporting each other until Elias sacrificed himself to help him one last time. He was shot by the guards (mistakenly took as Ibarra trying to dive down the river and escape) and slowly died. Don Rafael Ibarra • Crisostomo Ibarra’s father • A great supporter of liberal education for all and a vocal critic of the corrupt practices of the Spanish friars • He earns the ire of the vitriolic Fray Damaso who accuses him of sedition & heresy • He dies in prison having contracted pneuomonia Crispin & Basilio • Children of Sisa and were the sacristan and server of San Diego Church • Crispin is the younger brother of Basilio. • Basilio is a timid boy with large black eyes—a victim of injustice at a young age. • Crispin was falsely accused of stealing church money by the head sacristan, who punished him for a crime he did not commit and eventually killed him. Padre Salvi • A younger, more cunning Spanish priest who assumes control over Fr. Damaso’s post as friar curate of San Diego. • He is in many regards more dangerous that his precursor as he is a more canny strategist who know how to leverage the multiple dirty little secrets each of the member of San Diego’s high society circle has. Don Santíago de los Santos / Kapitán Tiago • Is the only son of a wealthy trader in Malabon. • He became a servant of a Dominican priest. • assist in the family business of trading before he met his wife Doña Pía Alba, who came from another wealthy family. • He was also entrenched with the government because he always supported tax increases whenever the local officials wished. That was the reason he obtained the title of gobernadorcillo, the highest government position that a non-Spaniard could have in the Philippines. The Ensign • The nameless head of the Civil Guard of the township of San Diego. • A man of Spanish descent he is in constant bitter feud with Fr. Salvi as he has come to hate the sly priest’s manipulations. • Composes curfews that make it all but impossible for the citizens of San Diego to attend mass at the proper schedule. • A drunkard & a braggart, he is actually a cuckolded man married to a fiery, fiesty, and foul-mouthed Filipina, Doña Consolacion. Doña Consolacion • Once a laundry woman who worked for the town Alferez. • She became wealthy after marrying a Spanish husband. • Despite that they are rivals with Donya Victorina, they are somewhat common. Dr. Tiburcio de Espadaña • A fraud & a hustler, the Spaniard who calls himself Dr. Tiburcio de Espadaña was actually a customs officer who was dismissed from his post shortly after arriving in the Philippines. • Despite having no medical experience or money he travels to the countryside to posing as a Dr., charging extortionate fees for his socalled services. • His patients eventually catch wind of his schemes and he is forced to relocate to another area where he is all but unknown. • He finds out that he was in San Diego and as luck would have it the unfortunate Maria Clara falls ill and he is once again called to resume his duplicitous medical practice. • Husband of Doña Victorina. La Doctora Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña • Is the one who pretended to be a meztisa (a Spaniard born in the Philippines) and always dreamed of finding a Spanish husband, in which she married Don Tiburcio. • She was feared by everyone in the town because of her odd appearance, her ruthless personality, and her fierce rivalry against Donya Consolacion. • She did not like Don Tiburcio. She merely forced herself to marry him despite having fallen in love with Kapitan Tiago. Lt. Guevara • An elderly lieutenant of the Civil Guard who deeply respects both Ibarra and the late Don Rafael. • Tells Ibarra that he appreciated his father’s conviction and moral compass, which went against the church and Father Dámaso’s oppressive dominance. • He is also the one to inform Ibarra about what exactly happened between Don Rafael and Father Dámaso. • Doctor de Espadaña’s nephew from Spain. • Linares gives Dámaso a letter—presumably forged, though this is never made clear— from his friend that asks him to find the young man a job and a wife. • Linares has a law degree and is the most intelligent member of the de Espadaña family, a fact that endears him to Doña Victorina. • Seeing an opportunity to ensure that his daughter, María Clara, doesn’t marry the disgraced Ibarra, Father Dámaso arranges her engagement to Linares. • Eager to use Linares as a means of climbing the social ladder, the family encourages him to lie to Father Dámaso, telling the priest that he is the godson of one of the priest’s close friends. Linares The Schoolmaster • A teacher whom Don Rafael supported, helping him find a house and enabling him to properly do his job. • tells Ibarra about the unfortunate circumstances in San Diego surrounding education, which greatly inhibit the town’s students. • • Because the current classroom is I n the parish house, the lessons are heavily monitored by the priest. • tells Ibarra about his experience trying to conduct class when Father Dámaso was the town’s friar; during this period, Dámaso forbade him from teaching Spanish even though the government had written a decree that all students must learn the language. • Don Filipo is described as “almost liberal” and represents the informal party of the younger, more open-minded generation. • Like his followers, he resents the idea that the town should spend great amounts of money on the yearly festival celebrating the various religious holidays in November. • Is married to the man named Pedro and the mother of Basilio and Crispín. • She depicts how Filipino mothers love their children unquestionably. • After days when Crispin was held captive by Mang Tasyo, the owner of the sacristy, she was arrested, locked up in the jail. • One day later, she was pardoned by the town Alferez and was released. However, when she returned home, Basilio was also gone. When she found Crispin's clothes soaked with blood, she grew lunatic as she continues to find her children. • • At the end of the novel, Basilio grievously mourns for his mother as he found her dying under the tree. Sisa Fr. Sibyla • A priest serving in the Binondo district in the city of Manila, Father Sibyla serves as a foil to the otherwise largely corrupt Father Dámaso and the perverse Father Salví as he is rational and calm. • is an adept and shrewd orator who takes obvious delight in antagonizing the pompous Father Dámaso at Ibarra’s return party. The Gravedigger • A cemetery worker who exhumes Don Rafael’s remains upon the insistence of Fr. Damaso. • Moved by pity & laziness he dumps Don Rafael’s body in the lake seeing it as a more fitting resting place for such a respected man. • Ibarra grills him, anxious for information about his father. SYMBOLISMS IN THE NOLI O Noli Me Tangere intends to depict the real conditions of the Fil. life under the Spanish rules. O Mainly because of the rampant corrupt acts of the Spanish officials & friars, the way of living of the Filipinos during that time had been backward, anti – intellectual and anti – progressive, up to the point that the country was not in any way catching up on the development of the so – called Age of Enlightenment. O Rizal introduced the novel to his friend, Ferdinand Bluementritt, he wrote, “The novel is the first impartial and bold account of the life of the Tagalogs. The Schoolhouse More than just an edifice for learning the schoolhouse has become a symbol of empowerment and freedom. Crispin & Basilio These characters represent the opposite end of the spectrum of having received education. The suffering they are subjected is due largely to their ignorant over dependence on the church Tinola & betel nut parcels serving at a fancy, formal gathering Tinola is a thin, rustic soup – like dish made with boiled chicken, ginger, and unripe papayas served in the Philippines – common, everyday fare. Betel nut parcels are made of pepper leaves, sliced betel nuts, and an acrid paste of lime, typically chewed by rural workers in the Philippines and other countries in South – East Asia. These items typically associated with rural austerity and bucolic sensibilities that aren’t befitting of such a high society gathering. Capitan Tiago Is the in – novel embodiment of the Philippine government during the Spanish colonial era. Elias & Ibarra Symbolize the two contrasting means by which political reforms are to be achieved. Maria Clara Symbolizes the nation of the Philippines under Spanish rule. Crisostomo Ibarra He represents the small group of Filipinos who had a chance of dreamt of improving the country. Father Damaso Is the reflection of the then rampant covert fathering of illegitimate children by friars. Pilosopo Tasio Symbolizes those whose ideas were advanced & wise but are perceived by the uneducated as weird or lunatic. Sisa & her sons Crispin & Basilio They epitomize a Filipino family oppressed by the Spanish authorities. Sisa symbolizes a typical Filipino mother, fully – aware of her child’s attributes & willing to defend him/her no matter what. Doña Victorina Represents some ambitious Filipinas who wanted to be classified as Spanish, hence the putting on of heavy make – up. Don Tiburcio Stands for incompetent & unqualified Spaniards who ilegally practiced their supposed profession in the Philippines. Padre Salvi Represents the seemingly kind but in fact wicked Spaniards friars. The School Master of San Diego Symbolized intellectual disappointment during Rizal’s time. Don Rafael Ibarra Symbolized a rich landlord with a social conscience. REACTIONS TO NOLI As expected the Spanish officials and friars were furious by the contents of the novel Noli Mi Tangere. On the contrary, Rizal's friends praised and defended his work. Even before Rizal went home after the publication of the Noli, his family had been feeling the blacklash produced by the novel. Using coded words, Paciano warned Rizal that the spaniards would come after him; He wote that a "storm" was "threatening Makiling". "It is only waiting for time", he added. During Rizal's first homecoming in 1887, Governor General Emilio Terrero summoned him to the Malacanang Palace for the reason that the Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino Nozaleda petitioned to ban the Noli. Furthermore, the governor general asked for the copy but saw nothing bad in the book. He nonetheless assigned Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade of the Guardia Civil to be Rizal's bodyguard with the fear that the Noli's attackers would harm Jose Rizal. Meanwhile, an ad hoc committee of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas at the request of Manila's Archbishop, found and denounced the novel as ecclesiastically heretical and harmful to the Spanish Government and its administration in the Philippines that resulted to the prohibition on the importation, reproduction, and circulation of the book. Afterwards, many attackers of the novel appeared including Jose Rodriguez, an Augustian priest, and in a newspaper in Madrid wrote by Vicente Berrantes.