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Interactions in Ecosystems
• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use energy from the Sun to make
their own food.
• All of this happens within the thin leaves of green plants!
• Chloroplasts are structures in green plants that contain chlorophyll and are the sites
where photosynthesis occurs.
•
Chlorophyll is a green substance found in plant cells that traps light energy from the
Sun
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• Epidermis
• the outer protective layer of the leaf that
• has a waxy coating on top called a cuticle
• Stomata
• openings on the underside of a leaf that
• open to exchange O2 & CO2
• Guard Cells
• cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata (each stomata has two guard
cells)
•
xylem / phloem
• xylem that carry water and phloem carry food (SUGAR) throughout the plant
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Transpiration is the process by which water is released from plants through their leaves.
Water evaporates from plant leaves through their stomata.
What happens during transpiration?
• Water from the leaf evaporates and moves out of the leaf through the stomata.
why plants that live in very dry areas have very small leaves?
• Smaller leaves means less water is lost by the plant through transpiration
How does sugar produced in the leaves get to the roots?
• The sugar is transported from the leaves through the stem to the roots by the phloem
tissue
• How do scientists classify the parts of an ecosystem?
• Biotic factors or living components
• Abiotic factors or non-living components
• A herbivore is an organism that only consumes plant material.
• A carnivore is an organism that only consumes animal material.
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• An omnivore is an organism that will consume both plant and animal
• A species is a group of organisms of a similar type. Living things of the same species are
able to reproduce
• A population is all the living things of the same species in an ecosystem.
• A community is made up of all the different populations in an ecosystem.
• An ecosystem contain living and nonliving things
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limiting factors
living and nonliving factors in an ecosystem which can stop a population from growing in size.
When there is a limited amount of resources in an ecosystem, competition occurs.
Competition is the struggle among living things to meet their needs for survival
carrying capacity
The maximum number of organisms within a population that an ecosystem can support
• The place where an organism lives is called its habitat.
• The specific role of an organism in its community is its niche.
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• To avoid competition for food and space, organisms within the same ecosystem may:
• eat different foods
• have different feeding times (daytime or nighttime)
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• have different feeding levels (above ground, on the ground, or in the ground)
• There are three types of symbiotic relationships that help organisms survive within
their ecosystems:
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism
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• An adaptation
• is any trait of a living thing that helps it survive in its environment.
All organisms have adaptations - plants, animals, even you! First, let’s look at adaptations that
help plants survive.
• Angiosperms produce flowers, seeds and fruits
• Gymnosperms produce cones and seeds that help them reproduce
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A structural adaptation is a part of a living thing that helps it to survive in its environment
A behavioral adaptation is an action an organism does to help it survive
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Migration and hibernation are examples of behavior adaptation
A predator is an animal that hunts and eats other animals.
Prey are animals that are hunted by other animals.
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