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AXIAL SKELETON Skull - 29 bones Thorax - 12 x 2 ribs + sternum Vertebral Column - cervical - thoracic - lumbar - coccyx 7 bones 12 bones 5 bones 4 bones APPENDICULAR SKELETON Upper Extremities - shoulder to carpals - 32 x 2 (right and left) Lower Extremities - pelvis to tarsals - 31 x 2 (right and left) SKELETON FUNCTIONS Protect vital organs Support soft tissues - fascia, tendon, ligament Manufacture red blood cells Reservoir for minerals - calcium, phosphate Attachments for muscles Levers and Pulleys for muscle torques Physical Stress on Bones Compression - pressing together Tension - pulling apart Torsion - twisting Shear - tearing across Forces acting on player 1. Racket Weight 2. Air Resistance 3. Ball Impact 4. Stroke Type > flat stroke > top spin stroke SEE Fig 3-2 page 63 Basic Biomechanics 4th edition Susan J. Hall Properties of Tendons/Ligaments Elasticity - tissue’s ability to stretch and return to its original length Elastic Limit - point of no return to original length Plasticity - tissue stretched beyond Elastic Limit (stays lengthened) Factors - Stability of Articulation Bone Arrangement - strong = one “fits” into other (knee, elbow joints) Ligament Arrangement - quality and quantity Muscle Arrangement – stabilizing lines of force ROM Range of Motion ROM Factors (Range of Motion) Shape of Articulation - elbow versus shoulder Tightness of Muscles & Ligaments Size of Adjacent Tissue - muscle, adipose Restrictive Clothing/Equipment/Devices