Download Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Test Review 1. The

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Test Review
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The electrocardiogram (ECG) wave that results from depolarization of the atria is the p wave.
The iron-containing protein found in RBCs that transports the majority of oxygen carried in the blood is
hemoglobin,.
The red blood cell disorder caused by life at a high altitude is called polycythemia.
The process by which white blood cells travel through the wall of blood vessels is termed diapedesis.
Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as leukopenia.
White blood cells containing granules and lobed nuclei are classified as granular.
The stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements is the hemocytoblast.
When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or agglutination occurs.
The universal donor blood type that can donate to any blood group is type O.
A person with type A blood can receive blood from blood type(s) A and O.
The circulation from the heart to the body and back is known as systemic circulation.
The term that means heart contraction is systole.
The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the mitral valve.
When ventricles contract, the AV valves are closed.
A recording of the heart's electrical activity is referred to as a(n) electrocardiogram (ECG).
The type of tissue composing the tunica interna is simple squamous epithelium.
Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule are the
pulmonary arteries and veins.
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the atria, while the two inferior discharging
chambers of the heart are known as the ventricles.
The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles are called
the chordae tendinae.
Blood leaves the right ventricle through a large artery called the pulmonary trunk.
The C-shaped rings that reinforce the trachea are constructed of hyaline cartilage.
The flap of elastic cartilage that protects the opening of the larynx is called the epiglottis.
The air sacs of the lungs are called alveoli.
The opening between the vocal folds is called the glottis.
The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the diaphragm and external intercostals.
The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is called coagulation.
The process where the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called agglutination.
Which fiber forms a mesh network and the basis for the formation of a clot during coagulation? fibrin
Erythropoeitin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low levels of oxygen.
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called hemostasis.
Which leukocytes are classified as granulocytes? eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes? monocytes and lymphocytes
How are lymphocytes different from other leukocytes? derived from lymphoid cells
Where does hematopoiesis produce new red blood cells? red bone marrow
Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
Which type of leukocytes become macrophages in the tissues? monocytes
Which type of granulocyte produces histamine during the inflammatory response? basophils
The matrix of blood is called plasma.
Which formed element is the most abundant? Erythrocytes
What does leukocytosis most likely indicate in an individual? bacterial or viral infection
When is the mitral valve usually closed? ventricular systole
What is occurring during ventricular systole? AV valves are closed, ventricles are contracting, aortic and
pulmonary valves are open.
Deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart by the superior and inferior vena cava.
Describe the functions of the respiratory conducting passageways.
allow air to reach lungs
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purify air
warm air
humidify air
What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity? trap bacteria and incoming foreign objects
Air moving in and out of the lungs is called ventilation.
Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by diffusion.
Describe the three phases of the normal blood-clotting process.
Hemostasis involves three major phases. The first phase is platelet plug formation, in which platelets
become "sticky" and cling to the site of injury. The second phase is the vascular spasm phase, in which
serotonin released by the platelets causes the blood vessels to spasm and constrict, thus decreasing blood
loss. The third phase is coagulation wherein thromboplastin interacts with PF3 and calcium, as well as
other blood proteins, to form prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
thrombin, which then joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin, the basis of the clot.
Which situation do you predict to prompt the release of more erythropoietin into the blood: anemia or
polycythemia? Explain.
Any decline in the level of oxygen in the blood prompts the kidneys to release more erythropoietin into the
blood. Erythropoietin targets the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Anemia is a decrease in the
blood's ability to transport oxygen for any reason while polycythemia is an excessive or abnormal increase
in the number of red blood cells. Therefore, anemia would prompt the release of more erythropoietin so that
the blood could transport more oxygen. In fact, polycythemia would inhibit erythropoietin production by
the kidneys.
Explain the antigen-antibody response as it relates to blood groups.
Antigens are surface proteins found on all cells, including blood cells. In the case of blood groups, an
individual's blood type reflects the presence or absence of specific antigens. An antigen-antibody response
is initiated if the individual receives a transfusion of blood containing antigens that are "foreign."
Antibodies found in the person's blood bind to the foreign antigen, causing agglutination, or clumping. The
antigen-antibody complexes clog the small blood vessels, and the foreign RBCs are lysed, releasing
hemoglobin into the bloodstream. The most serious complication of a transfusion reaction is kidney failure
due to blockage of the kidney tubules by the hemoglobin molecules.
Discuss the events that are taking place in the cardiac cycle during the left ventricular systole. Indicate
whether the other heart chambers are in systole or diastole and whether they are filling or emptying of
blood. If they are emptying, state where the blood is going. If they are filling with blood, state where the
blood is coming from. Include an explanation of which valves are open and which valves are closed, in
addition to whether the coronary system is filling or emptying of blood.
When the left ventricle is in systole, oxygenated blood is leaving the left ventricle and entering the aorta. At
that time, the aortic semilunar valve is open and the bicuspid valve is closed. The right ventricle is also in
systole and deoxygenated blood is leaving the right ventricle and entering the pulmonary trunk. At that
time, the pulmonary semilunar valve is open and the tricuspid valve is closed. When the ventricles are in
systole, both the right and left atria are in diastole. The right atrium is filling with deoxygenated blood,
which is returning to this chamber via the coronary sinus and the superior and inferior vena cava. The left
atrium is filling with oxygenated blood that is returning to the heart from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
Finally, during ventricular systole, blood is leaving the coronary system and entering the right side of the
heart via the coronary sinus.
Trace the path of a drop of blood, starting at the right atrium and returning to the right atrium, through the
pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system. Identify the chambers, valves, and vessels
(except specific systemic blood vessels that are not directly associated with the heart), and indicate whether
the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated in each area.
Deoxygenated blood in the right atrium, deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary tricuspid valve,
deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve,
deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary trunk, deoxygenated blood in the right and left pulmonary arteries,
deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary capillaries in the lungs, oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins,
oxygenated blood in the left atrium, oxygenated blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, oxygenated
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blood in the left ventricle, oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar valve, oxygenated blood in the
aorta, oxygenated blood in the systemic arteries, oxygenated blood in the systemic arterioles, oxygenated
blood in the systemic capillaries, deoxygenated blood in the systemic venules, deoxygenated blood in the
systemic veins, deoxygenated blood in the superior and inferior vena cava, deoxygenated blood in the right
atrium.
Explain the roles of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system.
Respiratory mucosa lines the nasal cavity which produces sticky mucus. This mucus moistens the air and
traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris entering the nasal cavity. The ciliated cells of the nasal
mucosa move this contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx where it can be swallowed. The
trachea is also lined with ciliated mucosa. These cilia move contaminated mucus toward the throat where it
either can be swallowed or spat out.
What structures does a molecule of oxygen encounter on its way to the alveoli of the lungs from the nose?
Trace the pathway.
Air first encounters the nose by entering through the nares. It travels by the nasal conchae of the nasal
cavity, then to the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The next structure, the larynx, routes air
into the lower respiratory passageways and food into the posterior tube, the esophagus. Air then travels into
the windpipe, or trachea, and into the smaller branches, finally reaching the smallest passageways known as
bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles end in alveoli, small air sacs, where gas exchange is occurring.
Explain how hyperventilation and hypoventilation alter levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
As carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the blood decreases (becomes more acidic). The respiratory
centers in the brain stimulate the inspiratory muscles to contract and increase the breathing rate.
Hyperventilation is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than eupnea (normal breathing) and removes
more carbonic acid from the blood. If carbon dioxide levels are too low, the blood pH increases (becomes
more alkaline). The breathing rate slows (called hypoventilation) to retain more carbonic acid and lower the
blood pH.
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
Oxygen is transported in two ways: Most oxygen attaches to hemoglobin molecules on the RBCs to form
oxyhemoglobin. A small amount of oxygen dissolves in the plasma for transport. Carbon dioxide is also
transported in two ways: Most carbon dioxide dissolves in the plasma as the bicarbonate ion. A small
amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside the RBCs bound to hemoglobin (bound to a different site from
oxygen).
57. Label the following diagrams.