Download Stress and Stress Management

Stress and Stress Management
By Laura Ch’ng and Rabbia Ahmed
Stress
What is Stress?
Stress is the physical or emotional response to a
situation or event where we find ourselves in
a demanding situation.
Our bodies may respond negatively or positively
to stress.
Aetiology of Stress
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Can be due to different factors:
Society
Genetic
Environment
Psychological
Personal exposure
all play their roles.
Pathophysiology
of
Stress Pathways
Aetiology mostly depends on how people
deal with stress
Women report that:
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Eat more
Talk to others
Go out
Meet friends
Men report that:
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Drink Alcohol
Avoid others
Remain isolated
Avoid friends
Rate of stress
• Worldwide frequency is not known.
• In children rates are much higher especially in
foster care.
• Women experience stress more than men.
Classification of Stress
• Chronic Stress
• Acute Stress
• Episodic Acute
Stress
Reactions of Stress
• Physical stress
• Behavioural stress
• Psychological stress
Physical implications of stress
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Stress can make us physically sick
Dampens the immune system
Dries out digestive tract
Impairs memory
Fuels anxiety
Causes of Stress
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Challenges in work life and commitments
Financial pressures
Sleep deprivation
Lack of time
Work load
Divorce
Symptoms of stress
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Fatigue
Depression
Isolation
Agitation
Irritability
Headaches
• Gastrointestinal System
upset
• Sleep abnormalities
• Overwhelmed
• Unable to concentrate
Stress
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The idea is to have right amount of stress
There is no uniform right amount of stress
Each of us has a different stress
As stress in appropriate amount keeps us
engaged with the world
• A goal is not a life without
stress threshold
Dealing with stress
• Individuals deal through various thoughts and
actions
• Youngsters mostly
do exercise
• Elderly mostly use
spiritual help
Managing stress
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Progressive muscle relaxant (PMR)
Autogenic training (AT)
Emotional freedom technique (EFT)
Diaphragmatic breathing origin
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
Transcendental mediation history (TM)
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Stress & Nurses
• Assess, identify and manage
• Physical assessment from head to toe
• Give patients time to talk and express their
feelings.
• Open questions should be asked.
• Avoid questions that have answers in them.
• Responds should be recorded in notes.
Stress and nurses
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It is important to give:
Support
Education
Hope of recovery
Healthy diet
Relaxation techniques
Physical exercise
Good sleep
Resources
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Archer, C. (2004). Stress Management for Carer’s of Young Children. Childcare and children's health,
17(6), 1-4.
Brunero, S., Cowan, D., Grochulski, A., & Gravey, A. (2006, August 6). Stress Management for
Nurses. New South Wales Nurse’s Association. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from
www.nswnurses.asn.au/multiattachments/5695/DocumentName/Nurses_Stress_Management_Bo
oklet.pdf
Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in
Hospitals. Department of Health and Human Services, 136, ii - Section 2: 14.
Lumpkin, M. (2007, June 1). The Pathophysiology of Stress. The Middle East Cancer Consortium.
Retrieved March 15, 2012, from mecc.cancer.gov/larnaca/1_m_lumpkin.pdf
Psychological Society. (2012, January 1). Understanding and Managing Stress. Australian
Psychological Society. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from
www.psychologyweek.com.au/Assets/Files/StressTipSheet.pdf
The Better Health Channel. (2011, August 1). Work Related Stress. The Better Health Channel.
Retrieved March 23, 2012, from www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Workrelated_stress
Resources
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Grogan, S., & Murphy, K. (2011). Anticipatory Stress Response in PTSD: Extreme Stress in
Children. Journal Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(1), 58-71. doi:10.1111/j.17446171.2010.00266.x
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JianLi, W., Keown, L., Patten, S. B., Williams, J. A., Currie, S. R., Beck, C. A., & ... El-Guebaly, N. A.
(2009). A population-based study on ways of dealing with daily stress: comparisons among
individuals with mental disorders, with long-term general medical conditions and healthy people.
Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(8), 666-674. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0482-2
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Varvogli, L., & Darviri, C. (2011). Stress Management Techniques: evidence-based procedures
that reduce stress and promote health. Health Science Journal, 5(2), 74-89.
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Horiuchi, S., Tsuda, A., Kim, E., Hong, K., Park, Y., & Kim, U. (2010). Relationships between stage of
change for stress management behaviour and perceived stress and coping S. Japanese
Psychological Research, 52(4), 291-297. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2010.00444.x
Singer, T. (2012). The Perfect Amount. Psychology Today, 45(2), 78-85.
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