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Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology Radiologic Procedures Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology This study guide developed for: Mr. Kenneth Roszel of: Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology As part of: Dr. Timothy Phillips’ Advanced Instructional Design Department of Instructional Technology, Bloomsburg University. Team members: Sara R Dierk – Multimedia Specialist Davina Moore – Instructional Design Lisa Rizzo – Instructional Design, Team Lead Robert Zook – Developer Summer 2010 Radiologic Procedures Welcome Objective: In this instructional unit, you will practice identifying the basic parts, adjust settings, and learn how to use common radiographic equipment. How to use this study guide: This instructional unit consists of nine sections. Navigate to any of the sections using the Main Navigation screen. Use the left hand buttons to move between lessons within a section. If there is more than one page in a lesson, use the arrows at the bottom of the screen to move forward or backward within the lesson. Click on the vocabulary words in italics to bring up definitions on the right side of the screen. Click on the “information” icons i to learn more about images. To exit the program at any time, return to the Main Navigation screen and select “Quit” CONTINUE Main Navigation: Click on a section to get started Section 1 Imaging Processes Section 6 Beam Restriction Devices Section 2 The X-ray Tube Section 7 The Grid Section 3 The Collimator Section 8 The Bucky Device Section 4 Support Systems Section 5 The Image Receptor Section Radiographic Tables 9 Quit Section: 1 Radiographic Image Processes To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review In this section you will be introduced to the most common radiographic imaging processes. This is an important section. Take your time and repeat as necessary. Select a lesson on the left of your screen to get started. Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 1 – Radiographic Image Process Conventional Imaging To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Conventional radiography uses a film/screen combination to capture the latent image, and a chemical process to manifest the image on the film. A processor passes the film through the various chemical stages of processing; finally to a drying section. Latent: invisible image produced in a film emulsion by xrays or visible light before it is converted into a visible image by development Manifest: the change on an x-ray film that makes the latent image visible after appropriate chemical processing. Review Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 1 – Radiographic Image Process Conventional Imaging To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review The cassette is a rigid holder that contains the film and, in conventional radiography, radiographic intensifying screens. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Intensifying Screens i i i Film Cassette Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left Use buttons to navigate to next BACK NEXT 2 of 2 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Advances in computer technology allow radiographic images to be captured and stored directly to a computer. Four digital imaging processes have been developed. They are: Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Radiography (CR) Direct Digital Radiography (DR) Digital Fluoroscopy (DF) Computed Tomography: Produces images, as slices of tissue, through digital technology Computed Radiography: Replaces the film, in a conventional cassette, with a reusable image plate Direct Digital Radiography: Images are translated directly to a digital format Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT Digital Fluoroscopy: Uses an image intensifier and direct capture to generate a video image 1 of 5 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Computed Tomography To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Computed Tomography (CT) is sometimes called a CAT scan. It was the first digital imaging method, developed in the 1970’s. The images, tomograms, represent slices of tissue, some as thin as a millimeter. Tomography: Images that show a specific level of anatomy, known as body sectioning. Tomograms: Images that show a cross section or “slice” of the body or part of body. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 5 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Computed Radiography Computed Radiography (CR) replaces the conventional cassette/film combination with a cassette/image plate combination. The image plate, or image receptor, is placed into an image reader to be converted to capture the image data. To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Click icons i to show, click again to hide Image plate (digital) PACS Screens (conventional) Review i i Film (conventional) i Cassette (digital and conventional) i Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 5 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Direct Digital Radiography To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Also known as Direct-Capture or Direct Digital, Direct-Read Radiography replaces the image receptor with a digital detector. The image is captured and converted directly to a digital format. Automatic exposure control provides accurate patient exposure; the technologist can adjust the image quality post exposure. A flat panel receptor replaces the image plate cassette and image reader. Direct Capture Plate Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 4 of 5 1 – Radiographic Image Process Digital Imaging - Digital Fluoroscopy To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Conventional Fluoroscopy uses an image intensifier, optic and conversion to a video image. Digital Fluoroscopy replaces all of that with a direct capture/conversion detector. Image quality is improved because the multiple image manipulations that occur with conventional fluoroscopy are not used. Click icons i to show, click again to hide i Direct Capture/Conversion Detector resides here Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 5 of 5 1 - Radiographic Image Process PACS To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Digital radiography bypasses film and its space-eating storage requirements by employing PACS. PACS serves as a system that allows doctors and radiologists to store, share, and access images for evaluation purposes. Film is used only when a hard copy is needed in those cases where a physician does not have access to PACS. PACS stands for Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Picture : digital medical images Archiving : storage Communication : retrieval/sending of images System : network that manages the complete system Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson atpage left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. Creates images of slices of tissue, some as thin as a millimeter; was the earliest use of digital radiography. Direct Digital Radiography Computed Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy Computed Tomography Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. Uses an image plate for the imager receptor and requires the use of a laser to convert a latent image to a manifest image. Computed Radiography Direct Digital Radiography Computed Tomography Digital Fluoroscopy Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. An IR is not used but digital detectors both capture and convert the image in a digital format Direct Digital Radiography Computed Tomography Digital Fluoroscopy Computed Radiography Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description. Image quality is improved because multiple images are manipulated through a direct capture/conversion detector. Direct Digital Radiography Computed Radiography Digital Fluoroscopy Computed Tomography Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 4 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Which of the following best describes conventional diagnostic imaging? A. A process that uses a film/screen combination to capture the image and a chemical process to produce a visible image. B. A system where an IR is not used, instead a direct conversion of the image to digital form is used. C. A process where image quality is improved through multiple image manipulations. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 5 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Click on the abbreviation to see the type of digital imaging. Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging CR Computed Radiography Lesson 3 PACS CT Computed Tomography Lesson 4 Review DR Direct-Read DF Digital Fluoroscopy Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 6 of 7 1 - Radiographic Image Process Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Conventional Imaging Lesson 2 Digital Imaging Lesson 3 PACS Lesson 4 Review Which of the following definitions best describes PACS? A . Picture Assessing Communication System B . Picture Archiving Computer System C . Picture Archiving Communication System Useofarrow buttons to navigate to next page start End section, select to return to section BACK NEXT 7 of 7 Section: 2 Components of X-Ray Tube To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review In this section you will be introduced to the components of a X-Ray Tube. These include: Glass enclosure Cathode Anode Protective housing Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Definition of X-Ray Tube To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Enclosure Click icons i to show, click again to hide Anode i Lesson 3 Lesson 5 An x-ray tube is an electronic vacuum tube containing two electrodes and several other components Window: Thinner part of the tube envelope that allows max. emission of xrays with min. absorption in the window i Cathode Assembly: Negative side of tube, made up of: •filaments •focusing cup •associated wiring i Enclosure: May be glass or metal. Most highcapacity x-ray tubes have a metal enclosure Review i Window Cathode Assembly Anode: Positive side of the tube Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left Use buttons to navigate to next BACK NEXT 1 of 1 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Cathode To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review The cathode is the negative electrode. It is a complex device; usually referred to as the cathode assembly. Its main functions are to: 1. produce a thermionic cloud 2. conduct the high voltage to the gap between cathode and anode 3. focus the electric stream on the anode. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Focusing Cup i i Cathode Assembly Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Cathode To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Filaments and Focusing Cup Most diagnostic x-ray tubes have a dual focus arrangement. They emit electrons through a process of thermoionic emission. Focusing cup Click icons i to show, click again to hide a metal shroud that confines electrons around the filaments with a low negative charge. This counteracts the divergence of the negatively charged electrons. Focusing them toward the target of the anode i Lesson 5 Dual focus arrangement: An x-ray tube with 2 filaments of different lengths that can be selected based on the desired detail of the image Thermoionic emission: The process of ejecting electrons when heated i Review Filaments usually made from tungsten, the shorter filament, when selected, produces a smaller source of emitted x-rays and finer image details. Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left Use buttons to navigate to next BACK NEXT 2 of 2 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Anode To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review The Anode is the positive side of the tube. (Remember the cathode is the negative side of the tube.) The Anode: 1) Is an electrical conductor that receives electrons emitted by the cathode 2) conducts electrons through the tube back to the high-voltage generator 3) Provides mechanical support for target 4) Is a thermal radiator – Only 1% of the electron’s kinetic energy forms x-rays. The rest becomes heat which must be quickly conducted away to prevent damaging the anode. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube The Anode To Section Start Lesson 1 There are two types of Anodes: Definition of X-Ray Tube Rotating Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Stationary Review Target Target: The area of the anode that is struck by electrons from the cathode Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 2 of 2 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Tube Housing To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode An x-ray tube is enclosed in a protective housing that serves several functions. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Electrical safety Prevents accidental electric shock by incorporating high-voltage receptacles i Support provides a mechanical support and protection from incidental damage i Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review i i Radiation protection X-rays are produced isotropically the housing only allows x-rays emitted through the window to escape. The emitted rays are considered the useful beam. Oil Prevents electrical shock, dissipates heat Isotropically: Emitted with equal intensity in all directions Window: Thinner part of the tube envelope that allows max emission of xrays Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of ANODE Positive side of X-ray tube Area struck by electrons from the cathode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of WINDOW Positive side of X-ray tube Area struck by electrons from the cathode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of FOCUSING CUP Positive side of X-ray tube Area struck by electrons from the cathode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of TARGET Positive side of X-ray tube Area struck by electrons from the cathode Allows x-ray beam to reach the receptor Metal shroud that surrounds the filament, directing x-rays toward anode Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 4 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review Identify the cathode by selecting its number on the diagram. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 5 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review Identify the glass enclosure by selecting its number on the diagram. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 6 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing Lesson 5 Review Identify the filament by selecting its number on the diagram. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 7 of 8 2 – Components of X-Ray Tube Review To Section Start Select the terms to fill in the blanks in the following definition: An x-ray tube is a _________ that emits x-rays when it is heated. Lesson 1 Definition of X-Ray Tube Lesson 2 The Cathode Lesson 3 The Anode Lesson 4 Tube Housing 2. Capacitor Lesson 5 Review 3. Transistor 1. Vacuum Tube 4. Light End section, select to return to section Useofarrow buttons to navigate to next page start BACK NEXT 8 of 8 Section: 3 Collimator To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Review In this section you will be introduced to the function and the controls of a collimator. Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 3 – Collimator Definition of a Collimator To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Review A collimator is a light-localizing, variable-aperture device. Lead shutters are adjusted to vary the size of the x-ray beam. It can be used for distances. The collimator provides a light that mimics the x-ray beam to help the technician select the most appropriate field size. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Tube Housing Collimator Controls i i i Collimator Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 3 – Collimator Collimator Controls To Section Start Longitudinal: Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Below is one example of a collimator. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Transverse: Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Shutter Controls i Vertical: Changes the distance between the tube and table Review i Bucky Selection i i Light Field i Rotation (Longitudinal) i i i i Light field: Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Angle: Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the IR Transverse Longitudinal Angle Rotation (Horizontal) Vertical Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 3 – Collimator Collimator Controls To Section Start Below is another example of a collimator. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Longitudinal: Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Transverse: Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Vertical: Changes the distance between the tube and table Review Light Field Longitudinal Transverse i i Centering Detector i Vertical i i i Angle Light field: Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Angle: Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the IR Centering Detector: Locks at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left Use buttons to navigate to next BACK NEXT 2 of 2 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 From the list below, which is NOT a function of the collimator? 1. Controls off-focus radiation Review 2. Reduces patient dose 3. Improves resolution 4. Decreases scatter radiation 5. Increases x-ray beam Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Review Using the diagram below, click on the corresponding letter. E A C Vertical Bucky selection F H D B A D Shutter controls Rotation (horizontal) F H D B C D Rotation (longitudinal) Transverse E G C B A F Longitudinal Angle Indicator B E D A H G B F E D C Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Match the collimator control with its appropriate function. Longitudinal Review Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Changes the distance between the tube and table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Transverse Review Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 4 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Angle Review Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Changes the distance between the tube and table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 5 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Centering Lock (detector) Review Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Changes the distance between the tube and table Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 6 of 7 3 – Collimator Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Definition of a Collimator Lesson 2 Controls of a Collimator Lesson 3 Match the letter of the collimator control with its appropriate function Light Field Review Moves the tube along the long axis of the table (ie: head-to-foot) Moves the tube along the short axis of the table (ie:right-to-left) Changes the distance between the tube and table Stops at the center of the Image Receptor (cassette) Emulates the x-ray beam, used to assist placement of the beam Adjusts the angle of the tube in relation to the perpendicular from the table arrow buttons to next page start EndUse of section, select to navigate to return to section BACK NEXT 7 of 7 Section: 4 Tube Support Systems To Main Navigation Lesson Ceiling Support System 1 Lesson 2 Floor-to-ceiling support system Lesson 3 Review Since x-ray tube and housing assemblies are very heavy, support mechanisms are needed so the technician can position the tube in relation to the patient. In this section you will be introduced to two of the most common types of support systems. Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 4 - Tube support Systems Ceiling Support System To Section Start Lesson 1 Ceiling Support Lesson 2 Floor-toCeiling Ceiling Support System Includes two sets of rails for longitudinal and transverse positioning of the tube. A telescoping column controls vertical distance Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 3 i i Longitudinal Rails Review i Transverse Rails Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 4 – Support Systems Floor-to-Ceiling Support System To Section Start Lesson 1 Ceiling Support Lesson 2 Floor-toCeiling Lesson 3 Review Floor- to-Ceiling Support System Uses a pair of rails, one on the ceiling and one on the floor, for longitudinal positioning. It relies on a telescoping arm for transverse positioning and a main column collar that slides up and down for vertical positioning. The tube may be able angle, roll , and pitch, but it is not capable of rotating. Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 4 – Tube Support Systems Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Ceiling Support Lesson 2 Floor-toCeiling Lesson 3 Review Select the correct definition for a ceiling support system Has a single column with rollers at each end Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted rails Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube and image receptor Click next toto match nextto pair Use arrow buttons navigate next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 4 – Tube Support Systems Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Ceiling Support Lesson 2 Floor-toCeiling Lesson 3 Review Select the correct definition for a floor-toceiling support system Has a single column with rollers at each end Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted rails Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube and image receptor arrow buttons pagestart End Use of section, select to navigate to returntotonext section BACK NEXT 2 of 2 Section: 5 Image Receptors To Main Navigation Lesson Definition of Image Receptor 1 Lesson Function of 2 Image Receptor Lesson 3 Computer Radiography (CR) uses an image plate, or Image Receptor, in place of the film that conventional radiography uses. This section will illustrate the image receptor and how it is used. Review Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 5 – Image Receptor Definition of Image Receptor To Section Start Definition of Lesson Image Receptor 1 An image receptor is a plate that is coated with photostimulable phosphor. It can be used repeatedly, and exposed to light for a short period of time. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Function of Lesson Image Receptor 2 Lesson 3 Photostimulable phosphor: Chemical compounds that become energized when exposed to x-rays cassette Review i i Image receptor Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 5 – Image Receptors Function of Image Receptor To Section Start Definition of Lesson Image Receptor 1 Manifest: Made visible Click icons i to show, click again to hide Function of Lesson Image Receptor 2 Lesson 3 Latent: Invisible image stored on the image receptor plate The latent image on the plate becomes manifest when it is exposed to a high-intensity laser in the image plate reader. The laser beam causes the trapped electrons to emit blue light which the plate reader can convert to a digitized image. Image reader Review i i Image i Image plate Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 5- Image Receptors Review To Section Start From the list below, choose the best description of an image receptor. Definition of Lesson Image Receptor 1 Function of Lesson Image Receptor 2 Lesson 3 Review 1. Preserve and protect confidentiality of information 2. The art and science of medical radiation technology… 3. Device that receives energy of an x-ray beam, storing the image of the body part arrow buttons toto next page start EndUse of section, select to navigate to return section BACK NEXT 1 of 1 Section: 6 Beam Restrictors To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review Beam restriction reduces scatter radiation, providing radiation protection and improving image quality. In this section you will be introduced to the types of beam restrictors: Aperture diaphragm Cones and Cylinders Collimator Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 6 – Beam Restrictors Aperture Diaphragm To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review The simplest of all beam-restricting devices. It is basically a lead or lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to the x-ray tube head. It restricts the size of the beam to slightly smaller than the image receptor. An aperture must be used at a specified distance to match the size of the cassette it is designed for. Click icons i to show, click again to hide i Aperture diaphragm Brackets for diaphragm i Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 6 – Beam Restrictors Cones and Cylinders To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Cones confine the beam to a prescribed size for a given distance. Cylinders can telescope which will allow changing the size of the beam to a limited degree. Below is a picture of a cylinder. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review Lock for telescoping sleeve i i Plate slides into diaphragm brackets on collimator i Telescoping sleeve Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 6 – Beam Restrictors Collimator To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 A collimator has adjustable lead shutters which allow the technician to change the size of the emitted beam. Below is a simple diagram of a collimator. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Tube housing i i First stage entrance shutters Review Collimator housing i i Mirror i Second stage long shutters i Second stage cross shutters i X-ray beam Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 6 – Beam Restrictors Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Which of the following explanations best describes the purpose of the beam restriction devices? 1. To adjust contrast resolution Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review 2. To increase remnant x-rays 3. To reduce the amount of scatter radiation 4. To align the compression paddle with the image receptor Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 4 6 – Beam Restrictors Review To Section Start Lesson 1 From the list below, select the three types of beam restriction devices. Aperture Diaphragm 1. Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders 2. Cones and Cylinders Lesson 3 Collimator 3. Spheres Lesson 4 Review 4. Variable-aperture Collimator 5. Filtration Aperture Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 4 6 – Beam Restrictors Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Using the following terms, APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE, IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement. 1. Devices that modify the aperture diaphragm Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review 2. Devices that limit the x-ray field size to only the anatomy of interest 3. A lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to the x-ray tube head 4. A light-localizing device that is used in radiography Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 4 6 – Beam Restrictors Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Aperture Diaphragm Lesson 2 Cones and Cylinders Lesson 3 Collimator Lesson 4 Review Using the following terms: APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE, and IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement. 1. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming from the x-ray tube to be slightly smaller than the image receptor. 2. The x-ray tube restricts the size of the beam coming from the aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the image receptor. 3. The image receptor restricts the size of the beam coming from the aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube. 4. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming from the image receptor to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube. arrow buttons pagestart End Use of section, select to navigate to returntotonext section BACK NEXT 4 of 4 Section: 7 Grids To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Function of Grid Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 In this section you will be introduced to the types of grids and their functions. Review Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 7 – Grids Function of a Grid To Section Start Lesson 1 Function of a Grid The grid was developed by Gustav Bucky in 1913 as a method of reducing scatter radiation before it reached the image receptor. The result was improved image resolution and contrast. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 front view Review Modern Grid i i Cassette i Bucky’s First Grid Carlton: page 267, Fig. 18-2 Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 7 – Grids Function of a Grid To Section Start Lesson 1 Grids are constructed of a series of radiopaque materials (grid lines) alternating with radiolucent materials (interspace materials). Function of a Grid Click icons i to show, click again to hide Radiolucent: Allows x-rays to pass through Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 Review Radiopaque: Blocks or absorbs x-rays X-rays i Grid line i i Interspace material Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 2 of 2 7 – Grids Types of Grids Three types of grid are: 1) Focused Grid 2) Parallel Grid (most prone to grid cutoff) 3) Crossed Grid To Section Start Lesson 1 Function of a Grid Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson Types of Grids 2 Crossed Grid Lesson 3 Review i X-rays Focal Distance i Focused Grid Parallel Grid Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT Focused Grid: Grid strips arranged to coincide with the divergence of the xray beam to reduce grid cutoff, must be centered exactly with the x-ray beam Parallel Grid: Grid strips are laid out parallel to one another; is the easiest grid to manufacture Grid Cutoff: Undesirable absorption of x-rays by the grid; resulting in the x-rays being “cut off” from the receptor Crossed Grid: Two parallel grids, one with grid lines perpendicular to the other; must be centered on the x-ray beam; require high exposure dose 1 of 1 7 – Grids Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Function of a Grid Fill in the blank of the following sentence describing grid cutoff: The undesirable absorption of ________ by the grid. Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 Review radiation primary x-rays scatter radiation Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 4 7 – Grids Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Which of the following explanations best describes the purpose of a grid? Function of a Grid Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 Review 1. It decreases the number of photoelectric interactions during x-ray exposure 2. It removes a major source of noise, thus improving image contrasts 3. It allows the ability to image and distinguish soft tissues 4. It reduces patient dose and improves contrast resolution during x-ray exposure Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 4 7 – Grids Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Which of the following definitions best describes a grid? Function of a Grid Lesson Types of Grids 2 Lesson 3 1. A modification of the aperture diaphragm Review 2. A device that displays the visual difference between the light and dark areas of an image 3. A device that minimizes scatter radiation by limiting the x-ray field size to only the anatomy of interest 4. A principle tool that is used to control scatter radiation Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 4 7 – Grids Review To Section Start Lesson 1 From the list below, identify the three types of grids. Function of a Grid 1. Perpendicular Grid Lesson Types of Grids 2 2. Focused Grid Lesson 3 3. Hatched Grid Review 4. Parallel Grid 6. Basket Grid 7. Rotating Grid 8. Crossed Grid arrow buttons to to next page start EndUse of section, select to navigate to return section BACK NEXT 4 of 4 Section: 8 Bucky Device To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Function of a Bucky Device Lesson Components of a Bucky Device 2 Lesson 3 In this section you will be introduced to the function and components of a Bucky Device. Review Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 8 – Bucky Device Function of a Bucky Device To Section Start Lesson Function of a Bucky Device 1 The Bucky Device holds the grid and cassette or IR together as a unit and allows them to be positioned correctly in relation to the x-ray beam. Below are images of a Bucky device as part of a table, and an upright Bucky unit. Lesson Components of a Bucky Device 2 Lesson 3 Review Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 8 – Bucky Device Components of a Bucky Device To Section Start Lesson Function of a Bucky Device 1 The Bucky Device refers to the tray on the table that contains the grid, and a holder for the cassette or IR. It is moveable to allow placement of the IR in line with the xray beam. Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson Components of a Bucky Device 2 Lesson 3 cassette Can be moved toward head or foot end Review i i i i Jaws to hold cassette Bucky tray Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 8 – Bucky Device Review To Section Start Which of the following definitions best describes a Bucky device? Lesson Function of a Bucky Device 1 Lesson Components of a Bucky Device 2 Lesson 3 1. A device that is motor-driven back and forth several times during x-ray exposure. Review 2. A Device that contains a grid and holder for cassette or IR. 3. A device with four spring-like electromagnets that pull the grid strips from side to side. 4. A device that consists of two perpendicular grids that move across the platform during x-ray exposure. Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 2 8 – Bucky Device Review To Section Start Lesson Function of a Bucky Device 1 Choose the best word to fill in the blank. A Bucky device contains a ________ which can be found by pulling out the tabletop. The bucky device also holds a cassette. Lesson Components of a Bucky Device 2 Lesson 3 Review 1. Filament 2. Film Reader 3. Grid arrow buttons toto next pagestart EndUse of section, select to navigate to return section BACK NEXT 2 of 2 Section: 9 Radiographic Tables To Main Navigation Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review In this section you will be introduced to the common elements of radiographic tables, types of table that are available, and the unique characteristics of each type. Select a lesson on the left of your screen to get started. Select a lesson from the buttons on the left 9 - Radiographic Tables Table Types To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Radiographic tables are available in several types: Stationary (table top does not move in relation to pedestal) Floating Curved Top Flat Top Fixed Tilting Each of the different options serve different functions. First, let’s look at what they all have in common. Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 9 - Radiographic Tables Common Elements To Section Start All radiographic tables must: Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Have a durable surface that is easily cleaned and does not scratch easily Support the patient i i i i Review Be uniformly radiolucent Include space for a Bucky tray Radiolucent: Allows x-rays to pass through Bucky Tray: A tray that holds a film cassette and a grid. Named in honor of the inventor Gustav Bucky Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 1 of 1 9 - Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions To Section Start Table Tops: Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Flat • Most common type Curved • Often used for fluoroscopic radiology • More comfortable for the patient • Place the body part closer to the film for slightly more accurate imaging • Difficult to keep patient in oblique or lateral position • Cannot be used as a support for film cassette for tabletop radiography Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 4 9 - Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Floating Table Features: Click icons i to show, click again to hide Allows movement of table top in relation to pedestal i Allow movement along both length and width of table i i Uses electromagnetic brake to hold table in place Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 4 9 - Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions To Section Start Fixed Table Features: Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review i i Do not allow patient to be tilted Designed for diagnostic radiography only Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 4 9 - Radiographic Tables Table Descriptions To Section Start Tilting Table Features: Click icons i to show, click again to hide Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Described by their tilting capability i i Often used for fluoroscopic radiography A 90/30 table tilts 90 degrees toward the foot of the table and 30 degrees toward the head of the table i Allow patient to be tilted to head above or lower than feet Use buttons to navigate to next Endarrow of lesson, select a new lesson at page left BACK NEXT 4 of 4 9- Radiographic Tables Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Match the table description with its correct type Designed for diagnostic work only Curved Table Tilting Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 1 of 4 9- Radiographic Tables Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Match the table description with its correct type Allows technician to move patient easily Curved Table Floating table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 2 of 4 9- Radiographic Tables Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Match the table description with its correct type Used for Fluoroscopic examinations Curved Table Tilting Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table Use arrow buttons to navigate to next page BACK NEXT 3 of 4 9- Radiographic Tables Review To Section Start Lesson 1 Table Types Lesson 2 Common Elements Match the table description with its correct type Most commonly used table Lesson 3 Table Descriptions Lesson 4 Review Curved Table Tilting Table Flat Table (Pedestal) Fixed Table arrow buttons toto next pagestart EndUse of section, select to navigate to return section BACK NEXT 4 of 4