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Alcohol in Australia Examining strategies to combat the harms Nathan Hawkins Director - Adventist Health NNSW Conference A snapshot of alcohol in Australia % of the adult population that report consuming alcohol recently Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2007. Annual cost, in billions of $, of alcohol-related harms Collins DJ, Lapsley HM (2008). The cost of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004/05. Monograph Series No 64. Canberra: Department of Health & Ageing. The % of youth aged 18-24 yrs who regularly drink until they pass out AERF (2007). New research - one third of 18-24 year olds consider themselves “binge drinkers” – others say excess drinking bad for love, sex & weight. Canberra: Alcohol Education and Rehabilitation Foundation. 3 -4 Annual deaths, in thousands, associated with alcohol Chikritzhs T, Jonas H, Heale P, Dietze P, Hanlin K and Stockwell T (1999). Alcohol-caused deaths and hospitalisations in Australia, 1990-1997. National Alcohol Indicators Bulletin No. 1 The % of hospitalisations in 15-25 yr olds that are alcohol related www.drinkwise.com.au % of all deaths of 14-17 year olds are associated with alcohol Chikritzhs T, Pascal R and Jones P (2004). Under-aged drinking among 14-17 year olds and related harms in Australia. National Alcohol Indicators Bulletin No. 7 % of all assaults are alcohol related Victorian Government (2008). Victoria’s Alcohol Action Plan 2008-2013 - Restoring the Balance % of “drug incidents” attended by paramedics are alcohol related Victorian Government (2008). Victoria’s Alcohol Action Plan 2008-2013 - Restoring the Balance % of all ‘street incidents’ that are alcohol related Ireland S and Thommeny JL (1993) The crime cocktail: licensed premises, alcohol and street offences. Drug Alcohol Review. 12, pp. 143–150 Annual salary cost, in millions of $, of policing alcohol related crime in NSW Donnelly N, Scott L, Poynton S, Weatherburn D, Shanahan M and Hansen F. (2007) Estimating the short-term cost of police time spent dealing with alcohol-related crime in NSW. Commonwealth of Australia, 25. . Annual cost, in millions of $, of alcohol injuries at St Vincent's Hospital Poynton S et al 2005. The role of alcohol in injuries presenting to St Vincent’s Hospital Emergency Department and the associated short-term costs. Alcohol studies bulletin no. 6. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. Why is it a challenge to tackle alcoholrelated harms? Million $ of annual gifts from the Alc Industry to political parties Stark J (2008) Alcopops Kapow! The Age, April 28 300 The number, in thousands, of employees connected with the alcohol industry International Centre for Alcohol Policies (2006) The structure of the beverage alcohol industry. Report 17 Annual alcohol sponsorship, in millions of $, of sporting clubs and codes Munro G (2008) Sport should shoulder some of the responsibility. Community Alcohol Action Network 130 Annual alcohol industry spending on TV advertising, in millions of $ Uniting Church (2009) Advertise Responsibly – Curbing Unethical Advertising by the Alcohol Industry Annual turnover, in billions of $, of the alcohol industry Stark J (2007) Alcohol time bomb set to explode. The Age, May 5 2.5 Stark J (2008) Alcopops Kapow! The Age, April 28 The % of Aust’s national GDP contributed by the Alcohol Industry Annual Australian tax income from alcohol sales, in billions of $ Distilled Spirits Industry Council of Australia (2006) Alcohol tax in Australia 2006. 122 Stark J (2007) Alcohol: the problem. The Age, May 5 Annual tax income from underage alcohol sales, in millions of $ The % of tax revenue from sales invested in treatment and prevention Stark J (2007) Alcohol: the problem. The Age, May 5 Alcohol Education: Young People (schools and mass media) Alcohol Education in Schools: a background Research shows a decrease in the proportion of students 12 – 17 years reporting using any drug, including alcohol, in the last week (Australian Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2008) . When leading alcohol education, teachers need to avoid normalising alcohol use. Research clearly shows the effect of alcohol on the developing brain The age of initiation into alcohol use has decreased over the years. (Young people and alcohol the role of cultural influences, Roche et al (NCETA, 2008) . Of 12 to 17 year olds, up to 30% regularly binge drink (more than 5 standard drinks) (ASSADS survey 2005) Historical approaches to school drug education Information-based approaches: focusing on knowledge about drugs and fear arousal, usually with an abstinence goal. Affective approaches: improving generic personal and interpersonal skills. Information plus affective approaches Psychosocial approaches: based upon social influence theory and focus on developing skills in peer resistance and peer refusal, social inoculation and developing life skills and social skills. Alternatives approaches: providing drug-free activities and developing personal competence. Principles of School-based Drug and Alcohol Education Best taught in the context of the curriculum. Should be conducted by the teacher of the health curriculum. Programmes should have sequence, progression and continuity over time throughout schooling. Messages across the school environment should be consistent and coherent. Programmes and resources should be selected to complement the role of the classroom teacher, with selected external resources enhancing, not replacing that role. Principles of School-based Drug and Alcohol Education Should address the values, attitudes and behaviours of the community and the individual. Needs to be based on research, effective curriculum practice and identified student needs. Objectives should be linked with the overall goal of harm minimisation. Education strategies should be related directly to the achievement of the programme objectives. The emphasis should be on drug use likely to occur in the target group, and drug use which causes the most harm. Principles of School-based Drug and Alcohol Education Should reflect an understanding of the characteristics of the individual, the social context, the drug and the interrelationship of these factors. Should respond to developmental, gender, cultural, language, socio-economic and lifestyle differences relevant to the level of student use. Need to involve students, parents and the wider community in the school drug education programme at both planning and implementation stages. Objectives, processes and outcomes should be evaluated. Selection of programmes, activities and resources should contribute to long term positive outcomes in the curriculum and school. Alcohol Education: General Community (print and mass media) www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au www.aerf.com.au www.adca.org.au www.alcohol.gov.au www.nhmrc.gov.au ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a xvid decompressor are needed to see this picture. Has Alcohol Education Worked? Reaching a Tipping Point Tipping point Level of Harm Community Sentiment Years Reaching a Tipping Point Tipping point X Tobacco Years Reaching a Tipping Point Tipping point X Tobacco X Alcohol Years