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WHY WE DO CLOZE TESTS: THERE'S BOUND TO BE A CLOZE TEST-TYPE ACTIVITY IN THE FINAL EXAM. IT'S GOOD READING PRACTICE. WE'LL BE TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THESE KINDS OF ACTIVITIES TO REMIND YOU OF INTERESTING GRAMMAR/VOCABULARY POINTS. ___________________________________________________ GUIDELINES: DON'T DWELL ON ANY GIVEN GAP. MOVE ON. SOMETIMES YOU CAN FIND WHAT YOU NEED ELSEWHERE IN THE TEXT. NARROWING DOWN THE NUMBER OF AVAILABLE ANSWERS USUALLY HELPS. IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO REREAD THE WHOLE SENTENCE -EVEN THE WHOLE PARAGRAPH. PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO WHAT COMES RIGHT BEFORE THE GAP AND WHAT FOLLOWS RIGHT AFTER (INCLUDING PUNCTUATION). WHAT WORD CATEGORY WOULD BE GRAMMATICAL? A VERB? A NOUN? A PREPOSITION? AN ADJECTIVE? AN ADVERB? AN ARTICLE/ DETERMINER/ PRONOUN? AN INTERJECTION? PRACTICAL GUIDELINE: FLIP THOROUGH ALL THE AVAILABLE ANSWERS: "CARRIED OUT TESTS HOWEVER 104 PEOPLE", "CARRIED OUT TESTS THAT 104 PEOPLE", "CARRIED OUT TESTS EARLY 104 PEOPLE", ETC. AND SELECT THE ONES YOU THINK MIGHT FIT IN GRAMMATICALLY AND MAKE SENSE. KEY TO BEING BILINGUAL 'PROTECTS BRAIN' 1 - ON (COMPARE: WORK ON, FOCUS ON...) 2 - RATHER (HERE, =INSTEAD OF, AS OPPOSED TO) 3 - SHARPER 4 - BEING 5 - LIKELY (BE LIKELY TO... She's likely to pass her exams.) 6 - MAY 7 - BACK UP 8 - ASSESSED 9 - INVOLVED 10 - REASONING 11 - EDUCATED 12 - FAR (FAR LESS, FAR MORE = MUCH LESS, MUCH MORE. "WAY LESS" IS POSSIBLE IN INFORMAL ENGLISH, BUT WOULD BE OUT OF PLACE HERE.) 13 - DECLINE 14 - OFFSET 15 - WELCOMED 16 - EARLY (HERE IT'S AN ADJECTIVE) 17 - HOWEVER 18 - AS (HERE IT MEANS "BECAUSE" 'YA QUE') 19 - BENEFITS 20 - LATER (HERE IT'S AN ADJECTIVE) TELL ME YOUR SCORE IN CLASS Researchers from York University in Canada carried out tests_(1)__________104 people between the ages of 30 and 88. They found that those who were fluent in two languages _(2)__________than just one were _(3)__________mentally. Writing in the journal of Psychology and Ageing, they said _(4)__________bilingual may protect against mental decline in old age. Previous studies have shown that keeping the brain active can protect against senile dementia. Alzheimer's Society Research has shown that people who play musical instruments, dance or read regularly may be less _(5)__________ to develop the condition. Other activities like doing crosswords or playing board games _(6)__________ also help. This latest study appears to _(7)__________ the theory that language skills also have a protective effect. Dr Ellen Bialystok and colleagues at York University _(8)__________the cognitive skills of all those _(9)__________in the study using a variety of widely recognized tests. They tested their vocabulary skills, their non-verbal _(10)__________ability and their reaction time. Half of the volunteers came from Canada and spoke only English. The other half came from India and were fluent in both English and Tamil. The volunteers had similar backgrounds in the sense that they were all _(11)__________to degree level and were all middle class. The researchers found that the people who were fluent in English and Tamil responded faster than those who were fluent in just English. This applied to all age groups. The researchers also found that the bilingual volunteers were _(12)__________less likely to suffer from the mental _(13)__________associated with old age. "The bilinguals were more efficient at all ages tested and showed a slower rate of decline for some processes with aging," they said. "It appears...that bilingualism helps to _(14)__________age-related losses." The UK's Alzheimer's Society _(15)__________the study. "These findings, that _(16)__________development of second language may improve a specific aspect of cognitive function in later life, are very interesting," said Professor Clive Ballard, its director of research. "It is a possibility that the acquisition of a second language in early childhood may influence the process of the development of neuronal circuits. "_(17)__________, the results of this particular study need to be interpreted cautiously _(18)__________they were comparing groups of individual of different nationalities, educated in different systems. "It is also well recognized that education in general can bestow _(19)__________on cognitive function in_(20)__________ life." however that benefits early tests likely reasoning folks about later the moreover back up on maybe welcomed probable far being more rather involved decline as way rejected assessed for offset educated may sharper soon contradicted