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Anatomy of the Elbow The elbow is a hinge joint made up of the humerus, ulna and radius. The unique positioning and interaction of the bones in the joint allows for a small amount of rotation as well as hinge action. This rotation is easily noticed during activities such as hand-to-mouth eating motions. The primary stability of the elbow is provided by the ulnar collateral ligament, on the medial (inner) side of the elbow. However, one of the most common injuries to the elbow occurs on the lateral, or outer, side of the elbow -- it is called Lateral Epicondylitis, or Tennis Elbow. Anatomy of the Hand & Wrist The hand is composed of many small bones called carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. The two bones of the lower arm -- the radius and the ulna -meet at the hand to form the wrist. The Median and Ulnar nerves are the major nerves of the hand, running the length of the arm to transmit electrical impulses to and from the brain to create movement and sensation. Anatomy of the Shoulder The two main bones of the shoulder are the humerus and the scapula (shoulder blade). The joint cavity is cushioned by articular cartilage covering the head of the humerus and face of the glenoid. The scapula extends up and around the shoulder joint at the rear to form a roof called the acromion, and around the shoulder joint at the front to form the coracoid process. The end of the scapula, called the glenoid, meets the head of the humerus to form a glenohumeral cavity that acts as a flexible balland-socket joint. The joint is stabilized by a ring of fibrous cartilage surrounding the glenoid called the labrum. Ligaments connect the bones of the shoulder, and tendons join the bones to surrounding muscles. The biceps tendon attaches the biceps muscle to the shoulder and helps to stabilize the joint. Four short muscles originate on the scapula and pass around the shoulder where their tendons fuse together to form the rotator cuff. All of these components of your shoulder, along with the muscles of your upper body, work together to manage the stress your shoulder receives as you extend, flex, lift and throw. Anatomy of the Hip The hip is a balland-socket joint where the head of the femur articulates with the cuplike acetabulum of the pelvic bone. The head of the femur and the socket are covered with a layer of smooth cartilage which cushions the joint, and allows the bones to move on each other with very little friction. Anatomy of the Knee The bones of the knee, the femur and the tibia, meet to form a hinge joint. The joint is protected in front by the patella (kneecap). The knee joint is cushioned by articular cartilage that covers the ends of the tibia and femur, as well as the underside of the patella. The lateral meniscus and medial meniscus are pads of cartilage that further cushion the joint, acting as shock absorbers between the bones. Ligaments help to stabilize the knee. The collateral ligaments run along the sides of the knee and limit sideways motion. The anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, connects the tibia to the femur at the center of the knee. Its function is to limit rotation and forward motion of the tibia. (A damaged ACL is replaced in a procedure known as an ACL Reconstruction.) The posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL (located just behind the ACL) limits backward motion of the tibia. These components of your knee, along with the muscles of your leg, work together to manage the stress your knee receives as you walk, run and jump.