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PGDFA ASSIGNMENT -3
25-06-16
DR PRAMOD S INGALEWSHWAR
Q1. Difference between Human and Animal bone?
Differential Skeletal Anatomy of Humans and Animals:Cranium
Human
Animal
Large bulbous vault, small face
Small vault, large face
Vault relatively smooth
Pronounced
Inferior
Inferior Foramen Magnum
Posterior Foramen Magnum
Chin present
Chin absent
Orbits at front, above nasal aperture
Orbits at sides, posterior to nasal aperture
Minimal nasal and midface projection
Significant nasal and midface projection
"U"-shaped
separation)
mandible
(no
muscle
markings,
sagittal
crest
midline "V"-shaped mandible (separates at midline)
Differential Skeletal Anatomy of Humans and Animals: Dentition
Human
Animal
Omnivorous
Carnivorous; Herbivorous; Omnivorous
Dental formula 2:1:2:3
Basic dental formula 3:1:4:3
Incisors (maxillary) are larger than other Horse maxillary incisors are larger than
mammals
human incisors
Canines small
Carnivores have large conical canines;
Herbivores have small or missing canines
Premolars and molars have low, rounded cusps Carnivores have sharp, pointed cheek teeth;
divided by distinct grooves
Herbivores have broad, flat cheek teeth with
parallel furrows and ridges
Differential Skeletal Anatomy ofHumans and
Animals: Post-cranium
Human
Animal
Upper limbs less robust
Robust upper limbs
Radius and ulna are separate bones
Radius and ulna often fused
Large, flat and broad vertebral bodies with short Small vertebral bodies
spinous processes
concave surfaces and
processes
with
long
convex/
spinous
Sacrum with 5 fused vertebrae, short and broad
Sacrum with 3 or 4 fused vertebrae, long
and narrow
Pelvis is broad and short, bowl-shaped
Pelvis is long and narrow, blade-shaped
Femur is longest bone in body, lineaaspera is Femur is similar length to other limb bones,
singular feature
lineaaspera double or plateau
Separate tibia and fibula
Tibia and fibula are often fused
Foot is long and narrow, weight borne on heel Foot is broad, weight borne mainly on toes
and toes
Differential Bone Macrostructure of Humans
and Animals
Human
Animal
More porous cortical bone
Less porous cortical bone
1/4 thickness of diameter of long bone
1/2 thickness of diameter of long bone
Diaphysealtrabecula present
Diaphysealtrabecula absent
Thick diploe in cranial vault bones
More compact cranial vault bones
Q2. Describe any two methods of estimation of stature from bones ?
- Stature provides one aspect of an individual’s physiognomy and one piece of information that
may be an aid in individual identification. In situations where the corpse is severely mutilated,
decomposed or represented by skeletal remains only, the stature of the individual may be
estimated by means of measurements of the skeleton, in certain cases after necessary maceration
at a forensic laboratory. As a rule of thumb, the larger the skeletal element, the taller the
individual. This means that, theoretically, any measurement of any bone or measurements of
combinations of bones of an individual reflect that individual’s stature.
There are two types of stature estimates that can be generated:
1. Forensic stature and 2. Measured stature.
Forensic stature refers to self-reported height, for example, from a driver’s lice Studies have
shown that people tend to embellish their height when self-reporting. For example, research
conducted on a sample of college students discovered that there existed a significant difference
between a person’s measured height and what the person had reported for his or her driver’s
license. In most instances, the individuals tended to over-report their height on their licensense.
Measured stature involves the documentation of living height through the use of a measuring
device and is usually recorded by another individual. Measured stature may be found in military
records or medical files. There is more precision associated with measured stature than with
forensic stature.
The forensic anthropologist will have to decide which type of estimate to present, which will
depend on the circumstances of the case and the available information.
Stature is usually estimated from the skeleton in one of two ways:
1) Measuring all bones constituting the components of stature, summing those measurements and
correcting for the missing soft tissue.
2) Employing a regression formula with the measurement of a complete bone.
Other methods include employing incomplete limb bones, non-limb bones and alternative
statistical methods.
Two methods of estimation of stature from bones-
1. Anatomical Method (Also known as Complete Skeleton Method) The anatomical
method should provide the most accurate estimate of an individual’s living height. Use of
the anatomical method is acceptable when skeletal elements constituting stature are
available and minimally damaged. Its use is recommended when the ancestry and sex of
the individual cannot be estimated, there are an anomalous number of vertebrae or the
individual’s limb bones appear to be atypical in length.
2. Complete Limb Bones (Also known as the Mathematical Method or Regression
Approach) This approach requires measuring a limb bone length or bone lengths,
selecting the most appropriate regression formula by sex and ancestry, inserting the
measurement into the formula, and calculating the estimated stature.
3. Somatometric materials using X-ray, that is living individuals measured and their
extremities X-rayed. This is a variation of (3), as measurements of the bones on the
radiographs are used. The method has the drawback that the X-ray beam must be
positioned precisely in relation to the bone for each individual in order to produce the
measurement aimed at, a problem that may create additional, random variation. Using Xray methods, the degree of magnification of bone lengths is a function of the distance of
the X-ray film to the bone and the X-ray source. The X-ray beam also has to be
positioned in exactly the same way for every new application. For this kind of method
stature is primary data, whereas bone lengths are not.
Q3. What are the do’s and don’ts at the disaster site.

As a rule, the search for the human remains of victims of a disaster cannot begin until all
survivors have been rescued.

The emergency rescue units that arrive at the disaster site ahead of the recovery teams
should be informed

During these emergency measures care should be taken to ensure that as many human
remains as possible (including other evidence, personnel effects, etc.) are left untouched.

The recovery of human remains and the preservation of evidence/personal effects
represent the first crucial steps in the victim identification process.

A structured search and discovery plan should be prepared as soon as possible, through
collaboration of the Evidence Collection Team, Disaster Investigation Team, and the
Access Control and Security Teams. In order to overcome this initial chaos as best as
possible.

In cases of disasters with large numbers of victims, the establishment of an Operational
Section for recovery and evidence collection is an absolute necessity.
- Recovery of all bodies and body parts at the disaster site.
- Collection and preservation of property found at the disaster site that does not
correspond directly to the recovery of human remains.
- Collection and preservation of other personal effects of disaster victims found in the
extended surroundings of the disaster area (e.g. personal belongings of victims in
hotels).

Wherever possible responsibility for recovery and evidence collection operations should
be placed in the hands of the police who may, in turn, call on various specialists, such as
odontologists, anthropologists and pathologists, who are trained to recognize human
from nonhuman remains as required.

Searching / Recording / Securing
 Prior to the commencement of operations, all operational personnel should be briefed on
the overall situation. This briefing process will also include the assignment of
responsibilities and tasks to be completed.
 -Subordinate external helpers and the provision of required sketches and maps of the
disaster area should be considered to assist this process.
 -The disaster site should be searched and processed methodically on a sector-by-sector
basis.
 -Each individual team should be assigned a specific sector of the disaster area which is
defined by the Sector Operations Commander.
 -Before entering the disaster area, operational personnel should be equipped with
appropriate safety equipment and clothing (e.g. helmets, overalls, boots, rubber gloves,
masks) and appropriate recovery equipment and documentation, sufficient for each
human remain and item of evidence.

Scene Gridding- The DVI Scene Controller is responsible for ensuring that the scene to
be processed is gridded appropriately and sectors allocated for searching. These sectors
need to be prioritised accordingly, having considered possible competing priorities with
other expert examination teams

Collection Centres- In consultation with the Operations Sector Commander, the
Recovery Command Centre is to be set up in the immediate vicinity of the disaster site. It
may serve as a temporary morgue station/mortuary – in any case it serves as a collection
centre (site) for human remains delivered by the Recovery and Evidence Collection
Teams.

Evidence / Property Collection Centre - Evidence/property found at the disaster site is
collected at the Collection Centre along with personal effects of disaster victims.
Q4. Enumerate the importance of chain of custody at the disaster site.
 The receipt/transfer of personal effects is recorded in a receipt/transfer recorded signed
by the receiving and transferring parties is the chain of custody.
 Preservation of chain of custody- important process in DVI governed by the laws,
legislation & conventions of the affected country.
The chain of custody establishes



who had contact with the evidence
the date and time the evidence was handled
the circumstances for the evidence being handled
what changes, if any, were made in the evidence
Information belongs on the tag
All evidence collected at the crime scene should be tagged. If the item cannot be tagged then
it should be labeled or marked. Consistency should always be adhered to in the information
that is used for marking and labeling the evidence.



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
description of item
police case number or identifier
date
location of collection
collectors name and identifier
brand name
any serial number or garment information
What about the information marking the outside of the evidence package?
Similar information should be labeled are marked on the outside of the packaging mediums.

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
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type of case
date
location of collection
item description
police case number or identifier


serial number or garment identifier
collector's name and identifier information

where item is being routed to for analysis
Thus the importance of chain of custody for the evidence at a crime scene usually starts
with the collection done by the investigator-technician. The marking and labeling begins
our control and custody of the items of evidence. The chain of custody is defined as the
witnessed, written record of all of the individuals who maintained unbroken control over
the items of evidence. It establishes the proof that the items of evidence collected at the
crime scene is the same evidence that is being presented in a court of law.
THANK YOU.