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PGDFA ASSIGNMENT -3 25-06-16 DR PRAMOD S INGALEWSHWAR Q1. Difference between Human and Animal bone? Differential Skeletal Anatomy of Humans and Animals:Cranium Human Animal Large bulbous vault, small face Small vault, large face Vault relatively smooth Pronounced Inferior Inferior Foramen Magnum Posterior Foramen Magnum Chin present Chin absent Orbits at front, above nasal aperture Orbits at sides, posterior to nasal aperture Minimal nasal and midface projection Significant nasal and midface projection "U"-shaped separation) mandible (no muscle markings, sagittal crest midline "V"-shaped mandible (separates at midline) Differential Skeletal Anatomy of Humans and Animals: Dentition Human Animal Omnivorous Carnivorous; Herbivorous; Omnivorous Dental formula 2:1:2:3 Basic dental formula 3:1:4:3 Incisors (maxillary) are larger than other Horse maxillary incisors are larger than mammals human incisors Canines small Carnivores have large conical canines; Herbivores have small or missing canines Premolars and molars have low, rounded cusps Carnivores have sharp, pointed cheek teeth; divided by distinct grooves Herbivores have broad, flat cheek teeth with parallel furrows and ridges Differential Skeletal Anatomy ofHumans and Animals: Post-cranium Human Animal Upper limbs less robust Robust upper limbs Radius and ulna are separate bones Radius and ulna often fused Large, flat and broad vertebral bodies with short Small vertebral bodies spinous processes concave surfaces and processes with long convex/ spinous Sacrum with 5 fused vertebrae, short and broad Sacrum with 3 or 4 fused vertebrae, long and narrow Pelvis is broad and short, bowl-shaped Pelvis is long and narrow, blade-shaped Femur is longest bone in body, lineaaspera is Femur is similar length to other limb bones, singular feature lineaaspera double or plateau Separate tibia and fibula Tibia and fibula are often fused Foot is long and narrow, weight borne on heel Foot is broad, weight borne mainly on toes and toes Differential Bone Macrostructure of Humans and Animals Human Animal More porous cortical bone Less porous cortical bone 1/4 thickness of diameter of long bone 1/2 thickness of diameter of long bone Diaphysealtrabecula present Diaphysealtrabecula absent Thick diploe in cranial vault bones More compact cranial vault bones Q2. Describe any two methods of estimation of stature from bones ? - Stature provides one aspect of an individual’s physiognomy and one piece of information that may be an aid in individual identification. In situations where the corpse is severely mutilated, decomposed or represented by skeletal remains only, the stature of the individual may be estimated by means of measurements of the skeleton, in certain cases after necessary maceration at a forensic laboratory. As a rule of thumb, the larger the skeletal element, the taller the individual. This means that, theoretically, any measurement of any bone or measurements of combinations of bones of an individual reflect that individual’s stature. There are two types of stature estimates that can be generated: 1. Forensic stature and 2. Measured stature. Forensic stature refers to self-reported height, for example, from a driver’s lice Studies have shown that people tend to embellish their height when self-reporting. For example, research conducted on a sample of college students discovered that there existed a significant difference between a person’s measured height and what the person had reported for his or her driver’s license. In most instances, the individuals tended to over-report their height on their licensense. Measured stature involves the documentation of living height through the use of a measuring device and is usually recorded by another individual. Measured stature may be found in military records or medical files. There is more precision associated with measured stature than with forensic stature. The forensic anthropologist will have to decide which type of estimate to present, which will depend on the circumstances of the case and the available information. Stature is usually estimated from the skeleton in one of two ways: 1) Measuring all bones constituting the components of stature, summing those measurements and correcting for the missing soft tissue. 2) Employing a regression formula with the measurement of a complete bone. Other methods include employing incomplete limb bones, non-limb bones and alternative statistical methods. Two methods of estimation of stature from bones- 1. Anatomical Method (Also known as Complete Skeleton Method) The anatomical method should provide the most accurate estimate of an individual’s living height. Use of the anatomical method is acceptable when skeletal elements constituting stature are available and minimally damaged. Its use is recommended when the ancestry and sex of the individual cannot be estimated, there are an anomalous number of vertebrae or the individual’s limb bones appear to be atypical in length. 2. Complete Limb Bones (Also known as the Mathematical Method or Regression Approach) This approach requires measuring a limb bone length or bone lengths, selecting the most appropriate regression formula by sex and ancestry, inserting the measurement into the formula, and calculating the estimated stature. 3. Somatometric materials using X-ray, that is living individuals measured and their extremities X-rayed. This is a variation of (3), as measurements of the bones on the radiographs are used. The method has the drawback that the X-ray beam must be positioned precisely in relation to the bone for each individual in order to produce the measurement aimed at, a problem that may create additional, random variation. Using Xray methods, the degree of magnification of bone lengths is a function of the distance of the X-ray film to the bone and the X-ray source. The X-ray beam also has to be positioned in exactly the same way for every new application. For this kind of method stature is primary data, whereas bone lengths are not. Q3. What are the do’s and don’ts at the disaster site. As a rule, the search for the human remains of victims of a disaster cannot begin until all survivors have been rescued. The emergency rescue units that arrive at the disaster site ahead of the recovery teams should be informed During these emergency measures care should be taken to ensure that as many human remains as possible (including other evidence, personnel effects, etc.) are left untouched. The recovery of human remains and the preservation of evidence/personal effects represent the first crucial steps in the victim identification process. A structured search and discovery plan should be prepared as soon as possible, through collaboration of the Evidence Collection Team, Disaster Investigation Team, and the Access Control and Security Teams. In order to overcome this initial chaos as best as possible. In cases of disasters with large numbers of victims, the establishment of an Operational Section for recovery and evidence collection is an absolute necessity. - Recovery of all bodies and body parts at the disaster site. - Collection and preservation of property found at the disaster site that does not correspond directly to the recovery of human remains. - Collection and preservation of other personal effects of disaster victims found in the extended surroundings of the disaster area (e.g. personal belongings of victims in hotels). Wherever possible responsibility for recovery and evidence collection operations should be placed in the hands of the police who may, in turn, call on various specialists, such as odontologists, anthropologists and pathologists, who are trained to recognize human from nonhuman remains as required. Searching / Recording / Securing Prior to the commencement of operations, all operational personnel should be briefed on the overall situation. This briefing process will also include the assignment of responsibilities and tasks to be completed. -Subordinate external helpers and the provision of required sketches and maps of the disaster area should be considered to assist this process. -The disaster site should be searched and processed methodically on a sector-by-sector basis. -Each individual team should be assigned a specific sector of the disaster area which is defined by the Sector Operations Commander. -Before entering the disaster area, operational personnel should be equipped with appropriate safety equipment and clothing (e.g. helmets, overalls, boots, rubber gloves, masks) and appropriate recovery equipment and documentation, sufficient for each human remain and item of evidence. Scene Gridding- The DVI Scene Controller is responsible for ensuring that the scene to be processed is gridded appropriately and sectors allocated for searching. These sectors need to be prioritised accordingly, having considered possible competing priorities with other expert examination teams Collection Centres- In consultation with the Operations Sector Commander, the Recovery Command Centre is to be set up in the immediate vicinity of the disaster site. It may serve as a temporary morgue station/mortuary – in any case it serves as a collection centre (site) for human remains delivered by the Recovery and Evidence Collection Teams. Evidence / Property Collection Centre - Evidence/property found at the disaster site is collected at the Collection Centre along with personal effects of disaster victims. Q4. Enumerate the importance of chain of custody at the disaster site. The receipt/transfer of personal effects is recorded in a receipt/transfer recorded signed by the receiving and transferring parties is the chain of custody. Preservation of chain of custody- important process in DVI governed by the laws, legislation & conventions of the affected country. The chain of custody establishes who had contact with the evidence the date and time the evidence was handled the circumstances for the evidence being handled what changes, if any, were made in the evidence Information belongs on the tag All evidence collected at the crime scene should be tagged. If the item cannot be tagged then it should be labeled or marked. Consistency should always be adhered to in the information that is used for marking and labeling the evidence. description of item police case number or identifier date location of collection collectors name and identifier brand name any serial number or garment information What about the information marking the outside of the evidence package? Similar information should be labeled are marked on the outside of the packaging mediums. type of case date location of collection item description police case number or identifier serial number or garment identifier collector's name and identifier information where item is being routed to for analysis Thus the importance of chain of custody for the evidence at a crime scene usually starts with the collection done by the investigator-technician. The marking and labeling begins our control and custody of the items of evidence. The chain of custody is defined as the witnessed, written record of all of the individuals who maintained unbroken control over the items of evidence. It establishes the proof that the items of evidence collected at the crime scene is the same evidence that is being presented in a court of law. THANK YOU.