Download 1- Post test

Ministry of higher education & scientific researches
Foundation of technical education
technical institute of AL-Dewaniyah.
Educational bag
(Microbiology)
This unit is directed For the student of
first class
in
Nursing department
By
Fatima .A. chaloob MSD. Of
medical laboratory sciences
Head of the nursing
department
Lecturer
2009-2010
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :The student will know the shape of the
bacteria .
Know the components of bacterial cell.
know the function of capsule, mesosomes, cell
wall.
understanding the branches of microbiology.
How to compare between eucaryote and
prokaryote cells.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- Know the History and scop of microbiology.
- The structure of bacterial cell.
- The function of each part of bacterial cell.
- The shape of bacteria.
- The science parasitology , virology , mycology
,bacteriology.
1 / D –Instructions:•
Study over view thoroughly.
•
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
•
Do the pre test and if you :-
•
get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•
get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well .
•
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
•
get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 3 .
•
get less than 4, go back and study the first and second
modular
unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1- To know the classification of medical microbiology.
2- know what is the function of capsule and cell wall.
3- Know the function of mesosomes.
4- Define protozoa , Algae ,fungi ,Ricketssia ect.
3/ Pre test :Fill in the blanks
1-Microbiology is --------------
2-Bacteria is ------ microorganism.
3-Germs mean ----------- .
4-Algae has --------
like plants.
5-Ricketssia is obligate unicellular organism and has------ shape.
duction/ Microbiology
fication of microorganism
al microbiology : Is the study of causative
s of infectious disease of human beings
heir reaction to such infections.
robiology : In short this is the science
ng with the study of microorganisms.
Branches of microbiology :
1 – Medical microbiology .
2 – Industrial microbiology .
3 – food microbiology .
4 – soil microbiology
.
Medical microbiology studied
under following headings :
A - parasitology : Deals with the study of parasites causing
diseases in man .
B - mycology : Deals with the study of fungus causing
diseases in man .
C - Immunology : Deals with the study of body resistance
to infectious diseases .
D - Bacteriology : Deals with the study of bacteria .
E - Genetics : Is the study of heredity and variations .
F - Virology : Is the study of viruses .
Scope of microbiology
A - Diagnostic of causative organisms .
B - Prognosis of disease .
C - Guidance in treatment .
D - Source of infection .
Comparison between prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells
Character
Prokaryotic
Nucleus
Absent
Nuclear membrane
Absent
Eukaryotic cell
Present
present
Nucleolus
Absent
present
Chromosome
one
more
Mitotic division
Absent
cytoplasmic streaming
pinocytosis
Absent
Absent
present
Present
present
mitochodria
Absent
present
Lysosomes
Absent
present
Golgi-apparatus
Absent
present
Endoplasmic – reticulum
Absent
present
Chemical – composition
Sterol
Absent
present
Muramic-acid
Absent
present
Sizes ofBacteria
Most of bacteria are so small
that the size is measured in
terms of micron . A-1 micron
(m) or micrometer( Mm) one
thousand of millimeter .
B-1- millimicron ( Mm ) or
nanometer (nm) =one
thousandth of micron .
C- Angstrom units ( A )= one
tenth of (nm)
Generally cocci are a bout 1m in
diameter and bacilli are 2 to
10 m in length and 0.2 to 0.5
m in width.
Shape of bacteria
On the basis of shape , bacteria are classified as under:-
A ) Cocci
And on the basis of arrangement, they are described as :
1- staphylococci ( arranged in clusters ) .
2 – streptococci ( arranged in chains ) .
3 – Diplo cocci group of (2) .
4 – Tetrads group of (4) .
5 – Sarcina group of (8)
.
B – Bacilli : They are cylindrical or rod shaped organisms they
are of following types :.
1- coccobacilli e,g brucella .
2-Chinese letter e,g corynebacteria
3-Vibrio : They are comma – shaped e.g Vibrio cholera .
Spirochaetes :
they are coiled e.g treponema.
5-Actinomycetes : It resembles the
radiate of sun rays e.g Actinomyces
6-Mycoplasma : are organisms which lack cell-wall and
so
do not posses a stable morphology , they are round or
oval
bodies with filaments . e.g Mycoplasma
pnenmonia
General structure of bacteria •
Bacterial structure
* Flagella :. Organ of locomotion .
Pili or fimbriae :Organ of adhesion.
* Capsule:It is gelatinous secretion of bacteria,a
thick coat a round cell-wall present in some spp
of bacterioa as:
1- Anthrax .
2- Klebisella .
3- pneumococci .
4 – Bacillus
5 – streptococcus pyogenes
* Functions of Capsule :1 - Protection against deleterious agent e.g Lytic
enzymes.
2 – Contribute to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by
inhibiting phagocytosis.
Cell-wall
It is the outer-layer which protects the internal structure
.
*Functions of cell-wall *
1-protection of internal structure .
2-Gives shape and rigidity to the cell.
3-It has an important role in division of bacteria .
4-offers resistance to harmful effect of
environment .
Cytoplasmic-membrane
It is thin semi permeable membrane which lies just
beneath the cell-wall.
* Functions of cytoplasmic – membrane * 
1- It controls inflow and outflow of metabolites to and from
protoplast .
2- Have specific enzyme ( permease ).
3-Have enzymes help to manufacture the cell-wall .
4-It provides little mechanical strength to bacterial – cell.
* Cytoplasm
It is suspension of organic and inorganic solutes in viscous
watery solution, it contains ribosome, inclusion, and
vacuoles .
* Ribosome s : They are the sites of protein synthesis.
* Mesosomes :
They are invaginations of plasma- membrane ,
usually in
Gm +Ve bacteria .
*Function of mesosomes :
They are the sites of respiratory enzymes in
bacteria.
2–
coordinate nuclear and cytoplasmic division during
binary fission .
3 – Responsible for DNA during sporulation
* Nucleus
It is long filament of DNA tightly coiled inside the
cytoplasm.and it is surrounded by nuclear membrane
generally one per
cell.
* Flagella
These are long contractile filaments they are organ of
locomotion e.g vibrio , E coli , salmonella , flagella may
be arranged on bacterial body in following manner
Monotrichous e.g vibrio spp.
2-Lophotrichous .
3- Peritrichous e.g E coli.
4- Amphitrichous e.g fecales.
Pilli (fimbriae )
They are short thin straight hair like appendages , they are
organs of adhering to the surface of other cells.
Definitions:1 – Germs : or called ( pathogens ) means disease causing
microorganisms .
2 – Infectious disease : Diseases caused by
microorganisms
3 – Pathogenicity :. It is referred to the ability of microbial
species to produce disease .
4 - Virulence : It is referred to the ability of microbial
strains
to produce disease e.g. for virulent facters :
A- Toxigenecity  ability to produce toxins .
B – Invasiveness  ability to spread in host tissue.
Other microorganisms
Algae : Eukaryotic photosynthetic organism, its range
from small of large algae . they are important source of
food, iodine, other minerals.
* Protozoa
Eukaryotic , usually single animal like microorganisms most
are free living microorganisms, found in soil and water
they have no chlorophyll .
* Fungi
* Eukaryotic,. found almost every where on earth living on
organic matter in water and soil and living upon and within
animal and plants .some are harmful others are beneficial
in production of cheeses, beer, and wine,drugs, antibiotics.
* Rickettsia
Are coccoid rod shaped or irregular Gm-ve bacteria
with
bacterial type cell-wall they contain both DNA and
RNA
most of them obligate intracellular pathogens that
cause
disease in man and other animals , Disease is
transmitted
by arthropod such as lice , fleas , ticks e.g.
Typhus , bacteremia.
3/ Post test :Fill in the blanks
1-Microbiology is -------------- .
2-Bacteria is ------ microorganism.
3-Germs mean ----------- .
4-Algae has --------
like plants.
5-Ricketssia is obligate unicellular organism and has-----shape. .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1_ Is science dealing with study of
1_ Is science dealing with study of
microorganisms. which cannot be seen microorganisms. which cannot be seen
by naked eye
by naked eye
2_Procaryotic microorganisms.
2_Procaryotic microorganisms.
3-Pathogens
3-Pathogens
4_Chlorophyll
4_Chlorophyll
5_Irregular.
5_Irregular.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the spore of bacteria.
Know the site of spores within the bacterial
cell.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of bacterial spore.
structure of it . the spore sites ,how spore
survives in unsuitable conditions.
1 / D –Instructions:•
Study over view thoroughly.
•
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
•
Do the pre test and if you :-
•
get 4or more you do not need to proceed .
•
get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well .
•
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
•
get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 4 .
•
get less than 4, go back and study the third modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1- To know the morphology of bacterial spore . .
2- Define central spore
3- Know the position of spores
4- K now the method of killing spores.
3/ Pre test :Write t or f
1-bacteral spores are destroid by ordinary method
of
sterilization.
2-spore site is central
3-spore of bacteria has acore in the middle of it.
4- Spore shapes are spherical and oval .
5- bacterial spores withstand against un suitable
conditions.
* Bacterial spores
* Spores : Are highly resistant dormant state
of bacteria found in certain genera e.g.
bacillus clostridium Gm +ve coccus they
are destroyed by ordinary methods of
boiling for several hours . they make
survival of organism possible under
unfavorable Conditions like dry state , spores are
resistant to heat, drying, freezing, and, toxic –
chemicals .
e.g. for not bulging
1 – central not bulging .
2 – terminal not bulging .
3 - sub terminal not bulging .
* spore shape may by :
1 – spherical .
2 – oval .
* Spore site may be :
A- central .
B- terminal .
C- sub-terminal .
Some are bulging and others are not e.g.
1 – central bulging .
2 – terminal bulging .
3 - sub terminal bulging .
3/ Post test :Write t or f
1-bacteral spores are destroid by ordinary method
of
sterilization.
2-spore site is central .
3-spore of bacteria has acore in the middle of it.
4- Spore shapes are spherical and oval .
5- bacterial spores withstand against un suitable
conditions.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1-t .
1-t .
2-t .
2-t .
3-t .
3-t .
4-t .
4-t .
5-t .
5-t .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the nutritional requirements
of bacteria.
* can differentiate between the aerobic and non
aerobic organisms.
*Know the types of bacteria as regards
to temperature.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
1-The type of bacteria depend on its requirements to essential
metabolites.
2-The minerals that bacteria require as ca,mg ,cl,Na etc.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 5 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the forth
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the nutritional requirements of bacteria.
2-Know the aerobic and non aerobic bacteria.
3-Know how to prevent bacteria by not supplying it by the
essential metabolites.
5/ Pre test :.
Fill in the blanks:
Q 1\ The growth curve of bacteria consist of -----.
Q2\Bacteria requires minerals as -------.
Q3\Aerobics is ---------------- .
Q4\Darkness is ------- for bacterial growth .
Q5\Psychrophilic prefer temp between--------- .
( Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria )
& ( Factors influencing growth of Bacteria )
Bacteria may require adequate nutrition ,
optimum PH , temperature, and oxygen for
multiplication and growth .
Bacteria can be classified into the following types on
the basis of nutritional requirement:-
1 – on the basis of energy sources :
A – phototrophic: which gets energy from
photochemical reaction .
B – chemotropic: get energy from chemical
reaction .
2 – on the basis of their ability to synthesize
essential metabolites :-
A – Autotrophic
:
they use CO2 as the main source of carbon &
simple inorganic salts e.g. nitrates ,
ammonium sulphate etc . to form new
protoplasm of the cell .
B – Heterotrophic :
Here some of the essential metabolites
are not synthesized .organic
compounds e.g. protein , peptones ,
amino acid.
* The other nutritional requirement
are as under :
1- Minerals :. These are sodium ,potassium , Mg ,
Ca ,Fe , Cl2 , zinc , copper , iodine .These are
essential for physiological activities of bacteria
2- Gas requirements .
A - oxygen :The capacity of bacteria to grow in the presence of
O2 & to utilize it depends on possession of a
cytochrome oxides system .
2- Aerobes :
The aerobe organisms grow only in the presence of
O2 e.g. bacillus , nitrobacteria , pseudomonas
etc .
* Facultative anaerobes :.
They are the organisms that can live with or without
O2 e.g. vibrio . E.coli , salmonella, microaerophilic .
They grow well with relatively small quantities of O2
e.g. hemophilus .
* Obligate anaerobes :
They multiply only in the absence of O2 e.g.
clostridium , bacteroids , they require a
substance other than O2 as hydrogen acceptor.
B – Carbon dioxide
Some organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoea ,
brucella , are enhanced by the presence of extra
amount of Co2.
3 – Moisture :
Bacteria require water for their growth, desiccation
may kill most of bacteria .
4 – Temperature
A – which an organic grows best is called
optimum temp . In human parasitic organisms
optimum temp range between 30c◦ & 37c◦
There are three groups of bacteria as regards
the temp of growth :A – Psychrorpilic :. These are the organisms
growing between 0c◦ to 25c◦ . They are mostly
soil & water bacteria .
B – Mesophilic :. They grow between ( 20c◦ & 44c◦
) this group includes bacteria producing disease
.
C – Thermophilic :. Some organisms grow at (5060c◦) e.g. bacillus & algae
* Hydrogen concentration (PH)
Most of pathogenic bacteria grow best at pH (7.27.6) ,vibrio which caused cholera grow at alkaline
pH .
* Osmotic pressure :.
Bacteria are usually resitant to changes of osmotic
pressure . However 0.5% Nacl is added to almost all
culture media to make environment isotonic .
* Light :.
Darkness is usually favorable for the growth
& viability of all the organisms . Direct
light exposure shortens the survival of
bacteria .
Organisms are sensitive to ultraviolet and
other radiations .
* Accessory nutritional
requirement
Most often the accessory growth factors are
vitamins . The requirement of growth factors
differ widely in various bacteria e.g. for S.
aureus the growth factor is thiamine and for H.
influenza is hematin . they are not synthesized by
bacteria and so supplied in media
Growth curve
When organisms are cultured in appropriate fluid
media
there would be increase in the size of bacteria
without any
multiplication for some time ( lag phase ) This is
followed by multiplication & increase in number of
bacteria to the
extent that media look turbid to the naked ( log
phase ) after
some time growth rate becomes stationary and later
on
Decline , counting of bacteria at different period after
inoculation & then events of sequences are
represented on a
graph which is called growth curve .
5/ Post test :.
Fill in the blanks:
1\ The growth curve of bacteria consist of ------ .
Q2\Bacteria requires minerals as -------.
Q3\Aerobics is ---------------- .
Q4\Darkness is ------- for bacterial growth .
Q5\Psychrophilic prefer temp between--------- .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :Pre test
1- post test :-
,log =
1 _lag phase,log
phase.stationary
phase ,decline
phase ,
, stationary =
2-Ca,mg,cl ,Na .
1 _lag phase
,decline phase.
2-Ca,mg,cl ,Na .
3-grow only in the presence of o2
4-suitable.
5-(0- 20 )c
3-grow only in the
presence of o2
4-suitable.
5-(0- 20 )c
References:1- Jawetz, etal. Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty
third edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the method of sterilization.
* can differentiate between
sterilization,
disinfection, bactericidal
,and bacteristatic.
* Know the physical and chemical
method of sterilization.
* Know the tyndalization and filtration.
* Know how to sterile objects and
instruments ect.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-The physical and chemical methods of sterilization.
-The chemical agents .
-How to stop growth of bacteria, and how to kill all type
of life.
-The dry and moist heat.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 7 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 5and6
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the difinition of sterilization and how to sterile
elements and surface of things .
2-Know the physical and chemical method of sterilization.
3-Understand the meaning of pausteurization ,
tandalization.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Sterilization is stop growth of bacteria
2- Bacteriostatic agents kills bacteria.
3-Pausterization is boiling milk at 60 c
.
4-One of the chemical agents of dinfection is soap.
5-Sun light is one of physical method of sterilization.
sterilization :
It is a process by which the articles become free
form all microorganisms ( pathogenic ) and non
pathogenic , either in vegetative or spore form
.
Disinfection
It is a process of destruction of
pathogenic organism capable of giving rise to
infection .
Bactericidal agent :
bacteria
Agents are able to kill
e.g. penicillin , Fuci din
Bacteriostatic - agents
Agents which are only prevent multiplication of bacteria
and they may remain alive e.g. Tetracycline
Various agents used in sterilization
A - physical agents :
1 - sunlight .
2 - drying .
3 - Heat ( dry heat , moist heat ) .
4 - Radiation .
5 - filtration .
B – chemical agents .
1- Acid .
2- Alkaline .
3- salts .
4- Halogens .
5- oxidizing agents .
6- formaldehyde .
7- Reducing .
8- phenol .
9- soap .
10- Dyes .
11- Alcohol .
Sun light : have bacterial activity due to ultra violet ray ,
this is one of the natural method of sterilization in cases
of water in tank river ,lakes .
Drying :
Drying in air has harmful effect on many bacteria
e.g. Treponema , Neisseria , are vary sensitive to
drying , the spores are not affected by drying .
Heat
A - Dry heat :
1 - Red heat e.g. flaming of wire loop till they are
become red ( needle , scalpels forceps & any metallic
objects .
2 - Flaming : passing of the object over flame without
allowing it to become red e.g. mouth of culture tubes ,
cover , slides .
3 - Incineration : for destruction of infected material
e.g. bed , pathological materials .
4 - Hot air over : sterilization by hot air over require
( 140 - 160 ) c◦ for one hour e.g. sterile all glass
material , syringes Petri dish test tubes .
B - Moist – heat
1 – Temperature below 100c◦
A - pasteurization of milk :
by using 63c◦ for 30 minute , organism like brucella ,
salmonella , mycobactenum are killed by this
method
2 – temp at 100 c◦ :
A- tyndalization :
process by which medium is placed at 100c◦ in flowing
steam for 30 min each 3 successive days the vegetative
bacteria are killed at 100 c◦ & remaining spore which
germinate during storage interval are killed on
subsequent heating e.g. sterilization of egg or serum
containing media .
B - Boiling of needles syringes of for (10-30) min kill
the vegetative form & bacteria spores & hepatitis virus
are not killed or destroyed by this pro ccdure
C – Steam at atmospheric pressure (100c◦)
3 – Temp more than 100 c◦ : ( Autoclave )
Is the best method of sterilization in which the
vegetative & spore from of bacteria are killed , by using
(121 c◦) for ( 15 – 20 ) min at 15/b ( pressure per
square inch is used for culture media ) syringes
Sterilization by filtration :
This method is useful for antibiotics , sera , solution ,
carbohydrate , solution , filtration is useful for antibiotic as
best on dies & filter e.g. seitz filter
Radiation :
Ultra viold radiation like using of ultra violet tamps in
laboratories & x-rdy are useful for the sterilization of
disposable material like catgut , disposable syringe
* Chemical – agents :
1 - Acids : causes rate of death e.g. carbonic acid ,
citric acid , boric acid
2 - Alkaline : e.g. NaoH 0.5 %
3 - Salts : salts of heavy metals e.g. silve. , nitrate
copper salts .
4 - Halogens : e.g. chlorine , Iodine , fluorine 5 –
oxidizing – agents : e.g. 1/500 potassium
permananganate
6 - formal dchyde : e.g. Formalin
7 - Reducing agents : e.g. Hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2
)
8 - phenols
9 - soap :.mechanical or physical of bacteria
10 - Dyes : e.g. crystal violet , Acriflavin .
11 - Alcohol : e.g. chlorine , Iodine , fluorine
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Sterilization is stop growth of bacteria
2- Bacteriostatic agents kills bacteria.
3-Pausterization is boiling milk at 60 c
.
4-One of the chemical agents of disinfection is soap.
5-Sun light is one of physical method of sterilization.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :1_false
1- post test :-
2_false
1_false
3_ true
2_false
4_ true
3_ true
5_ true
4_ true
5_ true
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the general character of
Staphylococcus.
* can differentiate between the three spp of
bacteria Staphylococcus. .
* Know how to prevent and control
this organism.
* Know the diagnosis and treatment .
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- Know the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus .
-The bacteria that infect the respiratory system for e.g
streptococcus ect.
- Know the color of the 3 spp of Staph.
-The toxins which produced by Staph spp.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 8 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 7 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the eighth modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know
characters.
the
morphology
of
Staphylococcus
,general
2-Know the 3 spp of this bacteria and the color of the culture
media
3-Understand the method of controling
and treatment..
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Staphylococcus produce many types
toxins e,g hemolysin.
of
2- Staphylococcus pyogens produce golden yellow
colonies on blood agar.
3-It ferments sugars and produce acid.
.
4-One of the drugs used in treating of Staph aureus is penicillin.
5-Staph citrus is pathogenic bacteria.
Brucella
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the
bacteria
of the genus Brucella. These bacteria are primarily
passed
among animals, and they cause disease in many
different
vertebrates. Various Brucella species affect sheep,
goats,
cattle, deer, elk, pigs, dogs, and several other animals.
Humans become infected by coming in contact with
animals
or animal products that are contaminated with these
bacteria. In humans brucellosis can cause a range of
symptoms that are similar to the flu and may include
fever, sweats, headaches, back pains, and physical
weakness. Severe infections of the central nervous
systems or lining of the heart may occur. Brucellosis
can also cause long-lasting or chronic symptoms
that
include recurrent fevers, joint pain, and fatigue.
Can brucellosis be spread from person to person?
Direct person-to-person spread of brucellosis is
extremely rare . Mothers who are breast-feeding
may
transmit the infection to their infants. Sexual
transmission has also been reported. Forboth
sexual
and breast-feeding transmission, if the infant or
person at risk is treated for brucellosis, their risk of
becoming infected will probably be eliminated
within
3 days. Although uncommon, transmission may also
occur via contaminated tissue transplantation .
Diagnoses
Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory by finding Brucella
organisms in samples of blood or bone marrow. Also, blood
tests can be done to detect antibodies against the bacteria.
If this method is used, two blood samples should be
collected 2 weeks apart
Treatment
Is there a treatment for brucellosis?
Yes, but treatment can be difficult. Doctors can
prescribe effective antibiotics. Usually, doxycycline
and rifampin are used in combination for 6 weeks to
prevent reoccurring infection Depending on the
timing
of treatment and severity of illness, recovery may
take
a few weeks to several months. Mortality is low
(<2%),
and is usually associated with endocarditis.
Bacterial infection of respiratory system &can
be isolated from the infected throat :1 – Streptococcus pyogenes ( B- hemolytic strep)
2 – staphylococcus aureus
3 – corynebacterium diphtheria
4 – Haemophilus influenza .
Staphylococcus
They are aerobic & facultative anaerobic, arranged in
groups,non motile, ovoid or spherical in shape ( grape –
like – clusters they form (white – yellow ) ,( golden yellow
colonies on solid – )medium , pathogenic strains produce
coagulase
sugar fermentar ( glucose / lactose, manitol ) with acid
production , Liquifiy gelatin , produce pus in lesion ,
catalase positive .
species are present on basis of pigment production
1– staph aureus ( pyogens ) 
pathogenic ( golden –yellow ) .
2– staph albus (white )  non pathogenic .
3– staph citrus ( lemon )  non pathogenic .
Pathogenicity
Staph –aureus :
Normally it is present on skin mucus membrane in 60% or
in the nose, aerobic, produce uniform turbidity on fluid
haemolysis on the blood media B- make wide zone of
gar .it produces
haemolysin , enterotoxin & fibrinolysin cause the majority
of
acute pyogenic lesion in man., tonsillitis , pharyngitis ,
sinusitis , pneumonia , endocarditis and food poisoning due
to production of
enterotoxins
Characteristic of pathogenic strains
of staph aureus
1 - coagulase positive .
2 - manitol - fermenter .
3 - B – haemolysis .
4 – Golden - yellow pigment .
5 – Liquify gelatin .
6- phosphate is produced
* Selective & differential media
used in isolation of staphylococcus
1 – ( MSA)  ( manitol salt agar ), manitol fermenter
which
change the color from red to
yellow
2 – phenol phathaline diphosphate media .
Treatment :
Vancomycin , cloxacillin , penicillin
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Staphylococcus produce many types
of
toxins e,g hemolysin.
2- Staphylococcus pyogens produce golden yellow
colonies on blood agar.
3-It ferments sugars and produce acid.
4-One of the drugs used in treating of Staph aureus is penicillin.
5-Staph citrus is pathogenic bacteria.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- true .
1- true .
2- true .
2- true .
3- true .
3- true .
4- true .
4- true .
5- false .
5- false .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the morphology of S. pyogens ,S. viridans ,
S.faecalis .
* can differentiate between the three spp of Streptococcus .
* understanding the source of infection.
* Know the morphology of S.pnemoniae,S.viridans ,S.
faecalis prevention and control.
* Know how to prevent these diseases.
(3)
1 / D –Instructions:•
Study over view thoroughly.
•.
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
•
Do the pre test and if you :-
•
get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•
get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well .
•
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
•
get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 9 .
•
get less than 4, go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
(5)
1 / C –Central Idea :-Morphology of the genus Streptococcus.
-The dangerous of these diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits from person to person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
(4)
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To talk about Pneumoniae and pyogenic disease caused by S pyogenes. .
2-Know the four spp of Streptococcus..
3-Know how to prevent these diseases .
4-Understand the source of infection.
(6)
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-E.faecalis is an apportunistic pathogen.
.
2-Streptolysin is atoxin produced by Streptococcus
pyogens.
3-S.pneumonae is the common cause of meningitis.
.
4-Treatment of S. pyogenes is by Ampicilin vial 500mg.
5-Alphae haemolytic streptococci produce greenish coloration.
(7)
Enterococcus faecaliS
Is a Gram-positive cocci shaped bacterium that occurs in
chain. Microscopically the organism is very similar to the
Genus Streptococcus. At one time organisms of the
genus Enterococcus was considered to be a group of
Streptococcus, faecalis is a non motile, spherical
bacterium. It can be observed singly, in pairs, or in short
chains,
The organism is commonly found in the distal end
of the urethra and sometimes in the small
intestine of humans and other animals.
Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic
pathogen that can cause urinary tract infections
and endocarditis (an infection of the heart It is a
facultative anaerobe with a fermentative
metabolism.S .faecalis can often be confused
with S.pneumonia .
identification features that can be verified with
testing.
faecalis is listed as the first to the third leading
cause of nosocomial infections
Diagnosis
by a PYR test and then the sample is
plated on an Arabinose plate. The PYR
test is an enzymatic
test.
Treatment
1- consists of a synergistic combination of
aminoglycoside and cell wall-active antibiotics. In
trying to prevent further antibiotic resistant
strains, drug susceptibility testing is strongly
recommended.
2- E. faecalis is easily treated with penicillin
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Both H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae can be
found in the human upper respiratory system.
"lancet shaped" diplococci. It has a
polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence
factor for the organism;
S. pneumoniae is part of the normal upper
respiratory tract flora but as with many natural
flora, it can become pathogenic under the right
conditions (e.g., if the immune system of the
host is suppressed). Invasins such as
Pneumolysin, an anti-phagocytic capsule,
various adhesins and immunogenic cell wall
components are all major virulence factors.
S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of
bacterial meningitis in adults and children, and is
one of the top two isolates found in ear infection,
otitis media. Pneumococcal pneumonia is more
common in the very young and the very old.
espite the name, the organism causes many types
pneumococcal infection other than of
otitis ,acute sinusitis pneumonia, including
,sepsis ,bacteremia ,meningitis ,media
,endocarditis ,septic arthritis ,osteomyelitis
brain cellulitis, and ,pericarditis ,peritonitis
abscess
S. pneumoniae can be differentiated from
Streptococcus Viridans, some of which are also
S. optochin test, as alpha hemolytic, using an
S. .pneumoniae is optochin sensitive
pneumoniae can also be distinguished based on
its sensitivity to lysis by bile. The encapsulated,
coccoid gram-positive
pneumococcus, is Streptococcus pneumoniae, or
alpha-hemolytic, bile soluble ,gram-positive
aerotolerant anaerobe and a member of the
A significant human Streptococcus genus
S. pneumoniae was ,pathogenic bacterium
pneumonia
Identification
Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from
Streptococcus pneumoniae using an optochin
test, as Viridans streptococci are optochin
resistant; they also lack either the
polysaccharide-based capsule typical of S.
pneumoniae or the Lancefield antigens of the
pyogenic members of the genus.[3]
Diagnosis of S.pneumoniae
Optochin S. pneumoniae is
sensitive
Most of these infections occur after 
surgery of the abdomen or a puncturing
trauma, but can also be linked to the
increased use of IV’s and catheters, which
are considered compromising devises. It is
also responsible for urinary tract
infections
bacterimia, endocarditis, meningitis, and can
be found in wound infections along with
.many other bacteria
Streptococcus viridans
Viridans Streptococcus is a pseudo-taxonomic
non-Linnaenan term for a large group of
commensal streptococcal bacteria that are either
α-hemolytic, producing a green coloration on
blood agar plates (hence the name "viridans",
from Latin "vĭrĭdis", green), or non-hemolytic.
They possess no Lancefield antigens.[1]
If they are introduced into the bloodstream they
have the potential of causing endocarditis,
particularly in individuals with damaged heart
valves. They are the most common causes of
subacute bacterial endocarditis.
They can also cause necrotizing fasciitis.
Pathology
The organisms are most abundant in the
mouth and one member of the group, S.
mutans, is the etiologic agent of dental
caries. Others may be involved in other
mouth or gingival infections
Streptococcus pyogens
Genoral characters :. They are gram positive
cocci arranged in chains , non motile and non
sporing
They require media enriched with blood serum for
their growth . They are important human
infection they are pathogens causing pyogenic
responsible for acute rheumatic fever glomerulo –
nephritis .
They are aerobic or facultative anaerobes are
classified on the base of hemolytic
properties on blood agar plate .
( A ) Alpha hemolytic streptococci : produce ,a
zone of greenish discoloration around the colony
, This zone of partial lysis is 1.2 m wide with
irregular margin
(B) Bata hemolytic streptococci: produce sharply
defined clear , colorless zone of hemolysis 2 to
4 mm wide .
Streptococcus pyogenes : It is 0.5 to 1Mm
& arranged in chain it is usually
encapsulated
Toxins :
1 – Hemolysin of two types :
A – streptolysin O.
B – streptolysin S.
2 – Erythrogenic toxin
3 – streptokinase
4 – deoxyribonucleases
Resistance
in presence of 6.5%. sodium chloride :. It grew at PH –
It survives at 60c° temp for
. 30min.
Pathogenicity
It invades tissue &may produce pyogenic
lesions e.g. cystitis , vaginitis , cervicitis
and subacute bacterial endocarditis .
Treatment : procaine penicillin or Ampicillin
deal 500mg or 250
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-E.faecalis is an apportunistic pathogen.
.
2-Streptolysin is atoxin produced by Streptococcus
pyogens.
3-S.pneumonae is the common cause of meningitis.
.
4-Treatment of S. pyogenes is by Ampicilin vial 500mg.
5-Alphae haemolytic streptococci produce greenish coloration.
(7)
6/ key answer:-
1- Pre test :1_T
2- T
3-T
4-T
5-F
1- post test :-
1_ T
2- T
3-T
4-T
5-F
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population :For the student of first class
in
Nursing department
In
technical institute of ALDewaniyah
(2)
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the symptoms of tuberculosis ,Leprosy
,and
gonnerhoea.
* can differentiate between the three spp of Mycobacterium .
* understanding the source of infection.
* Know the morphology of Neisseria, prevention
and
control.
* Know how to prevent these diseases.
(3)
1 / C –Central Idea :-Morphology of the genus Mycobacterium, Nesseria spp.
-The dangerous of these diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits from person to person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
-
(4)
1 / D –Instructions:•
Study over view thoroughly.
•.
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
•
Do the pre test and if you :-
•
get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•
get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well .
•
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
•
get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 10 .
•
get less than 4, go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
(5)
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To talk about tuberculosis , leprosy , Gonnerhoea which are dangerous infectious
disease.
2-Know the three spp of Mycobacterium .,Nesseria.
3-Know how to prevent these diseases .
4-Understand the source of infection.
(6)
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Mycobacterium avium infect man.
2-Tuberculosis transmits via oral droplets.
3-Mycobacterium leprae cause leprosis .
4-One of the symptoms of tuberculosis is bloody sputum.
5-Mycobacterium have branches like fungus.
(7)
Mycobacteria
Includes bacteria which are characterized by the ability to 
branch ( like – fungus ) , the genus mycobacterium 
includes organisms responsible for tuberculosis & leprosy 

* Mycobacterium 
tuberculosis
M.tuberculosis : is a slender , straight or slightly curved 
rod , Gm +ve , non motile , non sporing & non capsulated . 
* Classification
It has been shown that tuberculosis in man is caused by several
types of mycobacteria , the human type is M .tuberculosis , the
bovine type is M. bovis and the avian type is M . avium ,which
infect birds . infection with tuberculosis take place through the
respiratory tract by the droplets and dust , contaminated food
stuffs , skin & mucous – membranes .
* Laboratory diagnosis
* Microscopy of smear from sputum , pus , urine , faeces , etc.
stained by ziehl – nelson method .

* Diagnosis : By tuberculin ( allergen ) test used for detecting
infection of children with M. tuberculosis



* treatment :
1-Isoniazid .
2-Rifadin.
3-Streptomycin.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Bacterial Genitourinary Tract infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae also known as gonococcus or Gc
Gram – negative diplococci , some strains called
*(penicillinase –produang ) gonorrhoae or (PPNG)
transmission : direct mucous membrane to mucous –
membrane contact usually sexual contact , a dull to child
(may indicate sexual abuse ) mother to neonate during
birth
Incubation period : Usually 2 -7 days but some times longer
Prevention & control
1 – Avoid intercourse with infected people
2 -Vaginal &cervical cultures for pregnant women
Treatment
1 – cefixime
2 – ceftriaxone
3 – ofloxacin
Mycobactenum Leprae
Morphology : It have many properties in common
with the tubercle bacilli they are straight or
slightly curved bacilli & clup-shaped swellings &
granular forms. they usually occur in groups
resembling packets of cigars , non motile
produce neither spores non capsules & Gm +ve
, the pramary infection is occur in skin & nerves
for ( M. Leprae ) .
* Resistance : M.Leprae are extremely resistance &
survive in human corpses for several years .
* Pathogenesis :. The source of infection is a sick .
person , the causative agent is transmitted by
the air dropld route the nasopharynx & injured
skin , then it will pentrate into the nerveendings .
* Pathogenesis :.
The source of infection is a sick , person , the causative agent is
transmitted by the air droplet route through the nasopharynx &
injured skin , then it will pentrate into the nerve- endings .
* Lab-diagnosis :.
Specimens for exam are obtained from nasal –
mucosa , scarping ( on both sides ) , sputum
blood is examined during the fever period
smears of blood are stained with ziehl-Nelson
stain
Treatment :
Sulphon drugs .
Nesseria meningitdis
* other neisseria meningitis or meningococci ,
anaerobic , Gm ‾ve
diplococcus , found as micr oflora of the upper
respiratory tract of
some people (carriers ) .
.
5/ Post test :Q1\
Q2\
Q3\
Q4\
Q5\
What is the shape of the bacteria M.Leprae ?
How is Nesseria transmmit from person to person ?
Nesseria m eningitidis cause adisease called ?
What organism does Mycobacterium avium infect ?
What is the treatment lf M.Leprae ?
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1_ true
1_ group like a packet of
cigars .
2_ by mucous to
a) Mucous membrane
contact .
b) Sexual contact .
3_ cause mennagitis .
4_ infect birds .
5_ sulphon drugs .
2_ true
3_ true
4_ true
5_ true
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the morphology of the
bacteria
Clostridium tetani, resistance
pathogenesis , lab diagnosis, toxin
and treatment .
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of the bacteria
Clostridium tetani , spore shape
,toxin production , how is the disease
transmits from person to person ,
prevention , treatment and control.
1 / D –Instructions:1.Study over view thoroughly.
2.Identify the goal of this modular unit .
3.Do the pre test and if you :•get 2 or more you do not need to proceed .
•get less than 3 you have to study this modular unit well .
4.After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and
if you :-
•get 3 or more , so go on studying modular unit 11 .
•get less than 3 , go back and study the 10th modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be
able to:1.To .know the shape of the bacteria Clostridium tetani .
2-Know the shape of the spore.
3-Know how the infection occur and how is the disease transmit from
one to other .
4-Understand how to prevent and control the
disease .
3/ Pre test :Circle the correct answer : -
1-clostridium tetani is : a-spore former
bacteria.
B-non spore former.
2-Clostridium tetani have:a-circular shape.
b-Drum stick shape.
Introduction :
4/ The Text
Clostridium tetani
morphology : it is a thin motile rod , it has •
peritrichous flagellation & contains granular
inclusions which occur centrally and at the ends of
the cell . it produce round terminal spores , Gm+ ve
drum – stick shape .
.
.
(10)
Resistance :
vegetative cells of the tetanus
organism withstand a temperature of
60-70c° for 30 min & are destroyed
quite rapidly by all disinfectants ,the
spores are very resistance . direct
sunlight destroys them in 3 – 5 days .
* Pathogenesis :
the sources of the infection are the
healthy people whose discharge the
organism in their feaces into the soil
, the spores may be spread in dust ,
carried into houses & fall on clothes ,
underwear , footwear & other objects.
* Lab-diagnosis
Is usually not carried out because
clinical symptoms of the disease are
self – evident , soil & dust dressing .
* Toxin : produce neurotoxin →
tetanospasmin which cause
tetanus .
* Treatment
penicillin in high dose , &
antitoxiod serum .
5/ Post test :.
Circle the correct answer:1- Clostridium tetani caused:
a-Tetanus .
b-gas gangrene.
.
2-The infective stage of clostridium tetani is
a-cyst
b-spore.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1-a
2- b
1- post test :-
1-a
2-b
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the symptoms of
gas
gangrene .
* can differentiate between the three
clinical
forms of the bacteria Anthrax bacilli .
* understanding the source
of
infection.
* Know the morphology of Anthrax
bacilli prevention and control.
* Know the morphology of
Clostridium
perfringes
* Know how to prevent these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Morphology of the bacteria Anthrax bacilli
,Clostridium perfringes.
-The dangerous of these diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits from person to
person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 10 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the first
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To talk about Gas gangrene and Anthrax bacilli.
2-Know the three clinical forms of Anthrax bacilli .
3-Know how to prevent these diseases .
4-Understand the source of infection.
5-Know the shape of Clostridium perfringes
spores.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1- Treatment of Anthrax occur by anti anthrax
globulin .
2- Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium tetani.
3- Anthrax is atypicaly zoonosis disease.
4- Anthrax occur s in three clinical forms .
5- Clostridium perfringes is spore former .
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces
gas within
tissues . it is a deadly from of gangrene usually caused
by
Clostridium perfringens bacteria .
Infection spreads rapidly as the gases produced by
bacteria
expand and infiltrate healthy tissue in the vicinity .
because of
its ability to quickly spread to surrounding tissues gas
gangrene should be treated as a medical emergency .
Gas gangrene is caused by a bacterial exotoxinproducing
clostridial species which are mostly found in soil
and other anaerobes ( e.g. Bacteroides and
anaerobic streptococci ) .
These environmental bacteria may enter the
muscle through a wound and subsequently
proliferate in necrotic tissue and
to toxemia and shock is often very rapid .
secrete powerful gas at the same time . a gas
composition of
5.9 % hydrogen 3.4% carbon dioxide , 74.5%
nitrogen and16.1% oxygen was reported in one
clinical case .
Gas gangrene can cause necrosis gas production and
sepsis . progression
Treatment
As early as 1028 , when antibiotics had not yet
been
discovered fly maggots were commonly ( citation
needed )
used to treat chronic wound or ulcers to prevent or
arrest
necrotic spread as some species of maggots
consume only
dead flesh leaving nearby living tissue unaffected .
This practice largely died out after the introduction
of
antibiotics acetonitrite ( citation needed ) and
enzyme to the
range of treatments for wounds .
Recently however maggot therapy has regained
some
credulity and is sometimes employed with great
efficacy in
cases of chronic tissue necrosis .
In modern times treatment is usually surgical
debridement
and excision with amputation is necessary in
many cases .
antibiotics alone not effective because they do
not penetrate ischemic muscles sufficiently
Anthrax bacilli
* Morphology : They are large organisms measuring
( 3 – 5 ) mcm in length and 1-1.2 cmc in breadth they
occur in pairs or in short chains , non motile out side the
host ′s body , they produce oval – shaped central spores
, no spores are produced in the 43°c & below 15°c .
* Pathogenesis :
Anthrax is atypical zoonosis human acquired the disease
from sick animals or articles & clothes manufactured
from contaminated raw sheep skin ( coats , hate , in
summer infection transmitted by blood – sucking insects
.
* Anthrax occurs in three main clinical
forms :
1- cutaneus .
2- respiratory .
3- Intestinal .
* Lab- diagnosis :
Examined of sputum , urine , faeces , blood in
case of septicaemia & deep layer of oedema
tous area .
* Treatment :
I.M . injection of antianthrax globulin & uses of
antibiotics & using of penicillin
Tetrayclinc & streptomycin .
5/ Post test :.
WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1- Treatment of Anthrax occur by anti
anthrax
globulin .
2- Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium tetani.
3- Anthrax is atypicaly zoonosis disease.
4- Anthrax occur s in three clinical forms .
5- Clostridium perfringes is spore former .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- true
1- true
2- false
2- false
3- true
3- true
4- true
5- true
4- true
5- true
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the Enterobacteriacea
* Know the bacteria salmonella typhi and
paratyphi .
*Know how to diagnose each one.
* Know how to prevent and control
these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- KNOW the intestinal bacteria types.
-The morphology of pathogenic intestinal bacteria.
-Know salmonella group ,s. typhi ,s.paratyphi
,s.typhimurium.What is the infective stage.
-How to control and prevent these diseases.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 14 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 13 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post
test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be
able to:1. To know the pathogenesis of the intestinal
entrobacteriacea.
2-Know the diagnosis of each one.
3-Know how to prevent these diseases
4-Understand the method of controlling
these diseases.
.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Shigellosis is caused by Shigella
dysentriae
2-The infection occur by oral fecal route .
3- E.coli is normal flora in the intestine of man
4-Shigella is lactose fermenter bacteria.
5-Flagellar antigen is one of E.coli antigen called F antigen .
Bacillary dysentery
Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery,
and is a severe form of shigellosis.
Bacillary dysentery is associated with species of bacteria
from the Enterobacteriaceae family The term is usually
restricted to Shigella infections
Shigellosis is caused by one of several types of Shigella
bacteria
Three species are associated with bacillary dysentery :
Shigella sonnei,
Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae One study in
China indicated
that Shigella flexneri 2a was the most common serotype
Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica (serovar )
Typhimurium has also been described as a cause of
bacillary dysentery,though this definition is less common.
It
is sometimes listed as an explicit .
Differential diagnosis
of bacillary
dysentery, as opposed to a cause Bacillary
dysentery should not be confused with
diarrhea
caused by a bacterial infection. One
characteristic of bacillary
dysentery is blood in stool which is the
result of invasion of the mucosa by the
pathogen. By contrast, conditions such
as
Campylobacteriosis causes diarrhea,
but
usually not bloody diarrhea.
Pathogenesis
Humans may get the infection by ingesting
food or drink contaminated by feces from
carriers of the bacteria. The organism
infects
the epithelial cells of the terminal ileum
and
colon and multiply inside them. The distal
part
is severely infected. The inflammatory
reaction
is cause by the rushing of T-cells to the
infected site.
Treatment
Dysentery is initially managed by maintaining fluid intake
using oral dehydration therapy. If this treatment cannot
be adequately maintained due to vomiting or the
profuseness of diarrhea, hospital admission may be
required for intravenous Treatment
fluid replacement. Ideally, no
antimicrobial therapy should be administered until
microbiological microscopy and culture studies have
established the specific infection involved. When
laboratory services are not available, it may be
necessary to administer
a combination of drugs, including an amoebicida
drug to kill the parasite and an antibiotic to treat
any associated bacterial infection. Anyone with
bloody diarrhea needs immediate medical help.
Treatment often starts with an oral dehydrating
solution -- water mixed with salt and
carbohydrates
- to prevent dehydration.
No vaccine is available. There are several
Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages
of
development that could reduce the incidence
of
dysentery in endemic countries, as well as in
travelers suffering from traveler's diarrhea
Enteric bacteria
There are normal flora present in the
intestine of man , there are two types :
1- Lactose fermenter e.g Escherichia coli
Klebsiella Spp
2- Non- latose fermenter e.g PseudomonaSPP
,
shigella SPP , salmonella SPP ,both are
pathogenic to intestine .
Esherichia coli
* Morphology : Gm –ve bacilli rod shaped ,
motile ,
lactose – fermenter , live normally in intestine ,
culture aerobically in blood & macconkey agar
& produce endotoxin , not used citrate as source
of energy , urease -ve
* Antigenic – structure
1234-
somatic antigen O .
surface antigen K .
flagellar antigen H .
fimbriae antigen F .
toxin production :
1- produce end toxin inside bacteria & exotoxin (
out – side – bacteria ) & entorotoxinogenic
E . coli .
2-haomolysin ( B.hemelysis ).
pathogenicity :
1- gastro enteritis : certain type cause of diarrhea
infant a company with vomiting & fever .
2- U.T.I : ( urinary – tract – infection ) Cystitis ,
urinary obstruction ,
3- pyogenic infection , wound infection ,
abscess , septicaemia , meningitis , cholecystitis .
* Lab – diagnosis
specimen of urine , stool , pus , blood , C.S.F swab , is
inoculated on blood or macconkey agar, colonies are
pink on MaCc due to lactose ferment .
Treatment
* sulfonamide , trimetheprim useful
in U.T.I & Garamycin .
* E . coli is useful as an indicator of water
contamination with bacteria
* two general type of E . coli
* enterohemorrhagic E.coli ( EHEC ) diarrhea
Characteristics : hemorrhagic , watery diarrhea ,
abdominal pain , no fever , about 5% of the
infected
people is children under 5 ages & the elderly
4-develop hemolytic – uremic syndrome ( HUS )
with anemia , low platelet count , & kidney failure .
* Pathogen :
E.coli O 157 : H7 ( cell wall antigen )
If is Gm-ve bacilli that produce cytotoxins called
shigella
like toxins which resembles shigella dysentery
toxins .
* Reservoirs : cattle , also infected humans .
* Transmission : fecal-oral rout , inadequately
cooked , fecally contaminated beef unpasteurized ,
milk , person to person , fecally contaminated Wales
.
* Incubation period : 3 to 8 days , usually 3 to 4
days.
* prevention & control
1- minimize contamination of meat by animal intestinal
contents during slaughtering process
2- pasteurization of milk .
3- adequate cooking of food .
* Diagnosis :
E . coli O 157 = H7 infection should be
suspected to any patient with bloody diarrhea ,
stool specimens cultivated an macc agar
* treatment : fluid & electrolyte replacement don’t
use antimicrobial agents in treatment of E . coli 157 = H7 .
B : Enterotoxigenic E . coli ETEC diarrhea
* characteristic :
watery diarrhea with or with out mucus or blood ,
vomiting , abdominal cramping , dehydration & low
grade , fever may occur ,
* pathogens :
many different serotype of enterotoxigenic
E. coli that produce either a heat labile toxin ,
a heat stable – toxin , or both toxin .
* Reservoir : infected human
* transmission : fecal oral route , ingestion of
fecally
contaminated food or water .
* Incubation period : 10 to 72 hrs .
Prevention & control
1- avoid salads & uncooked vegetables .
2- eat only cooked foods .
3- don’t eat food from or by street vendors .
4- proper sewage disposal & water treatment .
5- hand washing
* diagnosis
Isolation of organism from stool specimen
followed by demonstration of 5 – enter
toxin
production , DNA probe techniques
Treatment
fluid & electrolyte replacement therapy , bland
diet ,
drugs
1- sulfamethoxazole or tetracycline may be a
value & trimetheprim .
and Shigella sonnei is mannitol and ornithine
positive, and is also late lactose
fermentor (ONPG positive). Some Shigella
species are capable of producing indole.
slant and acidic butt with no gas or H2S production.
Following incubation on SIM, the culture appears
non-motile with no H2S production.Addition of
Kovac's reagent to the SIM tube following growth
typically indicates no indole formation (serotypes 2
, 7 and 8 produce indole ]). It's noteworthy that
Shigella flexneri will produce acid and gas from
glucose,
Diagnosis
A stool specimen is Gram-stained to show Gramnegative rods, with no particular arrangement.
Enrichment is performed by growing
the organisms on Selenite-F broth. Then, since
the specimen is not sterile, the use of selective
plates is mandatory. XLD agar, DCA agar, or HE
agar are inoculated and colonies are colorless
on all of them as the organism is non-lactose a
fermentor. Inoculation of a TSI slant shows an
alkaline
Shigella dysenteriae
is a species of the rod-shaped bacterial
genus Shigella , Shigella can cause shigellosis
(bacillary dysentery). Shigellae are Gramnegative, non-spore-forming, facultatively
anaerobic, non-motile bacteria S. dysenteriae,
spread by contaminated water and food, causes
the most severe dysentery because of its potent
and deadly Shiga toxin, but other species may
also be dysentery agents . Contamination is
often caused by bacteria on unwashed hands
during food preparation, or soiled hands
reaching the mouth .
Shigella dysenteriae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacteriales
Family:
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:
Shigella
Species:
S. dysenteriae
Binomial name
Shigella dysenteriae
(Shiga 1897)
Castellani & Chalmers 1919
and Shigella sonnei is mannitol and
ornithine
positive, and is also late lactose fermentor
(ONPG positive). Some Shigella species are
capable of pro ducing indole.
slant and acidic butt with no gas or H2S production.
Following incubation on SIM, the culture appears
non-motile with no H2S production.
Addition of Kovac's reagent to the SIM tube
following growth typically indicates no indole
formation (serotypes 2, 7 and 8 produce indole
It's noteworthy that Shigella flexneri will produce
acid and gas from glucose,
Diagnosis
A stool specimen is Gram-stained to show Gramnegative rods,with no particular arrangement.
Enrichment is performed by growing the
organisms on Selenite-F broth. Then, since the
specimen is not sterile, the use of selective
plates is mandatory. XLD agar, DCA agar, or HE
agar are inoculated and colonies are colorless
on all of them as the organismis non-lactose a
fermentor. Inoculation of a TSI slant shows an
alkaline
Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rodshaped bacterial genus Shigella Shigella can
cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery).
Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming,
facultatively anaerobic, non-motile bacteria
S. dysenteriae, spread by contaminated water
and food, causes the most severe dysentery
because of its potent and deadly Shiga toxin,
but other species may also be dysentery agents .
often caused by bacteria on unwashed hands
during food preparation, or soiled hands
reaching the mouth .
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Shigellosis is caused by Shigella
dysentriae
2-The infection occur by oral fecal route .
3-E.coli is normal flora in the intestine of man.
4-Shigella is lactose fermenter bacteria.
5-Flagellar antigen is one of E.coli called F antigen .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :1_ true
1- post test :1_ true
2_ true
2_ true
3_ true
3_ true
4_ false
4_ false
5_ false
5_ false
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the intestinal flagellates, the
shape, diagnosis prevention& treatment.
Know the symptoms of the disease that caused by
the parasite and howto prevent & control it.the
pathogenicity and clinical presentations
1 / C –Central Idea :-Studying the disease pertussis .
-Taking vaccine for this
disease in suitable time.
-Know how to prevent and control it .
1 / D –Instructions:1.Study over view thoroughly.
2.Identify the goal of this modular unit .
3.Do the pre test and if you :4.get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
5.get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well .
6.After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and
if
you :-
7.get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit two .
8.get less than 4 , go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To know the source of infection.
2-Define pertussis ,and know how anthrax bacilli transmitted in
summer,
3-Know how to prevent and control these diseases .
4-Understand the benefit of vaccine
5-Avoid direct contact with animals.
.
3/ Pre test :-
write yes or no
1-Bordetela infect children more than adults.
2-pertussis is adisease caused by borellia
3-whooping cough is skin Disease.
4-The is no vaccine for whooping cough
5-Bordetella is gram negative bacteria ..
Brucella
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the
bacteria
of the genus Brucella. These bacteria are primarily
passed
among animals, and they cause disease in many
different
vertebrates. Various Brucella species affect sheep,
goats,
cattle, deer, elk, pigs, dogs, and several other animals.
Humans become infected by coming in contact with
animals
or animal products that are contaminated with these
bacteria. In humans brucellosis can cause a range of
symptoms that are similar to the flu and may include
fever, sweats, headaches, back pains, and physical
weakness. Severe infections of the central nervous
systems or lining of the heart may occur. Brucellosis
can also cause long-lasting or chronic symptoms
that
include recurrent fevers, joint pain, and fatigue.
Can brucellosis be spread from person to person?
Direct person-to-person spread of brucellosis is
extremely rare . Mothers who are breast-feeding
may
transmit the infection to their infants. Sexual
transmission has also been reported. Forboth
sexual
and breast-feeding transmission, if the infant or
person at risk is treated for brucellosis, their risk of
becoming infected will probably be eliminated
within
3 days. Although uncommon, transmission may also
occur via contaminated tissue transplantation .
Diagnoses
Brucellosis is diagnosed in a laboratory by finding Brucella
organisms in samples of blood or bone marrow. Also, blood
tests can be done to detect antibodies against the bacteria.
If this method is used, two blood samples should be
collected 2 weeks apart
Treatment
Is there a treatment for brucellosis?
Yes, but treatment can be difficult. Doctors can
prescribe effective antibiotics. Usually, doxycycline
and rifampin are used in combination for 6 weeks to
prevent reoccurring infection Depending on the
timing
of treatment and severity of illness, recovery may
take
a few weeks to several months. Mortality is low
(<2%),
and is usually associated with endocarditis.
* whooping , cough , pertusis
Characterispus : A highly contagious , acute
bacterial chilled hood (usually ) infection , the
first stage of the prodromal stage , the second
stage the paroxysmal stage produce severe ,
uncontrollable coughing the coughing often ends
in a prolonged , high pitched , deeply indrawn
breath , the third with 4 weeks of onset
* pathogens :
pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis , a small
, encapsulated , non- motile , Gramˉ negative
coccobacillus that produces endotoxin &
exotoxins .
* Reservoir : Humans
* Transmission :
Airborne via droplets produced
by coughing .
* Incubation period : 6- 20 days
* Epidemiology : Worldwide occurrence .
* Prevention & control :
1- Vaccination of all young children with ‹ DTP ›
( diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ) .
2- Droplet precaution for hospitalized patients .
* diagnosis :
Nasopharyngel aspiratos or swabs should be
sent to the
microbiology laboratory special media , such
as
( apotato –based medium )
Anthrax bacilli
* Morphology : They are large organisms
measuring
( 3 – 5 ) mcm in length and 1-1.2 cmc in breadth
they occur in pairs or in short chains , non motile
out side the host ′s body , they produce oval –
shaped central spores , no spores are produced
in the 43°c & below 15°c .
* Pathogenesis :
Anthrax is atypical zoonosis human acquired the
disease
from sick animals or articles & clothes manufactured
from
contaminated raw sheep skin ( coats , hate , in
summer
infection transmitted by blood – sucking insects .
* Anthrax occurs in three main clinical
forms :
1- cutaneus .
2- respiratory .
3- Intestinal .
* Lab- diagnosis :
Examined of sputum , urine , faeces , blood in
case of septicaemia & deep layer of oedema
tous area .
* Treatment :
I.M . injection of antianthrax globulin & uses of
antibiotics & using of penicillin
Tetrayclinc & streptomycin .
Post test
write yes or no :1-the incubation period of pertussis is
between (620).
2 There is no vaccine against this
disease.
Note - Check your answers in key
answer page at the end.
6/ key answer:1- Post test :-
1-yes
2-no .
1- pre test :-
1- yes
2- yes
3- no
4- no
5- yes.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the morphology of the bacteria
Vibrio cholera.
* can isolate and identify this bacteria.
* Know the morphology of Vibrio
cholerae
and the position of the spore.
* Know how to treat and control this disease.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- The general character of the bacteria
Vibrio
cholerae .
- The pathogenesis and diseases caused by it.
- The morphology of it and the position of
the
flagella .
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 16 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 15 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying this modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the morphology of the bacteria vibrio cholera.
2-Understand the method of
controlling and treatment.
3-Know the general characters of this bacteria.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Vibrio cholera has comma shape.
2-The symptoms of cholera is watery diarrhea.
3-Vibrio can treated by dehydration oral salts.
4-Flagella is the organ of locomotion in vibrio.
5-Vibrio has peritrichous flagella is the organ of locomotion.
Vibrio cholerae
(also Kommabacillus) is a gram negative comma
shaped bacterium with a polar flagellum that causes
cholera in humans , V. cholerae and other species of the
genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the
Proteobacteria.
There are two major biotypes of V. cholerae, classical
and El Tor, and numerous other serogroups.
Cholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholera.
Children as well as adults can get infected. Among those
infected, about 20% develop acute watery diarrhea, of
which 10-20% develop
severe watery diarrhea with vomiting. The mainstay of
treatment is
dehydration and up to 80% of cholera cases can be
treated
successfully using only oral dehydration salts.
V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera
by Italian anatomist
Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not
widely known until Robert Koch,
working independently thirty years later, publicized
the knowledge
and the means of fighting the disease
prevention and control
The current response to cholera outbreaks tends to
be reactive,
in the form of an emergency response. While this
approach
prevents many deaths, it fails to prevent cases of
cholera.
The importance of medium- and long-term
prevention activities in cholera control should
therefore be emphasized.
the need to obtain better data and ensure greater
information sharing;
the adoption of a coordinated multi sectoral
approach;
efforts to improve sanitation and sewage disposal;
the need to ensure political commitment and
community involvement.
The importance of medium- and long-term
prevention
activities in cholera control should therefore be
emphasized.
The capacity for disease prevention, epidemic
preparedness, and emergency response varies
greatly
among countries.
Regional strategies are needed to ensure that all
countries have the capacity to deal with these
issues.
Among the priorities are:
Treatment of cholera
Surveillance systems
Sensitive surveillance and prompt reporting
contribute
to the rapid containment of cholera epidemics. In
many endemic countries, cholera is a seasonal
disease, occurring every year usually during the
rainy
season. Surveillance systems can provide an early
alert to outbreaks, which should lead to a
coordinated
response, and assist in the preparation of
preparedness plans.
As part of an integrated surveillance system, an
efficient cholera surveillance system can also
improve
the risk assessment for potential cholera
outbreaks.
Understanding the seasonality and location of
outbreaks will provide guidance for improving
cholera
control activities for the most vulnerable. This will
also
contribute to developing indicators for appropriate
use
of oral cholera vaccines.
significantly decrease mortality; when applied
properly, case-fatality rate should be below 1%. In
untreated cases the case fatality ratemay reach
30-50%. These levels are often observed in crisis
situations with overcrowding, limited access to
health
care, and precarious environmental management.
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1- Vibrio cholera has comma shape.
2- The symptoms of cholera is watery diarrhea.
3- Vibrio can treated by dehydration oral salts.
4- Flagella is the organ of locomotion in vibrio.
5- Vibrio has peritrichous flagella is the organ of locomotion.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- true .
1- true .
2- true .
2- true .
3- true .
3- true .
4- true .
4- true .
5- true .
5- true .
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the morphology ,
pathogenesis , diagnosis and treatment.
Know the symptoms of the disease that caused by
the bacteria Treponema pallidum and howto prevent
& control it.and the clinical presentations
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of the bacteria Treponema
pallidum and Leptospira
,epidemiology,pathogenicity&treatment
&how is the disease transmit from person to
person .
1 / D –Instructions:1.
Study over view thoroughly.
2.
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
3.
Do the pre test and if you :-
4.
get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
5.
get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well .
6.
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
7.
get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit two .
8.
get less than 4 , go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
(5)
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To know the morphology of these bacteria .
2-Know the three stages of syphilis .
3-Know the pathogenesis of Leptospira .
4-Know how to prevent and control these diseases.
(6)
3/ Pre test :Answer the following questions :Q1: What is the morphology of the bacteria Treponema pallidum ?
Q2: Nunmerate the stages of syphilis ?
Q3: How is syphilis transmits from person to person ?
Q4: What is the disease caused by Leptospira ?
Q5: Which organism did Leptospira interrogans infect ?
(7)
Causative agent of syphilis
Treponame pallidum
* Morphology : They are spiral threads with 8- 14 small &
uniform convolutions , it have a cytoplasm membrane
consisting of three layers , motile , and stain poorly with
dyes , they are stained light-pink .
* Cultivation : It doesn’t grow on ordinary – media but
grows at 35°c under anaerobe condition .
* Pathoyenesis & disease in man :
Person affected with the disease are sources of
infection , the disease is transmitted via the genital
organs & by contaminated dishes & other objects . The
causative agent localizes at first in the mucous
membranes of the genital – organs & mouth and the
skin , syphilis may also be transmitted through the
placenta . ( congenital syphilis ) , three periods of
syphilis are distinguished .
1- Primary syphilis : Develops after a variable
incubation period 2 wk to 3 months ( average
21-24 days ) it is charactenzed by the formation
of a primary syphiloma , a hard infiltrate with an
erosion or ulceration on its surface at the point
where the treponema enters the body . then
enlarged & hard lymph nodes this stage lasts for
6 weeks .
2- secondary syphilis : characterized by eruptions on the
skin & mucous membranes & the development of
specific lesions in the internal organs , bones , &
peripheral & central nervous system , this period may
vary form 2-3 to several years .
3- Tertiary syphilis : It is characterized by the
production of papules , tubercles , gummas or
gummatous infiltrates in the skin , the lesions have a
tendency to produce necrosis , this period persists for
several years . In some cases , progressive paralysis
or tabes dorsalis develops after 9 -10 years . a large
number of treponemas are present in the brain
tissue during time period & cause deep organic
changes in the central nervous system .
* Laboratory diagnosis :
Microscopic examination of ulcer , erosion or papule
discharge or material obtained by puncture of the
regional lymph nodes is perfumed during the primary &
secondary stages .
* Pathogenic leptospirae
It is responsible for a disease leptospirosis or (
lepto spiral , jundice ) , the causative agent of
leptospirosis are several serological groups &
types of leptospira e,g L . canicola , L .pomona
.
* Morphology :
they are small closely coiled spirals from
( 12- 18 ) per organism & resemble a tightly wound
spring with thick hooked ends . they stain poorly
with aniline dyes , light pink , they able to form C
& S forms .
* Pathogenesis & disease in man :
rats are the source of infection , which
discharge leptospira into the environment ,
water , soil , objects & food stuff with the urine
.
* Pathogencity from animals :
L. interrogans is pathogenic for rats , rodent and cattle .
3/ Post test :Answer the following questions :Q1: What is the morphology of the bacteria Treponema pallidum ?
Q2: Nunmerate the stages of syphilis ?
Q3: How is syphilis transmits from person to person ?
Q4: What is the disease caused by Leptospira ?
Q5: Which organism did Leptospira interrogans infect ?
(7)
6/ key answer:1- pre test :-
1- spiral threads.
2-three stages .
3-Via the gemnital
organs and
contaminated
objects .
4-Leptospirosis.
5-Infect rats
,rodents ,and
cattles .
1- post test :-
1- spiral threads.
2-three stages .
3-Via the gemnital
organs and
contaminated
objects .
4-Leptospirosis.
5-Infect rats
,rodents ,and
cattles .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the fungal infection.
* can differentiate between the three species of
dermatomycosis.
* understanding the meaning of mycelium.
* Know the morphology of candida
albicans.
* Know how to prevent these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Morphology of the fungi.
-The dangerous of these diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits from person to person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the morphology of fungi.
2-Know the spp of dermatomycosis.
3-Know the pathogenesis of Candida albicans.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 18 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 17th
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
3/ Pre test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable words
1- Mycology is science study------------.
2-Candida albicans is ---------------- fungi .
3- Group of hyphae called ------------.
4-Trichophyton infect -------- and ----------and ------- .
5-Candida albicans cause variety of disorders like ----------.
Mycology : science dealing with the study of fungi
Mycosis : the disease which caused by fungal
infection.
* Fungi : are eucaryotic microorganism does
not have chlorophyll composed of filament called
( hyphae ), septate or non septate , cell wall
composed of cellulose , group of hyphae called
Epidermophyton
( mycelium ), the fungi can be classified depending
on morphology into :
1- mould
2- yeast
3- yeast like fungi
4- Dimorphic fungi.
e.g Candida albicans cause
candidiasis
Candida albicans

It is oval , budding , yeast like fungi 2-5 Mm in

diameter characterized by presence of pseudohyphae
( non septate projection from the yeast like cells ) it is
normally found in the upper respiratory tract , mouth,
intestine , female genital tract & on the skin of healthy
people ( as normal flora ,and become pathogenic when
there is malnutrition , diabetes , and after using broad
spectrum antibiotics. and use of oral contraceptives .
* pathogenesis
*It cause a wide variety of disorder such as
1- Thrush
2- Vulvo – vaginitis .
3- monilial enteritis
4- Dermatitis .
5- Bronchial infection
6- Candida endocarditis
* Lab – diagnosis
* ( in urine , stool )
Direct exam of urine sediment or direct
smear of stool or swabs & scraping from the
surface of the lesions
The cell of yeast are oval 2-5 Mm in diameter
have pseudohyphae, take Gm+ve stain strongly
it is easily recognized in stained film .
Or sabarouds agar gives moist creamy colonies
.
Dermatomycosis :
Are superficial infection of skin,hair, nail
by three general fungi :1- Trichophyton → invade skin , hair , nail
2- Epidermophyton → not infect hair ( invade skin &
nail )
3- microsporum → not infect nail ( invade skin & hair )
* The different between the 3 genera does by the
feature of macroconidia which is either :
Microsporum
1- cylindrical – shape .
2- pear – shape .
3- boat – shape .
3/ Post test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable words
1- Mycology is science study------------.
2-Candida albicans is ---------------- fungi .
3- Group of hyphae called ------------.
4-Trichophyton infect -------- and ----------and ------- .
5-Candida albicans cause variety of disorders like ---------
6/ key answer:1- Pre test
:
1- Post test
:
1- fungi .
1- fungi .
2-yeast like fungi.
2-yeast like fungi.
3- mycelium.
3- mycelium.
4- hair and skin and
nails.
4- hair and skin and
nails.
5- thrush, Volvo vaginitis.
5- thrush, Volvo vaginitis.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the antigen and antibody .
* can differentiate between the different type of
immunoglobulin.
* understanding the meaning of serology and
immunity .
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-The student know the component of immune system.
-The relation between the Ag & Ab.
-Know the innate and acquired immunity.
-The types of immunoglobulin.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 19 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 17th
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the innate and acquired immunity.
2-Know the types of immunoglobulin .
3-Know the component of central immune system
and peripheral immune system.
3/ Pre test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable words
1-Antigen is -----------
2-Serology is ---------- .
3-Active acquired immunity is----------- .
4-The central immune system include-----------.
5-Antigen antibody reaction called--------------
.
Immunity & Resistance
Serology :. Science deals with the study of
serum & other constituents .
Serum :. Defibrinated plasma
Immunology :. Science dealing with the study
of body resistance to infection
Immunity :. Specific resistance of host (man)
against antigenic factors ( infection )
* Immunity generally can be classified in to :
* Innate immunity :.
Natural resistance to infection which has been found in the
body and doesn’t depend on direct antigen contact .
Active acquired immunity :.
Resistance which has been develops after direct
contact with the antigen (Ag) .
* Passive acquired immunity
:.
Resistance which has been developed in the body after
giving anti body ( A b ) .
Immune system : .
consisting from organs which are responsible for production of
lymphocytes :
A – Microphage .
B – Macrophage .
( Immune system )
Central immune system
1 – bone-marrow
node
2 – Thymus
3 –bursa
pitches
peripheral immune system
1 – Lymph
2 – Tonsils
3 – payers
In fetal ( liver & spleen )
* Antibody (Ab) :.
they are glycoprotein substance which produced as
response to the antigenic stimulation & have the ability
to bind with antigen .
* Antigen (Ag) :.
They are foreign substance ( protein ) when enter to the
body have the ability to induce an immune response such
as production of antibodies .
‫‪Immunity‬‬
‫↓‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫) ‪Innate ( Natural‬‬
‫‪Acquired‬‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫‪Non specific‬‬
‫‪specific‬‬
‫‪passive‬‬
‫‪Active‬‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫↓‬
‫‪Natural‬‬
‫‪Artificial Natural‬‬
‫‪Artificial‬‬
* Properties and antigen
characters
1 – foreign. .
2 – high molecular weight more the 10,000 dalton
on the size . depend
3 – large molecular surface .
* Antigen & Antibody reaction
:.
Antigen -Ab reaction in vitro are called serological reaction .
3/ Post test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable
words
1-There are many types of immunoglobulin is -------------.
2-Serology ---------------- .
3-Active acquired immunity-------------- .
4-The central immune system include---------- .
5-Antigen antibody reaction called ----------- .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :1_ IgA - IgG - IgE
1- Pre test :-
IgM
-
IgY
2-science deals with the
study of serum and other
constituents.
3-Resastance which has
been developed after direct
contact with the Ag .
1_ IgA - IgG - IgE
IgM
-
IgY
2-science deals with the
study of serum and other
constituents.
3-Resastance which has
been developed after direct
contact with the Ag .
4-bone marrow ,bursa, thymus.
4-bone marrow ,bursa,
thymus.
5- serological reaction.
5- serological reaction.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the symptoms of Amoebic
dysentry.
* can differentiate between E.hitolytica and
Entaemoeba coli .
* understanding the differences
between bacteria and
parasite.
* Know the protozoa, parasitisim
.
* Know how to prevent and control
these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-Morphology of the parasite Entameba histolytica and
E.coli .
-The dangerous of the parasitic diseases to man.
-How are the diseases transmits from person to person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 21 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 19 &20
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To talk about Dysentery ,especially amoebic dysentery ,
2-Know the two parasite E.histolytica and E.coli.
3-Know how to prevent parasitic diseases
.
4-Understand
the source of infection.
5-Know the classification of parasites.
.
3/ Pre test :Choose the correct answer for Q1,2.3
Q1\ Parasitology is :
A- study bacteria
B-study parasite. ?
Q2\The infective stage of Enta coli is the:
A-cyst
B-Mature cyst.
Q3-the trophozoit of Enta histolytica contain
A- vacuoles with R.B.C
B- not have .
Q4\Draw the life cycle of Enta. histolytica .
Q5\How can you diagnose Amoeba ?
Parasitology
Branch of biology deals with the study of
parasite & parasitism
.
* Parasite :.organisms which have adapted them
selves to live in or on another organism the later is the host
.
Parasitism
Any relation between two organism in which
one of them is completely depended on
the other permanently or temporarily
Infection : .Is the entrance of any
microorganism to the host establishment
& multiplication .
* primary infection :.it is the initial
any microorganism . infection of
* final host :. Is the host in which found
adult parasite and the sexual
the
occur in it . reproduction
* Intermediate host :.is the host in
which apart of life cycle of the parasite is
completed e.g. larval stage .
Ecto parasite: are those parasite which
live out side the body of the host
Endo parasite :. Are those parasite which
live
inside the body of the host, parasites are
either called organism e.g. protozoa or
helminthes such as long worm e.g. Ascaris
or arthropodes or permanent ,
pathogenic
Classification :.
The medical parasite are belong to three
phyla of the animal kingdom
1-protozoa .
2- platyhelminthes .
3- Nemathelminthes .
each phylum divided first into classes ,
these into orders
families , genera & species. the generic
name start with capital, the specific
name
small letter e.g E.hitolytica.
Parasitic epidemiology
Is the knowledge of the parasite, source,
reservoir, animal vector and route of
infection
by knowledge of those infection, the control
,and prevention of the epidemic parasitic
diseases become easy .
The wide distribution of parasitic disease
is due to simple life cycle .
Transmission of parasitic disease require
source of infection .
Mode of infection
Suitable host .
Epidemic disease :.
When the disease spread in anew area .
Endemic disease :.
Contiuous presence of the disease in an
local area.
protozoa
They are unicellular microorganism consist
from cytoplasm & nucleus and have ability
to
do all the metabolic activites
each cell have mitochondria , Golgi
apparatus
and plasmic- reticulum& nucleus , the
cytoplasm consist from layers
1 – ectoplasm
2 – endoplasim .
the movement occurs by pseudopodia,
flagella cilia, reproduction is
( sexual or asexual ), binary fission
budding schizogony .
Amoeba
Entamoeba histolytiea
Distribution :.
Cosmopolitan mainly tropics & sub tropic
area.
Habitat :.
Mucosa & sub mucosa of large intestine of
.man
Morphology :
the parasite have two form and Trohozoit (
en cyst form )
Trophozoit :
Consist of small mass of cytoplasm capable
of amoeboid movement ( moved by
pseudopodia ) its size ( 10 – 60 ) m ,the
cytoplasm have two layers
1 – clear outer layer called ectoplasm .
2 – dense Inner layer called endoplasim
nucleus contain
regular arranged small granules of chromatin
with large
central granule called ( karyosome ) the
endoplasm also
contain vacuoles which contain mainly (
RBCS ) .
Introduction :
Intestinal protozoa
Amoebic dysentry
Entamoeba histolytica
The cyst are round or oval in shape about ( 12
m) in diameter , the cyst are refractile &
some was pearly in shape with define cyst
wall ,the cyst containing one or two or four
nuclei may be present in the same sample of
faces.
it is also contains glycogen mass & usually
characterstic refractile rod like structure,with
rounded ends called chromatoid bodies which
they are two mostly, the mature cyst
contain
( 4 nuclei)&the chromatoid bodies are
disappear .
* Epidemiology :
The infective stage is the mature cyst which have
( 4 nuclei ), the infection occur after taking the
contaminated vegetable, food & water by the
infective stage of amoeba .
* pathogenicity
1- Amoebic dysentery.
2- Amoebic liver abscess .
* symptom :.
Mucoid diarrhea .
* Diagnosis :.
By identification of parasite in the stool &tissue
prevention & control :
1- not use un purified water .
2- Avoid house fly .
3- not eaten un cooked vegetables .
4- proper sewage of discharge.
Entamoeba coli
( not pathogenic parasite )
Distribution : cosmopolitan.
Habitat :Large intestine, its present in the fecal
sample indicate that patient taken contaminated
food or drink.
Morphology:It have Trophozoit form & encyst
from.
Trophozoit :Large,have large nucleus, with a
eccentric Karyosome,the nuclear membrane
doted by rough irregular chromatin granules, the
vacuoles doesn’t contain R.B.C.S.
Encyst :
large cyst ( 17m ) contain 8 nucleus which is the
infective stage, it doesn’t contain chramatoid
body or glycogen granules , the immature cyst which
have less than 8 nuclei contain chromatoid
bodies which taken the needle shape & have
glycogen granules .
* Diagnosis :
depending on identification of parasite in the fecal
sample & should be diffrentiatial from the
Ent. Histolytica .
5/ Post test :-
Choose the correct answer for Q1,2.3
.
Q1\ Parasitology is :
A- study bacteria
B-study parasite. ?
Q2\The infective stage of Enta coli is the:
A-cyst
B-Mature cyst.
Q3-the trophozoit of Enta histolytica contain
A- vacuOles with R.B.C
B-NOT HAVE.
Q4\Draw the life cycle of Enta.histolytica .
Q5 \How can you diagnose Amoeba?
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- B .
1- B .
2- B .
2- B .
3- A .
3- A .
4- Answer in page 28 .
4- Answer in page 28 .
5- Presence of the
parasite in fecal sample .
5- Presence of the parasite in
fecal sample .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the intestinal
flagellates, the shape, diagnosis prevention&
treatment.
Know the symptoms of the disease that
caused by the parasite and howto prevent &
control it.the pathogenicity and clinical
presentations
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of the parasite
Giardialamblia,trophozoit ,cyst ,life cycle.
,epidemiology,pathogenicity&treatment
&how is the disease transmit from person to
person,and took care during vegetable
washing.
1 / D –Instructions:1.Study over view thoroughly.
2.Identify the goal of this modular unit .
3.Do the pre test and if you :•get4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•get less than4 you have to study this modular unit well .
4.After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and
if you :•get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit two .
•get less than4 , go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To .know the shape of the parasite Giardia lamblia.
2-Know the two stages of the parasite .
3-Know the infective stage,
4-Understand how to prevent and control the
disease .
3/ Pre test :Circle the correct answer : -
1- Giardia lamblia is
a-bacteria
b-parasite
c-virus
d- fungus
2- The infective stage is:a-Trophozoit
b-cyst
c-larvae
d-cyst &trophozoit.
3- The parasite have:a-4pair of flagella.
b-2pair .
c-8pair .
d-4 only.
4-Mature cyst have
a -4 nuclei
b-2 nuclei .
c-6 nuclei.
d-5 nuclei.
5-The trophozoit have
a-Traingle shape.
b-Teardrop shape.
c-Circular shape.
d-Oval shape.
Introduction:
The trophozoit has almost perfect bilateral
symmetry ,it is teardrop shaped with twonuclei at
the anterior end.The nuclei look like aset of eyes,
the trophozoit have leaf like motility with the aid of
four pair of flagella ditributed on both sides
.Trophozoit also have axostyle which look like long
slender , the troph attachsto intestinal epithelial
cellswith a unique sucking disc
The cyst form of Giardia lamblia : Is10-13 micron long
slightly smaller than the trophozoit and egg shaped.An
immature cyst has two nuclei and a mature cyst has four
nuclei. The cyst contains remnants of the axostyle and the
parabasal body,.The cyst is the infectious form of G.lamblia.
Epidemiology:
People are infected through ingestion of cysts in
contaminated water or food or contact with feces.
Life cycle :
Once ingested ,the cyst travel to the distal end of the
duodenum and the stomach , and the pancreatic
enzymes in the duodenum stimulate excystation.Two
trophozoites are released from the posterior end of
each cyst. The motile trophozoites attach to the
microvilli of the brush border of the small intestine with
their sucking disc.In this environment the trophozoites
will multiply every9-12hrs
Diagnosis
Testing stool sample can be
done ,for detection of Giardia
lamblia
,the cyst are not
excreteduntil after symptoms
have been present for
asmall period of
time.
Trophozoits are present in
jejunal aspirate of an infected
patient.
Treatment :
Three drugs are comme only used to
treat Giardiasis,quainacrine
,furazolidone , and metronidazole.
Metronidazole is the most
effective.Quinacrine is just as effective
and is the least expensive but it causes
vomiting in children under
5.Furazolidone is comm only used for
infants because it is the only one of the
three that comes in a liquid from.
5/ Post test :.
Circle the correct answer:1- Giardia lamblia is
a-parasite
b-fungus
c-virus
d-bacteria.
2-The infective stage of Giardiasis is :
a-cyst
c-trophozoit and cyst
b-trophozoit
d-mature cyst.
3-Giardia have :a-square shape
b-traingle shape .
c-circular shape.
D-teardrop shape.
4-Mature cyst have :a-4 nuclei.
b-2 nuclei.
c-3 nucleid- 4 pair of nuclei.
5-Giardia lamblia is one of
a-blood parasite.
b-intestinal parasite .
c-skin parasite
d-nervous system parasite.
Note :check your answers in key answer page at the end .
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :1- b
2- b
3- a
4-a
5-b
Quiz No. 1
Giardia
lamblia is
aparasite
that infect
intestine of
man.
Quiz No. 2
The infective stage is mature
Quiz No. 3
The parasite have 4 pair of flagella.
1- post test :1-a
2- d
3-d
4-a
5-b
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the parasite Balantidium coli
* Know the organ of locomation.
*Know how to differniate between the
trophozoit and cyst.
* Know how to prevent and control this
disease.
.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- KNOW the intestinal ciliates.
-The morphology of Balantidium coli .
-What is the infective stage.
-How to control and prevent balantidiasis .
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 23 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 22 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post
test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1-To know the two stages of Balantidium coli.
2-Know the infective stage of Balantidium coli.
3-Know how to prevent this disease .
4-Understand the invasive balantidiasis.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Balantidium coli is one of intestinal
ciliates .
2-The infective stage is the cyst.
.
3-Balantidium coli has one nucleus.
.
4-One of the symptoms of balantidiasis is diarrhea.
5-Cilia is the organ of locomotion.
.
.
Introduction
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite responsible for
the disease Balantidiasis . Balantidium coli is the
largest
protozoan and the only ciliate known to parasitiz
Humans .
Balantidium coli most commonly infects humans , other
and pigs which are reservoirs of the parasite . the
protozoa are bund worldwide and incidences of
infection have been hooted in Bolivia Papua New
Guinea , and the Philippines at usually with a
prevaience of less then 1% infection is rare but is
likely to occur in places where humans live closely
with swine and where water sanitation is poor
or non-existent
Balantidium coli :
are released in feces of infected hosts .
consequently ,
Balantidium coli is transmitted by a fecal-oral route
: humans
are infected by ingestion of water or food
contaminated by
feces containing the protozoa .
Balantidium coli infection is most often asymptomatic
but
the parasite can invade the large intestine leading to
diarrhea
dysentery ( bloody diarrhea ) colitis and abdominal
pain .
This collection of symptoms is Balantidiasis which can
be
treated effectively with antibiotics and can be prevented
with
proper hand washing practices water treatment
separation of
human and swine habitats and proper waste disposal .
The parasite : Balantidum coli
( B. coli )
Balantidium coli is the only ciliate known to
parasitize
humans . Cillates represent a phylum of protozoa
characterized in at least one stage of development
by simple
or compound ciliary organelles on the surface of
their membranes
that are used for locomotion, ciliates have 2
nuclel
( one macronucleus and micronucleus ), and reproduce
by
transverse binary finery fission , balantidium coli has 2
contractile vacuoles . Although contractile vacuoles are
common to ciliates they are rare in parasitic protozoa.
developmental stages :
Balantidium coli has 2
a trophozoite stage and
cyst stage
Life cycle of Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli has 2 developmental stages : a
trophozoite stage and a cyst stage .
The cyst is the infective stage of Balantidium
coli life cycle .
once the cyst is ingested via feces contaminated food or water it passes through
the host digestive system . the tough cyst wall
allows the to resist degradation in the acidic
environment of the stomach and the basic
environment of the small intestine until it
reaches the large intestine . There
excystation takes place excystation
produces a trophozoit
from the cyst stage .
The motile trophozoite then resides in the lumen of the
large
intestine , feeding on intestinal flora and intestinal
nutrients .
Trophozoites multiply by asexual binary fission or sexual
conjugation ( with the exchange of nuclear material )
The trophozoite may become invasive and penetrate
the
mucosa of the large intestine trophozoites are released
with
the feces and en cyst to from new cysts . Encystation
takes
place in the rectum of the host as feces are dehydrated
or soon
after the feces have been excreted .
Cysts in the environment are then ready to infect
another host .
Diagnosis of Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis is an uncommon infection .
symptoms if present Includ diarrhoe ,
dysentery and abdominal pain .Balantidiasis
should be considered if the patient works
closely with pigs or other livestock lives in or
has recently traveled to a region with poor
water sanitation or has contact with infected
persons .
1 – Balantidiasis is diagnosed by microscopic
examination of a patients feces . a stool sample
is collected and a wet mount is prepared
.cysts or trophozoites can be detected in the
feces Balantidiun coli is passed periodically
there fore stool samples should be collected
frequently and examined immediately in order
to make a definitive diagnosis
2 – Trophozoites can also be detected in
tissues In order to collect .
A tissue specimen from the large intestine a
sigmoidoscopy procedure is used . A thin hollow
instrument called a sigmoidoscope is used to visually
inspect the last sections of the large intestine the
rectum and the sigmoid colon . A physician can look
for blooding ulcers and inflammation in order to
diagnose the cause of diarrhea and other Gl
complaints and can take a tissue biopsy for
inspection
Treatment of Balantidisis
Balantium coli infection can be treated effectively with
antibiotics . Three drugs are commonly used and
administered orally . They are listed below in order of
recommendation .
1 – Tetracyclines 500 mg four times daily for 10 days
( contraindicated in pregnant women and children
younger
than 8 years of age ) .
2 – Metronidazole 750 mg three time daily for 5 days .
3 – Lodoquino 640 mg three times daily for days .
* Note :.
These drugs are approved by the FDA but are considered
investigational for the treatment of Balantidiasis .
cases of Balantidium coli infection are asymptomatic . if
possible asymptomatic individuals should stick be treated in
order to halt further transmission of the disease .
Many people clear the infection spontaneously
without treatment infection individuals usually
respond well to treatment using one of the
aforementioned regimens .
If left untreated Balantidiasis can become chronic
.persistent diarrhea can lead to high fluid loss
and dehydration .
abdominal bleeding can lead to death
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Balantidium coli is one of intestinal
ciliates .
2-The infective stage is the cyst.
.
3-Balantidium coli has one nucleus.
.
4-One of the symptoms of balantidiasis is diarrhea.
5-Cilia is the organ of locomotion.
.
.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :1_ true
2_ true
3_ false
4_ true
5_ true
1- post test :1_ true
2_ true
3_ false
4_ true
5_ true
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class
students in nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
The student will know the morphology of the
parasite Ascaris lumbricoides male and
female ,life cycle, diseases lab diagnosis ,
and treatment .
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides ,
shape of male and female, egg, life cycle ,diagnosis
and treatment.
1 / D –Instructions:1.Study over view thoroughly.
2.Identify the goal of this modular unit .
3.Do the pre test and if you :•get4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well .
4.After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and
if you :•get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit two .
•get less than 4 , go back and study the first modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the 24 modular unit , the student will be
able to:-
1.To .know the life cycle of the parasite
.
2-Know the shape of the female and the male of Ascaris lumbricoides .
3-Know how the diseases controlled.
3/ Pre test :Circle the correct answer : -
1-Female of Ascaris is
a-shorter than male.
b- longer than male.
2 -the male of Ascaris
a-have capulatory spicules .
b-not have.
3 -Ascaris is
A-round worm .
B-pin worm .
Q4 –Draw the life cycle of Ascaris
lumbricoides.
Q5-What is the disease caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides.
(Ascaris Lumbricoides
and Ascaris Suum)
Ascaris round worms are parasites
commonly hosted in the intestines of
various terrestrial animals, chiefly
herbivores. They are typically large
worms characterized by a mouth
surrounded
by three lips. The species Ascaris lumbricoides is
probably the most familiar parasite in humans. An
almost identical worm, often called A. suum, occurs
in pigs
The intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides infection
in humans follows the ingestion of Ascaris eggs that
have contaminated foods or soil. In the small
intestine the larvae are liberated
pass from the respiratory passages into the digestive
tract and mature into egg-producing worms, which
grow to some 15 to 40 cm (6 to 16 inches) in length,
in the small intestine. Serious, even fatal,
complications
of ascariasis result from the infiltration of the larvae into
sensitive tissues, such as the brain, and from the
migration of the adult worms into various body
structures where they produce abcesses and toxic
manifestations.
Ascariasis round worms exists worldwide and is believed
to affect some 660 million persons.
and migrate through the intestinal wall, reaching the
lungs, where they may produce a host sensitization
that results in lung inflammation and fluid retention.
About 10 days later, the larvae
Prevention
By treatment
Pathogenesis
A- Heavy infestations may cause the lungs to be
damaged when the juveniles break out of the
respiratory system, resulting in Ascaris pneumonitis.
B-The main food of Ascaris is liquid contents of the
intestine , moderate and heavy infestations result in
malnutrition and underdevelopment in small
children.Allergic responses are not
uncommon,abdominal pain ,
Life Cycle Diagram (of Ascaris
lumbricoides ).
3/ Post test :Circle the correct answer : 1- Female of Ascaris is
a- shorter than male.
b- longer than male.
2- the male of Ascaris
a- have capulatory spicules .
b- not have.
3 -Ascaris is
a-round worm .
b-pin worm .
Q4- Draw the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.
Q5- What is the disease caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides
6/ key answer:1- post test :-
1- Pre test :-
1- b
1- b
2- a
2- a
3- a
3- a
4- answer in page no.17
4- answer in page no.17
5- ascariasis.
5-ascariasis.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the parasite Taenia saginata
and Taenia solium .
* can differentiate between shape of Taenia
saginata and Taenia solium
* understanding the source
of
infection.
* Know how to prevent these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Morphology of the genus Taenia .
-The dangerous of these diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits from person to person.
-The methods of controlling these diseases.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 27.
• get less than 4, go back and study the first
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1-Know the two spp of Taenia .
2-Know how to prevent these diseases .
3-Understand the source of infection.
3/ Pre test :Circle the correct answer :
1- Taenia saginatais:
A-round worm
B- Tapworm.
2-The lengthof Taenia saginata isabout:
A- (2-7)meter.
B- (20-25)meter.
3-Taenia saginata infect :
A-cattle.
B- pigs .
4-The infective stage of Taenia saginata is :
A- gravid segments.
B- scolex.
5-Draw the life cycle of Taenia saginata.
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Life cycle
Taenia saginata and taenia solium pass their life cycles in
two hosts . in man the adult lives in the small intestines .
humans are the only definitive hosts for taenia saginata,
and Taenia solium eggs or gravid segments are passed
with faeces, they can survive for days ,months in the
environment cattle ( T. saginata ) and pigs ( T. solium
) become infected by ingesting vegetable contaminated
with eggs or gravid segments.
In the animal s intestine , they hatch invade the
intestinal wall , wall and migrate to the muscles ,
where they develop into cysticercus . a cysticercus
can survive for several years in the animal . Humans
become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked
infected meat in the human intestine the cysticercus
develops over 2 months an adult tapeworm , which
can survive for years . the adult tapeworms attach to
the small intestine by their scolex and reside in the
small intestine .
length of the adult worms is usually 5 metres or less for
T. saginata ( however it may reach up to 25 metres )
and 2 to 7 metres for T. solium . the adults produce
proglottids which mature , become gravid detach
from the tapeworm and migrate to the anus or are
passed in the stool ( approximately 6 per day ) T.
saginata adults usually have 1,000 to 2,000
proglottids while T. solium adults have an average of
1,000 proglottids . the eggs contained in the gravid
proglottids are released after the proglottids are
passed with the faeces . T. saginata may produce up
to 100,000 and T. solium may produce 50,000 eggs
per proglottid respectively .
The adult stages of T. saginata and T. solium may
persist for several years in infected humans . Mixed
infection of both the parasites can occur .
The incubation period for the adult tapeworm is from is
8 to 14 weeks
.
Symptoms
Tapeworm infestation does not usually cause any
symptoms infection is generally recognized when the
infected person passes segments of proglottids in the
stool especially if the segment is moving Taenia
saginata , taeniasis produces only mild abdominal
symptoms occasionally , appendicitis .
Taenia solium taeniasis is less frequently symptomatic than
Taenia saginata taeniasis . The main symptom is often
the passage ( passive ) of segment. But heavier
infections may produce abdominal discomfort , epigastric
pain vomiting and diarrhea ( both Taenia spp. ) . The
most important feature of Taenia solium taeniasis is the
risk of development of cysticercosis .
Diagnosis
Microscopic identification of eggs and proglottids in faeces
(or from the perianal area ) is diagnostic for taeniasis ,
but is not possible during the first 3 months following
infection . Eggs of Taenia sp. Are spherical yellowish
brown . the shell is thick and radially striagted .within
the shell the onchosphere has 3 pairs of hook lets .
microscopic identification of gravid proglottid allows
determination .
Treatment
Tapeworms are treated with oral medications , usually in a
single dose . the drug of choice is niclosamide &
praziquantel . Although nicolosamide is effective against
T. solium but this drug isn’t recommended because it
cause disintegrating of proglottides and releasing of
eggs into the bowel lumen , possibly increasing the
hazard of cysticercosis
Complete eradication of the tapeworm occurs following
treatment .
Complications
1- self-infection with tapeworm eggs – cysticercosis
( T. solium only ) which may cause seizures .
2- rarely , worms may cause obstruction of the intestine .
3/ Post test :Circle the correct answer :
1- Taenia saginatais :
A-round worm .
B- Tapworm.
2-The lengthof Taenia saginata isabout:
A- (2-7)meter.
B- (20-25)meter.
3-Taenia saginata infect :
A-cattle.
B- pigs .
4-The infective stage of Taenia saginata is :
A- gravid segments.
B- scolex.
5-Draw the life cycle of Taenia saginata.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- b.
1- b.
2- a .
2- a .
3- a .
3- a .
4- a .
4- a .
5- the answer in page 11.
5- the answer in page 11.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :-
* The student will know the parasite Schistosoma.
* can differentiate between the three species
of schistosoma .
* Know the morphology of
miracidium
and cercaria .
* Know how to prevent this disease .
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Morphology of the male and female of bilharizia.
-The dangerous of this diseases to man .
-How are the diseases transmits to human being.
-The methods of controlling this diseases.
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 29 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 28th
modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do
the post test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able
1.To know the parasite schitosoma .
2-Know the pathogenesis and symptoms of this disease.
3-Know the shape of ova and spice position.
3/ Pre test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable
words
1-Schistosomaisis is also called ---------2-Schistosoma haematobium has ------------spice ova.
3-There are three species of schitosoma 1------2-------3-------.
4- ----------Is the infective form of bilharzia.
5-Schistosoma is diagnosed by examining--------or--------sample.
Introduction
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzias (bill-HARzi-a), is a disease caused by parasitic
worms. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni
S. haematobium, and S. japonicum causes
illness in humans. Although schistosomiasis
is not found in the United States,
More 200 million people are infected
worldwide.
Life cycle of Bilharzia
Within days after becoming infected, you
may develop
a rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and
muscle
aches can begin within 1-2 months of
infection. Most people have no symptoms
at this early phase of infection .
Eggs travel to the liver or pass into the
intestine or bladder,
causing inflammation or scarring. Children
who are
repeatedly infected can develop anemia,
malnutrition, and learning difficulties.
After years of infection,
the parasite can also damage the liver,
intestines,
A blood test has been developed and is available
at CDC. For accurate results, you must wait 6-8
weeks after your last exposure to contaminated
water before the blood sample is taken.
Diagnose of schistosomiasis
Your health care provider may ask you to provide
stool or urine samples to see if you have the
parasite
3/ Post test :Fill in the blanks with suaitable words
1-Schistosomaisis is also called ---------2-Schistosoma haematobium has ------------spice ova.
3-There are three species of schitosoma 1------2-------3-------.
4- ----------Is the infective form of bilharzia.
5-Schistosoma is diagnosed by examining--------or--------sample.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- Bilharizia.
1- Bilharizia.
2- terminal spice.
2- terminal spice.
3- S.haematobium
3- S.haematobium ,S.japanicum. ,S.japanicum.
,S.mansoni.
,S.mansoni.
4-Cercaria.
4-Cercaria.
5- Urine ,stool sample.
5- Urine ,stool sample.
.
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :* The student will know the blood unicellular parasite.
* Know the pathogenesis and life cycle.
*Know how to diagnose each one.
* Know how to prevent and
control
these diseases.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
- KNOW the blood unicellular parasite plasmodium.
- The shape of the eggs .
- Know the life cycle of plasmodium.
- How to control and prevent these diseases.
- Know the three spp of plasmodium
P.vivax ,P.falciparum , P.malariae .
a
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 29 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 28 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post
test
again .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:1.To know the pathogenesis of the parasite plasmodium .
2-Know the diagnosis of it.
3-Know how to prevent this diseases
.
4-Understand the method of controlling this
diseases.
3/ Pre test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Malaria is an infectious disease caused by plasmodium.
2-Using of bed net to ovoid the bite of female mosquito anopheles.
3-Malaria could be diagnosed by a smear of thick and thin blood film.
4- Species of malaria are responsible for causing disease to man.
5-The disease transmitted by the bite of male anopheles
Symptoms of Malaria
Malarial attacks present over 4 to 6 hours with
shaking chills, high fever, and sweating, and are
often associated with fatigue, headache, dizziness,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, dry cough,
muscle or joint pain, and back ache. The attacks may
occur every other day or every third day
Treatment of Malaria
Medical treatment should be sought
immediately.
The effectiveness of anti malarial drugs differs with
different species of the parasite and with different
stages of the parasite's life cycle. Your physician
will determine the treatment plan most
appropriate for your individual condition.
Drugs include chloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine,
quinine, pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar),
and doxycycline. Some plasmodium have
developed
resistance to certain medications, and therefore,
alternative medications will be prescribed for you .
Prevention of Malaria
No prophylactic regimen gives complete protection.
Speak with your physician or local
travel clinic to receive up to date information about
the best malaria protection for you. Effectiveness of
any given medication varies by the region of the world
in which you plan to travel. Effectiveness also varies
from
year to year, so current information is essential.
Prevention is based on:
evaluating the risk of exposure to infection
preventing mosquito bites by using DEET
mosquito repellant, bed nets, and clothing
that covers most of the body
Diagnosis of Malaria
Methods of diagnosis are:
complete medical history of symptoms and travel
physical examination
blood tests, including thick and thin blood films, to
identify the plasmodium species responsible for
infection.
A blood test has been developed and is available
at CDC.
For accurate results, you must wait 6-8 weeks
after your last exposure to contaminated water
before the blood sample is taken.
Cerebral malaria and death can occur, sometimes
within 24 hours, if the infection is caused by
plasmodium
falciparum.
Fever or other symptoms can develop in malaria as
early
as 8 days or as late as 60 days after exposure or
stopping
prophylaxis. For plasmodium vivax in temperate
areas,
the delay may be up to one year.
Life cycle of Malaria
PLASMODIUM
Causes and Risk Factors of
Malaria
Malaria comes from being bitten by a mosquito
carrying the malaria organism. Risk factors include
traveling in areas in which such mosquitoes are
found
or, rarely, being bitten by a mosquito that has
previously fed on an "imported" case of malaria
(such
that the case can occur in an area of the world
where
malaria is not endemic).
The first stage of plasmodium development in
humans takes place in the liver. When the more
mature plasmodium escape from the liver and enter
the bloodstream, they infect red blood cells and
multiply,
causing the red blood cells to burst open after about
2 to 3 days and to release a new crop of parasites
(plasmodium)
The cycle of invasion, multiplication, and red blood
cell rupture may be repeated many times
The female Anopheles mosquito becomes infected
by ingesting blood containing the sexual forms of
the parasite plasmodium. After developing in the
mosquito, the plasmodium is inoculated into
humans when the mosquito next feeds (bites).
Malaria continues to be endemic in many parts of
the tropics and subtropics. Today, the number of
cases is rising worldwide. Malarial parasites cause
clinical illness in an estimated 300 to 500 million
people every year and cause 1.5 to 2.7
million deaths per year.
Description of Malaria
Four species of the parasite plasmodium are
responsible
for malaria in humans: Plasmodium vivax,
Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale,
and Plasmodium falciparum
Definition of Malaria
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a
parasite (plasmodium)
which is transmitted from human to human by the
bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
3/ Post test :WRITE TRUE OR FAULSE
1-Malaria is an infectious disease caused by plasmodium.
2-Using of bed net to ovoid the bite of female mosquito anophils.
3-Malaria could be diagnosed by a smear of thick and thin blood film.
4-Species of malaria are responsible for causing disease to man.
5-The disease transmitted by the bite of male anopheles
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- Post test :-
1- true .
1- true .
2- true .
2- true .
3- true .
3- true .
4- true .
4- true .
5- false .
5- false .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.
1/ Over view
1/A –Target population
:-
This unit is directed to the first class students in
nursing department.
1/B-Rationale :The student will know the life cycle of the
parasite .
Know how to prevent and control these
diseases .
know the sand fly which is the vector of
this disease.
1 / C –Central Idea :-
-Identification of the parasite Leishmania .
-Know the stages of Leishmania .
-Know the vector ,sand fly .
1 / D –Instructions:• Study over view thoroughly.
• Identify the goal of this modular unit .
• Do the pre test and if you :• get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
• get less than 4you have to study this modular unit well
• After studying the text of this modular unit ,do
the
post test , and if you :• get 4 or more , so go on studying modular unit 30 .
• get less than 4, go back and study the 29 modular
unit ; or any part of it ; again and then do the post
test
again .
3/ Pre test :Write true or false
1-The spread of Leishmania occur by sand fly.
2-Leishmania have one stage .
3-Leishmania tropica cause oreintal sore or baghdad boil .
4-Leishmania donovani is dangerous than L.tropica .
5-Promastigote has one terminal flagella .
2/ Performance Objectives :After studying the first modular unit , the student will be able to:-
1.To know the life cycle of Leishmania tropica
and
Leishmania donovani .
2-know how to prevent and control these diseases .
3-Know how to avoid sand fly .
4-Know the stages of Leishmania.
promastigote
and mastigote.
1 / D –Instructions:•
Study over view thoroughly.
•
Identify the goal of this modular unit .
•
Do the pre test and if you :-
•
get 4 or more you do not need to proceed .
•
get less than 4 you have to study this modular unit well .
•
After studying the text of this modular unit ,do the post test , and if
you :-
•
get 4 or more , so go on studying new modular unit
•
get less than 4, go back and study the 29-30 modular unit ; or any
part of it ; again and then do the post test again .
.
through sandflies of the genus
Phlebotomus inLeishmania
the Old World, and of
the genus Lutzomyia in the New World.
Their primary hosts are vertebrates;
Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes,
canids, rodents, and humans.
Leishmania currently affects 12 million
people in 88 countries.
The parasite was named in 1903 after
the Scottish pathologist William Boog
Leishman.
Pathogenicity
Pathophysiology
Leishmania cells have two
morphological forms:
promastigote (with an
anterior flagellum , in the
insect host, and amastigote
(without flagella) in the
vertebrate host. Infections
are regarded as cutaneous,
mucocutaneous, or visceral.
parasites of the protozoan sandfly, the Transmitted by the
Leishmania major may switch the strategy of the first genus
immune defense from eating/inflammation/killing to
phagocyte' eating/no inflammation/no killing of their host
They ]citation needed[.and corrupt it for their own benefit
use the willingly phagocytosing polymorphonuclear
neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) rigorously as a tricky hideout,
proliferate unrecognized from the immune where they
macrophages to establish system and enter the long-lived
infection ”a “hidden
Neutrophil granulocytes - the Trojan horses for Leishmania parasites
pathogenicity of The strategy of the "Trojan horse" as a mechanism of
immune system and its memory microorganisms is, to avoid the intracellular
neutrophils by apoptotic phagocytosis of infected and function cleverly, with
macrophages, employing the non-danger surface signals of apoptotic
citation needed [.cells
Life cycle of Leishmaniamicrobial
infection PMN move out from the bloodstream and By a
through the vessels’ endothelial layer, to the site of the
infected tissue (dermal tissue after fly bite). They
immediately start their business there as the first immune
response and phagocytize the invader because of the
foreign and activating surfaces. In that processes an
inflammation emerges. Activated PMN secrete
IL-8 particularly, to attract further ,chemokines
granulocytes and stimulate them to phagocytosis.
Leishmania major increases the secretion of Furthermore
obligate IL-8 by PMN. In the parasites case, .
intracellular
Treatment
Main article: Leishmaniasis
Antimonial compounds are the traditional treatments for
leishmaniasis (sodium stibogluconate, meglumine
antimoniate).[
Resistance to the antimonials is prevalent in some parts of
the world, and the most common alternative is
leishmaniasis for other treatment see( ]amphotericin B
Paromomycin is an inexpensive alternative .)options
The with fewer side effects than amphotericin that
orphan Institute for OneWorld Health has funded for .
drug for use in treatment of Leishmaniasis ,
3/ Post test :Write true or false
1-The spread of Leishmania occur by sand fly.
2-Leishmania have one stage .
3-Leishmania tropica cause oreintal sore or baghdad boil .
4-Leishmania donovani is dangerous than L.tropica.
5-Promastigote has one terminal flagella.
6/ key answer:1- Pre test :-
1- post test :-
1- true .
1- true .
2- false .
2- false .
3- true .
3- true .
4- true .
4- true .
5- true .
5- true .
References:1- Jawetz, etal..Medical microbiology, 2004,twenty third
edition
2-Dr NAJAH.M.HASSAN, Medical parasitology for
medical technology
3-Jawetz,etal. Medical microbiology ,2002.
4-Internet,2009-2010.