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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson 11 Cell Communication Clicker Questions by Scott Meissner © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following gives a correct and broadest description of signal transduction pathways? a) binding of a signal molecule to a cell protein b) catalysis mediated by an enzyme c) sequence of changes in a series of molecules resulting in a response d) binding of a ligand on one side of a membrane that results in a change on the other side e) the cell’s detection of a chemical or mechanical stimulus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following gives a correct and broadest description of signal transduction pathways? a) binding of a signal molecule to a cell protein b) catalysis mediated by an enzyme c) sequence of changes in a series of molecules resulting in a response d) binding of a ligand on one side of a membrane that results in a change on the other side e) the cell’s detection of a chemical or mechanical stimulus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Matching: Match each receptor type (1–3) to a distinctive feature of it (A–E): 1) channel receptors 2) G protein-coupled receptors 3) receptor tyrosine kinases a) phosphorylation b) activation of a G protein c) ion influx into the cell d) dephosphorylation e) ATP synthesis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Matching: Match each receptor type (1–3) to a distinctive feature of it (A–E): 1) channel receptors 2) G protein-coupled receptors 3) receptor tyrosine kinases a) phosphorylation b) activation of a G protein c) ion influx into the cell d) dephosphorylation e) ATP synthesis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A steroid hormone is bound by an intracellular receptor. When it does, the resulting complex is most likely to do which of the following? a) open channels in the membrane for other substances to enter b) open channels in the nuclear envelope for cytoplasmic molecules to enter c) mediate the transfer of phosphate groups to/from ATP d) act as a transcription factor in the nucleus e) make water-soluble molecules able to diffuse across membranes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A steroid hormone is bound by an intracellular receptor. When it does, the resulting complex is most likely to do which of the following? a) open channels in the membrane for other substances to enter b) open channels in the nuclear envelope for cytoplasmic molecules to enter c) mediate the transfer of phosphate groups to/from ATP d) act as a transcription factor in the nucleus e) make water-soluble molecules able to diffuse across membranes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Weak ionic bonds formed between the negative phosphate functional group and partially or fully positive amino acids of proteins in a kinase cascade do which of the following? a) make functional ATP b) distort a protein from one functional state to another c) activate phosphatases to remove the phosphate group d) alter the permeability of the cell’s membranes e) produce an increase in the cell’s store of inorganic phosphates © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Weak ionic bonds formed between the negative phosphate functional group and partially or fully positive amino acids of proteins in a kinase cascade do which of the following? a) make functional ATP b) distort a protein from one functional state to another c) activate phosphatases to remove the phosphate group d) alter the permeability of the cell’s membranes e) produce an increase in the cell’s store of inorganic phosphates © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is the best example of amplification of signal detection? a) production of many molecules by many signal molecules b) activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event c) activation of a specific gene by a transcription factor d) conversion of the signal into many other types of molecules e) activation of a receptor by a hormone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is the best example of amplification of signal detection? a) production of many molecules by many signal molecules b) activation of 100 molecules by a single signal binding event c) activation of a specific gene by a transcription factor d) conversion of the signal into many other types of molecules e) activation of a receptor by a hormone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which choice CORRECTLY describes what happens during the transduction part of a signal transduction response pathway? a) Some fraction of the original signal is converted into something else and passed through the cell. b) Changes in protein activities and in other items in the cell are induced by an activated receptor. c) The original signal is amplified as it is passed through the cell. d) Energy from the signal is used to power the changes needed in the cell for a response. e) Some phenotypic feature of the cell is altered. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which choice CORRECTLY describes what happens during the transduction part of a signal transduction response pathway? a) Some fraction of the original signal is converted into something else and passed through the cell. b) Changes in protein activities and in other items in the cell are induced by an activated receptor. c) The original signal is amplified as it is passed through the cell. d) Energy from the signal is used to power the changes needed in the cell for a response. e) Some phenotypic feature of the cell is altered. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which best describes what a plasma membrane-spanning receptor (see figure) actually does upon reception of a signal? a) The receptor binds an extracellular signal molecule and passes it into the cell. b) Activated receptors directly produce a response to the signal. c) It uses the energy from the signal to power its transduction. d) Binding of the signal molecule alters the receptor’s other binding sites and activities. e) It amplifies the signal, increasing its influence in the cell. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which best describes what a plasma membrane-spanning receptor (see figure) actually does upon reception of a signal? a) The receptor binds an extracellular signal molecule and passes it into the cell. b) Activated receptors directly produce a response to the signal. c) It uses the energy from the signal to power its transduction. d) Binding of the signal molecule alters the receptor’s other binding sites and activities. e) It amplifies the signal, increasing its influence in the cell. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Of the following events, which might typically occur THIRD in the course of a cell’s receiving and responding to a signal? a) An enzyme cascade occurs, increasing the number of activated proteins. b) A signal molecule is bound by a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein. c) The receptor protein complex phosphorylates other proteins. d) A reconfigured protein binds to DNA, altering gene expression. e) Tyrosine kinase receptor subunits dimerize. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Of the following events, which might typically occur THIRD in the course of a cell’s receiving and responding to a signal? a) An enzyme cascade occurs, increasing the number of activated proteins. b) A signal molecule is bound by a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein. c) The receptor protein complex phosphorylates other proteins. d) A reconfigured protein binds to DNA, altering gene expression. e) Tyrosine kinase receptor subunits dimerize. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the use of ligand-gated ion channel receptors? a) Ligand binding is irreversible, resulting in a permanent change in this ion channel’s activity. b) The binding site of this type of receptor is most often in the middle of the membrane. c) Once activated, this receptor will cause G proteins to bind with GTP. d) Once the ligand is bound, the ion channel activity can alter the local membrane potential and cytosolic concentration of the ion. e) The ligand involved is often a phosphate group that is covalently added to the cytosolic side of this ion channel. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the use of ligand-gated ion channel receptors? a) Ligand binding is irreversible, resulting in a permanent change in this ion channel’s activity. b) The binding site of this type of receptor is most often in the middle of the membrane. c) Once activated, this receptor will cause G proteins to bind with GTP. d) Once the ligand is bound, the ion channel activity can alter the local membrane potential and cytosolic concentration of the ion. e) The ligand involved is often a phosphate group that is covalently added to the cytosolic side of this ion channel. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sutherland found evidence for the presence of a G proteincoupled receptor for epinephrine in muscle cells. For this receptor to function normally, it must have at least how many binding sites, and what must be bound? a) one: G protein b) two; epinephrine and G protein c) two: epinephrine and GTP d) one: extracellular epinephrine e) three: epinephrine, G protein, and ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sutherland found evidence for the presence of a G proteincoupled receptor for epinephrine in muscle cells. For this receptor to function normally, it must have at least how many binding sites, and what must be bound? a) one: G protein b) two; epinephrine and G protein c) two: epinephrine and GTP d) one: extracellular epinephrine e) three: epinephrine, G protein, and ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which is NOT an option that is sometimes used by cells in some type of information transduction? a) The binding abilities of several proteins are altered. b) The original signal is amplified many times over. c) A cellular compartment has a change in the concentration of a specific item. d) Proteins are covalently modified. e) A membrane potential gradient is altered. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which is NOT an option that is sometimes used by cells in some type of information transduction? a) The binding abilities of several proteins are altered. b) The original signal is amplified many times over. c) A cellular compartment has a change in the concentration of a specific item. d) Proteins are covalently modified. e) A membrane potential gradient is altered. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes an aspect of the use of a second messenger in a typical signal transduction pathway? a) The second messenger can diffuse rapidly through the cytosol. b) After the rise in the concentration of the second messenger, it is often removed quickly by degradation or export from the cytosol. c) The proteins that will bind the second messenger are already present before there is a rise in its concentration. d) Synthesis of the enzyme that creates the second messenger occurs right after the signal is received, and not before. e) When the cell does not receive the signal, the second messenger is kept at a low concentration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes an aspect of the use of a second messenger in a typical signal transduction pathway? a) The second messenger can diffuse rapidly through the cytosol. b) After the rise in the concentration of the second messenger, it is often removed quickly by degradation or export from the cytosol. c) The proteins that will bind the second messenger are already present before there is a rise in its concentration. d) Synthesis of the enzyme that creates the second messenger occurs right after the signal is received, and not before. e) When the cell does not receive the signal, the second messenger is kept at a low concentration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following will most likely be needed to turn OFF a phosphorylation cascade in a cell's cytosol after it has been used? a) the production of new proteins by the expression of genes that have just been turned on b) the hydrolysis of GTP by an activated G protein c) the removal of Ca2+ out of the cytosol by Ca2+-pumping ATPases d) the degradation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) by an enzyme e) the action of specific protein phosphatases © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following will most likely be needed to turn OFF a phosphorylation cascade in a cell's cytosol after it has been used? a) the production of new proteins by the expression of genes that have just been turned on b) the hydrolysis of GTP by an activated G protein c) the removal of Ca2+ out of the cytosol by Ca2+-pumping ATPases d) the degradation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) by an enzyme e) the action of specific protein phosphatases © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes something about the signal-transduction response system shown in the figure on the next slide? a) This allows one external signal molecule to induce a large effect in the cell. b) The kinases do their phosphorylations by taking phosphates from ATPs. c) Eventually, the G proteins will cleave their GTP and become inactive. d) To recover and remove the cyclic AMP, phosphodiesterase is needed. e) This system increases the expression of the gene for the adenylyl cyclase enzyme. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes something about the signal-transduction response system shown in the figure on the next slide? a) This allows one external signal molecule to induce a large effect in the cell. b) The kinases do their phosphorylations by taking phosphates from ATPs. c) Eventually, the G proteins will cleave their GTP and become inactive. d) To recover and remove the cyclic AMP, phosphodiesterase is needed. e) This system increases the expression of the gene for the adenylyl cyclase enzyme. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. For a cell in Caenorhabditis elegans to carry out apoptosis properly depends in part on a) a protein that normally inhibits the process being turned off. b) the creation of a “death signal” by this cell. c) properly resetting all the transductive elements from the last use of this process. d) the receptor moving the “death signal” into the nucleus of the cell. e) turning off various nucleases and proteases in the cell. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. For a cell in Caenorhabditis elegans to carry out apoptosis properly depends in part on a) a protein that normally inhibits the process being turned off. b) the creation of a “death signal” by this cell. c) properly resetting all the transductive elements from the last use of this process. d) the receptor moving the “death signal” into the nucleus of the cell. e) turning off various nucleases and proteases in the cell. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.