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www.eenadupratibha.net -ï-†®Ω-™¸ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ t e PARTS OF SPEECH NOUN n . a h b i Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do. They are Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection. t a r They are called Parts of Speech. These are among the most fundamental concepts that you will encounter in General English section of the competitive exams. p u d A Noun tells us what someone or something is called. It is a word used as the name of a person, place, thing, quality or an action. 1. Narendra Modi is the prime minister of India. a n 2. Honesty is the best policy. e e . w w Kinds of Nouns: 1. A Proper Noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. t e n Asoka, Mumbai, the Taj Mahal, etc. 2. w A Common Noun is a name which is common to any and every person, place or thing of the same kind. boy, student, town, statue, etc. . a h All Common Nouns fall into two classes Countable Nouns: book, pen, fruit, etc. b i t Uncountable Nouns: furniture, sugar, information, machinery, etc. 3. A Collective Noun denotes a number of persons or things grouped together as one complete whole. a r p flock (collection of sheep), fleet (collection of ships) etc,. 4. A Material Noun denotes the matter or substance of which things are made. u d a gold, steel, cotton, glass, etc. 5. An Abstract Noun is the name of some quality, state or action. n e e . ww Quality: kindness, wisdom, etc. State: childhood, death, etc. Action: laughter, movement etc. PRONOUN w A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or noun equivalent. Suhas is a clever boy. He always gets first rank. R-4-6-16 www.eenadupratibha.net www.eenadupratibha.net Kinds of pronouns: Personal pronouns: Subjective Objective Possessive Attributive Reflexive t e Predicative n . a I me my mine myself we us our ours ourselves you you your your yourself /yourselves he him his his she her her it it its they them their bh i t hers a r himself herself - itself theirs themselves p u d ★ Indefinite Pronouns − all, no one, nothing, many, few, somebody, etc. ★ Demonstrative Pronouns − this, that, these, those ★ Relative Pronouns − which, where, that, etc. (e.g.: This is the boy who got the first rank) . ★ Interrogative Pronouns − who, which, etc. (e.g.: Who are you?) ★ Reciprocal Pronouns − each other, one another, etc. ★ Reflexive Pronouns e.g.: She hurt herself . ★ a n e e . w w w Emphatic pronouns − himself, itself, etc. (e.g.: I myself heard the comment) . a h VERB b i t A verb is a word used to express an action or a state. She wrote a letter. a r p Hyderabad is a big city. Kinds of Verbs u d a Classification - 1: I. Main Verbs (or Lexical Verbs) have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs. n e e . ww e.g.: write, play, eat etc. II. t e n Auxiliary Verbs (or Helping Verbs) have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. i) Primary Auxiliaries: 'Be' forms (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), 'Do' forms (do, does, did) and 'Have' forms (have, has, had, having) w ii) Modal Auxiliaries: Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must and ought (to) are called Modal Auxiliaries. They are used to express ability, possibility, permission or obligation. iii) Semi Modal Auxiliaries: 'Need', 'dare' and 'used to' are often called "semi-modals" because they are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs. www.eenadupratibha.net www.eenadupratibha.net Classification - 2: I. Finite Verb Forms show tense, person and number (I go, she goes, we went, etc.) i) A verb that denotes an action which passes over from the Subject to an object is called a Transitive Verb. t e She bought mangoes n . a (Transitive verbs alone can be used in passive voice) ii) A verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object is called an Intransitive Verb. h b i He sat under the tree II. Non-Finite Verb Forms do not show tense, person or number. Typically they are Infinitives, Gerunds and Participles ✦ He wants to study MBBS. ✦ I made him run (Infinitive). ✦ Swimming is good for health (Gerund). ✦ Hearing the noise, the baby woke up (Present Participle). ✦ Deceived by his partners, he quit the business (Past Participle). ✦ Having written the exam well, the boy felt very happy (Perfect Participle). t a r p u d a n e e . w w ADJECTIVE t e n An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun. w Himanish is a good boy. . a h There are hundred students in the class. Kinds of Adjectives: Adjectives of Quality show the kind or quality of a person or thing. b i t dangerous chemicals a true story Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing is meant. much water - little knowledge - whole country a r p Adjectives of Number answer the question: How many? I have two brothers u d a Some boys are absent Demonstrative Adjectives (this, that, these, those) are used to demonstrate specific people, animals, or things. n e e . ww These books are mine. This movie is my favorite. Interrogative Adjectives modify nouns or noun phrases. They do not stand on their own like interrogative pronouns. w Which colour do you like most? Whose book is this? www.eenadupratibha.net www.eenadupratibha.net ADVERB An adverb is a word which adds something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. t e He solved the problem easily. Kinds of Adverbs: n . a Adverbs of Time: He arrived late h b i I will meet you tomorrow. Adverbs of Frequency: t a r She often comes here He always listens to music Adverbs of Place: p u d Stand there Come in a n Adverbs of Manner: e e . w w He walks slowly She was badly injured t e n Adverbs of Degree or Quantity: She is very beautiful w You are quite correct . a h Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation: I do not know him b i t She certainly left PREPOSITION a r p A preposition is a word that expresses the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other part of the sentence. It is said to govern noun or pronoun that follows. u d a The book is on the table I am fond of ice cream Kinds of Prepositions: n e e . ww Simple Prepositions: at, by, for, from, in, off, of, on, to, up, with etc,. Compound Prepositions: These are generally formed by prefixing a Preposition to a Noun, an Adjective or an Adverb. across, along, around, below, beside, inside, outside, within, without etc,. w Phrase Prepositions: Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition. Along with, by means of, in front of, on account of, with reference to, etc. Double prepositions: out of, from behind, from beneath etc,. He walked out of the compound. www.eenadupratibha.net www.eenadupratibha.net Participle prepositions: Participle prepositions are words like concerning, notwithstanding, pending, considering etc. You did the job well, considering your age and inexperience. t e CONJUNCTION n . a A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences. Neeraj and Lohit are brothers h b i He studied well but he could not pass Conjunctions can be divided into two classes Coordinating and Subordinating. ★ A Coordinating Conjunction joins together clauses of equal rank. t a r And, but, for, or, also, neither..nor etc,. ★ A Subordinating Conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning. p u d After, because, if, though, although etc,. Although she was weak she came to the party a n INTERJECTION e e . w w An interjection is a word which expresses a sudden feeling or emotion. Ah!, Alas!, Damn it!, Hurrah!, My God!, Wow! etc,. ✦ Hurrah! We have won the match. ✦ Alas! She is no more. t e n w . a h Same Word as Different Parts of Speech: Sometimes the same word can be used as different parts of speech. ✦ We were seated at a round table. (Adjective) ✦ She turned her glass round and round. (Adverb) ✦ Tarun parked the car round the corner. (Preposition) ✦ We won the first round of the tennis cup. (Noun) ✦ Her eyes will round with excitement. (Verb) a r p b i t u d a Writer: CVS Ravindranath n e e . ww w www.eenadupratibha.net