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The Four Noble Truths Life is full of suffering and sorrow Caused by greed and desire for power, pleasure, and possessions Suffering and sorrow will end when people reach Nirvana Nirvana reached by following the Middle Way or the Eightfold Path Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: 1. Human life is full of suffering and sorrow 2. Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions 3. Suffering and sorrow will end when people overcome their greed = Nirvana = enlightenment 4. People can overcome their greed and uncontrolled desires by adopting the Middle Way or Eightfold Path Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Human life is full of suffering and sorrow We distract ourselves from what we are and can be Buddha specifies six occasions when life's distraction is evident to anyone, rich or poor: (1) the shock of birth (2) the causes and effects of sickness (3) the increasing rate of old age Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Human life is full of suffering and sorrow We distract ourselves from what we are and can be Buddha specifies six occasions when life's distraction is evident to anyone, rich or poor: (4) the unreasonable fear of death (5) to be tied to what one hates (6) to be separated from what one loves Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions The cause of life's dislocation is the excessive concern for self fulfillment. Buddha did not advocate the extinction of all desire (e.g., the desire for liberation or the desire for the welfare of other human beings). Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions In a group photograph, we look for our own picture first. Where is the person who would sacrifice his loved ones for the sake of ending world hunger? Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: Suffering and sorrow will end when people overcome their greed = Nirvana = enlightenment If the cause of life's dislocation is selfish wanting, then its cure lies in the overcoming of selfish wanting. Buddhism The Four Noble Truths: People can overcome their greed and uncontrolled desires by adopting the Middle Way or Eightfold Path The program offering specific steps to overcome excessive selfish wanting is given as the Eightfold Path. Preliminary Step is right association: Training for a life of the spirit is made less difficult if you can be with others who seek the same things. Right View Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: Human life is full of suffering and sorrow 1. Right View or Understanding: • The existence of suffering and pain due to greed and the desire for power, pleasure, and possessions • Everything is temporary and changes • There is no separate individual self—We are all part of one Right View Right Resolve Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: Human life is full of suffering and sorrow 2. Right Resolve or Determination: • Give up what is wrong and evil • Undertake what is good • Abandon thoughts having to do with bringing suffering to any being • Cultivate thoughts of loving kindness based on caring for others’ suffering and joy in others’ happiness Right View Right Resolve Right Speech Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: Human life is full of suffering and sorrow 3. Right Speech: •Abstain from telling lies •Abstain from talk that brings harm or discredit to others Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: 3. Right Speech continued: •Abstain from talk that creates hatred or disharmony between individuals or groups •Abstain from harsh, rude, impolite or abusive language •Abstain from idle, useless, and foolish gossip •Practice kindly speech, meaningful speech, and harmonious speech Right View Right Resolve Right Speech Right Conduct Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions 4. Right Conduct or Action: •Abstain from dishonest dealings •Foster what is good, peaceful, and honorable •Do things that are moral and honest and that end suffering Right View Right Resolve Right Speech Right Conduct Right Livelihood Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: Suffering and sorrow are caused by people’s greedy desire for power, pleasure and possessions 5. Right Livelihood: •Abstain from making your living from activities or occupations that bring harm and suffering to humans or animals Right View Right Resolve Right Speech Right Effort Right Conduct Right Livelihood Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: People can overcome their greed and uncontrolled desires by adopting the Middle Way or Eightfold Path 6. Right Effort: •Foster good and prevent evil •Work on yourself—engage in self-improvement •Everything must be done with a sense of proper balance between trying too hard and not trying hard enough Right View Right Resolve Right Speech Right Mindfulness Right Effort Right Conduct Right Livelihood Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: People can overcome their greed and uncontrolled desires by adopting the Middle Way or Eightfold Path 7. Right Mindfulness: •Build right attention •Avoid whatever clouds your mental awareness •Systematically and intentionally develop awareness Right View Right Meditation Right Resolve Right Speech Right Mindfulness Right Effort Right Conduct Right Livelihood Buddhism The Eightfold Path or Middle Way: People can overcome their greed and uncontrolled desires by adopting the Middle Way or Eightfold Path 8. Right Concentration: •Developed by practicing meditation •Meditation must be done continuously •Meditation should include awareness of body, emotions, thought, and mind objects Buddhism Eightfold Path Summary 1. Right Knowledge (Views) Axioms of the Good Life Wisdom 2. Right Aspiration (Resolution) 3. Right Speech 4. Right Behavior (Action) Ethical Conduct 5. Right Livelihood 6. Right Effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right Absorption (Concentration) Mental Discipline Right View Right Meditation Right Resolve Right Speech Right Mindfulness Right Effort Right Conduct Right Livelihood Buddhism Five Basic Precepts of Buddhism: 1. Abstain from killing living beings—practice love 2. Abstain from taking the not-given—practice generosity and giving 3. Abstain from sexual misconduct—practice contentment 4. Abstain from false speech—practice truthfulness 5. Abstain from taking intoxicating substances—practice awareness and mental clarity Theravada Buddhism The oldest school of Buddhism. The “Way of the Elders” or the “Small Vehicle.” Found in southern Asia. The monastic life is the best way to achieve nirvana. Theravada Buddhism Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or “Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism The “Great Vehicle.” Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan). Buddhism “for the masses.” Seek guidance from Boddhisatvas, wise beings. Goal: Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice of those enlightened few. Mahayana Buddhism