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Graphical User Interface
Programming
Dr. Susan McKeever (not me)
Email: [email protected]
www.comp.dit.e/rlawlor
UI Programming
• At the end of the course you will be able
to:
– Develop GUI applications
– Use standard UI components
– Develop custom UI components
– And… Program in Java
– And.. Be a better programmer
Admin…
• Assessment:
– 1 formal exam = 50%
– 1 assignment + in class test = 35%
– Lab marks = 15%
Admin
• Contact Hours:
– 1 hour lecture
– 2 hour lab session
– 1 hour tutorial
Admin
• Tutorial/Lecture/Lab
– Lecture
• Provide new material
• Usually new Lab exercises
– Lab
• Work on latest Lab Sheet
• Lab content will be a week behind the lecture..
– Tutorial
• Discuss issues from last Lab Sheet
• Review Broken Code/error messages
Course..
• Topics
– Java Language Basics
• Hello World
• Operators/Reference
Types
• OO Basics
• Packages
• Abstractions
• Exceptions
• Connecting to Databases
JDBC
• “Good” programming
practices
– GUIs (Java Swing)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Layout Managers
Event Handing
Graphics
Applets
GUI Design
Class structures and Model
View Controller (MVC)
Resources…
• Resources
– Web, web, web, web, web, web,………………
– JAVA API http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/
– Textbook:
UI Programming: Paul Fischer, An Intro to GUIs with
Java Swing
General Reference: Java in a Nutshell, O’Reilly
Java Swing, O’Reilly 2nd Ed.
• Webcourses – www.comp.dit.ie/smckeever
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CHECK YOU CAN ACCESS.. IF NOT EMAIL ME
Lecture notes
Lab Assignments & eventually Solutions
Assignments (Details and Submission)
Links to Useful References
Past Exam Papers.. Just 1 set..
Important
• Lecture notes are my guide to
structuring lectures
• They do not contain all material covered
• Will do plenty of work/examples etc on
the board
Introduction to
Java Programming
Java Editions
Java 2 Platform
Java2
Standard Edition
(J2SE™)
Standard desktop &
workstation
applications;
applets
Java2
Enterprise Edition
(J2EE™)
Java2
Micro Edition
(J2ME™)
Heavy duty server Small & memory
Systems – medium constrained devices
to large companies
Key Benefits of Java
• Java is “write once, run anywhere”
– architecture neutral
– portable across different platforms
– Due to Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Security features
– highly configurable security levels prevent
any piece of Java code doing harm to the
host system
Key Benefits of Java
• Network-centric platform
– easy to work with resources across a
network and to create network based
applications
• Object Oriented
– an interacting collection of independent
software components
– dynamic extensible programs
Key Benefits of Java
• Internationalisation
– uses 16 bit Unicode characters that
represents the phonetic and ideographic
character sets of the entire world
• Performance
– although an interpreted language Java
programs run almost as fast as native C,
C++ programs
• Simple and easy to develop
– powerful & well designed set of APIs
– http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/a
pi/
JVM
class myCode {
…
…
…
…
}
Compiled by
Java
compiler
1001100101001
…
…
myCode.class
Interpreted
by JVM
Bytecode
myCode.java
Source
Code
Application
runs
JVM
• JVM provides the run time environment
for the bytecode
(Java Runtime Environment JRE)
– executes the bytecode and causes native
machine code instructions to execute on
the CPU that the JVM is on
 each target platform needs an
implementation of the JVM
The Simplest Java Program
public class HelloWorld{
// no fields
// main method
public static void main (String [] args){
System.out.println("Hello World..");
}
}
Basic Program structure
• Basic class definition - remember from OO
programming last year?
class className {
// field declarations
…
// method declarations
…
}
Class versus Object?
The Simplest Java Program
public class HelloWorld{
// no fields
// main method
public static void main (String [] args){
System.out.println("Hello World..");
}
}
To run a java program, you need a special methods called the
main method to tell the program where to start executing
accessible to
all classes
(info hiding)
Simple Java Program
public class HelloWorld{
// no fields
indicates class
method
returns
nothing
command
line args
// main method
public static void main (String [] args){
invoking a
member
System.out.println("Hello World..");
}
}
Not much point in creating an object out of this class.. It
doesn’t describe anything.. It just “runs”
Objects
• An object includes state (fields) and
behaviour (methods)
• A class object is the blueprint for the
instance objects
• All code must be included in a class
– no inline functions like C++
An Example Class
• Want to create a class that represents a
student.
• Want to store a “name” for the student.
• How?
• Want to the class to have a way to print out the
student name
• How?
An Example Class
public class Student {
// member fields
private String name;
// constructor
public Student(String name) {
this.name=name;
}
// methods
public void printDetails(){
System.out.println("\nName: “ + name);
}
}
An Example Class
a business
class
public class predefined
Student {
accessibility
Java class
// member fields
no return
private
String name;
type
reference to
// constructor
the object itself name) {
public Student(String
this.name=name;
}
// methods
public void printDetails(){
String
concatenation
System.out.println("\nName: “ + name);
}
}
Instantiation (i.e. creating objects out
of a class)
• Class definition used to create a “class
object” at runtime
• E.g. created a Student class.. Now want to create a “real”
student object
• To instantiate “instance objects” use
new operator
ClassName myInstance = new ClassName();
where ClassName() is a constructor
Note: no need to allocate the memory for
the object like in C++
Using a Class in a Program
the program
control class:
Contains “main”
source file called
myProg.java
public class myProg {
public static void main(String args []){
// instantiate a Student object
Student student1= new Student("Joe
Bloggs");
Student student2= new Student(“Liz mckeever");
// invoke printDetails method
student1.printDetails();
student2.printDetails();
}
}
Using the JDK
• Each class is stored in
a source file
“xxx.java”
• The name of source
file should be the
same as the name of
class
public class myCode {
…
…
…
…
}
myCode.java
Source File
Compiling your source code
• Compile each class source file
into bytecode (class files)
• In DOS To compile a java source
file
1001101001110101011
…
…
…
…
javac myCode.java
• This creates a classfile called
myCode.class
myCode.class
Class File
BUT.. This year we’re going to
use Eclipse
Eclipse

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Originally created by IBM (2001)

Open source community, free

Widely widely used in industry

Increases coding efficiency





Spots compile errors as you type
Allows quick fixes
Helps file organisations/packages
Imports are easy
Demo..
Eclipse
• Free to download
• Worth doing..
• http://www.eclipse.org/
To run your program
• All so easy in Eclipse..
– Click the “RUN” command in Eclipse
– full instructions at the lab
Using a Control Class
// This is in a file call myControlClass.java
public class myControlClass {
public static void main(String args []){
// instantiate a Student object
new StudentPrinter();
}
}
Using a Control Class
// This is in a file call StudentPrinter.java
public class StudentPrinter {
// Constructor - instantiate a Student object
public StudentPrinter() {
Student student1= new Student("Joe
Bloggs");
Student student2= new Student(“Liz mckeeve");
// invoke printDetails method
student1.printDetails();
student2.printDetails();
}
}
Using a Control Class
// This is in a file call Student.java
public class Student {
// member fields
private String name;
// constructor
public Student(String name)
{
this.name=name;
}
// methods
public void printDetails(){
System.out.println("\nName: " + name);
}
}
General points to note..
• 80% of the cost of software is on
maintaining code
– Typically not the original developer
• “You cannot be good at s/w
development if you don’t make it as
easy as possible for someone else to
maintain your code”
• Dr. Susan McKeever Sept 2012
How?
• ??
Common sense
• Comment your code
– Header at the top of your code
– Every method explained
• Use meaningful names for variables,
classes, objects...
• Use java conventions (see overleaf)
• Many more.. To be covered.
Use Conventions..
• Java is Case sensitive
• Use the conventions
– Classes should be nouns, capitalised first
letter e.g.
Student, ImagePixel
– Variables mixed case starting with lower.
E.g. acctBalance, line
– Constant are all upper case e.g.
COLOR_RED
– Methods are verbs, mixed case starting
with lower e.g. getBalance()
Java Syntax part 1
Java Syntax
Primitive data types
Operators
Control statements
Primitive data types
• Using a variable in java.. You must
declare what type of data can contain..
– int, char etc..
• A primitive type is predefined by the
language and is named by a reserved
keyword.... 8 of them in java
Primitive data types
• char (16 bits) a Unicode character
• byte (8 bits)
• int (32 bits) a signed integer
• short (16 bits) a short integer
• long (64 bits) a long integer
Primitive data types
• float (32 bits) a real number
• double (64 bits) a large real number
• boolean (8 bits)
– values are true or false (keywords)
– Used with control statements e.g. while, do
, if
– e.g. while (fileEmpty)
Operators
• Additive
+ • Multiplicative
* / %
• Equality (tests)
== !=
• Assignment operators
= += -= *= /= %=
Operators
• Relational operators
< <= > >=
• Increment operators (postfix and prefix)
++ -• Conditional operator (short cut for if/else
?: e.g. max = (a > b) ? a : b;
• String concatenation
+
Logical Operators
• Not
!
• Logical AND
&&
• Logical OR
||
Control Statements
• Similar to C/C++ syntax:
– if statement
if (x != n){
…
}
else if {
…
}
else {
…
}
– for statement
for (int i=0; i<max; i++){
…
};
Control Statements
– while statement
while (x==n ){
…
};
– do statement
do {
…
} while( x<=y && x!=0);
Control Statements
– switch statement
switch (n){
case 1:
…
break;
case 2: case 3:
…
break;
default:
break;
};
Java Syntax Part 2
Java Reference Types
Classes
Arrays
Reference Types
• Classes and arrays are composite types
– no standard size
– contain other elements
• Manipulated “by reference’’ to the object
or array
• Primitive data types manipulated “by
value”
Reference vs Primitive Types
• A reference is a value that refers to the object
or array
• A primitive datatype holds the value directly
• Difference to primitive types effects the way
values are copied and compared
Setting Object A = Object B only sets the
reference and does not set the contents
Comparing Object A and Object B, A will not be
equal to B even if they have the same contents
References in Java
• Note:
– Java does not support the & address-of or
-> and * de-reference operators of C and
C++
– the . operator in Java is more like the ->
operator of C++
– references in Java cannot be manipulated
(e.g. incremented or decremented)
null
• null
– is a special value indicating a reference to
nothing
– can be assigned to a variable of any
reference type
Arrays in Java
• Array declaration – set the (1) size or (2) the values:
(1)type arrayId[] = new type[limit];
(2)type arrayId[] = new type[]
{values};
•
Multi dimensional array:
type arrayId[][] =new type[rowlimit][colLimit]
•
Examples:
int frequencies[]= new int[]{20,40,60};
String countryCode[]= new String[176];
double table[]=new double[4][5];
Arrays in Java
• Arrays can be formed from any data type or
class
• Arrays are indexed from 0.
• Arrays are fixed size but the size can be
allocated at run time:
e.g. int array1[];
// declare array
… …
int size=n;
// get array size,
array1 = new int [size]; // allocate array
• Assigning one array to another array copies
the reference and does not copy full array.
Arrays in Java
• Accessing an array element that does not
exist will result in an error
• The length of an array can be accessed using
a read-only property called length that is
associated with every array.
e.g.
for (i=0; i<frequencies.length; i++)…
• Arrays can be passed as parameters to
methods
e.g. main (String [] args)
Class & Array Interaction
• There are 3 ways that classes and
arrays are used together
(1) An array of a class of objects:
Student students[] =new Student[8];
(2) A class containing an array and methods
that act on it
(3) A class containing methods that operate
on array parameters
Class & Array Interaction (2)
A class containing an array and methods that act on it
class IntArray {
private int arrayOfInt[];
IntArray(int size){
//constructor
arrayOfInt=new int [size];
}
int get(int index){
// get value at index
return arrayOfInt[index];
}
void set (int index, int value){
arrayOfInt[index]=value;
}
//set value
public String toString(){
// print out array
String s =””;
for (int i=0; i<arrayOfInt.length;i++)
s += “ “+arrayOfInt[i];
return s;
}
}
Class & Array Interaction (3)
A class containing methods that operate on array parameters
class ArrayUtilities {
static int max( int arrayA [] ) {
// finds the max element of arrayA
// and returns it
Array passed into
...
to the “sort”
return arrayA[i];
method as a
parameter
}
static void sort (int [] arrayA) {
//sorts the elements of arrayA
...
}
}