Download Period 2 - Braly US History

Section 1
• French claims in the New World were based on the exploration
of the St. Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier.
• The first permanent French settlement was Quebec, founded by Samuel de
Champlain in 1608.
• The French spread their Empire along the Great Lakes and major
rivers of North America, and developed a vast fur trading empire.
• Henry Hudson, an English explorer, was commissioned by the
Dutch to search for a western passage to the East.
• He explored the Hudson River (named after him) in modern day New
York.
• The Dutch set up New Amsterdam as their first permanent colony
• New Amsterdam was controlled by the Dutch West India company and was
built around trading and commerce.
• John Cabot, an Italian sailor was contracted by the English
Monarch to stake England’s claim in the New World.
• Explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497
• England was forced to abandon New World exploration
because of political problems back in England
1.
2.
King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic church
Sea wars with the New Spanish Armada
1. Overpopulation in Europe
2. An economic depression
•
Poor and landless people in England saw America as a land of
opportunity
3. Primogeniture laws
•
Laws that restricted wealth inheritance to only the firstborn son
4. To amass wealth
1. Corporate Colonies – started by private businesses with the
goal of turning profit
•
Jamestown
2. Royal Colonies – Under the direct authority of the King’s
government
•
Virginia (after 1624)
3. Proprietary Colonies – Owned by individual families that
had been granted the land by the King.
•
Maryland and Pennsylvania
• Sir Humphrey Gilbert
planned a permanent
settlement in the New World,
but he died on the voyage
when his ship wrecked.
• Sir Walter Raleigh started a
colony on Roanoke Island, but
when supply ships from
England arrived, the settlers
had mysteriously
disappeared with little
evidence of their fate.
The First Permanent English Settlement
• Investors would pool their money and buy stock in an
exploration company.
• Why?
• Colonization was risky and expensive, and the joint-stock company
allowed the risk to be spread amongst all investors
• To turn a profit
• How did it work?
• If the company turned a profit, the wealth was divided amongst the
investors according to how much stock they owned in the company
• If the company failed, the investors only lost their original investment.
• 1607 - Jamestown became the first permanent English
settlement
• Founded by the Virginia Company (a Joint Stock Company)
• The original plan was to make money by finding gold or the “western
passage”
• They didn’t find either, and they lacked the skills and motivation to fish,
hunt, and farm in order to survive
• The Winter of 1609-1610 is called the “Starving Time” in
Jamestown
• Why did they starve?
1. Many of the early settlers refused (or lacked the skills) to do the
physical labor required to survive
2. They relied on outside resources for food
• trade with the Native Americans for food, but conflict brought the trading
to a halt
• Imported food from England, but a shipwreck destroyed their rations
• Beyond the starving, the settlers contracted malaria, dysentery and yellow
fever.
• Captain John Smith
• Saved Jamestown from complete ruin
• Assumed role as a dictatorial leader of the colony and established a
“work to eat” policy
• Those who refused to share in the labor would be denied a share of crop
produced.
• John Rolfe
• Made Jamestown an economic success
• Developed various new types of tobacco that became immensely
popular in Europe
• This proved that the real wealth available in the New World was the vast
amount of land that could be cultivated.
• 1624 - King James I revoked the Virginia Company’s charter
for Jamestown, and made it a Royal Colony.
• The colony’s name was officially changed to Virginia
• The Puritans
• A protestant sect in England that practiced the teachings of John Calvin,
a Swiss theologian
• The foundation of Calvinism was predestination
• became disillusioned with the political corruption associated with the
Church of England
• Advocated a purification of the Church of England
• There was a sect of Puritans called the Separatists that
believed the purification of Church was impossible, and that a
complete separation from the Church was the only option.
• Why did the Separatists look to the New World?
1.
2.
It represented a fresh start
Religious freedom to practice their purified Protestantism without
political oppression.
• In 1620, 100 Separatists set sail aboard a ship called the
Mayflower, that was heading to Jamestown.
• They landed hundreds of miles north, off the coast of modern day
Massachusetts
• The first winter was harsh, and half of the Pilgrims died.
• The colony was saved by:
1.
Strong leadership
• Governor William Bradford and Captain Miles Standish
2. Help from friendly local Natives, who taught them how to adapt to
the land
•
In 1621 they celebrated their first bountiful harvest (Thanksgiving)
• Founded in 1630 by a group of Puritans (not Separatists) led
by John Winthrop.
• Boston became the capital of the colony
• During the 1630s, an civil war in England broke out, and drove
as many as 15,000 refugees to emigrate to Massachusetts.
• Purpose for the founding of Massachusetts
• The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by Puritans that wanted to
purify the Church of England, not separate from it (like Plymouth had
done)
• Governor John Winthrop declared, “We shall be as a city
upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.“
• Massachusetts Bay was to be a shining example of purified Protestantism
and righteous living to the rest of the world
• John Winthrop established a very strict theocracy, or a government
and society dominated by religion.
1.
Spanish
• Tried to exert tight control over the colonization process
• Tried to convert the Natives to Catholicism and often exploited them for their
resources
2.
French and Dutch
• Colonized in small numbers - mostly of small bands of fur traders
• Formed trading alliances and intermarried with Indians
3.
The English
• Colonies based on agriculture
• Colonized in large numbers
• Had a relatively violent relationship with the Native Americans