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• Meteorology • Earth and Space • The Causes of Weather • _____________________________________________________________________________ are examples of atmospheric phenomena. • ______________________________ is the study of atmospheric phenomena. – The root word of meteorology is the __________________________________________ _________________________________ • Anything that is high in the sky – ___________________________________________________ ______________________________ – is an example of a meteor. • Atmospheric phenomena are often classified as types of meteors. – Cloud droplets and precipitation are types of __________________________. – Smoke, haze, dust and other particles suspended in the atmosphere are _____________ – Examples of electrometeors are thunder and lightning – __________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ • The Causes of Weather • ______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________and life on Earth are called weather. – • These variations can take place over ________________________________________ ___________________________________. Climate is _____________________________________________________________________ for a particular area. – Meteorologists use weather-data averages over __________ to define an area’s climate. • Imbalanced Heating • Earth’s axis of rotation is _________________________________________________________. – • Therefore, the number of hours of daylight and amount of solar radiation is __________ ______________________________________________________________ Earth is a sphere and ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________. – For most of the year, the amount of solar radiation that reaches a given area at the equator _____________________________________________________________. – The greater the area covered, ___________________________________________ ________________________________. • Areas around Earth maintain about the same average temperatures over time ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________. • The constant movement of air _____________________________________________________. • Weather – _____________________________________________________________________ – is part of the constant redistribution of Earth’s thermal energy. • Air Masses • Air over a warm surface _______________________________________________________. – This heated air ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________. – On Earth, ______________________________________________________________ for days or weeks. • • The result is the _________________________________________________. An air mass is a large volume of air that has the _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ – the area over which the air mass forms. – Most air masses form over _________________________________________________. • Air Masses • The origins of __________________________________________ are tropical bodies of water. – In the summer, they ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________ • The southwestern United States and Mexico are a source region of continental tropical air, __________________________________________________________________. • Maritime polar air masses form over the ____________________________________________ ______________________________________. – The one that forms over the North Pacific primarily affects the West Coast of the United States, ______________________________________________________________. • Continental polar air masses ____________________________________________________ ______________________________. – • In winter, these air masses _______________________________________________. Earth’s ice- and snow-covered surfaces above 60o N latitude in Siberia and the Arctic Basin are the _____________________________________________________________________. – During part of the winter, __________________________________________________ but continue to radiate thermal energy. – As a result, they become extremely cold and can ________________________________ __________________________________ • Weather Systems • The directions of Earth’s winds are ____________________________________________. – This Coriolis effect results in fluids and objects moving in an _______________________ _____________________________________________ • – • There are three basic zones, or wind systems, at Earth’s surface in each hemisphere. They are the _____________________________________________________________. The wind zones between __________________________________________________________ _________________ and the south pole are called the polar easterlies. – As Earth spins, this cold, descending air is ______________________________________ _____________________________________ • • The polar easterlies are _______________________________________. The wind systems on Earth located between the latitudes of 30o N and 60o N, and 30o S and 60o S are ________________________________________________. – • Moving __________________________________________________________ and curves to the left in the southern hemisphere. Prevailing westerlies are ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Between latitudes of 30o N and 30o S are ____________________________________________ _________________. – Air in these regions sinks, _________________________________________________ in an easterly direction. – • • • • When the air reaches the equator it rises and moves back toward the 30o latitudes, ___________________________________________________. Near latitudes 30o N and 30o S, the sinking air associated with the trade winds _______________ _____________________________________ – This results in a __________________________________________________________. – __________________________________________________________, are under these high-pressure areas. Atmospheric conditions and events that ____________________________________________ ____________________ strongly influence Earth’s weather. – On either side of these boundaries, both surface air and upper-level air ____________ _________________________________ – _______________________________________________________________________. A large temperature gradient in upper-level air combined with the Coriolis effect usually results in ___________________________________________. – A jet stream ____________________________________________. – Its speed varies __________________________________________________________ at the wind zone boundaries. – The position of a jet stream ______________________________________. It generally is ___________________________________________________________________ on a line from the equator to a pole. – Whatever form or position it takes, ___________________________________________ ____________________________________ • The major jet streams, ____________________________________________, separate the polar easterlies from the prevailing westerlies in the northern and southern hemispheres. • The minor jet streams __________________________________________________. They occur where the _________________________________________________________________. • Storms form along jet streams and _________________________________________________. – These systems transport cold surface air toward the tropics and ___________________ _______________________________________ – Weather systems ________________________________________________________. – Jet streams also affect the intensity of weather systems by ________________________ ______________________________________________________________ • Fronts • Air masses with _______________________________________________ and result in dramatic weather changes. • • – A collision of two air masses forms a front – a __________________________________ _______________________________ – Density of an air mass results from its ________________________________________. – Fronts can cover _________________________________________________________. When cold, dense air displaces warm air, it forces the warm air, __________________________ ______________________________ – This type of collision is _________________________________________. – As warm air rises, ___________________________________________. – _____________________________________________________________________ are common with cold fronts. A blue line with ______________________________ represents a cold front on a weather map. – • • • The triangles point in the _________________________________________________. Advancing warm air ____________________________________________________________. – A warm front ___________________________________________________________. – A warm front can cause ______________________________________________. – On a weather map, __________________________________________________ pointing in the direction of the front’s movement indicates a warm front. When two air masses meet but neither advances, _____________________________________. – This front – _________________________________ – frequently occurs between two modified air masses that have small temperature and pressure gradients between them. – The air masses ____________________________________________________. – Stationary fronts __________________________________________________. A line of evenly spaced, ________________________________________________________ ________________________________ represents a stationary front on a weather map. • Sometimes, a cold air mass _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ – As the warm air is lifted, the advancing cold air mass ____________________________ ______________________________________________ – This is called an _________________________________. – _________________________________________ are common along an occluded front. • An occluded front is shown on a weather map as a line of evenly spaced, ___________________ _____________________________ pointing in the direction of the occluded front’s movement. • Pressure Systems • Low-pressure systems – _________________________________________________________. • – When air from outside the system replaces the rising air, _________________________ _________________________________ – As air rises, it ______________________________________________ and precipitation. – Low-pressure systems are often _____________________________________________. High-pressure systems – In a surface high-pressure system, ______________________________ _________________________________________________________ – High pressure systems are usually __________________________________________. • Gathering Weather Data • Meteorologists measure atmospheric conditions, such as _______________________________ ______________________________________ • – The quality of data is critical for _____________________________________________. – Two important factors in weather forcasting are the _____________________________ _________________________________________ A thermometer _____________________________ using either the Fahrenheit or Celsius scale. – Thermometers in most homes are ___________________________________________. – Liquid-in-glass thermometers contain a _______________________________________ ______________________________________ – _______________________________________________________, causing the column to rise, and contracts when it cools, causing the column to fall. • • • A barometer ______________________________________________________. – One type of barometer is an _______________________________________ – ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________. – Most of the air is removed, so the chamber ____________________________________ _________________________________________________ – A ______________________________________________________________________ to a pointer on a dial. An anemometer ___________________________________________________. – The simplest type of anemometer has _______________________________________ ____________________________________________, that rotate as the wind blows. – The wind’s speed can be calculated using the ________________________________ _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________. – • • Some hygrometers have a wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers and ______________ ____________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________, the bulb cools. • The temperatures of the two thermometers are read at the same time, and the ________________________________________________________________. An instrument used for _________________________________________________________ _______________________________. – It consists of a package of _________________________________________________ ________________________. – These are ___________________________________________________ that is filled with helium or hydrogen. – A radiosonde’s sensors measure ____________________________________________ ___________________________. A ceilometer is a device that uses a laser or other light source to _________________________ ____________________________________.