Download Public Health Approaches to Crime Prevention: Alternative Sources

Public Health
Approaches to Crime
Prevention: Alternative
Sources of Data
Julius Lang, Center for Court Innovation
International Centre for the Prevention of Crime
5th International Conference on Crime Observation and Criminal Analysis
November 3-6, 2015 Ciudad de México, México
Mission of the Center
Help promote more effective and humane justice
systems by:
► designing and implementing operating programs
► performing original research
► providing reformers with tools to launch new strategies
Center for Court
Innovation
Demonstration
projects
Center for Court Innovation
Research
Expert
assistance
International
dissemination/
learning
2
Public Health Approach
► In these examples: law enforcement involved in public health
approach with other agencies
► Common goal: police, public health and other agencies collaborate to
reduce crime
► This presentation: examples of how alternative data sources have
facilitated innovative crime-reduction initiatives
3
Public Health Approach
Key Elements
1. Define and monitor the problem: “who,” “what,” “when,” “where” and “how”
(Police reports, medical examiner files, vital records, hospital charts, registries,
population-based surveys and other sources)
2. Identify risk and protective factors:
Which protect? Which put at risk?
(Where to focus prevention?)
3. Develop and test prevention strategies:
Design: Research data, findings from needs assessments, community surveys,
stakeholder interviews and focus groups
4. Ensure widespread adoption:
Dissemination for effective strategies
(training, networking, technical assistance and evaluation)
Center for Court Innovation
4
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
Data Sources
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission combines data from:
1. police department
2. prosecutor’s office
3. courts
4. health department
5. health care providers
6. housing
7. education
8. economic development
9. other sources
Center for Court Innovation
5
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
► Sources of data? Traditional and alternative sources
► How used? Multi-agency commission parses out trends
relating to victims, neighborhoods, nature of offenses, and
relation to perpetrator
► e.g. “Don’t buy for your guy” campaign targeting young
black females who were purchasing guns used in
shootings
► Results: 52% decrease in homicides in “intervention
districts” compared to 9.2% reduction in comparison
districts
Center for Court Innovation
6
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
Example: Police data
Source: Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
Center for Court Innovation
7
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
Example: Economic development data (neighborhood assets)
Source: Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
8
Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
Sample Multi-Sector Recommendations
Source: Milwaukee Homicide Review Commission
9
Cardiff Violence Prevention Program
► Sources of data? Hospital staff: nature of incident,
location/date/time, and weapon used.
► How used? Anonymized information entered into
database and shared with crime analyst who combines
with police data to generate maps and summaries of
violent incidents
Center for Court Innovation
10
Cardiff Violence Prevention Program
Cardiff Community Safety Partnership
Sharing data, crafting interventions
Standing, left to right: South Wales Police Commissioner's representative, Local Authority official, Cardiff Emergency Department senior
nurse, Cardiff County Licensing official, Public Health lead, Cardiff Safety Partnership chief analyst, Cardiff Street Pastors' manager, three
South Wales Police officers. Sitting: left to right: Cardiff Licensees Forum spokesman, Police Chief, Professor of oral and maxillofacial surgery
(Group chairman).
Center for Court Innovation
11
Cardiff Violence Prevention Program
Menu of sample interventions:
Policing: Targeted street patrols, closed-circuit TV cameras,
redeployment of police from outlying neighborhoods into city
center at night.
Situational: Plastic glassware, fast food outlet relocation.
Environmental: Pedestrianization of entertainment streets,
continuous nighttime street cleaning (fear of crime measure)
Center for Court Innovation
12
Cardiff Violence Prevention Program
Results
Cardiff saw significant (32 percent) relative reduction in assaultrelated injuries recorded by police over four-year period when
compared with 14 similar cities
Center for Court Innovation
13
Focused Deterrence
(Also called: Operation Ceasefire, Group Violence Intervention)
► Alternative data? Identifying the violent groups in a
geographic area, their members, areas of operation, and
their conflicts and alliances (“Group auditing/mapping”)
► How used? Law enforcement, community members, and
social service providers join together to engage directly
with street groups to communicate an anti-violence
message
Center for Court Innovation
14
Focused Deterrence
Example of data: relationships between groups
15
Focused Deterrence
Results
► Community members speaking at a call-in in High Point,
North Carolina
► Reductions in citywide homicides by a range from 35 to 60%
(National Network for Safe Communities)
Center for Court Innovation
16
Social Network Analysis
Traditional data, non-traditional analysis
Sociologist Andrew Papachristos of Yale University:
► Sources of data? Connections between people, identified
through police records of co-arrests and field stops
► How used? High risk group members (especially co-offenders)
identified through the data analysis are given custom
notifications which disrupt street group networks and make city
antiviolence messages more effective
► Results: Allows a more directed approach, enabling law
enforcement and public health officials to leverage limited
resources. Cincinnati: 41% reduction in group member-involved
homicide
Center for Court Innovation
17
Greening of Vacant Lots
18
Greening of Vacant Lots
► Sources of data? Master database of over 50,000 vacant
lots in Philadelphia
► How used? With input from police, nearly 4,500 vacant
lots were “cleaned and greened” from 1999 to 2008
Center for Court Innovation
19
Greening of Vacant Lots
Center for Court Innovation
20
Greening of Vacant Lots
Results
► Study (1999 – 2008) examining health and safety outcomes on and around vacant
lots. - Dr. Charles Branas of University of Pennsylvania
► Untreated control lots were randomly selected and matched to treated lots by
section of the city, within four of the five sections of Philadelphia.
► Research: significant reductions in gun assaults across most of Philadelphia and
significant reductions in vandalism in one section of the city.
► Vacant lot greening also associated with residents in certain sections of the city
reporting significantly less stress and more exercise.
► New 5-year study begun in 2013: randomly selected lots, 1/3 with full monthly
maintenance, 1/3 with trash pickup only; 1/3 left alone
Center for Court Innovation
21
Further Information
[email protected]
www.courtinnovation.org
twitter: @courtinnovation