Download Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on intake and apparent

Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on intake
and apparent digestibility in dogs1
J. D. Quigley, III2, J. M. Campbell, J. Polo, and L. E. Russell
APC, Inc., Ankeny, IA 50021
ABSTRACT: Effects of spray-dried animal plasma
(SDAP) on intake and apparent digestibility of major
dietary components were determined using 22 adult
Beagles. Trials 1 and 2 used six and eight dogs, respectively, in a switchback design using 10-d periods. Trial
3 used eight dogs in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square
design with 15-d periods. The final 5 d of each period
were used for measurement of intake and fecal collections. In Trial 1, dry extruded dog food kibbles were
coated with 5% tallow, 2% commercial flavor, and 0
or 2% SDAP (as-fed basis). In Trial 2, commercially
available dry dog food, previously coated with fat and
flavor were coated with 0 or 2% SDAP. In Trial 3, SDAP
(0, 1, 2, or 3%) was blended with other ingredients
and extruded (as-fed basis). Kibbles were subsequently
coated with 5% poultry fat and 1% commercial flavor.
Intake, fecal consistency, and apparent digestibility of
nutrients were determined. Addition of SDAP did not
markedly affect chemical composition of diets and did
not affect intake. Digestibility of DM was improved (P
< 0.04) an average of 3.2% when 2% SDAP was included
in the diet for all trials. Organic matter digestibility
was improved (P < 0.01) in Trials 2 and 3 by an average
of 2.9%. Also, digestibility of crude fiber (Trials 1 and
2) or total dietary fiber (Trial 3) was increased with
addition of SDAP to the diet (P < 0.01). Fecal DM excretion was decreased by an average of 15% across all
trials with the addition of SDAP. Spray-dried animal
plasma was an acceptable ingredient in dry dog food
preparations, resulting in improved digestion and decreased fecal output. Changes in digestion that occurred with addition of SDAP suggested alteration in
digestive capacity in dogs.
Key Words: Blood Proteins, Canine, Digestibility
2004 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Animal proteins are widely used in diets for companion
animals owing to their cost, availability, and nutrient
value. However, there is considerable variability in the
nutrient value of some animal proteins, as a result of
variation in the blending of offals in certain meat byproducts as well as in processing conditions, such as the
temperature used to dry the materials (Murray et al.,
1997; Johnson et al., 1998). Conversely, spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) is an ingredient that is collected
and processed to preserve the functional characteristics
of the proteins, including such biologically active peptides as albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). This ingredient has been used widely in diets for swine (Bergström et al., 1997; van Dijk et al., 2001) and calves (Quig-
1
The authors acknowledge the assistance of K. Dahm, T. Wolfe,
J. Will, and A. Tjernagel.
2
Correspondence: 2425 SE Oak Tree Court (phone: 515-289-7600;
fax: 515-289-4360; e-mail: [email protected]).
Received January 2, 2003.
Accepted February 12, 2004.
J. Anim. Sci. 2004. 82:1685–1692
ley et al., 2002). Researchers have reported improved
growth and health when calves (Quigley and Drew, 2000;
Hunt et al., 2002) or pigs (Bosi et al., 2001; Torrallardona
et al., 2002, 2003) were fed during periods of stress and
enteric challenge. However, no data are available using
this ingredient in dry dog food kibbles. Our objective was
to determine the intake, digestibility, and fecal production of dry dog food diets containing SDAP when fed to
adult dogs.
Materials and Methods
General
Facilities at a commercial experimental kennel (Summit Ridge Farms; Susquehanna, PA) were used in three
digestibility trials. Facilities were maintained in accordance with USDA regulations and the Animal Welfare
Act. Procedures used in the study were in accordance
with AAFCO guidelines (AAFCO, 2001). Technicians at
the kennel were unaware of the composition of diets.
Healthy adult beagles were used for all studies. Animals were housed individually. The kennel had a 12-h
light:12-h dark cycle with temperatures between 10 and
1685
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Quigley et al.
Table 1. Chemical composition of dog food containing
0% or 2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP)—Trial 1
Table 2. Chemical composition of dog food containing
0% or 2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP)—Trial 2a
SDAP, %
Itema
DM, %
CP, %
Fat, %
Crude fiber, %
Ash, %
GE, kcal/gb
SDAP, %
0
2
90.97
26.64
12.55
1.9
10.8
4.27
91.46
27.03
13.02
1.9
11.0
4.28
a
Analyses are on an air-dry basis.
Determined by bomb calorimetry.
b
30°C. Experimental diets were offered at 350 g/d (asfed basis) and were the sole source of food during the
experiment. Clean water was offered for ad libitum consumption.
Fecal samples were quantitatively collected at least
three times daily (or as often as needed to ensure a clean
sample) and weighed. Fecal consistency was scored on
the following scale: 1 = watery diarrhea; 1.5 = diarrhea;
2 = moist, no form; 2.5 = moist, some form; 3 = moist,
formed; 3.5 = well formed, sticky; 4 = well formed; 4.5 =
hard, dry; and 5 = hard, dry, crumbly. Samples were
stored (4°C) until pooled at the end of each period and
were sent to a commercial laboratory (Woodson-Tenet,
Columbus, OH) for determination of DM (AOAC, 1990;
Method 925.45D), CP (AOAC Method 990.03), crude fiber
(CF; AOAC Method 962.09), fat (AOAC Method 989.05),
ash (AOAC Method 942.05), Ca and P (AOAC Method
985.01), and GE (adiabatic bomb calorimetry). Total dietary fiber (TDF) was analyzed in Trial 3 by the method
of Prosky et al. (1984). A sample of each experimental
dog food was sent to the same commercial laboratory for
analysis as for feces.
Trials 1 and 2
In Trial 1, commercially prepared, uncoated, extruded
dry dog food kibbles were obtained (Table 1). Ingredient
composition of kibbles was not available. Kibbles were
added to a rotary mixer and tumbled at moderate speed.
Tallow was heated to 45°C and sprayed into the mixer
to achieve a 5% (wt/wt) addition; thereafter, 2% of a
commercially available dog food flavor was added and
allowed to blend for approximately 5 min. Commercially
available SDAP (0 or 2%; Endure; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA)
was slowly added to ensure adequate mixing. Preliminary studies indicated that 2% SDAP added in this fashion was palatable to dogs and physically stable (<1% of
added SDAP was lost from the outside of coated kibbles).
Kibbles were then mixed for approximately 5 min and
packaged in labeled bags. Chemical composition of the
SDAP was 92.0% DM, 8.6%, ash, and 79.3% CP.
In Trial 2, commercially available dry dog food kibbles
(Purina Pro-Plan Adult Dog Chicken & Rice Formula;
Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO) were obtained
Itemb
DM, %
CP, %
Fat, %
Crude fiber, %
Ash, %
GE, kcal/gc
0
2
92.12
26.12
16.75
1.4
6.5
4.81
92.05
27.13
16.17
1.5
6.4
4.86
a
Ingredients: chicken, brewers rice, whole grain wheat, poultry byproduct meal, corn gluten meal, beef tallow preserved with mixed
tocopherols (source of vitamin E), whole grain corn, corn bran, fish
meal, natural flavors, egg product, dicalcium phosphate, salt, potassium chloride, vitamin supplements (E, A, B12, D3), calcium carbonate, choline chloride, zinc sulfate, ascorbic acid (source of vitamin
C), ferrous sulfate, riboflavin supplement, niacin, calcium pantothenate, manganese sulfate, biotin, thiamine mononitrate, folic acid,
copper sulfate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, garlic oil, menadione sodium bisulfite complex (source of vitamin K activity), calcium iodate,
and sodium selenite.
b
Analyses are on an air-dry basis.
c
Determined by bomb calorimetry.
from a local pet food dealer (Table 2). Kibbles were added
to a cement mixer and either 0 or 2% of SDAP was added
and mixed for 5 min. No additional fat or flavors were
added. Diets were bagged, labeled, and shipped to the
experimental kennel. Chemical composition of the SDAP
was 92.7% DM, 6.9% ash, and 79.4% CP.
Adult Beagles (n = 6; three females in Trial 1; n =
8, three females in Trial 2) were assigned randomly to
treatment in a switchback design using two 10-d experimental periods. The first 5 d of each period were used
as an acclimation period and the last 5 d were used for
feed and fecal collections. Dogs were weighed daily during the acclimation period (d 1 to 5) and on d 6 and d
10 of the collection period.
Data were summarized for all days within each experimental period and analyzed by ANOVA as a crossover
design using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.,
Cary, NC). The model was
Yijk = ␮ + Ti + Bj + Dk + εijk
where Yijk = observation (total n = 12 or 16); ␮ = overall
mean; Ti = effect of ith treatment (i = 1, ..., 2); Bj = effect
of the jth block (j = 1, ..., 2); Dk = effect of the kth dog
(k = 1, ..., 6 or 8); εijk = error.
Trial 3
Four diets containing 0, 1, 2, and 3% SDAP were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements for adult
dogs (Table 3). Diets were blended and extruded using
a Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder (Wenger Manufacturing, Sabetha, KS) at the KSU Extrusion Laboratory,
Kansas State University, Manhattan. Extrusion conditions were as follows: feed rate = 150 kg/h; steam and
water addition = 6.4 to 9.9 kg/h; head temperature =
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Spray-dried animal plasma for dogs
Table 3. Composition of dry dog food kibbles containing various amounts of spray-dried
animal plasma (SDAP)—Trial 3
SDAP in kibblea
Item
0
1
2
3
Ingredient, %
Ground corn
Poultry by-product meal
Brewers’ rice
Soybean meal
Corn gluten meal
Beet pulp
Poultry fat
Spray-dried animal plasma
Potassium chloride
Salt
Choline chlorideb
Vitamin/mineral premixc
Ethoxyquin
44.00
15.51
15.00
12.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.00
0.60
0.50
0.13
0.24
0.02
44.51
14.00
15.00
12.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
1.00
0.60
0.50
0.13
0.24
0.02
45.00
12.51
15.00
12.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
2.00
0.60
0.50
0.13
0.24
0.02
45.50
11.01
15.00
12.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
0.60
0.50
0.13
0.24
0.02
Analyzed compositiond
DM, %
Ash, %
CP, %
Crude fiber, %
Fat, %
GE, kcal/ge
Total dietary fiber, %
92.49
6.50
23.50
2.60
13.18
4.51
9.90
91.86
5.60
21.20
2.60
11.98
4.47
10.30
92.54
5.30
22.04
2.50
12.42
4.52
10.10
92.39
5.30
22.64
2.50
12.63
4.56
10.60
a
Percent on an air-dry basis.
Provided 2,284 mg choline/kg of diet.
c
Vitamin and mineral premixes provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 11.0 kIU; vitamin D3, 0.9 kIU;
vitamin E, 57.5 IU; vitamin K, 0.6 mg; thiamin, 7.6 mg; riboflavin, 11.9 mg; pantothenic acid, 18.5 mg;
niacin, 93.2 mg; pyridoxine, 6.6 mg; biotin, 12.4 mg; folic acid, 1,142.1 ␮g; vitamin B12, 164.9 ␮g; manganese
(as MnSO4), 17.4 mg; iron (as FeSO4), 284.3 mg; copper (as CuSO4), 17.2 mg; cobalt (as CoSO4), 2.2 mg;
zinc (as ZnSO4), 166.3 mg; iodine (as KI), 7.5 mg; selenium (as Na2SeO3), 0.2 mg.
d
Analyses are on an air-dry basis.
e
Determined by bomb calorimetry.
b
118°C; and head pressure = 24.6 kg/cm2. Kibbles were
shipped to the laboratory at APC, where they were coated
with 1% commercial flavor and 5% fat, placed into coded
bags, and shipped to the experimental kennel.
Adult Beagles (n = 8; three females) were fed for 60 d
in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Dogs were
housed individually. Each period was 15 d, with 10-d
acclimation period and 5-d fecal collection. Dogs were
fed at the same time each day. Body weights were recorded on d 1 through 11, and d 15 of each period.
Data were summarized for each period and analyzed
as a Latin square design using the model
Yijk = ␮ + Pi + Dj + Tk + εijk
where Yijk = individual observation; ␮ = overall mean;
Pi = effect of ith period (i = 1, …, 4); Dj = effect of jth dog
(j = 1, …, 8); Tk = effect of kth treatment (k = 1, …,4);
εijk = residual error. Orthogonal contrasts for equally
spaced treatments were used to determine linear and
quadratic effects of SDAP.
Results
Trial 1
Chemical composition of diets is in Table 1. Mean body
weights on d 1 and d 10 were not affected by treatment
and were 13.4 and 13.1 kg, respectively (Table 4). All
dogs lost BW during the trial (mean BW change = −0.3
kg; SE = 0.12), which may have been due to the lowenergy density in the basal diet.
Output of feces (as-is basis) tended (P = 0.08) to be
decreased when dogs were fed the diet containing SDAP.
Output of fecal DM was decreased (P = 0.01) from 48
to 43 g/d when SDAP was included in the diet. Fecal
consistency scores were recorded daily, and mean fecal
scores did not differ (P = 0.77) between treatments (Table 4).
Intake of nutrients was not affected by treatment (Table 4). Intake of DM (P = 0.69) did not differ between
treatments and was 221.2 and 217.5 g/d in dogs fed diets
without and with SDAP, respectively. Digestibility of
nutrients was generally improved when SDAP was included in the diet (Table 4). Digestibility of DM (P =
0.04), CF (P = 0.01), and fat (P = 0.03) were increased
with the addition of SDAP.
Trial 2
Chemical composition of control diet (Table 2) was
within expected values for the commercial dog food and
consistent with label guarantees. Addition of SDAP increased CP concentration from 26.1 to 27.1%. Mean body
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Quigley et al.
Table 4. Mean body weight, fecal excretion, fecal scores, intake and digestibility of dog
food diets containing 0 or 2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP)—Trial 1a
SDAP, %
Item
Body weight, kg
d1
d 10
Feces, g/d (wet)
Feces, g/d (dry)
Fecal scorec
Intake
Dry matter, g/d
OM, g/d
CP, g/d
Crude fiber, g/d
Fat, g/d
GE, kcal/d
Digestibility, %
DM
OM
CP
Crude fiber
Fat
GE
0
2
SEM
P-valueb
13.4
13.1
137
48
3.8
13.4
13.0
119
43
3.8
0.1
0.1
5
1
0.1
0.99
0.27
0.08
0.01
0.77
221.2
195.0
64.8
4.6
30.5
1,038
217.5
191.3
64.3
4.5
31.0
1,018
6.1
5.4
1.8
0.1
0.9
29
0.69
0.66
0.85
0.60
0.75
0.63
78.3
84.4
83.8
1.8
93.2
84.9
80.1
85.2
84.3
20.3
94.2
86.3
0.4
0.3
0.9
3.0
0.2
0.7
0.04
0.16
0.75
0.01
0.03
0.22
a
n = 6 dogs per treatment.
Probability of a significant treatment effect.
Feces were scored three times daily on a scale of the following: 0 = none; 1 = watery diarrhea; 1.5 =
diarrhea; 2 = moist no form; 2.5 = moist, some form; 3 = moist formed; 3.5 = well formed, sticky; 4 = well
formed; 4.5 = hard, dry; and 5 = hard, dry crumbly.
b
c
weights on d 1 and 10 were not affected by treatment
(P = 0.11 and P = 0.38, respectively) and were 13.2 and
13.3 kg in dogs fed diets without and with SDAP, respectively (Table 5). Dogs gained a small amount of BW
during the trial, probably because the caloric density of
the food used in this trial was greater than in Trial 1
and calculated ME intake exceeded the ME requirement
of 132 to 159 kcal/kg BW0.67 (NRC, 1985).
Output of feces on an as-is and DM basis was decreased
(P = 0.004 and P = 0.006, respectively) when dogs were
fed the diet containing SDAP (Table 5). Mean fecal scores
did not differ between treatments (P = 0.21) and were
3.9 and 3.7 for kibbles containing 0 and 2% SDAP, respectively.
Intake of nutrients was not affected by treatment (Table 5). Digestibility of nutrients in experimental diets
was generally improved when SDAP was included in the
diet. Digestibility of DM (P = 0.01), OM (P = 0.01), CF
(P = 0.001), and GE (P = 0.03) were increased, and digestibility of CP tended to be increased when SDAP was
included in the diet.
Trial 3
Chemical composition of diets (Table 3) was generally
similar, although ash content declined with addition of
SDAP. Analyzed values for CP and fat were similar to
formulated values, although differences in CP and ash
suggested that the poultry meal used in the study was
slightly higher in CP and lower in ash than formulated.
Body weights of dogs on d 1 and 15 did not differ among
treatments and averaged 11.3 and 11.4 kg, respectively
(Table 6). Production of feces (Table 6) decreased linearly
(DM; P = 0.03) or tended (P = 0.07) to decline linearly
(wet basis) with addition of SDAP. Trends for quadratic
effects of SDAP were P = 0.12 and P = 0.10, respectively.
Output of fecal DM declined from 37 to 32 g (−14%) with
the addition of 1% SDAP; thereafter, there was no further
reduction in fecal DM excretion.
Intake of nutrients did not differ among treatments
(Table 6). Digestibility of nutrients (Table 6) increased
in a linear (P ≤ 0.01) and quadratic (P ≤ 0.02) fashion
for DM, OM, CP, GE, and TDF. Only fat and CF were
unaffected by inclusion of SDAP in the diet. Maximal
digestibility of nutrients was observed at 1% (OM and
TDF) or 2% SDAP (DM and CP). Addition of 1% SDAP
increased relative digestibility of DM, OM, CP and TDF
by 3.2, 2.7, 2.6, and 23.6%, respectively.
Discussion
Spray-dried animal plasma is widely used in diets of
domestic animals to improve feed intake, growth, feed
efficiency, and intestinal health (Kats et al., 1994; Bergström et al., 1997; Quigley et al., 2002). Van Dijk et al.
(2001) reviewed 15 published studies and concluded that
dietary SDAP levels up to 6% increased average daily
gain and feed intake in pigs after weaning in a dosedependent fashion. Coffey and Cromwell (2001) summarized 48 studies and concluded that effects of SDAP on
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Spray-dried animal plasma for dogs
Table 5. Mean body weight, fecal excretion, fecal scores, intake, and digestibility of
experimental dog food diets containing 0 or 2% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP)—
Trial 2a
SDAP, %
Item
Body weight, kg
d1
d 10
Feces, g/d (wet)
Feces, g/d (dry)
Fecal scorec
Intake
DM, g/d
OM, g/d
CP, g/d
Crude fiber, g/d
Fat, g/d
GE, kcal/d
Digestibility, %
DM
OM
CP
Crude fiber
Fat
GE
0
2
SEM
P-valueb
13.1
13.3
119
44
3.9
13.3
13.2
93
35
3.7
0.1
0.1
4
2
0.1
0.11
0.38
0.004
0.006
0.21
261.6
243.1
74.2
4.0
47.6
1,366
245.7
228.6
72.4
4.0
43.2
1,297
9.3
8.6
2.6
0.1
1.7
48
0.27
0.28
0.65
0.89
0.12
0.35
83.1
86.6
85.8
5.4
93.5
87.9
86.2
89.3
89.4
29.1
94.5
90.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
2.3
0.4
0.7
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.001
0.12
0.03
a
n = 8 dogs per treatment.
Probability of a significant treatment effect.
Feces scored three times daily on a scale of the following: 0 = none; 1 = watery diarrhea; 1.5 = diarrhea;
2 = moist no form; 2.5 = moist, some form; 3 = moist formed; 3.5 = well formed, sticky; 4 = well formed;
4.5 = hard, dry; and 5 = hard, dry crumbly.
b
c
growth and intake in pigs are mediated by improving
immunocompetence of the animal. Others have compared SDAP with antimicrobials in diets of pigs (Coffey
and Cromwell, 1995; Torrallardona et al., 2002) and
calves (Quigley and Drew, 2000; Hunt et al., 2002) and
concluded that immunological components (e.g., IgG)
contribute to improved enteric health and resistance to
both natural and experimental pathogen challenge.
With heating, proteins in SDAP form a strong gel that
is used in preparation of human and canned pet foods
as a gelling agent and emulsifier. However, heat and
pressure associated with sterilization processes used in
manufacturing canned food denature the functional
SDAP proteins (APC, Inc., unpublished data). In the
current study, SDAP was applied externally in Trials 1
and 2 to minimize exposure to temperature and pressures of extrusion; however, in Trial 3, SDAP was processed through the extruder as part of the total feed.
Improvements in digestibility during Trial 3 suggest that
changes in digestion were independent of the functionality of proteins or that functional proteins in SDAP survived extrusion and exerted a positive effect on nutrient digestibility.
Application of SDAP to the outside of kibbles requires
that the product is physically stable and must remain
on the kibble through normal processing and handling.
Analyzed CP of coated kibbles in Trials 1 and 2 were 98
and 100% of expected CP content, respectively, based on
the content of kibbles and SDAP. Preliminary research
indicated that loss of SDAP from the outside of kibbles
was <1% of the amount applied at inclusion rates lower
than 5% with the method of application used herein (data
not shown).
Intake and digestibility of nutrients in all trials were
generally similar and compared favorably with those in
the literature (Cole et al., 1999; Castrillo et al., 2001;
Clapper et al., 2001). Lower digestibility of most nutrients in Trial 1 was indicative of the overall quality
(higher ash, and lower fat and gross energy) of the base
kibble. Ingredient composition of the commercial formula
used in Trial 1 was not available. Ingredients listed on
the label of the commercial food used in Trial 2 (Table
2) indicated that brewers’ rice and whole grain wheat
were the primary carbohydrate sources and chicken and
poultry by-product meal were major protein sources. The
diet in Trial 3 contained ground corn, brewers’ rice, and
beet pulp as major carbohydrate sources and poultry byproduct meal and soybean meal as major protein sources.
Beet pulp is a source of fermentable fiber and an acceptable ingredient in pet food diets (Fahey et al., 1990a,b;
1992).
Digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, fat, and fiber (expressed
as CF in Trials 1 and 2 and CF and TDF in Trial 3) were
improved in one or more trials with addition of SDAP.
Because SDAP contains large amounts of CP, it is possible that changes in CP digestibility were caused by differences in protein ingredients. Digestibility of CP was im-
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Quigley et al.
Table 6. Mean body weight, fecal excretion, fecal scores, intake, and digestibility of
experimental dog food diets containing various amounts of spray-dried animal plasma
(SDAP)—Trial 3a
Contrastb
SDAP in kibble, %
Item
Body weight, kg
d1
d 15
Feces, g/d (wet)
Feces, g/d (dry)
Fecal scorec
Intake
DM, g/d
OM, g/d
CP, g/d
Crude fiber, g/d
Fat, g/d
GE, kcal
Total dietary fiber, g/d
Digestibility, %
DM
OM
CP
Crude fiber
Fat
GE
Total dietary fiber
0
11.28
11.41
127
37.2
3.7
1
11.26
11.36
110
32.0
3.8
2
11.34
11.33
110
32.0
3.8
3
11.37
11.39
111
32.0
3.8
SE
L
Q
0.05
0.04
5
1.6
0.1
0.14
0.60
0.07
0.03
0.57
0.58
0.22
0.10
0.12
0.48
230.3
214.1
58.5
6.5
32.8
1,123
24.6
236.6
222.2
54.6
6.7
30.9
1,151
26.5
238.3
224.6
56.8
6.4
32.0
1,164
26.0
229.3
216.1
56.2
6.2
31.3
1,131
26.3
6.6
6.2
1.6
0.2
1.0
33
0.7
0.96
0.76
0.52
0.21
0.43
0.79
0.19
0.26
0.20
0.32
0.23
0.48
0.36
0.29
83.8
86.7
81.9
33.2
93.9
86.8
40.7
86.5
89.0
84.0
40.0
94.3
88.8
50.3
86.7
88.8
84.5
37.4
94.0
88.8
48.6
86.2
88.3
84.5
39.5
94.2
88.4
48.7
0.4
0.3
0.4
3.9
0.2
0.3
1.8
0.001
0.008
0.005
0.36
0.35
0.004
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.02
0.56
0.45
0.002
0.02
a
n = 8 dogs per treatment.
Contrasts are orthogonal polynomials for equally spaced treatments: L = linear; Q = quadratic.
Feces scored three times daily on a scale of the following: 0 = none; 1 = watery diarrhea; 1.5 = diarrhea;
2 = moist no form; 2.5 = moist, some form; 3 = moist formed; 3.5 = well formed, sticky; 4 = well formed;
4.5 = hard, dry; and 5 = hard, dry crumbly.
b
c
proved by 4.2 and 3.2% in Trials 2 and 3 when SDAP
was added at 2% of the formula.
In Trial 3, addition of SDAP at 1, 2, and 3% contributed
3.7, 7.2, and 10.5% of CP in formulas, respectively, and
replaced poultry by-product meal. Poultry by-product
meal is widely used as a feed ingredient in pet food, but
total-tract digestibility of CP was lower than poultry
meal in grain-based diets fed to dogs (Bednar et al.,
2000). Johnson et al. (1998) also reported lower AA digestibility of poultry by-product meal compared with several other animal by-product meals and attributed lower
digestibility to variation in raw materials and processing conditions.
Digestibility of CP in SDAP is slightly lower than other
animal proteins exposed to similar processing methods
owing to the presence of IgG, which is partially resistant
to digestion (Roos et al., 1995). However, there are few
reports available that document changes in digestibility
of diets containing SDAP. Bosi et al. (2001) reported
lower ileal CP digestibility in early-weaned pigs fed
SDAP compared with hydrolyzed casein. Conversely,
Pendergraft et al. (1993) reported that SDAP was more
digestible than wheat gluten in diets fed to young pigs.
Recently, Dust et al. (2003) reported that ileal digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and fat were increased when four
ileally cannulated dogs were fed diets containing 0.5 or
1% SDAP, but decreased when dogs were fed 2% SDAP;
however, apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients
were unaffected by SDAP inclusion.
Changes in fecal output were consistent with improved
digestibility of DM in all trials. Fecal output of DM was
reduced by an average of 15% across all trials. Fecal
output is a significant variable in selection of ingredients
for pet foods; ingredients that improve digestion and
reduce excretion of fecal DM are generally favored over
ingredients that contribute to greater fecal production.
Although differences in CP digestibility may be partially explained by differences in protein sources used in
the experiment, it is more difficult to explain differences
in digestibility of other nutrients. If SDAP, with greater
digestibility, replaced poultry by-product meal, then differences in CP digestibility should have been linear.
However, changes in CP digestibility were minimal
above 1% SDAP (Table 6), suggesting that changes in
digestion may not be related to differences in CP sources.
Digestion of fiber was also increased. Mean CF digestibility of diets containing 0% SDAP in Trials 1 and 2 did
not differ from zero (1.8 and 5.4%; P > 0.05), whereas
addition of 2% SDAP increased CF digestibility to 20.3
and 29.1%, respectively. In Trial 3, CF digestibility was
not improved, but TDF digestibility increased in a linear
and quadratic fashion with addition of SDAP to the kibble (Table 6). Because SDAP is not a significant source
of fiber, no changes in digestion of fiber were expected.
1691
Spray-dried animal plasma for dogs
Crude fiber was used as an indicator of fiber digestion
in Trials 1 and 2; however, use of CF as an index of
fiber digestion ignores the loss of soluble polysaccharides,
some insoluble polysaccharides and lignin, and inclusion
of some nitrogenous material in the residue. This makes
other indices of dietary fiber (such as TDF) preferable to
CF. Fahey et al. (1990a,b) reported that prediction of
fiber digestion varied depending on the method used.
Unfortunately, TDF was not measured in Trials 1 and 2.
Variability in digestibility of dry dog food diets with
different ingredients is well documented (Fahey et al.,
1990b; Cole et al., 1999; Twomey et al., 2002), but results
generally were consistent with changes in ingredient formulation. In our studies, changes in nutrient digestibilities were not consistent with formulations, suggesting
that the response was mediated through differences in
digestive function rather than changes in formulation.
Additionally, improved digestibilities were observed
even when diets contained different ingredients and different basal digestibility.
Spray-dried animal plasma contains significant
amounts of functional proteins, including IgG, transferrin, and several hormones and growth factors. These
proteins exert effects within the intestine independent
of their nutritional value. For example, Bosi et al. (2001)
reported that SDAP improved ADG, health, and immune
stimulation in pigs following oral challenge with Escherichia coli. Touchette et al. (2002) reported that feeding
SDAP to young pigs resulted in reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β mRNA
in the adrenal gland, spleen, hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, and liver. Additionally, expression of IL-6 mRNA
was reduced in the spleen and pituitary gland of pigs
fed SDAP. The authors also reported changes in the ratio
of villus height to crypt depth in pigs fed diets containing
SDAP. Jiang et al. (2000a,b) reported that feeding SDAP
to early-weaned pigs reduced cellularity of the lamina
propria of the small intestine and improved efficiency of
dietary protein utilization, in part, by decreasing intestinal amino acid catabolism. Plasma urea N concentrations were nearly 40% lower when pigs were fed SDAP
compared with extruded soy protein (Jiang et al.,
2001a,b). Torrallardona et al. (2003) indicated that the
inclusion of 7% SDAP increased total counts of cecal
Lactobacilli, while decreasing cecal Clostridium counts.
Overall, these data suggest that SDAP may influence
intestinal function and thereby affect digestion. Addition
of SDAP to dry dog food kibbles improved digestibility
of nutrients and decreased excretion of fecal DM. Application of SDAP to the outside of kibbles or inclusion
within the kibbles seemed to be equally effective. Improved digestibility is consistent with altered digestive
function; however, these data do not clearly identify the
effects of SDAP on nutrient digestibility.
Implications
Addition of spray-dried animal plasma to dry dog food
kibbles improved digestibility of most nutrients and de-
creased fecal dry matter. These data suggest that spraydried animal plasma can be applied topically or included
inside the kibble with equal results. The nature of the
improvement is unclear but may be mediated through
changes in intestinal function. Additional research is indicated to more completely understand the effects of
spray-dried animal plasma on intestinal physiology.
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