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9-GREEN The Middle Ages From Decay to Rebirth 450-1300 AD - - How historical and cultural developments of middle ages still affect us today Women and the middle ages 1071-1127: William IX music, poetry, arts… Courts of Eleanor and daughters: music, literature, courtly love Guys not to be RUDE to the LADIES… ehem.. Men learned to be courteous and use manners. (LOL) 1137- marries Louis VII- two girls, but NO sons Marriage is annulled, she remarries Henry Plantagenet – they DO have sons LOTS of important women in the Middle Ages— Middle Ages- Historical Background FALL OF ROME TO THE RENAISSANCE Collapse of roman structures to beginning of new.. renewal of interest in classical (Greek, Latin) A New European Structure - Roman Empire divided into East & West in 3rd century AD - Northern Germanic tribes pushed at Roman boundaries - Population boom led to mass migration from Germany to Rome with much violence o Called Volkerwanderung The Germanic Contribution - Various Germanic tribes (The Lombards, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths) settled in Italy - Franks in France - Individual kingdoms ended Roman rule The Code of Chivalry - Middle Ages emerges from Feudalism - Knights serve the king o Knights were horsemen, skilled in metallurgy, and were good fighters - In the Code, knights are loyal to lords and offer their services - During the Crusades, knights fought for god - The code of Chivalry is idealistic The Birth of Feudalism o Vassalage is when 1 lord swears allegiance to another for privileges/ “feuds” o Germanic tribes quickly converted to Christianity o Latin now was made the official language of the Western Church 9-GREEN Feudalism and Peasants o Feudal System included peasants o Peasants served lords in exchange for protection o They contributed by raising livestock and growing food………………….. The Moors Threaten Europe o Moors or Muslims take most of Spain (AD 711) o Charles Martel defeated Moors. Stopped advance. (AD 732) o Islam, Christianity struggled against one another. A New Stability: The Reemergence of Learning o Christmas 800 A.D. – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor o Represented the integration of Germanic people into European society. o Used this title (Holy Roman Emperor) to link the Ancient Roman Empire was an attempt to create a unified political order A Crusade o Christian rulers looked to Jordan and Israel for holy lands o Pope Urban II urged knights to win back Holy Land A Powerful Sermon o Urban attempted Crusade after successful speech o Failed as had little support o Followed by several other Crusades Stirrings of Nationalism o Nationalism causes conflict between Catholic Church and kingdoms o Conflict changes political landscape o 1302: Dante expressed dislike for Church’s worldliness in Inferno The Impact of the Crusades o Crusaders returned with new spices, textiles, and other products o A merchant class was created o New cities of learning grew, along with the rise of universities Transformation of Medieval Life -Gothic Cathedralo Development of Gothic Style was rebirth of spiritual expression o Expressed brilliance of stonemasons o Stone towers, flying buttresses, stained-glass windows o Expressed multi-colored heaven of sunlight o Commerce = New capital = stimulates quest for knowledge and literature o Explorers search for better trade routes (expand knowledge) o Entered the Renaissance or rebirth 9-GREEN Literature in Native Languages o Latin: Language of religion, scholarship and government o Not Understood by Communities o Culture existed side by side o High Culture: Latin o Popular Culture: Vernacular Reforms in Latin - Latin reformed as vernacular literature arose - Under Charlemagne, monks made new writing style called the Carolingian miniscule o Neater and easier to read - Latin grammars helped to standardize the language A New Kind of Vernacular Epic - Oral tradition was evolving o New kind of epic – long, narrative, heroic poems (Germanic) - These epics, unlike others, had irregular verse and were performed before battle (not written) Epic Heroes for Different Nationalities - Spanish story of My Cid: described Spanish war hero - French story of Roland: described tragedy of Roland - Described conflicts between Moors and Christians Icelandic Sagas - 9th – 11th century - Conflicts between Europeans and Viking raiders - 1066: Norman (Viking) Army conquered Europe - Vikings settle in Iceland - Literature: Njals saga and Egils saga o Oral traditions and fictionalize historical events Troubadour Poetry - Group of poets write in Provencal - Troubadour= Trobar= to find or invent - Theme of poetry was known as courtly love - Courtly love =praise unattainable lady - Courtly Love and the Status