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بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم ” و فى أنفسكم أفال تبصرون“ The Upper limb INTRODUCTION Anatomical Positions. Movements of the Upper Limb. INTRODUCTION Anatomical Planes. 1. Coronal – Anterior & Posterior parts. 2. Sagittal – Right & Left parts. 3. Horizontal – Superior & Inferior parts. Terms to Describe Location. 1. Anterior (or Ventral) & Posterior (or Dorsal) – Relative to the front and the back of the body. 2. Medial & Lateral – Relative to median sagittal plane. 3. Superior (or Cranial) & Inferior (or Caudal) – Relative to vertical axis. 4. Proximal & Distal – Relative to Structure’s origin. 5. Superficial & Deep – Relative to the surface of the body. Movements of the upper limb Shoulder Joint. 1. Flexion & Extension. 2. Abduction & Adduction. 3. Medial & Lateral Rotation. 4. Circumduction. Shoulder Girdle. 1. Elevation & Depression. 2. Protraction & Retraction. 3. Fixation. Movements of the upper limb Shoulder Joint. Movements of the upper limb Shoulder Joint. Movements of the upper limb Shoulder Girdle. a. Strnoclavicular j. b. Acromioclavixcvicular joint Movements of the upper limb Shoulder Girdle. Movements of the upper limb Movements of the upper limb Movements of the upper limb Elbow Joint. 1. Flexion & Extension. Radioulnar Joints. 1. Pronation & Supination. Wrist Joints. 1. Flexion & Extension. 2. Abduction & Adduction. Movements of the upper limb Movements of the upper limb 2. Movements of the Upper Limb Fingers Joints. 1. Flexion & Extension. 2. Abduction & Adduction. 2. Movements of the Upper Limb Thumb Joints. 1. Flexion & Extension. 2. Abduction & Adduction. 3. Opposition. Bone Markings and Formations 1. Capitulum: small, round, articular head (e.g., the capitulum of the humerus). 2. Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, usually occurring in pairs (e.g., the lateral femoral condyle). 3. Crest: ridge of bone (e.g., the iliac crest). 4. Epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle (e.g., the lateral epicondyle of the humerus). 5. Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone (e.g., the superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib). 6. Foramen: passage through a bone (e.g., the obturator foramen). 7. Fossa: hollow or depressed area (e.g., the infraspinous fossa of the scapula). 8. Groove: elongated depression or furrow (e.g., the radial groove of the humerus). 9. Head (L. caput): large, round articular end (e.g., the head of the humerus). 10. Line: linear elevation (e.g., the soleal line of the tibia). Bone Markings and Formations 1. Malleolus: rounded process (e.g., the lateral malleolus of the fibula). 2. Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., the greater sciatic notch). 3. Protuberance: projection of bone (e.g., the external occipital protuberance). 4. Spine: thorn-like process (e.g., the spine of the scapula). 5. Spinous process: projecting spine-like part (e.g., the spinous process of a vertebra). 6. Trochanter: large blunt elevation (e.g., the greater trochanter of the femur). 7. Trochlea: spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley (e.g., trochlea of the humerus). 8. Tubercle: small raised eminence (e.g., the greater tubercle of the humerus). 9. Tuberosity: large rounded elevation (e.g., the ischial tuberosity). Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle Shoulder girdle