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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫” و فى أنفسكم أفال تبصرون“‬
The Upper limb
INTRODUCTION
 Anatomical Positions.
 Movements of the Upper Limb.
INTRODUCTION


Anatomical Planes.
1.
Coronal – Anterior & Posterior parts.
2.
Sagittal – Right & Left parts.
3.
Horizontal – Superior & Inferior parts.
Terms to Describe Location.
1.
Anterior (or Ventral) & Posterior (or Dorsal) – Relative to the front and
the back of the body.
2.
Medial & Lateral – Relative to median sagittal plane.
3.
Superior (or Cranial) & Inferior (or Caudal) – Relative to vertical axis.
4.
Proximal & Distal – Relative to Structure’s origin.
5.
Superficial & Deep – Relative to the surface of the body.
Movements of the upper limb
 Shoulder Joint.
1. Flexion & Extension.
2. Abduction & Adduction.
3. Medial & Lateral Rotation.
4. Circumduction.
 Shoulder Girdle.
1. Elevation & Depression.
2. Protraction & Retraction.
3. Fixation.
Movements of the upper limb
 Shoulder Joint.
Movements of the upper limb
 Shoulder Joint.
Movements of the upper limb
 Shoulder Girdle.
a. Strnoclavicular j.
b. Acromioclavixcvicular joint
Movements of the upper limb
 Shoulder Girdle.
Movements of the upper limb
Movements of the upper limb
Movements of the upper limb
 Elbow Joint.
1. Flexion & Extension.
 Radioulnar Joints.
1. Pronation & Supination.
 Wrist Joints.
1. Flexion & Extension.
2. Abduction & Adduction.
Movements of the upper limb
Movements of the upper limb
2. Movements of the Upper Limb

Fingers Joints.
1. Flexion & Extension.
2. Abduction & Adduction.
2. Movements of the Upper Limb

Thumb Joints.
1. Flexion & Extension.
2. Abduction & Adduction.
3. Opposition.
Bone Markings and Formations
1.
Capitulum: small, round, articular head (e.g., the capitulum of the humerus).
2.
Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, usually occurring in pairs (e.g., the lateral femoral
condyle).
3.
Crest: ridge of bone (e.g., the iliac crest).
4.
Epicondyle: eminence superior to a condyle (e.g., the lateral epicondyle of the humerus).
5.
Facet: smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another
bone (e.g., the superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib).
6.
Foramen: passage through a bone (e.g., the obturator foramen).
7.
Fossa: hollow or depressed area (e.g., the infraspinous fossa of the scapula).
8.
Groove: elongated depression or furrow (e.g., the radial groove of the humerus).
9.
Head (L. caput): large, round articular end (e.g., the head of the humerus).
10. Line: linear elevation (e.g., the soleal line of the tibia).
Bone Markings and Formations
1. Malleolus: rounded process (e.g., the lateral malleolus of the fibula).
2. Notch: indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., the greater sciatic notch).
3. Protuberance: projection of bone (e.g., the external occipital protuberance).
4. Spine: thorn-like process (e.g., the spine of the scapula).
5. Spinous process: projecting spine-like part (e.g., the spinous process of a vertebra).
6. Trochanter: large blunt elevation (e.g., the greater trochanter of the femur).
7. Trochlea: spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley (e.g., trochlea of the
humerus).
8. Tubercle: small raised eminence (e.g., the greater tubercle of the humerus).
9. Tuberosity: large rounded elevation (e.g., the ischial tuberosity).
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder girdle