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Study Guide for Final Exam Biology Honors
Science Skills
Hypothesis
Data
Quantitative
Qualitative
Results
Conclusion
Analysis
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Graphing skills
Control
Variables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Analyze an experiment and identify controls, variables, hypothesis, results.
Draw conclusions from an experiment
Construct a graph from data
Analyze a graph
Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data
Bacteria/Virus/Eukaryotic cells
cell wall
capsule
cell membrane
ribosome
nucleoid
plasmid
flagellum
Bacteria
Binary fission
Conjugation
Cyanophytes – cyanobacteria
zone of inhibition
capsid
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
Binary fission
Nucleus
Organelles
1. What are some diseases caused by bacteria? What are some caused by viruses?
2. Where in your body do bacteria live normally?
3. What percent of bacteria actually cause disease?
4. What is the name of the bacteria that break down food in your intestines?
5. What type of symbiotic (2 organisms are helping each other) relationship is this?
6. Can bacteria produce deadly toxins (poisons)?
7. Why do antibiotics not work for colds and the flu?
8. Besides humans, where are half of all antibiotics used?
10. What does it mean when bacteria are resistant to an antibiotic?
11. Be able to distinguish between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
12. Be able to explain the ways bacteria are helpful to us.
13. Be able to compare the sizes of the different types of cells
14. Be able to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to viruses
Meiosis
gene
homologous chromosome
gamete
fertilization
crossing over
tetrad
nondisjunction
zygote
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
How is meiosis different than mitosis?
What kind of cells go through meiosis?
What are Homologous chromosomes?
List each step of meiosis beginning with Prophase I and draw a diagram
showing how 4 chromosomes would be positioned in each step
How many new cells are formed at the end of meiosis?
Compare the chromosome numbers in the end products of mitosis to
meiosis.
Which process produces cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes?
Which process produces cells with the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes?
Be able to explain how meiosis and sexual reproduction lead to genetic recombination.
DNA/RNA
Replication/Transcription/Translation
double helix
Watson
Crick
Franklin
Chargaff
DNA polymerase
DNA helicase
RNA polymerase
Ligase
Amino acid
Okazaki fragment
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
transcription
replication
translation
codon
leading strand
lagging strand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What does DNA stand for?
Who are the Scientists who discovered DNA?
What is the DNA structure?
What 3 parts are the nucleotides are made up?
What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
Where is DNA found in the cell?
The bases attract each other because of ____________ bonds.
Replication
8.
What is replication? Where does it occur?
RNA
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
What does RNA do?
What are the building blocks of RNA?
How is RNA different from DNA? (at least 4 things)
What does messenger RNA (mRNA) do?
Where is mRNA found?
What is transcription? Where does it take place?
List and explain the 3 types of RNA.
What is translation? Where does it take place?
What is a codon?
Start with the DNA strand below, transcribe it into a mRNA strand, then
translate it into the amino acids.
(DNA)
TACCCCTTATGTTATGGG
(mRNA)
(amino acids)
19.
What does a long chain of amino acids make up?
Ecology
Ecology
Biosphere
Biotic factor
Abiotic factor
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Habitat
Niche
Predation
Symbiosis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Detritivore
Trophic level
Food chain
Food web
Biogeochemical cycle
Nitrogen fixation
Limiting factor
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Climax community
Pioneer species
primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer
producer
decomposer
energy pyramid
Population density
Density-independent factor
Density-dependent factor
Population growth rate
Carrying capacity
Zero population growth
Demography
Be able to identify biotic and abiotic factors
Be able to identify and/or give examples of competition and predation
Be able to identify and/or give examples of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism and parasitism
Be able to interpret and analyze food chains and food webs:
Identify primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and producers
Explain how energy is passed from one trophic level to the next
Calculate how much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next
Predict how an ecosystem will be affected by certain organisms being
Killed off
Be able to interpret an energy pyramid
Be able to place organisms from a food web on an energy pyramid
Be able to describe the key processes that occur in the water cycle, nitrogen cycle and carbon/oxygen
cycle
Be able to complete a diagram of the water cycle, nitrogen cycle and carbon/oxygen cycle
Be able to identify limiting factors in an ecosystem
Be able to compare and contrast primary succession and secondary succession
Be able to distinguish between these land biomes based on climate and biotic factors (plants and
animals):
Tundra
Coniferous forest (boreal forest)
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate shrubland (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Desert
Tropical savannah
Tropical rainforest
Be able to identify biomes found in the US
Be able to identify density-dependent and density-independent factors and give examples
Be able to interpret population growth graphs and label lag phase, exponential growth phase and carrying
capacity
Be able to compare the age structure diagrams for nongrowing, slowly growing and rapidly growing
countries
Be able to predict the consequences of continued population growth
Be able to explain human carrying capacity
Evolution
Natural selection
Artificial selection
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Homologous structures
Analogous structures
Vestigial organs
Adaptation
Fitness
Evidence of evolution
Genetic equilibrium
Types of natural selection –directional, stabilizing, disruptive
Sexual selection
Darwin
Hutton
Lyell
Malthus
Hardy-Weinberg Law
5 principles
equation
Geographic speciation- allopatric
Nongeographic speciation- sympatric
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Genetics
gene
gamete
meiosis
genetics
allele
dominant
recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
genotype
phenotype
What did Hutton first suggest?
How did Lyell’s ideas influence Darwin?
What did Malthus believe about populations?
Explain LaMarck’s theory of evolution.
What are the problems of his theory?
How was Wallace’s idea of evolution similar to Darwin’s?
List 3 points of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
What causes genetic variations?
What do these variations have to do with evolution by natural selection?
How are evolution, fitness, and adaptation described in genetic terms?
How does environment affect the evolution of a species? Give an
example.
If sedimentary rock were divided into 4 layers, where would the oldest
fossils be found?
If sedimentary rock were divided into 4 layers, where would the most
complex organisms NOT be found? Why?
List and describe 4 pieces of evidence of evolution
Be able to describe three types of natural selection and draw the graphs
for each.
-directional, stabilizing and disruptive
Explain how geographic isolation and reproductive isolation lead to
speciation.
Be able to compare how closely related organisms are by analyzing a
DNA sequence or a protein sequence
law of segregation
law of independent assortment
law of dominance
Punnett square
Gregor Mendel
heredity
trait
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
monohybrid cross
test cross
incomplete dominance
codominance
multiple alleles
sex chromosome
autosome
sex-linked traits
polygenic traits
dihybrid cross
gene linkage
epistasis
point mutation
frameshift mutation
Genetic/chromosomal disorders from class projects (data tables)
Gregor Mendel and his research involving pea plants
3 laws developed by Mendel and examples of each
Be able to use Punnett squares to predict outcomes of genetic crosses for each of the following patterns
of heredity:
dominance/recessiveness
incomplete dominance
codominance
sex-linked traits
multiple alleles
test crosses
Be able to analyze results of the Punnett square crosses
Be able to explain how the meiosis baby lab exemplified each of Mendel’s laws
Be able to match each pattern of heredity to an example of it.
Write the genotypes for the following phenotypes. (XH = normal; Xh = hemophilia)
carrier:
male with hemophilia:
male without hemophilia:
normal female:
female with hemophilia:
Can a carrier female and a man without hemophilia have a child with hemophila? Show the Punnett
square.
What are the two types of mutations that can occur?
What is a karyotype?
Which type of mutation can be seen on a karyotype?
What is nondisjunction?
What is an autosome?
What is a testcross and when would it be used?
Be able to understand a pedigree chart and make predictions from the information given
Be able to explain the difference between a chromosomal disorder(Down syndrome, etc. ) and a genetic
disorder (hemophilia)