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Micro review sheet
8.L.1 Understand the structure and hazards caused by agents of disease that effect living organisms. 8.L.1.1 Summarize the basic
characteristics of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites relating to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease.
8.L.1.2 Explain the difference between epidemic and pandemic as it relates to the spread, treatment and prevention of disease.
Viruses
Description:  Viruses are ___________________________ particles composed of
_________________________ (DNA or RNA) and a ______________ coat. ( capsid)
Reproduction:  Viruses need a _____________ cell to reproduce. Viruses invade healthy cells and use
the enzymes and organelles of the host cell to make more viruses, usually killing those cells in the
process.
Disease:  Viral diseases are among the most _________________ illnesses in humans. These illnesses
range from mild fevers to some forms of cancer and include several other severe and fatal diseases.
Transmission of these illnesses varies; some are transmitted by __________________, while others are
transmitted through water or an insect bite through a ___________________
Treatment: the only treatment is __________________________________________________
Prevention:  _________________ and some anti-viral drugs are used to control and prevent the
spread of viral diseases.
Bacteria
Description Bacteria are prokaryotic single- _____________ organisms. Bacteria can live in a variety
of places (with oxygen, without oxygen, extreme hot, extreme cold).
Reproduction:  Bacteria reproduce through __________________, a form of asexual reproduction.
Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can
double very quickly.
Disease: common diseases include:
Transmission: human _________________, ________________ food or water.
Prevention:  ______________________ are used to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Because antibiotics
have been overused, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming more difficult to treat.
Antibiotic ______________________ in bacteria occurs when mutant bacteria survive an antibiotic
treatment and give rise to a resistant population.
Fungi
Description:  Fungi are _________________________, non-photosynthetic organisms
Reproduction: Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually (producing _______________).
When the environment is favorable, rapid asexual reproduction ensures an increased spread of the
species. During environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic recombination, increasing the
likelihood that offspring will be better adapted to the new environmental conditions.
Disease: Fungal disease is a major concern for humans because fungi attack not only us but also our
__________________ sources, making fungi competitors with humans for nutrients. ________________
spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people. Billions of mold spores can become airborne
and may then be inhaled, triggering an allergic reaction.
Transmisison: ____________________, airborne
Treatment:
Parasites
Description:  A parasite is an organism that feeds on another individual, known as the _____________
They either live on or in their host’s body.
Specialization:  Natural selection favors adaptations that allow a parasite to efficiently exploit its host.
Parasites are usually specialized. Tapeworms are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not
even have a digestive system. They live in the small intestine of their host and absorb nutrients directly
through their skin.
Disease:  Infectious ______________________ may also be caused by animal parasites, which may
take up residence in the intestines, bloodstream, or tissues.
Transmission: ____________________ ( like a mosquito transmitting malaria), _________________
food, water, soil.
Label each as virus or bacteria:
_A____________________
__B___________________________
__C_______________________
A disease __________________________ happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than
expected in a community or region, or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or
even extend to several countries. It can last from ____________________ to years. Sometimes a single
case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak. This may be true if it is an unknown disease, is
new to a community, or has been absent from a population for a long time. An outbreak can be
considered as an ________________ or _________________.
Epidemic: An _______________________________ is defined as an illness or health-related issue that is
showing up in more cases than would normally be expected. It occurs when an infectious disease
spreads _____________________ to many people. Epidemics are not as ___________________ as
pandemics
Pandemic: a _______________________ is much more _____________________ than an epidemic. It
also effects a _____________________ number of people.
Examples: a flu strain can begin locally (e_______________) but eventually spread globally
(p__________________). This is not unusual for a new virus, because if people have not been exposed
to the virus before, their immune systems are not ready to fight it off, and more people become ill.
Influenza pandemics have occurred more than once. One of the worst Spanish influenza killed 40-50
million people in 1918.
BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
8.L.2 Understand how biotechnology is used to affect living organisms.
8.L.2.1 Summarize aspects of biotechnology including:  Specific genetic information available 
Careers  Economic benefits to North Carolina  Ethical issues  Implications for agriculture
Traditional ______________________ was (and still is) the use of __________________ organisms to
solve problems and make useful products.
EX) Domesticating crop plants and farm animals through selective __________________, and using
yeast to make bread rise and produce wine are examples of traditional biotechnology.
New biotechnology involves the use of living cells and their molecules to solve _________________ and
make useful ____________________.
Biotechnology involves working with ________________, __________________, and _______________
Many __________________________ are finding uses for the new tools provided by biotechnology.



_________________ care -developing better ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease.
__________________ and agriculture – developing GMOs, pest resistant crops, healthier
animals..
Energy and the ___________________, where living cells and their molecules can help us
develop new methods to clean up our environment, detect environmental contamination, and
reduce our dependence on petroleum.
Careers in biotechnology:
Uses of biotechnology:
Natural Resources Review
8.P.2 Explain the environmental implications associated with the various methods of obtaining, managing and using energy resources.
8.P.2.1 Explain the environmental consequences of the various methods of obtaining, transforming, and distributing energy.
8.P.2.2 Explain the implications of the depletion of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources and the importance of conservation.
____________________ gets its energy from resources in the environment.
Resources can be _____________________ or _______________________________
_____________________________ can be replaced at a rate that is the same or greater than the rate
they are being used.
Ex)
_____________________________ are used faster than they can be replaced so they are exhaustable.
Ex)
_________________________ is necessary to preserve non-renewable resources. This is becoming
important because the human ________________ is increasing.
Explain reduce, reuse, and re-cycle:
What are fossil fuels?
How are fossil fuels used and why is this a problem?
What are some sources of renewable energy and their pros and cons?
What is global warming and why is it a concern for people?