Download The Reformation

The Reformation
Minds-On
What are some ideas today
about what brings us closer to
“God”?
(any religion)
*assuming we believe in that
Did the Reformation have a
positive impact on Christian
faith?
From Renaissance to Reformation
• People began to question the methods of the
church
• Investigate bible for themselves, abandon
Dogma
• Christian Humanism
• Printing Press
• = Crisis of Faith
History of Discontent
• 11th Century, Catholic Church split in two, but
still compatible
• West-> Roman Catholic Church centred in Rome
• East-> Eastern Orthodox Church in
Constantinople
• Similar, different rituals
• Issues: Power of the Papacy, reform to earlier
Christianity (Franciscan Order)
Pre-Reformers
• While we usually consider Luther's act of nailing his 95
theses on the chapel door of the church of Wittenburg to be
the beginning of the Reformation, the fact remains that
God began the work of reformation long before the days of
Martin Luther.
• Two men are called "Pre-reformers" by historians: John
Wycliffe of England and John Hus of Bohemia
• The reformation of the church in the 16th century would
have been impossible without them.
John Wycliffe (1320-1384)
• Wycliffe was first of all a scholar for
whom preaching was secondary
• Challenged church
• Salvation through obedience to Papacy
• Performance of rituals
• Belief: Salvation from God only
(authentic faith)
• Bible- translate to vernacular languages
• Followers:
• Those who thought church too worldly
• Rulers who would benefit from less
control by church
• Condemned as a heretic
John Hus (1369-1415)
Hus was above all a preacher, and
scholarly studies were subordinate
to preaching
• Movement from Wycliffe’s ideas
• Added:
• Introduce lay people (nonordained member) to church
ceremony
• Contradicted Dogma
• Burned at the Stake as Heretic
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Monk, Professor of Biblical Studies
• Felt no amount of good works would
save his soul (prayer, charity, kindness)
• How do I attain salvation?
Martin Luther
• Revelation: “the Just shall live by his faith” (Paul)
• Sola Fida (by faith alone) Sola Scriptura (by
Scripture alone)
• Read bible, inner peace and PERSONAL
relationship with God
• Person has to BE good, to do good works
• Broke with Catholicism
Martin Luther
• Church not superior to individual believers
• Only 2/7 Sacraments true:
• Baptism
• Eucharist
• Clergy should be able to marry
Johan Tetzel (1465-1519)
• Dominican Friar, sold lots of Indulgences
(release from temporal penalty, absolve
sins)
• “As soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul
from Purgatory springs”
• Luther- Mocked true faith
• 95 Theses (HAND-OUT):
• Luther posted on church door
• Distributed (printing press)
• ~Sale corrupt, limit power of church and papacy
Why does Luther’s 95 Thesis
spark the beginning of the
Reformation?
Paradigm Shift
• A radical change in belief or system
• One conceptual world view is replaced by
another
• Driven by forces, not instant
• In Reformation- Paradigm shift from belief in
power of papacy, indulgences, rituals, poverty,
obedience TO personal relationship directly with
God, faith alone, Scripture
Martin Luther
• Excommunicated January 1521 as a Heretic
• Contradict Dogma of the Church
• Diet of Worms: April 1521- Emperor Charles V
• Assembly to discuss new ideas
• Asked Luther to recant Heretical views
• “Unless I am convinced by scripture and plain reason- I do
not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they
have contradicted each other- my conscience is captive to
the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything,
for to go against my conscience is neither right nor safe.
Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise, God help me, Amen.”
“Protestant”
• 1529
• Word for new sect of religion created by Luther
(Lutheran Church)
• Became word for all groups of non-Catholic Christians in
the West
• Faith = Individual
• Wealthy can keep their money
• Poor have individual dignity and respect
Politics of Reformation
• Reformation moved from Religious to Political
issue
• Luther tried to gain support from Secular Princes
• Secular vs. Clergy
• How do people choose between Secular
authority and Church Authority when competing
views?
• Wealthy and those in Power liked Luther’s ideas
• Allowed them to keep wealth and gain more
power
VS.
Peasant Revolt
• Social Upheaval from Reformation
• German Peasants saw Lutheran as support against local abusive
Nobles
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•
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1523/1524 Crop Failures
Bubonic Plague
Ideology- All equal under God
Luther’s ideas justify acting
Peasant Grievances (DOCUMENT)
• 1524 – Rebellions of Peasants (1/4 Million)
• 100 000 died, NO political revolution
• Luther Condemned the Peasants
• Didn’t support Political freedom/Social reform
• Freedom through inner peace, not political right or social
reconstruction
Peasant Revolt
Document Book “Martin Luther”
Page 33-36 (only B and C)
1. Are these articles set out by the Peasants fair?
2. If you were a German Peasant, which 3 articles
would you fight for?
3. Create 5 articles of change you would demand in
your life today.
4. Why does Martin Luther not support the peasants?
Societal Changes
• Monasteries close
• Clergy can Marry
• Secular power more important
• Literacy increased, schools built (teach bible)
• Local church as centre of community activity
• Reading religious pamphlets and bible encouraged
• By 1530, reformation had changed all areas of life
(Northern Europe)
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
• Similar movement as Luther in
Switzerland
• Scripture as guide
• City made strict laws to match his
beliefs
• Main difference: Luther thought
Christ’s body and spirit present in
Eucharist, Zwingli said just symbolic
Interpretations of Scripture
• Ex: Anabaptists
•
•
•
•
•
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Protestant sect
Adult Baptism
Christian community = volunteer association of believers
Simple life
Female ministers
No allegiance to state (Therefore, persecuted by Secular and
Religious)
PEACE OF AUGSBURG
• Fighting between German states ended
• Agreed each Sovereignty pick Protestant OR Catholic and ALL
follow (Not Religious freedom)
• Lutherism a legal Religion
Calvanism
• John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Second Generation Reformation
• Ideas spread more widespread than Luther’s
• God told him to reform Christianity
• Wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion”
• Most important document of Reformation
• Describes new Protestantism
• God’s sovereignty over corrupt humanity
Calvanism
• Humans humble and obedient to God’s Will
• Pre-Destination
• who will be saved and who will be damned already decided by
God
• Still, all should live good life
• Declare faith openly
• Rigid moral code
• Baptism and Communion
• State and church separate (state act religiously)
Geneva, 1541
• New church structure – Calvin’s ideas
• Pastors, Teachers, Elders, Deacons, Clergy no special powers
• “Consistory” – 12 Laymen, 5 Pastors (watch, punish immoral)
• Religious dissent not tolerated
• Men burned at stake – deny trinity and early baptism
• Genevan Academy (1559) – vigorous and militant
• *Calvanism big in France, but still a Catholic state
Reformation in England
• Roman Catholic church: Papacy had
too much power, Donations going to
Rome
• King Henry VIII
• Developed state church
• Roman Catholic wouldn’t let him annul
marriage
• King the head of Church
• Institutionalized Protestantism
Protestantism Summary
1.
2.
Salvation by Faith alone
Authority from Scriptures alone
• Social change
• Family more important – pray, read bible together
• Education more widespread
• Church push to communicate with Common Man
• Calvanist idea of “Callings”
• Dignity of all labour
• Wealth of church kept local
• Protest and action (Individual Conscience)
• Reformation last time people identify in Religious terms
Counter Reformation
• Roman Catholic church forced to change in 16th Century
• Started by:
• People want change
• Papacy and Clergy realized need for Revitalization
• Crisis: Spread of Protestantism
• Increase Monastic religious life
Ursulines
• Est. 1535 by Angela Merici
• Order of Women
• Care for sick and poor
• Educate young women
• Prep for life as wife, mother
• Italy, France, North America
Jesuit Order
• “The Soldiers of God”
• Reform Catholic Church
• Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
• Crisis of faith
• Abandoned military life to study Jesus and religion
• “Spiritual Exercises” (1548)
• Guide for self, regulation of life (service of God)
• Shape behaviour through severe discipline
• Regulate spiritual practices
Jesuits
• Follow church NO MATTER WHAT
• “…We must hold fast to the following principle: What seems
to me white, I will believe black if hierarchical church so
defines…”
• 1548: Pope legitimizes Jesuits
• “The army of the Church” - self image
• Catholic education important (sent missionaries to Far East,
America’s and Protestant European states)
• Stabilized Catholicism
• Criticisms: Too HARSH, Put Ends before the Means
Council of Trent, 1545-1563
• Pope Paul III, Northern Italy
• Current issues in Catholicism addressed, Pope NOT challenged
• Confirmed 7 sacraments
• Use of scripture and tradition
• Ended sale of indulgences
• Clergy more disciplined
• Celibate
• Seminaries to train priests
• Didn’t try to match Protestantism
Sacred Congregation of The
Holy Office
• 1542: Pope Paul III
• Jurisdiction over the Inquisition
• tribunal of Catholic Church to seek out and punish
Heresy
• Enforce church authority and doctrine
• Index of Prohibited Books
• Banned books because Heretical
Impact of the Reformations
• Battle for people’s MINDS and SOULS
• Reformation = Religious unity in West
• Plurality of belief
• Individualism
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Decreased spiritual powers of Clergy
Greater equality among humans
Personal salvation
Independent churches
• Church and State tied together
• Authority of state increased by mid 16th Century
• Religious pluralism in West (Choice, NOT tolerance)
**By 1600, more than half of Europe still Roman Catholic**
Map of Religious divide, 1650
30 Years War (1618-1648)
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Mix of Religion and politics
• Sweden, France, Denmark, Spain, German
civil wars
• Centered in Germany
• Started as Protestant vs. Roman Catholic
• Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg Domination)
• Involved Dynastic, secular and religious
elements
• Ideological differences
• willingness amongst the troops to endure more
30 Years War
1618-1648
• Impact
• Changed ways that wars would be fought
• Demonstrated the power of economics in war. (Holland, France, etc.)
• Demonstrated decline of Spain and rise of France
• Creation of Prussian-German Militarism (need for a standing army)
• Peace of Westphalia outline role of state. (sovereign nation states)
• Last major religious war in Europe
• Separation of Church and State
Peace of Westphalia 1648
• The Treaty of Westphalia
• Sovereignty of states
• Fundamental right of political self determination
• Legal equality between states
• Internationally binding treaties between states
• Non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another
state
• These form the basis of our current ideas about “nation-states”
Westphalia changes the Nation
State
• Fixed territorial boundaries
• Ended allegiance to political AND religious, Now nation state
ruler top authority (laws)
• Last major religious war in Europe
• New: Well disciplined national armies
Did the Reformation have a
positive impact on Christian
faith?