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7th Grade Semester Final Study Guide Reading and Comprehension questions-Do Not rush through reading these. All of the answers to the questions are there in the paragraph. Chapter 6 List different altitude zones in Mexico Tierra Fria (cold land) 6,500 (2,000 m) Tierra Templada (moderate or temperate land) 2,500 feet (760m) Tierra caliente (hot land) 0 feet (sea level) Different types of government Communism-Citizens share ownership of all businesses and resources. Oligarchy- What is an example of an oligarchy? Monarchy Know Central America South America *Capital of Brazil is Brasilia *Brazil’s escarpment drops into the Atlantic Ocean *The Panama River is the geographic feature separates the two regions of Paraguay *Peru is the South American country that has the largest Native American population? Pay attention to the maps provided on the test! This is one example below. [What is the purpose of the Niger River regarding the rise of empires near or in the Sahara? 2 ] *Know geography of Caribbean Islands—Rugged mountains, highlands, and plains drained by huge river systems Pay attention to all maps provided on the test!! *A Region is an area that has at least one characteristic in common *FREE TRADE ZONE is a place where people can buy goods from other countries without paying taxes. *Know what countries are located in Central America Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama *Know what countries are located in South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela 3 Know your geographic terms *Absolute location--Degrees North; Degrees East; Degrees South; Degrees West * A road map is an example of a Special purpose map? Types of economy *Traditional economy—generation to generation *Market economy—the government does not control vital resources, valuable goods or any other major segment of the economy. In this way, organizations run by the people determine how the economy runs, how supply is generated, what demands are necessary, etc. *Command economy—a large part of the economic system is controlled by a centralized power; often, a federal government. This kind of economy tends to develop when a country finds itself in possession of a very large amount of valuable resource(s). The government then steps in and controls the resource(s). Often the government will own everything involved in the industrial process, from the equipment to the facilities. *Mixed economy--A mixed economic system is just like it sounds (a combination of economic systems), but it primarily refers to a mixture of a market and command economy. *The Great Lakes were formed by glaciers *The Andes Ranges are the source of the Amazon River Read all of this and know this! Caribbean Island: The Caribbean climate is tropical, moderated to a certain extent by the prevailing northeast trade winds. Individual climatic conditions are strongly dependent on elevation. At sea level there is little variation in temperature, regardless of the time of the day or the season of the year. Temperatures range between 24°C and 32°C. In Kingston, Jamaica, the mean temperature is 26°C, whereas Mandeville, at a little over 600 meters high in the Carpenters Mountains of Manchester Parish, has recorded temperatures as low as 10°C. Daylight hours tend to be shorter during summer and slightly longer during winter than in the higher latitudes. The conventional division, rather than the four seasons, is between the long rainy season from May through October and the dry season, corresponding to winter in the northern hemisphere. 4 Even during the rainy period, however, the precipitation range fluctuates greatly. Windward sides of islands with mountains receive much rain, whereas leeward sides can have very dry conditions. Flat islands receive slightly less rainfall, but its pattern is more consistent. For example, the Blue Mountains of eastern Jamaica record around 558 centimeters of rainfall per year, whereas Kingston, on the southeastern coast, receives only 399 centimeters. Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, has an average annual rainfall of 127 centimeters, while Bathsheba on the central east coast receives 254 centimeters--despite the fact that Bathsheba is only about 27 kilometers away by road. Recording stations in the Northern Range in Trinidad measure some 302 centimeters of rainfall per year, while at Piarco Airport on the Caroni Plains the measurement is only 140 centimeters. Most of the rainfall occurs during short heavy outbursts during daylight hours. In Jamaica, about 80 percent of the rainfall occurs during the day. The period of heaviest rainfall usually occurs after the sun has passed directly overhead, which in the Caribbean islands would be sometime around the middle of May and again in early August. The rainy season also coincides with the disastrous summer hurricane season, although Barbados, too Far East, and Trinidad and Tobago, too far south, seldom experience hurricanes. Hurricanes are a constant feature of most of the Caribbean, with a "season" of their own lasting from June to November. Hurricanes develop over the ocean (usually in the eastern Caribbean) during the summer months when the sea surface temperature is high (over 27°C) and the air pressure falls below 950 millibars. These conditions create an "eye" about 20 kilometers wide, around which a steep pressure gradient forms that generates wind speeds of 110 to 280 kilometers per hour. The diameter of hurricanes can extend as far as 500 to 800 kilometers and produce extremely heavy rainfalls as well as considerable destruction of property. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CARIBBEAN ISLANDS Overall the Caribbean is comprised of more than 7,000 islands. That number includes islets (very small rocky islands); cay's (small, low islands composed largely of coral or sand) and a few inhabited reefs: See Belize. The largest islands in the Caribbean are Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (divided into the two separate political units of Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico. THE ANTILLES: The majority of the Caribbean islands (called the West Indies) form a large arc extending eastward from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and south from the Florida peninsula in the United States, ending off the northeastern coastline of South America. The Lesser Antilles, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the Turks and Caicos and Greater Antilles all form the West Indies. 5 The Lesser Antilles begin to the east of Puerto Rico. This long chain of smaller islands, bordered in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, curve southward, terminating in Trinidad just off the northern coast of Venezuela. Those Lesser Antilles are subdivided into the Leeward Islands group in the north and the Windward Islands group in the south. Also included in the Antilles are the Leeward Antilles consisting of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao and a small group of Venezuelan islands. VOLCANOES: Most of the Caribbean is volcanic in origin, and many of the smaller (as well as larger) islands have a central volcanic peak or a mountainous interior. Visual evidence of that ancient volcanic activity can be seen on the black (volcanic) sand beaches of some of the islands like Dominica and Puerto Rico. There is ongoing seismic activity in the Caribbean, as a number of volcanoes are considered active; they include Mt. Soufriere on St. Lucia, as well as those in Dominica, Grenada and St. Vincent. MOUNTAINS: A number of significant mountain ranges stretch across the Caribbean, specifically in Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The highest point in the Caribbean is Pico Duarte at 3098 m (10,164 ft), located on the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic. RAINFORESTS: Rainforests are found across the Caribbean, with those on Dominica and Jamaica, the most prominent. Most islands have several (small) waterfalls, normally located in the higher elevations. CORAL REEFS: The Caribbean is home to about 9% of the world's coral reefs, covering about 52,000 sq. km (20,000 sq. miles). These reefs are important geographical features and islands like Cozumel are world famous for same. RIVERS AND LAKES: There are a scattering of small lakes and rivers across the Caribbean, with the most significant ones on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola and Trinidad and Tobago. The largest lake in the Caribbean is Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic at 265 sq. km (102 sq. miles). Other lakes of note are located in Cuba; Laguna de Leche at 67.2 sq. km (25.9 sq. mi), and the man-made Zaza Reservoir, at 113.5 sq. km (43.8 sq. mi). As for rivers, there are over 400 relatively small ones in the Caribbean, as well as many narrow streams that frequently run dry in summer. The longest river on a Caribbean Island is in Cuba, where the Cauto flows for 230 mi (370 km) from its source in the Sierra Maestra. 6 BODIES OF WATER: The major bodies of water in the Caribbean include the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and to a smaller extent, the Gulf of Mexico. The Caribbean Sea itself is one of the largest salt water seas on the planet with an area of about 2,754,000 sq. km (1,063,000 sq. miles). Its deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,220 ft.) below sea level.