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1. A ___________ is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. A
velocity of 6 m/s N is an example.
2. A ___________ is a quantity with only magnitude. A speed of 10 m/s
is an example.
3. ____________ is a measure of how far something has traveled. It’s a
scalar quantity.
4. ____________ is the straight line distance between two points. It’s a
vector quantity.
5. ____________ and _____________ are measures of how fast
something goes. The first is a scalar while the second is a vector.
6. ______________ is the rate of change of speed. It is a vector that’s
measured in meters per second squared.
7. The ________________ is the sum of two or more vectors. It can be
determined by the tip to tail method or the parallelogram method.
8. Find the resultant of the following vectors using the tip to tail method
and a scale of 1 cm = 1 m.
9. Find the resultant of the following vectors using the parallelogram
method and a scale of 1 cm = 1 m.
10. The ________________ is an added vector that can produce
equilibrium. It’s equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the
resultant.
11. _______________ are the two vectors that compose a resultant. They
are always shown at right angles to one another.
12. If a car travels 10 meters in 5 seconds, what is its speed?
13. A car originally travels at 10 m/s. Over the course of 15 seconds, it
changes its speed to 40 m/s. What is the car’s acceleration?
14. _______________ is the downward motion of a dropped object.
15. _______________ is the force that causes all objects to fall.
16. _______________________, or g, is the rate at which all objects fall
(10 m/s2).
17. _______________ is frictional force due to air that causes objects
to slow down as they fall.
18. The maximum speed reached by a falling object is known as its
______________________. It’s reached when air resistance
balances the force of gravity.
19. A ____________ is a push or a pull, measured in Newtons.
20. An object’s resistance to changes in its motion is called _____________.
It’s directly related to mass.
21. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion is
__________________________________________________________
22. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion is
__________________________________________________________
23. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion is
__________________________________________________________
24. The four main types of forces are __________, ___________,
________________, and _______________.
25. Gravitational force, or _________, is the force that pulls objects to the
Earth.
26. ___________ is the support force supplied by the ground perpendicular
to the surface.
27. ___________ is a resistance force that opposes an objects motion. It’s
always in the direction opposite of the direction of motion.
28. If an object is hanging from a rope or cord, it is being supported by a
force known as ____________.
29. If an object is stretched or compressed, it experiences a _________ force.
30. Objects moving in a circle experience ________________, which is
always directed toward the center of the circle.
31. Scale drawings that show all the forces acting on an object are known as
______________________.
32. A _____________ is any object that moves through the air or space
acted on only by gravity.
33. The shape of a projectiles path is typically a _____________.
34. Projectiles always have motion in both the ______________ and
____________ directions. Both of these motions act ______________
of each other.
35. The only thing that does not affect a projectile’s motion is the
__________ of the projectile.
36. Changing the launch ________ and the launch _________ will change
the motion of a projectile.
37. There are two ways that projectiles can be launched: _______________
(like kicking a ball straight off a cliff) or ______________ (shooting a
cannon into the air).
38. The motion of a _________________ projectile is just like the motion of a
ball moving freely along a level horizontal surface without friction.
39. For a horizontal projectile, there is no _________ acting on the projectile,
which means that there is no ____________ and __________ is constant.
40. The motion of a _________________ projectile is just like the motion of a
freely falling object.
41. For a vertical projectile, there is a ________ acting on the projectile, which
is known as __________. Because of this, the projectile experiences an
________________ which causes the __________ to increase.
42. Launch angles that are ___________________ (sum to 90 degrees) result
in projectiles that land in the same spot.
43. Projectiles have the largest horizontal range when launched at an angle
of ______.
44. Projectiles have the largest vertical height when launched at an angle of
______.
45. Projectiles won’t go as high or as far when they are affected by
______________.
46. ____________ is the ability of an object to do work. It’s measured in
Joules. There are many forms of it.
47. _________ is the energy change an object experiences when a force is
applied over a given distance. It’s measured in Joules.
48. _________ is the rate at which work is done. It’s measured in Watts.
49. ___________________ is the energy of motion. Anything that moves has
this energy. It’s a type of mechanical energy.
50. __________________ is stored energy from position. You have it if you
stand above ground level or stretch a spring. It’s a type of mechanical
energy.
51. The energy released from the breaking of chemical bonds through
chemical reactions is known as __________________. Food, gasoline,
and batteries possess this energy.
52. __________________ takes the form of electromagnetic waves. The sun
is our largest producer of this energy.
53. Moving electrons are an example of ____________________, which is
used to power our homes and schools.
54. __________________ is stored in the nucleus of atoms. It can only be
released through __________ (splitting atoms) or _____________
(combining atoms).
55. Heat is a form of _________________.
56. The Law of __________________________ states:
a. Energy can never be ________________________________.
b. Energy can be _____________________________________.
c. Energy can be _____________________________________.
57. The process of changing energy from one form to another is known as
an ____________________. When this happens many times in a row, it’s
known as an _______________.
58. A ____________ is a machine that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
59. A ____________ is a machine that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
60. The ratio of energy input to energy output is known as _____________.
It’s expressed as a percentage, and no machine can have a rating of
100%.
61. Hydroelectricity, solar power, biomass, and geothermal energy are all
examples of ___________________. They are hard to implement mostly
because of the high ________ associated with them.
62. _____________ is how hot or cold something is. It’s a measure of an
object’s _______________________.
63. Matter ______________ when temperature increases and
_____________ when temperature decreases.
64. The higher the temperature of an object, the more the object’ molecules
are _______________.
65. The three temperature scales are ______________, ________________,
and _______________.
66. The energy transferred from one object to another because of a
temperature difference is known as _______. It’s measured in calories or
joules.
67. When two objects are in ______________________, heat flows from the
warmer object to the cooler object.
68. When the objects reach the same temperature, they are in
_____________________________.
69. _____________________ work by allowing heat to flow into them until they
have the same temperature as the substance.
70. _____________________ changes when an object takes in or gives off heat.
71. The amount of heat required to raise one gram of a substance by one
degree Celsius is known as ______________________________________. It
depends on the substance’s chemical make-up.
72. ____________ has a very high specific heat capacity. This improves the
climate of most places on Earth.
73. How much energy is absorbed by 10 grams of water (specific heat capacity
of 4.18 J/g C) that experiences a temperature change of 15 C?
74. ___________________ reactions absorb heat while
____________________ reactions release heat.
75. Heat is always transferred from _____________ objects to
______________ objects.
76. _______________ transfers heat by contact.
77. _______________ transfers heat in fluids by currents of heat rising
and cool sinking.
78. _______________ transfers heat as an electromagnetic wave.
79. ______________________________________ states that the colder
an object’s surroundings, the faster the object will cool.
80. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states:
_________________________________________________.
81. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states:
_____________________________________________________.
82. The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics states:
______________________________________________________.
83. ___________ is the measure of disorder within a system.
84. __________________ is possessed by all moving objects (unit =
_____________). It is a _____________ quantity.
85. If a 1500 kg car has a speed of 20 m/s what is its momentum
86. __________________ is a change in the momentum of an object (unit =
_____________). It is a _____________ quantity.
87. _____________ collisions = objects bounce of each other. _____________
collisions = objects stick together.
88. __________________ is the study of resting electric charges and their
fields/potentials.
89. The atom is made up of three subatomic particles: _____________ and
_____________ in the nucleus and ______________ in a cloud on the
outside.
90. Protons have a _____________ charge and do not move.
91. Electrons have a ______________ charge and can move between atoms.
92. Neutrons have a _____________ charge and do not move.
93. Objects can become charged by gaining or losing _______________.
94. _______________ charged objects have an excess of electrons and
________________ charged objects are missing electrons.
________________ objects have the same number of protons and
electrons.
95. When charges interact with each other, ________ charges will repel while
_____________ charges will attract.
96. Any charged object (positive or negative) will attract a ____________
object.
97. Charge can be transferred between objects. Rubbing or contact will produce
_________________________ charges.
98. Electrons can be transferred, but the total charge within a system always
remains _____________. After contact, the total charge is divided
___________ between all objects.
99. An ___________________ is a region in space where an electrostatic force
acts on a charge. It exists around any charged object and can be mapped by
drawing lines from positive to negative charges. It is a vector.
101.The ability of charges in a material to move in the presence of an
electric field is known as _____________.
102.Electrons move easily in ____________ such as metals, while
electrons do not move easily in ___________ such as nonmetals.
103.An ___________________ is a closed path along which charged
particles (electrons) move. In order for it to work, it must be
completely _______________ (no openings), have a
_________________ supplied by a battery or power source, and
include a _____________ that allows electricity to do work.
105.In a _________ circuit, elements are connected so that electrons have only one
path and all the current passes through each object. They tend to have
_________ power output and __________ work if one circuit element goes out.
106.In a ___________ circuit, each circuit element is placed in its own separate
branch so that electrons have multiple paths and electric current splits between
all branches. They tend to have _________ power output and __________ work
if one circuit element goes out.
107. _________________ is the rate at which charge (electrons) passes a given point
in the circuit.
108.If 10 coulombs of charge passes a given point in a conductor every 2 seconds,
what is the current?
109. The ________________________ between two points in an electric field is the
work done per unit charge as the charge is moved from one point to another. It’s
also known as __________________.
110. _______________ is opposition to electron flow. It will increase as the length of
a wire increases and the cross-sectional area of the wire decreases (and vice versa).
111.The relationships between resistance, voltage, and current, can be
represented by ________________.
112.In a simple electric circuit, a 110-volt electric heater draws 2.0
amperes of current. What is the resistance of the heater?
113.The current through a 10.-ohm resistor is 1.2 amperes. What is the
potential difference across the resistor?
114.How much current flows through a 12-ohm flashlight bulb operating
at 3.0 volts?
115. What is the total resistance for the series circuit?
116. What is the total current for the series circuit?
117. What is the voltage in resistor R1?
118. What is the total resistance for the parallel circuit?
119. What is the total current for the parallel circuit?
120. What is the current in resistor R1?
121.The real measure of shock's intensity lies in the amount of
________________ forced though the body, and not the voltage.
122.The two main injuries from electrocution are __________ and
____________.
123.___________, _____________________, and
______________________________________ prevent safety overloads
that can occur when the current in a circuit gets too high. They all open
the circuit to stop current flow.
124.A ________________ occurs when a very low resistance is formed. This
causes the ____________ to get very high and sometimes cause electrical
fires.
125. A ________________ is a material in which the spinning electrons of its
atoms are aligned with one another.
126.Every magnet has two poles: ___________ and ___________. Just like
electric charges, like poles will _________ while opposite poles will
_________.
127. ___________________ is produced by the motion of charges within
magnets.
128.A ____________________ is the region where magnetic force exists
around an object.
129.______________________ map out the magnetic field around an
object (just like electric field lines). Here are the five most important
maps:
130.130. _____________ is the force of attraction or repulsion between
magnetic poles.
131.A _________ is a vibratory disturbance that propagates through a medium
(or type of matter).
132.Waves transfer __________ from one place to another without
transferring ________.
133.A __________ is a single, short vibratory disturbance that moves from one
position to another.
134.A __________________ is a series of regularly repeated disturbances.
135.In a ______________________ the vibration is parallel to the direction of
motion. Sound is an example of this type of wave.
136.In a ______________________ the vibration is perpendicular to the
direction of motion. Light is an example of this type of wave.
137.________________ (seismic waves) have both longitudinal and transverse
waves.
138. ________________ occur when a wave source moves faster than the waves it
produces.
139.________________ occur when an object moves faster than the speed of
sound.
140.The number of complete waves that pass a given point every second is known
as ________________. It’s measured in Hertz.
141.The time for one complete vibration is known as the _____________. It’s
measured in seconds.
142._________________ is the maximum height of a wave above or below its
equilibrium position. This is directly related to energy and is measured in
meters.
143._________________ is the length of one complete wave. Points that are one
wavelength away from each other are in ____________.
144.The peaks of a transverse wave are known as _________ and the
144.The peaks of a transverse wave are known as _________ and the valleys
are known as ___________.
146.All the points on a wave that are in phase are known as __________________.
147.The ________________________ is a phenomenon that occurs when a wave
source is moving relative to an observer. This results in the observed frequency
being different from the actual frequency.
148.If the wave source moves towards the observer, the observed frequency is
____________, while if the wave source moves away from the observer, the
observed frequency is ____________.
149._____________________ are formed when two waves with the same amplitude
and frequency travel in opposite directions through the same medium.
150.__________________ occurs when an object begins to vibrate at its
____________________ because of the vibrations of an external wave. The
Tacoma Narrows Bridge and an opera singer shattering a glass are examples of
this phenomenon.
151.The spreading of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier is
known as ____________. It depends on the wavelength of the wave and the size
of the opening.
152._______________ is a physical, longitudinal wave observable by the
human ear. All sounds originate in the vibrations of objects and need a
medium to travel through.
153.For sound, _________________ is pitch while ________________ is
brightness.
154.Pitches below the range of human hearing are known as _____________
pitches, while pitches that are above the range of human hearing are
known as ______________ pitches.
155.Sounds can travel through _________, __________, and __________, but
cannot travel through a _____________ like space.
156.The speed of sound depends on the __________________ of the
material, which has to do with how well it maintains its shape.
157.Sound _________________ is measurable using the decibel (dB) scale,
whereas ______________ is a sensation in the brain that is different for
everyone.
158.The ________________________________ of light explains that light
sometimes behaves like a particle and sometimes behaves like a wave.
159.The experiment Einstein conducted to prove this theory was the
______________________.
160.Light is the visible portion of the _________________________.
161.Light consists of particles called ____________ which are massless
bundles of EM energy.
162.Light is the ___________ known material: in a vacuum it travels at
300,000,000 m/s.
163.The distance light travels in one year is known as a _____________.
164.The word ____________ is an abbreviation for Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
165.All lasers are _____________ (waves are in phase),
____________________ (only one frequency of light), and
__________________ (waves are only in one direction).